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Autism is a neurological disability characterised by a number of 'deficits' in multiple areas of functioning and everyday life. Or is it? Damian Milton's theory of the 'double empathy problem' attempts to empirically posit that the socialisation and communication difficulties present in autistic people are due to bidirectional differences in ways of communication between autistic and non-autistic people. This Current Issues piece extends said theory to encompass the restricted and repetitive behaviours that are commonly observed in autistic people, arguing that such behaviours may also be present in non-autistic people, albeit in a less stereotypical, more socially acceptable way. Because autism is characterised in part by the presence of restricted and repetitive behaviours, this piece fundamentally challenges the manner in which autism spectrum conditions are diagnosed in individuals and seen far and wide, ultimately promoting the view of cognitive-behavioural difference in autistic people instead of 'deficit'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider a class of forced continuous-time Lur'e systems obtained by applying nonlinear feedback to a higher-order linear differential equation which defines an input-output system in the sense of behavioural systems theory. This linear system directly relates the input and output signals and does not involve any internal, latent or state variables. A stability theory subsuming results of circle criterion type is developed, including criteria for input-to-output stability and strong integral input-to-output stability, concepts which are very much reminiscent of input-to-state stability and strong integral input-to-state stability, respectively. The methods used in the paper combine ideas from the behavioural approach to systems and control, absolute stability theory and input-to-state stability theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of this discussion paper is to explore factors and contexts that influence how nurses might conceptualise and assign personhood for people with altered consciousness, cognition and behaviours. While a biomedical framing is founded upon a dichotomy between the body and self, such that the body can be subjected to a medical and objectifying gaze, relational theories of self, multiculturalism and technological advances for life‐sustaining interventions present new dilemmas which necessitate discussion about what constitutes personhood. The concept of personhood is dynamic and evolving: where historical constructs of rationality, agency, autonomy and a conscious mind once formed the basis for personhood, these ideas have been challenged to encompass embodied, relational, social and cultural paradigms of selfhood. Themes in this discussion include: the right to personhood, mind–body dualism versus the embodied self; personhood as consciousness, rationality and narratives of self; social relational contexts of personhood and cultural contexts of personhood. Patricia Benner's and Christine Tanner's clinical judgement model is then applied to consider the implications for nursing care that seeks to reflexively incorporate personhood. Nurse clinicians are able to move between conceptions of personhood and act to support the body, as well as presumed autonomy and relational, social and cultural personhood. In doing so, they use analytical, intuitive and narrative reasoning which prioritises autonomous constructions of self. They also incorporate relational and social contexts of the person receiving care within the possibilities of technological advances and constraints of contextual resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the literature on language acquisition in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), highlighting rapid changes in the field. Researchers in psycholinguistics are exploring language acquisition theories due to ASD’s significant differences across language, social, and cognitive domains. The study highlights areas where knowledge is lacking and explores potential future directions. While pragmatic deficits are commonly associated with ASD, clinicians and researchers should consider phonological, morph syntactic differences and rehabilitation to change the condition of phonological errors, which impact language comprehension and production.

This study examined the association between salt-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors (KAB) and salt excretion using the 24-hour (24 h) urinary collection method. Data were utilized from the Community-Based Management of Non-Communicable Diseases in Nepal (COBIN) Salt Survey, a community-based cross-sectional study conducted among a sub-sample of COBIN cohort in Pokhara Metropolitan City, Western Nepal, from July to December 2018, among adults aged 25–70 years. A total of 451 adults participated in the study, and a single 24 h urine sample was collected from each participant. The mean [(standard deviation (SD)] age of the participants was 49.6 (9.82) years, and the majority were female (65%). The mean urinary salt excretion was 13.28 (SD: 4.72) g/day, with 98% of participants consuming ≥5 g of salt/day. Although 83% of participants knew the risks of high salt intake and 87% believed it was important to reduce their intake, only 10% reported doing so. Salt-related attitude i.e., self-perceived salt intake was significantly associated with urinary salt excretion, adding extra salt to food, consuming processed foods, and taking actions to salt control. Participants who perceived themselves as consuming high salt had higher urinary salt excretion [(14.42 g/day; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 13.45, 15.39, p = 0.03)], were more likely to add extra [(Odds ratio (OR) = 3.59; 95% CI: 2.03, 6.33, p < 0.001)], and consume processed foods more often (OR = 1.90; 95% CI: 1.06, 3.40, p < 0.05) compared to those who self-perceived consuming a normal amount of salt. Conversely, participants who perceived themselves as consuming low salt were more likely to take actions to control salt intake (OR = 4.22; 95% CI: 1.90, 9.37, p < 0.001) compared to their counterparts who perceived consuming a normal amount of salt. There existed a gap between salt-related knowledge, attitudes, and actual behaviors, resulting in a high salt intake among the Nepalese population. Nepal urgently requires tailored national salt reduction programs that comprise both policy and community-level interventions to achieve a 30% reduction in mean population salt intake by 2025. Further validation studies are needed to assess the effectiveness of community-based intervention in Nepal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of developmental and emotional/behavioural concerns in maltreated children and to examine the impact of adverse family/caregiver risk factors on these outcomes. Method: We analysed family demographic and baseline data of 132 maltreated children and their caregivers from a family support programme in Singapore. We examined the associations of 3 main risk factors (i.e., caregiver mental health, educational attainment, and family socio-economic status [SES]) with developmental/behavioural outcomes using multivariable logistic regression, controlling for caregiver relationship to the child. Caregiver mental health was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) and General Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7) tools. Developmental/behavioural outcomes were assessed using the Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ-3), ASQ-Social-Emotional (ASQ-SE), and the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL). Results: The children ranged in age, from 2 months to 3 years 11 months (median age 1.7 years, interquartile range [IQR] 0.9-2.6). Among caregivers, 86 (65.2%) were biological mothers, 11 (8.3%) were biological fathers, and 35 (26.5%) were foster parents or extended family members. Low family SES was associated with communication concerns on the ASQ-3 (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 3.04, 95% CI 1.08-8.57, P=0.04). Caregiver mental health concerns were associated with increased behavioural concerns on the CBCL (AOR 6.54, 95% CI 1.83-23.33, P=0.004) and higher scores on the ASQ-SE (AOR 7.78, 95% CI 2.38-25.38, P=0.001). Conclusion: Maltreated children with caregivers experiencing mental health issues are more likely to have heightened emotional and behavioural concerns. Those from low SES families are also at increased risk of language delay, affecting their communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Delinquent behaviours among youth harms health and social trajectories, and public health broadly. Despite evidence that engaging in and being victimized by delinquent behaviours often cluster, most studies have examined the clustering of delinquent behaviours or victimization experiences independently. Information on patterns of co-occurrence is crucial to design appropriate interventions. Objectives: The primary purpose was to identify latent classes of delinquency and victimization among youth from the general population. The secondary purpose of this study was to examine associations of individual, household, and classroom covariates on latent class membership. Method: The sample consisted of 1948 youth aged 4–14 from the 2014 Ontario Child Health Study. Latent class analysis was performed to identify patterns of delinquent behaviours and experiences of victimization, while multinomial regression was conducted to examine how covariates were associated with likelihood of class membership. Results: The analysis identified four classes of youth in the OCHS sample: (1) low delinquency and low victimization (75.4%), (2) moderate victimization and moderate school delinquency (7.8%), (3) high victimization and moderate home delinquency (11.8%), and high victimization and high home and school delinquency (5.0%). Youth sex, household income, ethnicity, parental education, and parental depression were associated with differences in class membership. Conclusions: Approximately one quarter of youth engaged in delinquent behaviours, with patterns of co-occurrence suggesting these youth engage in delinquent behaviours and are victimized by delinquent behaviours across environments. Interventions should approach youth delinquency and victimization as a spectrum of clustered behaviours and experiences in these environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In Athletics (Track and Field), athletes can be affected by injuries, especially in their quest for top performance. Therefore, we aim to provide an overview of the current knowledge about the problem of injuries in Athletics. Main findings: It is necessary to maintain a clear definition of "injury" when stakeholders in Athletics discuss clinical, administrative, and/or research perspectives. There are several possible methodological approaches to collect injury data in Athletics depending on the context, population, and injury definition. In general, about two thirds of Athletics athletes sustain at least one injury during an Athletics season, and there are about 100 injuries per 1000 registered athletes during an international championship. The injury rates and characteristics vary by sex and discipline. The injuries can affect athletes physically, psychologically, and socially, with short- and long-term consequences for musculoskeletal function, athletics performance and athletics career. Although it is logical to try to reduce the injury risk, little scientific evidence is currently available to help Athletics-related stakeholders. Conclusions: Injury can currently be considered as an omnipresent problem in Athletics, which affects their practice, with consequences on performance and health. Injury risk is today an undeniable part of the life of Athletics athletes, which implies that there is a pressing need to continue the development of injury risk reduction strategies, to scientifically evaluate their efficacy, and to implement them in sports practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The 7C psychological antecedents are known to relate to vaccine intention. • Here, 7C antecedents were also related to COVID-19 vaccine status and uptake speed. • 7C antecedents explained a large portion of variance in vaccine status. • Calculation, collective responsibility, and capacity for reactance stood out. • Vaccine promotion should take into account 7C psychological antecedents. Widely documented psychological antecedents of vaccination are confidence in vaccines, complacency, convenience, calculation, collective responsibility (5C model) with the recent addition of confidence in the wider system and social conformism. While the capacity of these seven antecedents (7C) to explain variance in COVID-19 vaccine intentions has been previously documented, we study whether these factors also are associated with vaccine behaviours , beyond intentions. From February to June 2022, we recruited a sample of adults in France, including persons with notified recent SARS-CoV-2 infection, along with relatives and randomly selected non-infected persons. Participants completed self-administered questionnaires assessing COVID-19 vaccination history and the 7C antecedents. We defined vaccination behaviours as three outcomes: at-least-one-dose vaccine status by 2022 (N = 49,019), up-to-date vaccination status (N = 46,566), and uptake speed of first dose (N = 25,998). We conducted multivariable logistic regressions and Cox models. Among the 49,019 participants, 95.0% reported receipt of at least one dose and 89.8% were up to date with recommendations. All 7C antecedents were significantly associated with the outcomes, although effects were weaker for up-to-date vaccination status and uptake speed. The strongest effects (most vs. least vaccine-favourable attitude level, at-least-one-dose vaccination status) were observed for collective responsibility (OR: 14.44; 95%CI: 10.72–19.45), calculation (OR: 10.29; 95%CI: 7.53–14.05), and confidence in the wider system (OR: 8.94; 95%CI: 6.51–12.27). This study demonstrates that the 7C not only explain vaccine intention, but also vaccine behaviours, and underpins the importance of developing vaccine promotion strategies considering the 7C antecedents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Only about 9% of individuals with intellectual disabilities reach the government's physical activity (PA) recommendations. Combining gamification and technology seems particularly promising in overcoming personal and environmental barriers to PA participation. Method: Eighteen adults with varying levels of intellectual disabilities completed a pilot study to assess the initial effects of a cycling gamification intervention on levels of PA, fitness, psychosocial outcomes, and challenging behaviours. The study comprised three designs: pre‐post single group, AB single‐case, and qualitative. Social validity, implementation barriers and facilitators were also explored. Results: Nearly all 18 participants cycled daily. Time and distance cycled daily increase during the intervention while a decrease in stereotyped behaviours was observed. Participants and staff found the intervention enjoyable and socially valid. Conclusions: Results of the multiple‐design study suggest that gamification interventions may be a suitable, enjoyable, and promising way to contribute to PA participation of adults with intellectual disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self‐direction has become an important skill in the 21st century. To cultivate learners with a high level of self‐direction, it is necessary to diagnose their self‐directed learning (SDL) ability. This study diagnosed and predicted learners' SDL ability based on their actual SDL behaviours. The study was performed in a self‐directed 3D design class lasting 90 minutes. A total of 193 middle school students participated in the study. The results of the Pearson correlation analysis (p < 0.001) showed that the reported perception of SDL ability was significantly correlated with SDL behaviours. The results of the hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis showed that the SDL behaviours explained 84.9% of the variance in SDL ability (adjusted R2 = 0.849, p < 0.001). Therefore, SDL behaviours had significant predictive effects on the reported perception of SDL ability. Moreover, based on the random forest algorithm, the study built an SDL ability prediction model with high performance (accuracy = 0.83, precision = 0.82, recall = 0.84) using SDL behaviours as features. The study provides evidence for the design of effective strategies to enhance SDL ability and promote SDL behaviours.Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topicTo cultivate learners with a high level of self‐direction, it is necessary to diagnose their self‐directed learning (SDL) ability.SDL is a combination of internal personal attributes and external autonomous behaviours.Few studies have focused on diagnosing SDL ability based on learners' external SDL behaviours occurring during the learning process.What this paper addsThe reported perception of SDL ability was significantly correlated with SDL behaviours.SDL behaviours had significant predictive effects on the reported perception of SDL ability.Based on the random forest algorithm, the study built an SDL ability prediction model with high performance using SDL behaviours as features.Implications for practice and/or policyThe findings indicate that instructors could design effective strategies to promote SDL behaviours for the purpose of enhancing learners' SDL ability.The method and process of building an SDL ability prediction model might provide a reference for related research on ability prediction with behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explored how understanding people's behaviours and desires can inform policy design and contribute to policy feedback theory. We focused on uses of time that are affected by diverse policies. Given the growing interest in promoting well‐being and the connection between the use of time and well‐being, we examined behaviours and desires regarding uses of time. In this exploratory study, we employed a quantitative research method. We surveyed 671 Israeli adults on their time use, desires for time use, and support for policy alternatives in three policy fields: work, education, and welfare. In five out of 11 policy alternatives, we found a connection between behavioural variables and support for policy alternatives. While exploratory, our findings contribute innovative insights into the connection between behavioural variables and support for policy alternatives related to time use. Theoretically, the article highlights the importance of incorporating behavioural 'signalling knowledge' as an essential input at the policy design stage and contributes to the policy feedback literature on multidisciplinary policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To assess the sleep strategies that nurses working irregular night shifts use to improve their sleep quality, and to compare the strategies of good and poor sleepers to determine whether the differences between the two groups could provide insights into possible effective strategies. Design: A qualitative descriptive study. Methods: The study was conducted from September 2019 to January 2020. Thirty‐four nurses working irregular night shifts participated; 17 were classified as good sleepers and 17 as poor sleepers based on the Sleep‐Wake Experience List, a validated self‐report instrument that measures one's sleep quality. Interviews were conducted using open questions to explore strategies around the night‐shift set. The interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings: Both groups described similar and different strategies that help them work and sleep well during and after night shifts. However, good sleepers mentioned a greater number of strategies and seemed to have thought about them more than poor sleepers. The most common strategies were having a clear structure, being organized—especially regarding sleeping time—maintaining a daily routine and adjusting their sleep environment. Conclusion: Healthcare institutions should consider offering education and training programs aimed at empowering nurses who work irregular night shifts. These programs should provide nurses with various sleep strategies to enhance their sleep quality and overall well‐being. Implications for the Profession: Nurses working irregular night shifts can possibly enhance their sleep quality by making personalized plans, for example, including a clear day structure, or an optimized sleep environment. Impact: The study focused on how nurses working night shifts could possibly enhance their sleep quality. The findings highlight the importance of providing nurses with diverse sleep strategies to improve sleep quality, helping them to identify what works best for them and consistently apply these strategies. Reporting Method: The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research guidelines were followed. Patient or Public Contribution: Nurses working irregular night shifts at Maastricht University Medical Center in Maastricht, the Netherlands, who agreed to participate in the study, engaged in a discussion to assess the relevance of sleep quality to their work. They were also encouraged to share their perspectives during the interviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary In Latin America, obesity rates are among the highest in the world. Currently, people with obesity (PWO) receive suboptimal care due to several challenges and barriers. The international ACTION‐IO study aimed to identify perceptions, attitudes and behaviours of PWO and healthcare providers (HCP), and to assess potential barriers to effective obesity care. The aim of this subanalysis of the Chilean cohort was to compare their characteristics, perceptions, attitudes and behaviours according to the percentage of weight loss (lower weight loss [LWL; ≤10%] or higher weight loss [HWL; >10%] of basal weight). The ACTION‐IO survey was completed by 1000 Chilean PWO and 200 HCPs. Mean age of PWO was 38 years (range 18–75); 62% were female. The majority had class I obesity. HWL subgroup represented 17.2% of all Chilean subset. Specific characteristics of patients with HWL were identified (higher educational level, lower proportion of class III obesity, preference for consulting obesity specialists, considering conversations with HCP as very helpful). HWL patients reported higher rates of favourable outcomes following HCP advice and a higher probability of attending scheduled follow‐up visits. Certain demographic and behavioural variables (educational level, consultation to obesity specialists, adherence to HCP advice, follow‐up scheduled visits and becoming aware of the obesity state) may identify PWO with a higher probability of a greater weight loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the literature on language acquisition in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), highlighting rapid changes in the field. Researchers in psycholinguistics are exploring language acquisition theories due to ASD's significant differences across language, social, and cognitive domains. The study highlights areas where knowledge is lacking and explores potential future directions. While pragmatic deficits are commonly associated with ASD, clinicians and researchers should consider phonological, morph syntactic differences and rehabilitation to change the condition of phonological errors, which impact language comprehension and production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia are a group of non‐cognitive symptoms such as agitation, physical aggression, depression, sexual disinhibition and psychosis. Therapeutic approaches vary because of the multifactorial and complex symptomology. The researchers of this study aimed to systematically review the nonpharmacological interventions for BPSD used by nurses in acute and subacute hospital settings. Design: The PRISMA guidelines guided this systematic review. The review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020184015). Method: The databases Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) complete, Medline complete, Excerpta Medica (Embase®) and PsycINFO published by the American Psychological Association (APA) were searched for studies published in English to October 2021. Quality appraisal was performed independently by three reviewers using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program tools. Data were synthesized using a narrative approach. Results: Two studies were identified that focused on interventions used by nurses; findings were positive for the use of nonpharmacological interventions to manage BPSD. Conclusion: Current evidence suggests that nonpharmacological interventions are the best practices to manage BPSD. However, limited, and low‐quality evidence suggests that further investigation is required to understand the factors contributing to the lack of use of nonpharmacological interventions by nurses in acute and subacute hospital settings. Summary statement: What is already known about this topic? Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) occur for approximately 95% of patients diagnosed with dementia and significantly impact individuals, families, communities and healthcare systems.Due to the limited benefits and potential harm of pharmacological interventions, nonpharmacological interventions are considered the first line of treatment to manage BPSD in clinical practice.Previous systematic reviews were limited to interventions implemented by a multidisciplinary team or nonpharmacological therapies conducted mainly in a residential or long‐term care setting.What this paper adds? The existing body of evidence ascertains nonpharmacological interventions are effective in managing BPSD in patients with dementia.The authors of this review identified a gap in research for the nonpharmacological interventions used by nurses in acute and subacute hospital settings.The implications of this paper: This systematic review acknowledges the effectiveness of nonpharmacological interventions to reduce aggression and agitation in patients with dementia.It highlights two major gaps in the research: that there are very few studies conducted in hospital settings, and no studies report the use of nonpharmacological interventions by nurses on any symptoms of BPSD other than aggression in the hospital setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although recognised as effective measures to curb the spread of the COVID-19 outbreak, social distancing and self-isolation have been suggested to generate a burden throughout the population. To provide scientific data to help identify risk factors for the psychosocial strain during the COVID-19 outbreak, an international cross-disciplinary online survey was circulated in April 2020. This report outlines the mental, emotional and behavioural consequences of COVID-19 home confinement. The ECLB-COVID19 electronic survey was designed by a steering group of multidisciplinary scientists, following a structured review of the literature. The survey was uploaded and shared on the Google online survey platform and was promoted by thirty-five research organizations from Europe, North Africa, Western Asia and the Americas. Questions were presented in a differential format with questions related to responses "before" and "during" the confinement period. 1047 replies (54% women) from Western Asia (36%), North Africa (40%), Europe (21%) and other continents (3%) were analysed. The COVID-19 home confinement evoked a negative effect on mental wellbeing and emotional status (P < 0.001; 0.43 ≤ d ≤ 0.65) with a greater proportion of individuals experiencing psychosocial and emotional disorders (+10% to +16.5%). These psychosocial tolls were associated with unhealthy lifestyle behaviours with a greater proportion of individuals experiencing (i) physical (+15.2%) and social (+71.2%) inactivity, (ii) poor sleep quality (+12.8%), (iii) unhealthy diet behaviours (+10%), and (iv) unemployment (6%). Conversely, participants demonstrated a greater use (+15%) of technology during the confinement period. These findings elucidate the risk of psychosocial strain during the COVID-19 home confinement period and provide a clear remit for the urgent implementation of technology-based intervention to foster an Active and Healthy Confinement Lifestyle AHCL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examined the relationship between leadership behaviours and the organisational commitment of academic staff at Kyambogo University, mediated by job satisfaction. Specifically, the study tested the influence of leadership behaviours on organisational commitment and job satisfaction, the influence of job satisfaction on the organisational commitment of academic staff, and the mediating effect of job satisfaction on the influence of leadership behaviours on organisational commitment. Based on the three-component model by Allen and Meyer (1990), organisational commitment was studied in terms of affective, continuance, and normative commitment. The study adopted a correlational research design on a sample of 175 fulltime academic staff of Kyambogo University. The study utilised a self-administered questionnaire to collect the data. Data analysis involved carrying out partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The results indicated that leadership behaviours positively but insignificantly influenced job satisfaction, while job satisfaction positively and significantly influenced organisational commitment, and leadership behaviours positively and significantly influenced job satisfaction. The results also revealed that job satisfaction partially mediated the influence of leadership behaviours on organisational commitment. The study concluded that while leadership behaviours are not a prerequisite for increasing organisational commitment among academic staff members, they improve academic staff members' job satisfaction. Also, academic staff members' commitment is increased by their job satisfaction, and job satisfaction partially significantly affects the association between leadership behaviours and academic staff members' commitment. The study recommends that to improve organisational commitment, university leaders should not overfocus on leaders' behaviours. Nevertheless, to improve job satisfaction, they should exhibit those leadership behaviours that enhance job satisfaction. Further, university leaders can improve academic staff satisfaction by implementing appropriate job satisfaction practices. Last but not least, in addition to good leadership practices, university leaders should implement appropriate job satisfaction practices to enhance academic staff members' commitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic in South Africa is among the worst in the world; in 2017, 38% of new infections were among young people aged 15–24 years. Estimates for HIV infection in 2020 worldwide indicate that there will be 1.5 million new cases, 10.2 million untreated cases (out of 37.7 million), and 680 000 deaths from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Despite a 46% decline in new HIV infections among adolescents and youth over the previous 10 years, two of the seven new HIV infections in 2019 occurred in people between the ages of 15 and 24. HIV prevalence among young people has remained unchanged since 2008. This consistent pattern among people under 30 years of age indicates a failure in HIV prevention. Aim: The study aimed to explore HIV and sexual risk behaviours by 18–25-year-old youth at Nyandeni Municipality in the Eastern Cape province. Setting: The investigation was conducted Nyandeni Municipality in the Eastern Cape province. Methods: Qualitative approach was used to explore, describe and investigate the knowledge and attitudes about HIV among the 18–25 years old youth Results: The findings are based on three themes namely, knowledge and attitudes about HIV and AIDS in youth, sexual risk behaviour among youth, and HIV prevention strategies. Conclusion: This exploratory investigation confirms that the participants’ knowledge is limited by showing that most of them knew very little about HIV and AIDS infection and prevention. Ongoing educational initiatives are required. Contribution: Youth experience high HIV incidence because of their knowledge gaps.

Biology teachers’ attitudes play a vital role in successful scientific investigations. Some biology teachers situated in the central part of South Africa experience challenges that include a lack of the necessary scientific knowledge and skills, which hinders the presentation of scientific investigations. These challenges adversely influence these biology teachers’ attitudes towards conducting scientific investigations. The result is that they conduct the minimum number of investigations with their learners, or don’t conduct them at all. Professional, in-service training workshops allow biology teachers to develop the necessary scientific knowledge and skills to successfully conduct scientific investigations. This study aimed to understand how a scientific investigation workshop affected biology teachers’ attitudes by measuring the ABC attitude model’s affective, cognitive and behavioural components. Likert-type, five-point scale items were used for the 20 pre-surveys and the same for the 20 post-surveys that were completed and collected for analysis. This research provided information on how vital in-service training programmes such as this scientific investigation workshop are in fostering positive attitudes toward scientific investigations amongst biology teachers. The findings that emerged from this study imply that implementing this scientific investigation workshop has developed biology teachers’ confidence in their science skills and knowledge to facilitate scientific investigations. The findings also indicate that this workshop caused a significant improvement in teachers’ intended behaviours in implementing scientific investigations in the science classrooms, as they gained valuable knowledge and skills regarding the science apparatus and the use thereof in conducting scientific investigations.

This systematic review examines 31 articles published from 2000 to 2021, comprehensively addressing mathematical resilience. These articles originate from English-language journals indexed in Google Scholar, Web of Science, ERIC, and Scopus databases. The analysis considered specific aspects including years, countries, research methods, designs, sample characteristics, data collection instruments, analysis techniques, findings, and recommendations. The majority of studies were conducted in 2021, mainly in Indonesia and the United Kingdom, with a focus on high school students. Qualitative approaches predominated, particularly qualitative descriptive research, along with quantitative approaches featuring semi-experimental designs and correlational studies. Quantitative studies commonly employed mean and frequency tables, while surveys and interviews were frequently utilized data collection tools. These investigations revealed diverse dimensions of mathematical resilience, spanning cognitive, affective, pedagogical, demographic, and social domains. The studies offer valuable recommendations for educators, researchers, teacher education programs, learning environments, students, school administration, psychological counsellors, parents, and society at large.

Literature has always been linked to psychoanalysis by literary critics and literary theorists in the academic field of literary criticism or theory. The Freudian psychoanalytic approach focuses primarily on exploring and analyzing an individual's inner world. This study examines Horace Walpole's The Castle of Otranto from the viewpoint of the psychoanalysis theory founded on Freud's interpretations of the behaviours of human beings and discusses the novel from that perspective. These behaviours result from the subconscious part of humans and in which they are connected to internal and external conflicts. Freud believes the unconscious mind is the root of all strange behaviours and mental illnesses and points out that the social context is a significant factor in these afflictions. The study aims to apply psychoanalytic theory to analyze in-depth the self-conflict, repetition of language, and taboos that appear in The Castle of Otranto to present examples of internal or external conflicts that are held in the subconscious as being part of human beings' essence, and eventually as the primary source of disturbance of human behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review examines 31 articles published from 2000 to 2021, comprehensively addressing mathematical resilience. These articles originate from English-language journals indexed in Google Scholar, Web of Science, ERIC, and Scopus databases. The analysis considered specific aspects including years, countries, research methods, designs, sample characteristics, data collection instruments, analysis techniques, findings, and recommendations. The majority of studies were conducted in 2021, mainly in Indonesia and the United Kingdom, with a focus on high school students. Qualitative approaches predominated, particularly qualitative descriptive research, along with quantitative approaches featuring semi-experimental designs and correlational studies. Quantitative studies commonly employed mean and frequency tables, while surveys and interviews were frequently utilized data collection tools. These investigations revealed diverse dimensions of mathematical resilience, spanning cognitive, affective, pedagogical, demographic, and social domains. The studies offer valuable recommendations for educators, researchers, teacher education programs, learning environments, students, school administration, psychological counsellors, parents, and society at large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This service project evaluated the clinical utility of the Newcastle Model in supporting 'stress and distress' in people with dementia in acute general hospital settings. We demonstrated significant reductions in both the perceived severity of stress and distress experiences, and the perceived difficulty for hospital staff in supporting stress and distress experiences. There is a promising role for Newcastle model-led interventions in supporting stress and distress experiences for people with dementia in acute general hospital settings. However, further practice-based evidence is required to demonstrate its full utility within this setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Animal charities want to teach people about what animals need and often run campaigns to achieve this. These campaigns usually focus on different aspects of animal welfare. In March 2019, the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) launched a campaign called #DogKind. It aimed to increase awareness of dog owners to identify separation-related behaviours in dogs and encourage owners to seek help from reliable sources. To evaluate the campaign's effectiveness, we asked people a series of questions before and after the campaign. We also tested whether adding a video to the website's information made any difference to the campaign's effectiveness. This study found that the campaign successfully reached its target audience of 25–34-year-olds but did not help dog owners become more aware of separation-related behaviours or increase the number of owners intending to seek help from reliable sources. Additionally, showing a video as part of the campaign did not improve its effectiveness. This study shows that this campaign had limited success in achieving its targets and highlights the importance of thorough evaluations of campaigns as educational interventions. One of the main aims of companion animal welfare charities is to educate the public about the needs of animals. This is frequently performed through campaigns focusing on specific aspects of welfare. The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA), Britain's biggest animal welfare charity, launched the nationwide #DogKind campaign in March 2019. Targeted mainly at 25–34-year-olds, the campaign aimed to increase awareness of separation-related behaviour (SRB) among dog owners and encourage them to seek help for SRB from reliable sources. This research involved a quasi-experimental, non-equivalent control group design evaluating the campaign's effectiveness. It was conducted through a series of online surveys at three different time points: before the launch of the campaign (n = 2002), six months after (n = 2423), and, again, two months later (n = 269), during which we asked the same questions regarding knowledge of SRB. An experimental trial of 269 participants tested whether accessing a video alongside the campaign web pages increased the effectiveness of the campaign objectives. Overall, the campaign appeared to be effective in reaching its target audience but not at raising awareness of SRB or increasing the number of owners intending to seek help. The inclusion of a video in the campaign made no difference to its effectiveness. This study shows that this campaign had limited success in achieving its targets and highlights the importance of thorough evaluations of education interventions that aim to improve the welfare of companion animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to analyse and compare behavioural changes in swimming teachers, after retrospective reflection between two swimming teaching sessions. 10 individuals were analysed, characterized by gender, level of experience, coaching graduation and level of students practice. To analyse behaviours, the SOP (teacher observation system) was applied, comparing the moments of Instruction, Feed-back, Organization and Observation. In the statistical comparison, two non-parametric tests were applied: the Wilcoxon test, which allowed comparing the same behaviours between the first and second sessions, and the Mann Whitney test, which allowed comparing the same behaviours between the first and second sessions of each session. It was found that there were significant differences in Instruction and Organization behaviours between the first and second sessions among the swimming teachers analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to provide a valuable study about the development of literature on corruption prevention during the last decade suggesting the way for the future agenda. We collected documents with the aims to develop a structured literature review (SLR). We collected 113 documents adopting a not grey analysis. Our results shows two main research areas: (i) the corruption prevention understanding its features and using accounting and ethical activities in the business and government procurement and (ii) anticorruption measures, disclosure and behaviours as renewed tools to increase corporate governance sustainability and corporate social responsibility. This is the first time for proposing the SLR on corporate corruption preventions and renewed models directed to build an updated background and emerging issues. This paper is original because proposes for the first time the literature collection of corporate corruption prevention's models providing valuable insights, critique and definition for the future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pharmacy professionals working in community pharmacies frequently provide pharmacist-initiated therapy, including codeine-containing medicines. Codeine is an opioid with great potential for misuse, adding to the global opioid epidemic burden. Professional pharmacy personnel are the first intervention point in relation to management of codeine use. This study highlights the importance of pharmacy professionals’ perceptions and behaviours in combatting the opioid epidemic. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. Simple random sampling included pharmacy professionals in the metropolitan city of Johannesburg. An electronic questionnaire was distributed via e-mail and data analysed descriptively. Results: Findings indicate that pharmacy personnel routinely ask patients about codeine use (n = 48; 53.9%), avoid dispensing over-the-counter (OTC) codeine as an initial treatment (n = 61; 69%) and express confidence to identify and manage codeine misuse (n = 69; 77.5%). Despite this, increased patient demands for OTC codeine (n = 69; 77.5%) were concerning, highlighting the ease of availability from internet sources (n = 76; 85.4%) and multiple pharmacies (n = 84; 94.4%). Apprehension about the lack of patient awareness on adverse health consequences (n = 66; 74.2%) and the risk of codeine dependence (n = 79; 88.8%) was expressed. Conclusion: Growing concern regarding availability and accessibility of codeine-containing medicines within the community pharmacy sector is highlighted. Adverse health consequences of codeine misuse and dependence are not understood by customers and the ineffective information provided by pharmacy personnel was highlighted as a concern. Contribution: The results of this study give insight to the influence of dispensing personnel’s attitude towards the growing challenges with respect to codeine containing medication abuse.

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic exacerbated a global learning crisis with teaching and learning losses, impacting children’s well-being and the management of their behaviours. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore how four Grade 3 educators managed the behaviours of learners in their classroom post-COVID-19. Setting: The research was conducted in a quintile 5, full-service urban primary school in Cape Town, South Africa, with a educator -pupil ratio of 1:36. The majority of the learners spoke English, with the minority speaking Afrikaans, isiXhosa and French. Methods: An interpretivist paradigm, qualitative approach and a case study were used as they allowed the researcher to gain an understanding about challenging behaviour management in Grade 3 post-COVID-19, by exploring multiple educators’ subjective perceptions. Results: To answer the research question, ‘What types of challenging behaviours are Grade 3 learners exhibiting post-COVID-19 and how are educators managing these challenging behaviours in Grade 3 learners post-COVID-19?’. Three themes emerged: (1) the types of behaviours learners exhibited, (2) their views on proactive and reactive management styles and (3) the challenges experienced by the educators while managing the learners’ behaviours. Conclusion: The types of behaviours exhibited included: physical, verbal and academic behavioural challenges. Proactive strategies appeared to be the most preferred management strategy of choice with a higher success rate. External factors created difficulties for educators to maintain consistent standards of behaviour management. Contribution: This research study contributes to the knowledge and field of behaviour management and inclusive education within the Foundation Phase of South African schools post-COVID-19.

Abstract Competencies ensure public health students and professionals have the necessary knowledge, skills, values, and behaviours to do their jobs effectively. Public health is a dynamic and complex field requiring robust competency statements and frameworks that are regularly renewed. Many countries have public health competencies, but there has been no evidence synthesis on how these are developed. Our research aim was to synthesize the extent and nature of the literature on approaches and best practices for competencies statement and framework development in the context of public health, including identifying the relevant literature on approaches for developing competency statements and frameworks for public health students and professionals using a scoping review; and, synthesizing and describing approaches and best practices for developing public health competency statements and frameworks using a thematic analysis of the literature identified by the scoping review. We conducted a scoping review and thematic analysis of the academic and grey literature to synthesize and describe approaches and best practices for developing public health competency statements and frameworks. A systematic search of six databases uncovered 13 articles for inclusion. To scope the literature, articles were assessed for characteristics including study aim, design, methods, key results, gaps, and future research recommendations. Most included articles were peer-reviewed journal articles, used qualitative or mixed method design, and were focused on general, rather than specialist, public health practitioners. Thematic analysis resulted in the generation of six analytical themes that describe the multi-method approaches utilized in developing competency statements and frameworks including literature reviews, expert consultation, and consensus-building. There was variability in the transparency of competency framework development, with challenges balancing foundational and discipline-specific competencies. Governance, and intersectoral and interdisciplinary competency, are needed to address complex public health issues. Understanding approaches and best practices for competency statement and framework development will support future evidence-informed iterations of public health competencies.

Financial literacy (FL) is a crucial skill set that police officers must possess, particularly in managing their funds during their tenure in the police force and as they approach retirement from their service. The extent of an individual's FL will directly impact the extent of their financial planning knowledge and budgeting abilities required as a police officer, commencing from the initial stages of their career. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the level of FL within the police force, with a particular emphasis on the factors of financial knowledge, attitude, and behaviour. The study employed a simple random sampling technique to gather data from a sample of 68 law enforcement employees stationed in Vosman and Klipfointein. The data was acquired through survey questionnaires. The data were descriptively analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results of the study suggest that police officers often possess low to moderate levels of FL. However, there is a positive correlation observed between the variables under investigation. The recommendation proposes that the government should implement ongoing training and short-term interventions focused on FL, with a particular emphasis on tailoring these initiatives to individuals' income levels and lifestyles. This study utilized intervention and transformational learning theory to support law enforcement professionals in enhancing their financial planning both prior to and following their employment, by means of financial education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the growing body of evidence demonstrating the positive health effects of the Mediterranean diet, it is not routinely recommended in practice and adherence is low in the general population in Australia. The knowledge-attitude-behaviour model explains how health behaviours are supported through a process of acquiring knowledge, developing attitudes, and forming behaviours. Evidence has suggested that having a high level of nutrition-related knowledge is associated with more positive attitudes, which is directly linked to positive dietary behaviours. However, reports of knowledge and attitudes towards the Mediterranean diet, and how these directly relate to behaviours in older adults, are lacking. This study explored Mediterranean diet-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours among community-dwelling older adults in Australia. Participants were adults aged 55 years and older who completed an online survey that contained three parts: (a) knowledge – Mediterranean Diet Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (Med-NKQ); (b) nutrition-related attitudes and behaviours, and barriers and enablers to dietary change; (c) demographics. The sample included 61 adults who ranged in age from 55 to 89 years. The overall knowledge score was 30.5 out of a possible 40 points, with 60.7% classified as having a high level of knowledge. Knowledge was lowest for nutrient content and label reading. Attitudes and behaviours were generally positive and were not associated with level of knowledge. The most common barriers to dietary change were perceived cost and lack of knowledge, and motivational factors. There are a number of key gaps in knowledge that should be addressed through targeted educational programs. Strategies and tools to overcome perceived barriers and improve self-efficacy are needed to facilitate positive dietary behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed foraging behavious of non-human primates frugivorous in Marguba range of Old Oyo National Park, Nigeria. Three (3) tracks were selected in Marguba range of the Park. A distance of 2km on each track was covered. At both sides of each track, a plot of 100m by 100m was laid with an interval of 0.7km apart, giving a total of 6 (100x100) sample plots on each side of the tracks. The finding revealed that two (2) frugivores non-human primates species were encountered (Papioanubis and Erythrocebus patas). The population of fruit bearing plant in Ipade Aya spot showed that Nuclear latifolia and Diospyrosmes piliformis recorded the highest observation with 22.8% and 21.7% respectively, followed by Gardenia sokoemsis with 14.1% while Ficussy comorus recorded the least with 2.2%. The population of fruit bearing plant in Idi-ose track revealed that Detarium macrocarpum recorded the highest observation with 20.0%, followed by Piliostigma thonnigii and Nauclearlatifolia with 14.5% and 12.7% respectively while Adansonia digitata recorded the least with 5.4%. The population of fruit bearing plants in Ajaku spot, Nauclear latifolia recorded the highest with 23.1%, followed by Annonas enegalensis and Detarium macrcarpium with 15.4% each while the least plant are Piliostigma thonnigii and Anogeisus leiocarpus with 12.8% each. The foraging behavior of non-human primates includes shaking the tree, plugging fruit and seed directly from the plat and feeding on the ground. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competencies ensure public health students and professionals have the necessary knowledge, skills, values, and behaviours to do their jobs effectively. Public health is a dynamic and complex field requiring robust competency statements and frameworks that are regularly renewed. Many countries have public health competencies, but there has been no evidence synthesis on how these are developed. Our research aim was to synthesize the extent and nature of the literature on approaches and best practices for competencies statement and framework development in the context of public health, including identifying the relevant literature on approaches for developing competency statements and frameworks for public health students and professionals using a scoping review; and, synthesizing and describing approaches and best practices for developing public health competency statements and frameworks using a thematic analysis of the literature identified by the scoping review. We conducted a scoping review and thematic analysis of the academic and grey literature to synthesize and describe approaches and best practices for developing public health competency statements and frameworks. A systematic search of six databases uncovered 13 articles for inclusion. To scope the literature, articles were assessed for characteristics including study aim, design, methods, key results, gaps, and future research recommendations. Most included articles were peer-reviewed journal articles, used qualitative or mixed method design, and were focused on general, rather than specialist, public health practitioners. Thematic analysis resulted in the generation of six analytical themes that describe the multi-method approaches utilized in developing competency statements and frameworks including literature reviews, expert consultation, and consensus-building. There was variability in the transparency of competency framework development, with challenges balancing foundational and discipline-specific competencies. Governance, and intersectoral and interdisciplinary competency, are needed to address complex public health issues. Understanding approaches and best practices for competency statement and framework development will support future evidence-informed iterations of public health competencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this research paper is to adapt and validate a useful instrument to diagnose the knowledge, attitudes, behaviours and intention to participate (KABIP) towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in higher education institutions (HEIs) from the public administration in developing countries. Design/methodology/approach: The study was carried out using the Delphi technique, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). For the Delphi method, 30 experts participated in three rounds. For the EFA and CFA, a sample of 790 people was selected. The instrument items were extracted from relevant scales on the topic. Findings: The reliability and internal consistency of the instrument were tested and confirmed. Therefore, this study gives a scientific tool to measure the KABIP towards SDGs in different sectors of the public administration, and it can be used in developing countries. Originality/value: The new questionnaire with 66 items and four dimensions can be used to diagnose KABIP towards SDGs at HEIs in developing countries. It has a very important implications because, although attention for SDGs around the world is increasing, only a limited number of valid scientific instrument that measure aspects related to it is available. Furthermore, the knowledge, attitudes, behaviour and intention to participate scale can facilitate the creation of new strategies regarding SDGs in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this study was to describe the knowledge, protective behaviours, and psychological impact of COVID-19 on Chinese residents in Canada, as the emotional and behavioural impacts of the pandemic have not been intensively studied amongst these populations. It was important to determine whether having dependent school-age children (DSAC) aged 16 or under was associated with adverse psychological impacts amongst the Chinese residents living in the country. Methods: In April 2020, 757 eligible participants were recruited through a snowball sampling to complete an online survey related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological, behavioural, and sociodemographic variables were collected and first analyzed using descriptive and univariate statistics. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to further confirm the observed significant associations in bivariate analyses for selected psychological outcome variables. Results: Seven hundred forty-two participants who responded to the "dependent school-age children" question were included in the analysis. Most of them identified as females (65.8%) and 77.2% included receiving a university degree or higher. There were no significant differences in COVID-19 knowledge between those living with or without DSAC. However, participants with DSAC were more likely to perceive themselves as being at greater risk of contracting COVID-19 (p =.023); therefore, having a higher chance of adopting protective behaviours (e.g., hand washing, sanitizing frequently or disinfecting work and living spaces (p <.05), elevated risks of depression (p =.007), and stress (p =.010), compared to those without DSAC. Conclusions: Predominantly, the Chinese residents in Canada with dependent school-age children were more likely to report the negative psychological impacts of the pandemic. These findings warrant further investigations that may contribute to informing key stakeholders about the identification and implementation of policies and interventions to support the needs of parents with young children, during and after the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaccine hesitancy has become a major global concern, leading to a significant decrease in the vaccination rate, with the World Health Organization recognizing it as one of the top ten threats to public health. Moreover, the health cost generated is evaluated to be 27 billion dollars per year in the US alone. To investigate the association between demographic variables and knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours related to vaccination, a survey-based cross-sectional study was conducted with 1163 individuals. Three models were used to perform a multiple linear regression analysis. In Model I, knowledge about vaccinations was found to be associated with smoking habits, education, and marital status. In Model II, attitudes towards vaccinations were significantly associated with sex, smoking habits, education, marital status, and knowledge. In Model III, behaviours related to vaccination were associated with sex, smoking habits, having children, knowledge, and attitudes. One potential solution to improve behaviours related to vaccinations in the general population is to implement specific public health programs, which can be a cost-effective intervention. This study provides valuable insights into the determinants of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours related to vaccinations in the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Aim This study reviewed the literature on nurses' knowledge, risk assessment practices, self‐efficacy, attitudes, and behaviours towards venous thromboembolism (VTE). Design A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines. Methods CINAHL (via EBSCO), MEDLINE (via PubMed), and Web of Science were electronic databases used to find studies published from 2010 to November 2020 in English language. A Hoy critical appraisal checklist was used to assess the risk of bias and methodologic quality. Results This study included fourteen studies conducted on 8628 Registered Nurses. Nine of the fourteen studies examined nurses' general knowledge level regarding VTE, and five showed that most nurses had a good knowledge of VTE. Of the 14 studies, six assessed nurses' risk assessment knowledge regarding VTE, and three showed that nurses had low knowledge of VTE risk assessment. Eleven studies assessed nurses' practices concerning VTE prophylaxis; 5 of the 11 studies reported that nurses had poor and unsatisfactory levels of VTE practice. Three of the 14 studies showed that nurses had low self‐efficacy and varied beliefs. The most frequent recommendations were to create continuous educational programs and in‐service training programs (n = 11), followed by creating institutional protocols standardizing VTE (n = 6). Conclusions Comprehensive educational programs and campaigns based on well‐established and standardized tools should be provided to nurses to improve their VTE knowledge.

Abstract Aim To explore the acquisition behaviours for nutrition‐related information of older adults in a long‐term care facility. Design A qualitative descriptive design was used in this study. Methods Sixteen older adults in a long‐term care facility were recruited using purposive sampling between March and May 2021. Data were collected via face‐to‐face semi‐structured interviews, based on open questions regarding acquisition behaviours for nutrition‐related information and flexible question formulation, and the data were analysed using an inductive–deductive method. A health promotion model was used as a conceptual framework to regulate the refinement of themes. Results Three themes were identified in this study. The first theme discussed the individual characteristics and experiences of older adults that contributed to their acquisition behaviours for nutrition‐related information. The second theme described behaviour‐specific cognitions of and the effects on the participants regarding the influencing factors involving various internal individual elements and external physical environment. The third theme explored the positive behavioural outcomes of the participants resulting from these acquisition behaviours. Conclusion Acquisition behaviours for nutrition‐related information of older adults in long‐term care facilities were affected by both individual characteristics and external physical environment factors. Access to nutritional information can help older adults cultivate a healthy diet. Although they exhibited a significant interest in nutrition, the participants still encountered several difficulties. Based on the actual care needs of the older people, appropriate nutritional information interventions should be provided by healthcare providers working in long‐term care facilities so as to improve the ability of the older people to acquire information independently. Patient or public contribution All 16 participants actively participated in the interview process and the preliminary preparation of the article.

Abstract Objective: The relationships between childhood weight self-misperception and obesity-related factors particularly health markers have not been extensively discussed. This study aims to examine the associations between weight self-misperception and obesity-related knowledge, attitudes, lifestyles and cardio-metabolic markers among Chinese paediatric population. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Data sourced from a national survey in Chinese seven provinces in 2013. Participants: Children and adolescents aged 5–19 years. Results: Of the total 14 079 participants, there were 14·5 % and 2·2 % participants over-estimated and under-perceived their weight, respectively. Multi-variable logistic regression was applied to calculate OR and 95 % CI (95 % Cl) of obesity-related behaviours and cardio-metabolic markers by actual and perceived weight status. Individuals who perceived themselves as overweight/obese were more likely to have prolonged screen time, insufficient dairy intake and over sugar-sweetened beverages consumption (all P < 0·05), regardless of their weight. Furthermore, actual overweight/obese individuals had higher odds of abnormal cardio-metabolic markers, but a smaller magnitude of association was found among weight under-estimators. Among non-overweight/obese individuals, weight over-estimation was positively associated with abdominal obesity (OR: 10·49, 95 % CI: 7·45, 14·76), elevated blood pressure (OR: 1·30, 95 % CI: 1·12, 1·51) and dyslipidemia (OR: 1·43, 95 % CI: 1·29, 1·58). Conclusions: Weight over-perception was more prevalent than under-estimation, particularly in girls. Weight over-estimators tended to master better knowledge but behave more unhealthily; both weight over-perception and actual overweight/obesity status were associated with poorer cardio-metabolic markers. Future obesity intervention programmes should additionally pay attention to the population with inaccurate estimation of weight who were easily overlooked.

Abstract Background Racial and ethnic disparities in mental health service utilisation and access is well established. Mental illness is common among Arab populations globally, but most individuals display negative attitudes towards mental health and do not seek professional help. The aim of this systematic review was to determine 1) help-seeking behaviours 2) help-seeking attitudes and 3) help-seeking barriers and facilitators, related to mental health services among Arab adults. Method A pre-defined search strategy and eligibility criteria allowed for database searching using terms related to: mental health, Arabs, help-seeking, as well as experiences and behaviours. Seventy-four articles were included and analysed through narrative synthesis. Results were reported using the PRISMA guidelines. The review protocol was registered prospectively on PROSPERO (CRD42022319889). Results Arabs across the world have negative attitudes towards formal help-seeking and are reluctant to seek help, despite the presence of psychological distress. There is little information on factors that influence help-seeking behaviours and rates of service use. Preference for informal help sources such as family and friends were expressed and considered more acceptable. Low mental health literacy, stigma, gender, age, education, religion, acculturation, and immigrant status were the most common factors influencing help-seeking attitudes. Barriers to help-seeking included stigma, privacy and confidentiality, trust, mental health literacy, language, logistics, and culture related barriers. Increasing societal and family awareness, external support and encouragement, shared culture between the client and therapist, quality of doctor patient relationship, and feelings of connectedness with the host country among refugees were mentioned facilitators. Mixed findings for the role of religion, and family and community, in relation to facilitating or hindering help-seeking were reported. Conclusions There is an increased likelihood and preference to seek informal sources of psychological support among Arabs. Contextual and cultural factors impeding help-seeking for Arabs are common across the world. Future research should address actual utilisation rates of services to better understand factors that influence help-seeking behaviours and facilitators to help-seeking. Increasing mental health literacy and developing anti stigma campaigns is necessary. Developing culturally informed interventions should inform future efforts to promote help-seeking among this population.

The pandemic has prompted the proliferation of webinars for professional development in the teaching profession. This case study investigates the teachers' attitudes toward the webinars as professional development. The participants were the teachers from a junior high school in one public school in Indonesia. The researchers selected three participants based on the questionnaire by considering the frequencies following the webinars. The researchers conducted semi-structured interviews by adapting the three components of an attitude referring to behaviour, cognition, and affective. The study is significant to investigate how teachers perceive webinars as a tool for their professional development, describe the impacts, and as input for the educational organisation in conducting teachers' training. The results revealed the teachers’ positive attitudes regarding behaviours, beliefs, and feelings towards the webinar as professional development. A webinar has eliminated the time and geographical boundaries in conducting professional development. Moreover, more professional networking and opportunities are additional advantages that bring more engagement and exposure to continuing their professional development. This research advocates that more webinars be held to develop the teachers' professionalism by related institutions and to open more access to growing teachers' careers by considering appropriate material and time based on the teachers' needs.

This article explores complementary dimensions of Jewish diversity in Israel. In the past two decades Jews have evolved in polarising directions: whereas the fringes of ultra-Orthodox and the secular widened, the traditional middle narrowed. Within each sector, religious identification across an individual's life cycle is dynamic, with the ultra-Orthodox and religious bolstering their religiosity and the secular and traditional moving away from any religious patterns. Alongside some significant differences among the religious sectors in attitudes and behaviours, such as the importance of being Jewish or the observance of ongoing rituals, there are broad consensuses on matters of belonging to the Jewish people, the importance of remembering the Holocaust, and the celebration of the major Jewish holidays. Still, Israeli society sees disagreements over values and institutions that the state should maintain, and over tension between Judaism and democracy. The discussion assesses differences in religious identity between Israel and Europe and the implications of this for European Jewry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between everyday activities, health and subjective wellbeing in older adults has mostly been examined using different activities as separate variables. Which activities are likely to come together in individuals' daily time-use patterns, or in what context, has not yet been analysed. This study looks at a broad range of spontaneously reported activities, their location and social context to identify latent behavioural classes. The data used in the study came from a sample of 200 non-institutionalised adults aged 65 and above. Activity data were collected using the Experience Sampling Method. Generalised structural equation modelling was used to identify the classes. Three distinctive behavioural classes, representing different lifestyles, emerged: passive domiciliary, active functional and social recreational. They constituted 30, 53 and 17 per cent of the sample, respectively. Class membership was related to individuals' age, education and selected dimensions of health measured using the Nottingham Health Profile: energy levels and emotional response. There was consistency between the objectively measured class and an individual's subjective assessment of their physical and emotional health. While both class membership and subjective wellbeing were associated with health, the relationship between class and wellbeing was weak and fully explained by socio-demographic and health-related variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]