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Občina Črnomelj se v zadnjih letih aktivno ukvarja s problematiko begunske krize. Največji pritisk te krize se odraža v krajih ob mejni reki Kolpi. Ta obmejni prostor kaže izrazito periferni značaj. Območje se poleg ekonomskih in socialnih problemov trenutno sooča še s povečanim pritiskom ilegalnih prehodov čez mejo. Delovanje varnostnih organov je v pretežni meri usmerjeno k varovanju meje, prestrezanje ilegalnih migrantov ter v iskanje posameznih tihotapcev ali tihotapskih mrež. Učinkovitost nadzora meje je kljub postavljenim tehničnim oviram precej slaba, saj so možnosti ilegalnih prečkanj še vedno široko odprte. Najbolj neposredno izpostavljeni so prebivalci obmejnih krajev ali vasi. Domačini se soočajo predvsem s posledicami, ki so jih prinesli sprejeti ukrepi na ravni države, povezani z varovanjem meje. Posegi v obmejni prostor in okolje silijo prebivalce v prilagajanja na področju kmetijstva, turizma in prometa. Municipality of Črnomelj has been actively dealing with the refugee border crisis for these past few years. The region that has faced brunt of the crisis is area by Kolpa river. While dealing with refugees the area has also been dealing with its own social and economical problems, the source of those being regions peripheral characteristics. The activities of the security authorities are mainly focused on border protection, interception of illegal migrants and the search for individual smugglers or smuggling networks. The effectiveness of border control is rather poor, despite the technical barriers, as the possibilities for illegal crossings are still wide open. The most exposed are the inhabitants of border towns or villages. The locals are mainly facing the consequences of the measures taken at the state level related to border protection. Interventions in the border area and the environment force residents to adapt in the field of agriculture, tourism and transport.

Namen diplomskega dela je preučiti, kako je begunska kriza vplivala na gospodarstvo v Evropski uniji. Begunska kriza je ena od glavnih tem današnjega časa in je vplivala na celotno Evropo. Eden od glavnih povodov za izbruh krize je bilo vojno stanje v Siriji in tudi nekaterih drugih vzhodnih in afriških državah. Z množičnim prihodom beguncev sta bili Evropa in Evropska unija postavljeni pred več izzivov. Zaradi številčnosti in uhajanja nadzora prihodov beguncev na evropsko območje je Evropa utrpela veliko finančno izgubo. Veliko finančnih sredstev je bilo namenjenih za vsakodnevno oskrbo in transport beguncev na njihovi poti. Ravno zaradi tega begunci med ljudmi v Evropi niso bili najbolj priljubljeni, vendar pa je njihov prihod vseeno prinesel tudi pozitivne nove priložnosti, predvsem na področju rasti in razvoja gospodarstva držav Evropske unije. Diplomsko delo temelji na primerjali metodi tujih študij primerov iz Italije, Grčije in Nemčije in nekaterih drugih držav Evropske unije. S kvalitativno metodo sem na podlagi objavljenih člankov in medijskega poročanja analizirala in primerjala njihove pridobljene podatke in tako prišla do odgovorov na moji dve raziskovalni vprašanji. Na podlagi Pogodbe o delovanju Evropske unije sem predstavila delovanje Evropske unije. Glavne ugotovitve sem delila na pozitivne in negativne vplive na gospodarstvo v Evropski uniji. Pozitivni vplivi na gospodarstvo v Evropski uniji so: pridobitev nove delovne sile plačevanje davkov zaposlenih migrantov državi gostiteljici nova delovna sila za nižje plačana delovna mesta možnost napredovanja državljanov na boljše plačano delovno mesto zniževanje stopnje brezposelnosti povečanje povpraševanja po blagu in storitvah. Negativni vplivi na gospodarstvo v Evropski uniji so: povečana stopnja brezposelnosti nezmožnost zaposlitve beguncev neizobraženost nepoznavanje angleškega jezika ali jezika države gostiteljice ženske ne želijo zaposlitve namesto iskanja zaposlitve so mladi prišli v Evropo iskat šolanje in izobraževanje znižanje BDP države visoki izdatki države za pomoč beguncem preobremenjenost javnega proračuna obremenitev infrastrukture zavzemanje služb domačih prebivalcev. Diplomsko delo prikaže tako pozitivne kot tudi negativne posledice begunske krize na gospodarstvo Evropske unije. Prikaže, kako je begunska kriza Evropski uniji prinesla možnosti rasti in razvoja na področju gospodarstva in kako je to hkrati predstavljalo veliko finančno breme in socialne izzive pri sprejemu migrantov. The purpose of the diploma thesis is to address how the refugee crisis has affected the economy of the European Union. The refugee crisis is one of the main themes of today’s time, affecting the whole of Europe. One of the main reasons for the outbreak of the crisis was war in Syria as well as some other Eastern and African countries. With that Europe and the European Union have been faced with several challenges. Due to mass arrival of refugees in the European area, European union suffered with significant financial loss. A lot of funding was for the day-to-day care and transportation of refugees on their way. Because of this, migrants were not the most popular among people in Europe, but the arrival of migrants also brought positive new opportunities, especially in the field of growth and economic development of countries in the European Union. The diploma thesis is based on comparative method of foreign case studies from Italy, Greece and Germany and other European countries. Based on published articles and media I analysed and compared what they discovered, that is how I answered my research questions. I divided the main findings of this diploma thesis into positive and negative impacts on the economy in the European Union. The positive impact on the economy of the European Union are: new workforce payed taxes from migrants that works a new workforce for lower paid jobs the possibility for citizens to be promoted for better paid jobs lowering the unemployment rate increasing demand for goods and services. The negative impact on the economy in the European Union are: increased unemployment inability to employ refugees illiteracy of migrants lack of knowledge of English or the language of the host country women do not want employment young people wants education not work reduction of the country's GDP high costs to help refugees for EU countries overburdening the public budget infrastructure load occupying the services of local residents. The diploma thesis presents both the positive and negative effects on economy of European Union. It shows that the refugee crisis has brought the possibility for growth and development in the field of economy for the European Union. But to make this happen it is crucial that leaders know how to integrate refugees into our lives as quickly and efficiently as possible. And at the same time refugee crisis has brought great financial burden and social challenges.

Magistrsko delo obravnava nacionalizem in vzpon desnih strank v povezavi z begunsko krizo leta 2015 in posledično prihodom večjega števila beguncev v Evropo. Prikaže karakteristike izbranih evropskih držav oziroma desnih strank, ki so trenutno na oblasti. Osrednji del magistrskega dela je predstavitev desnih strank (zgodovine), ki so trenutno na oblasti v Evropi in posledice, ki jih imajo odločitve in politike teh strank na položaj migrantov in beguncev ter na splošno migracijsko politiko obravnavanih držav. Na koncu magistrske naloge je predstavljena integracija, ki je ključnega pomena za prišleke. V zaključku so predstavljene ugotovitve in odgovori na raziskovalna vprašanja. The following thesis represents nationalism and the rise of right parties in correlation with the refugee crisis in 2015 and therefore also the arrival of massive influx of refugees in Europe. It shows the main characteristics of the selected European countries and right parties who are currently in charge. The main part of this thesis is the introduction of right parties (history) and the consequences for migrants and refugees that come with this. At the end of the thesis is integration which is crucial for new arrivals. At the very end I represent my findings and answer my questions.

Schengen ali območje brez notranjih meja in s skupno zunanjo mejo, je eden izmed največjih dosežkov Evropske unije, saj omogoča prosto gibanje oseb znotraj tega območja brez, da bi jih na mejah čakale kontrole. Usklajene kontrole se pa izvajajo na zunanji schengenski meji in s tem zagotavlja varnost in preprečuje kriminal. Ker so v letih 2015 in 2016 v Evropo po nezakonitih poteh skušali priti številni migranti je prišlo do migrantske krize, kjer je za azil v EU zaprosilo več kot dva milijona ljudi. To je za Evropsko unijo predstavljalo velik izziv, ki ga še danes ni uspešno rešila. Z migrantsko krizo so se pokazale pomanjkljivosti evropskega azilnega sistema, zaradi česar so nekatere države članice schengenskega območja pričele ponovno uvajati nadzore na svojih notranjih mejah z namenom zaustavitve prihoda prosilcev za azil in drugih migrantov na njihovo ozemlje. Zaradi tega je morala Evropska Komisija začeti oblikovati številne nove ukrepe za učinkovitejšo azilno politiko in s tem spremembo evropskega azilnega sistema, katerega cilj je, da se breme v zvezi z migrantsko krizo porazdeli med vse države članice. Cilj diplomske naloge je ugotoviti, ali smejo države članice ponovno uvesti kontrole na svojih notranjih mejah, ter pod katerimi pogoji in za kakšno časovno obdobje in kakšen vpliv je imela migrantska kriza na EU in scgengensko območje in s tem na ponovno uvedbo mejnih kontrol, ter ugotoviti, ali obstajajo še kakšni drugi, za prosto gibanje manj ovirajoči ukrepi, ki jih sme uporabiti država za preprečevanje nelegalnih migracij. V tem delu ugotavljam, da lahko države članice schengenskega območja izjemoma in v skrajnih primerih ponovno uvedejo nadzore na svojih notranjih mejah, na podlagi 25. člena Zakonika o schengenskih mejah, pri čemer mora biti uporaba tega ukrepa nujna, obseg in trajanje ukrepa pa mora biti natančno določen. Poleg tega Zakonik Unije o pravilih, ki urejajo gibanje oseb prek meja (Zakonik o schengenskih mejah) še določa uvedbo nadzora na notranjih mejah v v okviru predvidljivih dogodkov (kot so na primer športne prireditve), v primerih, ko je potrebno takojšnje ukrepanje za odzivanje na grožnjo in v primeru izjemnih okoliščinah, ko je ogroženo splošno delovanje schengenskega sistema zaradi trajnih in resnih pomanjkljivosti v zvezi z nadzorom na zunanjih mejah in če te okoliščine pomenijo resno grožnjo javnemu redu ali notranji varnosti države. Vendar pa ugotavljam, da nadzori na notranjih mejah na dolgi rok ne predstavljajo rešitve problema v zvezi z migrantsko krizo in množičnim prihodom migrantov na ozemlje Evrope, ampak zgolj ogromne, gospodarske, politične in socialne stroške za EU in za posamezne države članice, zato bi bila potrebna krepitev zunanje schengenske meje, pri čemer bi morale države članice na zunanjih mejah zavrniti vstop v EU državljanom tretjih držav, ki ne izpolnjujejo vstopih pogojev, ter državljanom tretjih držav, ki niso zaprosili za azil v državi članici, na katere ozemlje so prvo vstopili, kljub temu, da so imeli to priložnost. Schengen, also known as the area without inner borders and with joint external border, is one of European Union’s greatest achievements, because it enables people to move freely within this area without border control. However, coordinated control is exercised on the external border. This border control ensures safety and prevents crime. In the years 2015 and 2016 many migrants tried to smuggle into Europe illegally and more than two million of them asked for asylum in the EU. This occurrence lead to migrant crisis, which presented as a large challenge for the EU that has not been successfully solved to this day. Migrant crisis started to indicate imperfections of the European asylum system and for this reason some of the member states once again began to initiate control on their inner borders with purpose to stop the arrival of asylum applicants and other migrants on their territory. Because of that European Commission had to form numerous new measures for more efficient asylum policy and thereby change European asylum system. The aim of the system is to partition the burden of the migrant crisis among all member states. The objective of dissertation is to establish what kind of effect migrant crisis has had on the EU and Schengen area and with that on national security and safety of people. Furthermore I will establish if member states can initiate control on their inner borders, under what circumstances they can do that and for what time period. In addition I want to establis if there are any other measures thar are less hindering to free movement and can be used by countries that want to prevent illegal migrations. In this part I have established, that exceptionally and in extreme cases member states of the Schengen area can once again initiate control on their inner borders on the basis of article 25 of the Union Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code). Usage of this measure has to be pressing additionally, the scale and duration of this measure must be thoroughly explicit. In addition, Schengen Borders Code stipulates initiation of controls on inner borders in case of predictable events (for instance sports event), in urgent cases, when responding to grave threat and in cases under exceptional circumstances, when general activity of Schengen system is endangered because of permanent and grave imperfections concerning control on external border and when these circumstances signify a real threat to public order or inner security of the country. However, I have established that controls on inner borders do not pose a long-term solution regarding the migrant crisis and mass arrival of migrants on the European territory. They only create enormous economical, political and social expenses for the EU and individual member states. For this reason it would be necessary to build-up external Schengen border. Member states on the external borders should decline entry in EU to third-country nationals that do not meet the demands and third-country nationals that did not ask for asylum in the member state, on which territory they had first entered, although they had the chance.

Čeprav zadnja in ena največjih begunskih kriz v Evropi zlagoma pojenja, je vsekakor razkrila številne temeljne težave v Evropski uniji (EU) in njenih članicah. Razsežnost in moč begunske krize iz leta 2015 je na preizkus postavila mednarodne sisteme za zaščito beguncev in njihovo učinkovitost pri minimalizaciji posledic krize. Zavoljo tega pričujoče delo naslavlja enega izmed glavnih izzivov, s katerim se je spopadla mednarodna skupnost v zadnjih šestih letih: prevelik pritok beguncev in njegov vpliv na učinkovitost in delovanje mednarodnih sistemov begunske zaščite. Najbolj obsežni begunskih tokovi do zdaj, povečana kompleksnost režimov in pomanjkanje solidarnosti med vključenimi, so samo nekateri od faktorjev, ki so v veliki meri vplivali na potek krize v Evropi in na način njenega reševanja. Glavni doprinos te raziskave je možnost posplošitve njene analize – institucionalne in sistemske težave, ki so se pokazale med begunsko krizo, so v resnici obstajale že pred njo. Medtem ko je večina raziskav v povezavi z begunci osredotočena na omejene in specifične aspekte begunstva, pričujoča raziskava ponuja več možnosti za razširjeno uporabo izsledkov tudi na druga raziskovalna področja. Begunska kriza je samo vzvod, ki je povzročil zaporedje neuspešnih delitev bremen, neustrezne norme in pomanjkljive odločitve, ki se lahko nadaljujejo v katero koli drugo obliko krize in v drugačen sistem režimov. Even though the most recent, and one of the greatest refugee crises in Europe is gradually ceasing, it has certainly revealed numerous underlying issues within the European Union (EU) and its Member States. The magnitude and the intensity of the 2015 refugee crisis put to test the international refugee protection regimes and their effectiveness to quickly neutralize the crisis. Having said that, this work will attempt to address one of the main challenges that had been faced by the international community in the last six years – the overwhelming influx of refugees, and its impact on the effectiveness and the functioning of international refugee protection regimes. Unprecedented scale of migrant flows, heightened regime complexity and lack of solidarity among involved actors are just some of the factors that have greatly impacted the course of the crisis in Europe, and the manner in which the crisis has been resolved. The main contribution of this research is the generalizability of this analysis – the institutional and systematic issues that have been revealed throughout the refugee crisis have been around before the crisis itself. Whereas the focus of most refugee crisis-related research is on the narrowed-down, refugee-specific aspects, this research leaves more space for widespread application of findings to other fields of research. The refugee crisis is only the spark, which has caused the perfect storm of failed burden-sharing, normative flaws and flawed decision-making, all of which can transcend into any other form of crisis, and another system of regimes.

Magistrsko delo proučuje diskurzivni vidik varnosti izražen skozi parlamentarni diskurz poslancev, ki so delovali v slovenskem parlamentu v obdobju t. i. begunske krize, od septembra 2015 do marca 2016. Skozi mikrodiskurzivno in jezikovnostilno analizo poskuša prikazati, ali so poslanci begunce obravnavali skozi prizmo varnosti, torej vprašanje beguncev sekuritizirali. Z analizo parlamentarnih sej je prikazan proces sekuritizacije kopenhagenske šole, ki sekuritizacijo opisuje kot govorno dejanje, ki referenčnemu objektu predstavi vprašanje kot eksistenčno grožnjo in s tem zahteva izredne ukrepe, ki odstopajo od 'običajne' politike. Če občinstvo to sprejme je sekuritizacija uspešna. V parlamentarnem diskurzu so analizirana jezikovna sredstva, kot so vršilci dejanj, metafore in druge stilno zaznamovane besede, pomembna pa je tudi ustrezna raba terminov beguncev in migrant. V ozadju je predstavljena t. i. begunska kriza na ravni EU, zahodnobalkanski poti in v Sloveniji. Opisan je tudi slovenski parlament ter politični oziroma parlamentarni diskurz, ključne pa so varnostne študije, znotraj katerih je kopenhagenska šola predstavila teorijo sekuritizacije, ki jo proučuje magistrsko delo The master's thesis examines the discursive aspect of security, expressed through the parliamentary debates, which took place in the Slovenian parliament during the 'refugee crisis' in Slovenia, September 2015 – March 2016. Through micro-discursive and linguistic analysis, this work seeks to show whether refugees were securitized, treated by the members of Parliament as a security issue. The analysis of parliamentary debates tries to show the process of securitization initially outlined by the Copenhagen School, which focuses on the speech act, that presents an issue to the referent object as an existential threat and demands extraordinary measures outside of normal politics. If the audience accepts this, securitization is successful. The use of linguistic means is analysed in the parliamentary discourse, such as agents, metaphors and other expressive words, and the correct usage of terms refugee or migrant. The master's thesis background is presented by the 'refugee crisis' in the European Union, on the Western Balkan Route and in Slovenia. The emphasis is also on the Slovenian parliament and parliamentary discourse, but the most important are security studies, within which the securitization theory is presented by the Copenhagen School, which is analysed in the master’s thesis.

Slovenija je bila od septembra 2015 do marca 2016 tranzitna država za skoraj pol milijona ljudi, ki so dnevno potrebovali oskrbo s prehrano, oblačili, prebivališčem in osnovno zdravstveno oskrbo. V tem času se je zaradi specifičnosti in množičnosti vzpostavilo stanje izjeme oziroma t. i. humanitarnega koridorja. Tako so bili na podlagi dogovora med državami dovoljeni vstopi in prehodi beguncem ter migrantom brez veljavnih dokumentov. Soočanje in obvladanje nenadnega prihoda migrantov je zahtevalo delovanje celotnega nacionalno varnostnega sistema, skupaj s širokim krogom deležnikov. Pri reševanju begunske krize so sodelovali tako predstavniki lokalne skupnosti, številne nevladne in humanitarne organizacije s prostovoljci, nepogrešljiva pa je bila tudi mednarodna pomoč in solidarnost drugih držav članic Evropske unije. V magistrskem delu raziskujem, ali so se državni akterji v času krize osredotočali predvsem na varnostni vidik ter regulacijo migracij, medtem, ko so bile nevladne organizacije tiste, ki so bile usmerjene k humanitarnem vidiku in poudarjanju varovanja človekovih pravic. From September 2015 to March 2016, Slovenia was a transit country for almost half a million people who needed food, clothing, residence anf basic heath care on a daily basis. During this time, due to specificity of the situation and multiplicity of people, the state of exception was established, which was later called huminitarian corridor. Thus, by agreement between the countries, entry and transition for refugees and migrants were allowed without any valid documents. Facing and controlling the sudden arrival of migrants required activation of the whole national security system, along with a wide range of stakeholders. In solving the refugee crisis participated representatives of the local community, numerous non-governmental and humanitarian organization, volunteers, as well international assistance and solidarity of other EU Member States were indispensable. In my master's thesis, I explore whether state actors focused primarily on the security aspect and regulation of migration flow, while NGOs were focused on the humanitarian aspect and emphasizing the protection of human rights.

Begunska kriza je bila v preteklih letih osrednja tema v medijih. Kadar govorimo o medijih so zelo pomembni in ključni v vsaki družbi. Predvsem zato ker spodbujajo svobodo mnenja in izražanja. Dobro obveščene družbe ni brez svobode izražanja medijev. Mediji so bili ključni element in subjekt pri samem prikazovanju in predstavitvi migrantov širši javnosti. Pri tem je potrebno izpostaviti ključne izraze kot so diskriminacija, rasizem, predsodki, sovražni govor in drugi, katere smo lahko zasledili v samih prispevkih novinarjev. Mediji imajo pomembno vlogo pri predstavitvi celotne slike širši javnosti, saj soustvarjajo mnenje javnosti. V samem poročanju pa je potrebno izpostaviti tudi prikazovanje migrantov, kot storilce kaznivih dejanj, kjer migrante enačijo tudi s teroristi. V tem primeru lahko omenimo izpostavljenost ekstremistični propagandi in radikalizaciji na socialnih omrežjih. Predvsem zato je potrebno veliko pozornost nameniti medijskemu poročanju, saj so se mediji razširili tudi na socialna omrežja. Slovenia was engulfed in migrant crisis of great proportions. During that time, the migrant crisis was the main subject of conversation among the media. Media are very important and crucial in every society. Especially because they promote freedom of opinion and expression. A well-informed society is not without the freedom of media expression. The media were a key element in the presentation and presentation of migrants to the general public.In this context, it is necessary to highlight the key concepts we have seen in the journalist contributions. We can highlight discrimination, racism, prejudice, hate speech and others.The media play an important role in presenting the whole picture to the general public, as they co-create the public's opinion. The reporting itself should also emphasize the presentation of immigrants as perpetrators of criminal offenses in which migrants equate with terrorists.In this case, we can mention the exposure of extremist propaganda and radicalization on social media. Therefore, special attention should be given to media reporting, as the media have also expanded to social media.

Humanitarna kriza, ki je zaradi arabske pomladi in državljanske vojne v Siriji državljane Sirije in drugih vojnih območjih na Bližnjem vzhodu pregnala v beg, je leta 2015 z največjo intenziteto dosegla tudi meje Evrope. Prvoten odziv oblasti je temeljil na dosledni izvedbi kontingentnega načrta in distinkciji med migranti in begunci, saj so idejo o vzpostavitvi koridorja, ki bi prestop čez mejo omogočal vsem, sprva zavračale. Vlada je najprej z dejanskimi, nato pa s pravnimi ukrepi zaostrovala azilno politiko in oteževala dostop do mednarodne zaščite. V imenu preprečitve nastanka humanitarne krize na ozemlju Slovenije je vlada sprejela ukrep, ki je omogočal postavitev tehničnih ovir na meji, dopolnitev Zakona o obrambi ter spremembe azilne zakonodaje. Nevladne organizacije so ves čas opozarjale na neskladnost teh ukrepov ter vladi očitale, da so ti v navzkrižju z nacionalno in evropsko azilno zakonodajo ter pravnimi dokumenti s področja človekovih pravic. Pred vsemi vidiki je bilo v ospredju dojemanje situacije kot varnostne grožnje. Med celotnim obdobjem sodelovanja Slovenije na balkanski migracijski poti so imeli pri oblikovanju podob migrantov in migracij v slovenski javnosti ključno vlogo tudi mediji in politični diskurz. Slovenska politična strategija, ki je bila osredotočena predvsem na izvajanje uspešnih ukrepov sekuritizacije, je bila popolnoma v skladu s slovenskimi strukturami beguncev, kot so bili prikazani v medijih, in sicer kot varnostne, gospodarske in kulturne grožnje, ki jo je treba nadzorovati. The humanitarian crisis, which, due to the Arab Spring and Civil War in Syria, forced the citizens of Syria and other war zones in the Middle East to flee, reached the borders of Europe with the greatest intensity in 2015. The initial response of the authorities was based on a consistent implementation of the contingency plan and the distinction between migrants and refugees, while the idea of establishing a corridor that would allow crossing the border for all refugees, was at first rejected. Initially, with actual then the legal measures, the government tightened its asylum policy and made it difficult to gain access to international protection. In the name of preventing the emergence of a humanitarian crisis on the territory of Slovenia, the government adopted a measure to set up technical barriers at the border, supplement the Defense Act and made changes to asylum legislation. Non-governmental organizations have always warned against the inconsistency of these measures, and the conflicts with national and European asylum legislation, as well as legal documents in the field of human rights. The situation was overall perceived as a security threat. During the entire period of Slovenia's participation in the Balkan migration route, the media and political discourse also played a key role in the creation of images of migrants and migrations in the Slovene public. The Slovenian political strategy, which focused primarily on the implementation of successful securitization measures, was fully in line with the Slovenian structures of refugees, as shown in the media, as a security, economic and cultural threat that needs to be controlled.

Uvod: Jeseni leta 2015 smo bili v Evropi in tudi v Sloveniji priča velikemu prihodu beguncev in migrantov z nekaterih ogroženih območij sveta (Sirija, Irak, Afganistan in ostale države Bližnjega vzhoda). Ob prihodu migrantov morajo države poskrbeti za primarno oskrbo ljudi, ki v državi iščejo zatočišče. Med glavnimi elementi primarne oskrbe je zdravstvena oskrba. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je predstaviti smernice in postopke primarne oskrbe beguncev in migrantov ter opredeliti vlogo medicinske sestre pri tej oskrbi. Metode dela: Uporabljena je bila deskriptivna metoda empiričnega raziskovanja z zbiranjem, kritičnim branjem, oceno in analizo domače in tuje strokovne literature, ki obravnava problematiko primarne oskrbe beguncev in migrantov. Članke smo iskali v različnih podatkovnih bazah in prosto dostopne na spletu. Kontaktirali smo pristojne organizacije ter posameznike, ki so bili vključeni v primarno oskrbo beguncev in migrantov v Sloveniji v času begunske krize v letih 2015 in 2016. Razprava in zaključek: Zdravje beguncev in migrantov je pogosto oslabljeno, saj so na poti in tudi že v izvornih državah izpostavljeni raznim dejavnikom, ki negativno vplivajo na njihovo zdravje (vremenski vplivi, tihotapljenje, nasilje …). Za ustrezno primarno oskrbo je pomembno zagotavljanje primernih bivalnih razmer, preskrba z vodo in hrano in nudenje zdravstvene ter prve psihosocialne oskrbe tistim, ki jo potrebujejo. Osnova za uspešno preprečevanje in zdravljenje bolezni je zmožnost dobrega sporazumevanja med bolnikom in zdravstvenim osebjem, iz česar izhaja tudi potreba po vključevanju tolmačev. V skrbi za zdravje migrantov in beguncev ima pomembno vlogo tudi medicinska sestra. Introduction: We experienced a period of rising number of refugees and migrants arriving in Europe, including Slovenia, in the fall of 2015. Most of the refugees and migrants came from conflict areas of the world (Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan and other countries of the Middle East). Upon the arrival of refugees and migrants, states must provide primary care for the refuge seekers. Health care is amongst the key elements of primary care. Purpose: The purpose of this work is to present guidelines of primary care for refugees and migrants and to define the role of nurses within the care. Work methods: We used descriptive work method with the examination, analysis and critical overview of foreign and domestic literature concerning primary care of migrants and refugees. We searched for the literature in different scientific databases and open web sources. We contacted organisations responsible for providing primary care for refugees and migrants in the refugee crisis in Slovenia in the years 2015 and 2016. Discussion and conclusion: The health of refugees and migrants often weakened throughout the process of migration (bad weather and war and smuggling, violence, etc.). It is vital to provide adequate shelter, water, food, and to ensure primary health and psychosocial care to those who need it. The basis for successful prevention and solution of health problems is the capability for understanding between patient and medical personnel, what demands also the inclusion of interpreters within the health care. In the health care of refugees and migrants, nurses play an important role.

Sirska državljanska vojna predstavlja glavni vzrok za eno izmed večjih humanitarnih katastrof, ki se je v neki meri dogajala tudi v Sloveniji. Posledice vojne, ki se dogaja daleč stran od naših oči, smo lahko v živo videli na naših tleh. Sirska vojna in sirski begunci so močno pritegnili tako pozornost slovenskih medijev, kot tudi slovenske javnosti. V Magistrski nalogi smo se osredotočili na sirsko begunsko krizo na slovenskih tleh in poskušali ugotoviti, kako so o njej poročali slovenski mediji. Skozi magistrsko nalogo smo predstavilili sirsko begunsko krizo, v teoretičnem delu pa smo predstavili množične medije in njihov način delovanja. V empiričnem delu magistrske naloge smo analizirali medijske vsebine treh večjih slovenskih medijev, nato pa opravili tudi anketo, s katero smo poskušali ugotoviti mnenje slovenske javnosti o tematiki sirskih beguncev. The Syrian civil war is the main cause of one of the major humanitarian catastrophes, which in some cases also occurred also in Slovenia. The consequences of the war, which is far from our eyes, could be seen on our ground live. Hence, the Syrian war and Syrian refugees got a lot of attention of the Slovenian media as well as the Slovenian public. In the master's thesis we focused on the Syrian refugee crisis on Slovenian soil and tried to determine how the Slovenian media reported it. Through the master's thesis, we presented the Syrian refugee crisis, and in the theoretical part, the mass media and their mode of operation are presented. In the empirical part of the master's thesis, we analyzed media content od three major Slovenian media, followed by a survey to determine the opinion of the Slovenian public on the issue of Syrian refugees.

Pričujoče magistrsko delo povezuje dve področji sodobnih družbenih procesov. Na prvem mestu povzema teorijo socialnega izključevanja manjšin s poudarkom na priseljencih, njihovi sekuritizaciji in kriminalizaciji. Bolj specifično se usmeri na konkretni primer teh procesov v okviru množičnih begunskih migracij v Evropo v letih 2015 in 2016. Na drugi strani opisuje temelje medijske konstrukcije realnosti in oblikovanja javnega mnenja o pomembnih družbenih procesih, med drugimi tudi o migracijah. Ti dve temi se povežeta ob spoznanju, da so mediji s selektivnim poročanjem eno od orodij socialnega izključevanja, saj tega reproducirajo. Prvi del naloge tako nadgrajuje ta teoretična izhodišča z opredelitvijo medijske marginalizacije, ki jo utemelji na primeru medijske konstrukcije podobe nedavnih migracij. Raziskovalni del naloge je namenjen analizi primera medijskega poročanja o dogajanju, povezanim z begunskimi migracijami, in sicer informativne televizijske oddaje Dnevnik RTV Slovenije. S pregledom nekaterih glavnih elementov medijskega diskurza ugotavlja okvire poročanja in njegove temeljne značilnosti. Kljub temu, da RTV Slovenija velja za javno in neodvisno televizijo, analiza razkriva, da ta pogosto zgolj reproducira politični diskurz o določeni problematiki, namesto kritičnega in objektivnega poročanja o le-tem. Vzporedno s tem pa širi tudi negotovost in problematizira dogajanje, ki ga sicer skuša prikazati z različnih perspektiv, vendar občutno nesorazmerno in v prid trenutnemu prevladujočemu mnenju javnosti ter močnejših političnih elit. The present master's thesis is dealing with two subjects of contemporary social processes. First, it summarizes the theory of social exclusion of minorities with an emphasis on immigrants, their securitization, and criminalization. It focuses more specifically on an exact example of these processes in the framework of mass refugee migrations in Europe in the years 2015 and 2016. And secondly, it describes the foundations of the reality construction and the creation of public opinion by the media, including the opinion on migrations. Those two topics are connected by the fact that the media, with its selective reporting, is one of the main tools of social exclusion, as it reproduces it. The first part of the thesis thus builds on this theoretical basis with the definition of media marginalization process. It also describes the construction of the image of recent migrations by the media. The second part of the thesis, the research, analyzes the example of media reporting on the events related to recent refugee migrations, namely of TV news Dnevnik on Slovenian national television, RTV Slovenia. By reviewing some of the main elements of the media discourse, it identifies the basic characteristics of how Dnevnik was reporting on the refugee migrations. Despite the fact that RTV Slovenia is considered a public and thus independent TV, the analysis reveals that it often solely reproduces a given political discourse on a particular issue rather than reporting critically and objectively. In parallel with that, it also distributes uncertainty among the public and pictures the events as a problem. Although it does try to portray them from different perspectives, but significantly disproportionate and in favor of the current dominant public opinion and the strongest political elites.

Migracije so del zgodovine in našega vsakdana, v zadnjih dveh letih pa tudi eden izmed bolj perečih problemov na evropskih tleh. Begunska kriza je odprla veliko varnostnih vprašanj in vprašanj o pripravljenosti policije in ostalih služb, katerih namen je varovanje države ter državljanov. Čeprav so vzroki za migracije pogosto podobni ali celo enaki, kot so bili v preteklosti, je mišljenje ljudi o migracijah ne glede na vzrok, zaradi katerega je nekdo zbežal iz matične države, povsem drugačno. Veliko vlogo pri tem ima predvsem varnost posameznika kot tudi sodržavljanov in integriteta države, ki je v primeru, da čez državo potuje več tisoč ljudi, ogrožena. Za varnost so zato med begunsko krizo skrbeli policisti s pomočjo tujih okrepitev, pridružila pa se jim je tudi vojska in ostale organizacije ter prostovoljci. Skupaj so skrbeli za to, da varnost države in državljanov ne bi bila ogrožena, hkrati pa tudi za usmerjanje prebežnikov in za čim bolj miren tranzit vseh tujcev, ki so želeli zapustiti Slovenijo. Slovenija kot tranzitna država v času krize ni doživela večjih pretresov, sama varnost pa ni bila neposredno ogrožena. Državljani kot del te krize posebne ogroženosti nismo občutili, vsaj ne na območjih, ki niso na poti beguncev. Migrations are part of human history and also a part of our everyday lives. In the last two years migrations are also one of the most challenging problems in the World especially in European Union. Refugee crisis opened many safety issues and questions about preparedness of national security organizations and their role in refugee crisis. Because of terrorism threats while refugee crisis was going on, people do not really support refugees on their way to better life, even though they are not necessarilypart of any terrorist organization. Because they are worried about their safety as well as about national safety, which potentially could be in danger. To care for national safety, for citiziens and also for refugees, there were Slovenian police and Slovenian army and plenty of volunteers on the border between Croatia and Slovenia, because refugees were coming to Slovenia mainly from Croatia. Anyway, Slovenia as a transit country did not feel any direct threat while refugees were crossing country. Also citiziens, especially the ones who live away from transit routes did not feel endangered.

V diplomskem delu z naslovom Stališča lokalnega prebivalstva do pribežnikov iz bližnjega vzhoda izpostavljamo problem begunske krize, priseljevanja beguncev in migrantov v našo državo, v povezavi s tem raziskujemo stališča državljanov. V teoretičnem delu obravnavamo tematike s področja begunstva oziroma migracij. Pojasnjena je razlika med izrazoma begunec in migrant, predstavljene so kulturne in jezikovne značilnosti Sirije ter vzroki preseljevanja ljudi s tega območja. Posebna pozornost je namenjena mednarodni zaščiti, njeni opredelitvi in postopku njene pridobitve ter ostali zakonski ureditvi naše države v povezavi z begunsko problematiko. Opredelimo pravice in dolžnosti beguncev v naši državi s poudarkom na integraciji priseljencev ter dejavnost, ki v sklopu nje potekajo. Predstavimo opredelitev in značilnosti stališč, njihovo oblikovanje in spreminjanje. V empiričnem delu s pomočjo anketnega vprašalnika preverjamo stališče do aktualnih tem, ki se tičejo begunske krize in so v neposredni povezavi z našo državo. S postavljenimi hipotezami preverjamo mnenje o priseljevanju, njenih posledicah za našo državo, o možnosti popolne integracije beguncev ter statistično preverjamo pomembnost razlik odgovorov med spoloma. Na koncu rezultate kvalitativno obdelamo in analiziramo na beseden način ter potrdimo oziroma zavržemo zastavljene hipoteze. V zaključnih sklepih izpostavimo ključna spoznanja diplomskega dela. In the diploma thesis titled Attitudes of local population towards the refugees from the Middle East, we point out the problem of refugee crisis, and immigration of the refugees and migrants to our country. In connection with that we research the attitudes of the citizens. In the theoretical part we deal with the issues from the field of refugees and migrations. The difference between the expressions refugee and migrant is explained. Cultural and linguistic characteristics of Syria as well as the causes of migration of the people from this area are presented. Special attention is paid to international protection, its definition and the procedure of acquiring it, as well as the other legal regulation of our country in connection with the refugee issues. We define the rights and obligations of refugees in our country with the emphasis on integration of the immigrants, as well as the activities which take place in this context. We present the definition and characteristics of the attitudes, their formation and changing. By means of the survey questionnaire, in the empirical part, we test the attitude towards current topics that concern the refugee crisis and are directly connected to our country. By means of simplified hypotheses, we test the opinion on immigration, its consequences for our country, opinion on possibilities of total integration of refugees. We statistically verify the importance of the differences of the answers among the two genders. At the end, we qualitatively process and analyze the results verbally and confirm or reject the set hypotheses. In the final conclusions we point out the key ascertainments of the diploma thesis.

Vsak izmed nas si želi živeti v miru, brez strahu za svoje življenje. Mnogim ljudem po svetu je ta pravica odvzeta iz različnih razlogov. Da bi zaščitili sebe in svoje najbližje, se na najrazličnejše načine podajo na pot, ki pa je nemalokrat zelo tvegana, lahko tudi usodna. Takim ljudem je potrebno nuditi mednarodno zaščito in Evropska unija si že vrsto let prizadeva oblikovati območje svobode, varnosti in pravic za vse, ki jih okoliščine prisilijo k iskanju take pomoči. Evropo je lansko leto doseglo več migracijskih valov in ravno zaradi te situacije sem se odločila več poizvedeti o azilu in azilni politiki Evropske Unije. Raziskala sem zgodovinsko ozadje, zakonodajo iz tega področja, pogoje, ki jih morajo prosilci za azil izpolnjevati za pridobitev azila, potek samega azilnega postopka, pravice beguncev in oseb s subsidiarno zaščito s poudarkom na pravici, ki izhaja iz načela nevračanja, ukrepe, ki jih je Evropska unija sprejela oz. jih namerava sprejeti za bolj učinkovito spopadanje z masovnim prihodom migrantov. Evropska begunska kriza, ki je svoj vrhunec dosegla poleti 2015 je dokaz, da je na področje azilne politike Evropske unije potrebno vnesti še veliko sprememb, tako z vidika zakonodaje, kot tudi izvrševanja le-te. We all want to live in peace, without fearing for our lives. However, many people have had this basic human right stolen from them for various reasons. In order to protect themselves and their families, they search for any kind of escape from their lives, even if they know the journey ahead is very dangerous and could end in a tragedy. Such people are in urgent need of international protection and so the European Union has been trying for several years to find a way to somehow grant them the basics of freedom, security and human rights. Last year, Europe was hit by several migration waves and so during the time when this topic was in the news daily, I decided to learn more about asylum and the asylum policy of the European Union. I researched its history, the legislation, the conditions people seeking an asylum have to fulfill, the asylum procedure, the rights of the migrants and the people with the subsidiary protection with a particular focus on the principle of non-rofoulement, the measures that the European Union had to take or will have to take in the future in order to deal more efficiently with the mass migration. The European migration crisis, which reached its peak in the summer of 2015, is proof that there is still plenty of room for improvement when it comes to the European Union asylum policy, both in terms of its legislation and also how it is being carried out.

Diplomsko delo obravnava problematiko spreminjanja vlog oboroženih sil in njihovih pooblastil z ozirom na aktualno begunsko/migrantsko krizo, s katero se evropske države intenzivno soočajo od leta 2015, ter begunsko/migrantsko krizo v Sloveniji, Grčiji, Avstriji in Madžarski. Številni prihodi beguncev in migrantov so začeli ogrožati nacionalno varnost držav. Nenadna in nepričakovana množica ljudi je začela predstavljati grožnjo državnim mejam in prebivalcem držav, mogoče pa je bilo čutiti tudi pomanjkanje nadzora na mejah. Državni organi so bili primorani sprejeti odločitve, ki so bile nujno potrebne za zagotavljanje nacionalne varnosti. Migracije so posledica križnih žarišč, kot je večletna vojna v Siriji, ki je prepletena s kriznim žariščem v Iraku. Ljudje s teh območij so se odpravili na pot po balkanski poti, prek katere so želeli doseči ciljne države. Nemška kanclerka je s svojim javnim vabilom spodbudila nezakonite migracije in s tem odprla t. i. Pandorino skrinjico. Na problematiko migracij je prva vidneje opozorila Madžarska, ki se je odločila, da popolnoma zapre svoje meje, hkrati pa je dala vsem migrantom in beguncem vedeti, da je od tega trenutka naprej vsak nezakoniti prestop njihove meje kaznovan z zaporno kaznijo ter takojšnjo deportacijo. Za obvladovanje toka migrantov in beguncev so nekatere države vključevale tudi oborožene sile. Zanimalo nas je, kako je kriza vplivala na spreminjanje vojaških pooblastil v državah, ki so bile neposredno izpostavljene begunskemu valu. V ta namen smo izvedli študijo, v okviru katere smo se osredotočili na štiri izbrane države: Slovenijo, Madžarsko, Grčijo in Avstrijo. Ugotovili smo, da so v vseh državah sprejeli ukrepe, s katerimi so želeli zaščititi nacionalne interese. Slovenija, Madžarska in Avstrija so se odločile za zapiranje državnih mej ter napotitev oboroženih sil na mejna območja. Ker je kljub temu prihajalo do incidentov, so se države odločile, da sta najboljši rešitvi napotitev vojske na kritična območja in dodelitev novih pooblastil. Oborožene sile so prevzele izvajanje nekaterih policijskih pooblastil, ki so bila nujno potrebna za miritev toka in ohranjanje miru. The dissertation discusses the issue of changing the role of the armed forces and their powers, caused by refugee-migrant crisis in Slovenia, Hungary, Austria and Greece. Mass arrivals have begun to threaten the national security. Sudden and unexpected crowd of people began to threat national borders and their inhabitants. It was possible to feel lack of border controls. National authorities have been forced to take decisions that were necessary for national security. Illegal migration is a result from crisis hotspots such as the perennial war in Syria, which is intertwined with the crisis areas in Iraq. German Chancellor with her public invitation encouraged illegal migration and with that opened a Pandora's box. Hungary was first country of the Schengen, or European passport-free zone, who decided to completely close its borders for the migrants who hope to travel further to Germany or elsewhere. Hungary also made clear that every illegal crossing will be punished by imprisonment and immediate deportation. We wanted to know how the crisis has affected the changing of military powers in the countries that were directly exposed to the wave of refugees. To this end, we conducted a study in which we focused on four selected countries. These countries are Slovenia, Hungary, Greece and Austria. We found that all countries have taken measures to protect their interests. Slovenia, Hungary and Austria have decided to close national borders and to deploy armed forces to the state borders. The police did not have the desired effect on people and because they wanted to avoid confrontations between them, they decided that the best solution in this situation is to deploy the army in the critical areas. Armed forces got new powers that were necessarily needed to maintain peace. Greece and has primarily focused on changing the asylum legislation.

Učna obravnava aktualnih dogodkov prostorskih razsežnosti pri pouku regionalne geografije Evrope je skladna z izobraževalnim poslanstvom geografije v slovenski gimnaziji. Aktualnost in življenjskost sprožata kakovostno učno motivacijo, informiranost pa, kot imperativ vzgoje in izobraževanja za trajnostni razvoj, vodi v aktivno in odgovorno državljanstvo mladih. T. i. »begunska kriza« je primer geografsko relevantnega aktualnega dogajanja v Evropi, ki je zaradi svojih regionalnih razsežnosti primerno za učno obravnavo pri regionalni geografiji Evrope. Prvi del raziskave magistrskega dela predstavlja strokovna proučitev »begunske krize«, ki ob kopici razpoložljivih virov informacij od učitelja zahteva visoko stopnjo strokovne kritičnosti. Drugi del predstavljata anketiranje in interpretacija rezultatov anketiranja učiteljev geografije in dijakov 3. letnikov izbranih gimnazij o njihovih izkušnjah in doživljanju vključevanja aktualnosti v pouk regionalne geografije Evrope ter učne obravnave »begunske krize« znotraj le-tega. Vključevanju aktualnosti pripisujejo velik motivacijski, izobraževalni in vzgojni pomen. Dnevne informacije o »begunski krizi« vključujejo v pouk, učna obravnava pa se nanaša predvsem na prostorske in demografske značilnosti migracij ter na njihove vzroke in posledice. Tretji del predstavlja didaktična konkretizacija teoretičnih in empiričnih ugotovitev učno gradivo (učna priprava, učni list) za obravnavo »begunske krize« je strokovno in didaktično utemeljeno ter neposredno aplikativno pri pouku regionalne geografije Evrope v gimnaziji. Teaching current events of spatial dimensions in regional geography of Europe classes is accordant with the geographical educational aims in a Slovenian grammar school. Topical subjects and vital questions raise quality learning motivation, while their informative role, as an imperative of education for sustainable development, leads to active and responsible citizenship of students. The so-called European refugee crisis is an example of geographically relevant European current affairs and, due to its regional dimensions, suitable for teaching in Europe regional geography classes. Geographical study of the refugee crisis represents the first part of the master's thesis research many available sources of information require the teacher’s high degree of professional criticism. The second part of the research, as well as the interpretation of its results, is represented by inquiry, carried out at selected grammar schools, asking geography teachers and third year students about their experience with integration of current events of spatial dimensions, including the refugee crisis, into teaching and learning regional geography of Europe. Respondents attribute great motivational and educational importance to actualisation. Daily information on refugee crisis is integrated into teaching and learning about Europe primarily, it relates to the spatial and demographic characteristics of the refugee wave, together with its causes and consequences. Didactic concretization of the theoretical and empirical findings represents the third part of the research designed course materials (a lesson plan and a worksheet) for teaching and learning about the European refugee crisis are professionally and didactically valid and can be directly applied to teaching regional geography of Europe in a Slovenian grammar school.

Evropska begunska kriza je bila v drugi polovici leta 2015 tema številka ena v medijih. V tem času je pogosto prišlo do napačne rabe terminologije, še posebej pri poimenovanju beguncev. Diplomsko delo analizira terminologijo slovenskih in nemških spletnih časopisov. V teoretičnem delu diplomske naloge smo predstavili lastniško strukturo medijev in medijsko krajino v Sloveniji, sledila pa je kratka predstavitev izbranih spletnih časopisov, ki so bili vključeni v analizo. Nadalje smo predstavili prevajalca kot medkulturnega posrednika, vlogo medkulturne komunikacije ter pomen kriznega komuniciranja v slovensko-nemških spletnih časopisih. Primerjali smo status novinarja s statusom prevajalca v slovenski družbi ter predstavili termine, ki se pogosto uporabljajo za udeležence migracijskih gibanj. V drugem delu diplomskega dela je sledila analiza spletnih časopisov, kjer smo ugotovili, da je poročanje v večini primerov bilo korektno in objektivno. Uporaba terminov begunec in migrant pri slovenskih spletnih časopisih je bila izenačena, medtem ko so nemški časopisi prednost dajali terminu begunec. Opravili smo tudi pogovor z novinarjem časopisa Večer, kjer smo se dotaknili terminologije begunske krize. V sklepnem delu pa je predstavljen glosar, ki smo ga ustvarili s pomočjo že obstoječe literature in terminološke zbirke IATE. The refugee crisis in Europe was dominating headlines in the second half of 2015. During that time, the terminology was often used incorrectly, especially considering the many names the refugees have been given. The purpose of this diploma paper was to analyse the terminology used in Slovenian and German online daily newspapers. In the theoretical part we presented the media ownership structure and the media landscape in Slovenia, followed by a short presentation of online newspapers included in the analysis. Furthermore, we presented the translator as an intercultural mediator, explained the role of intercultural communication and the importance of crisis communication in Slovene and German online daily newspapers. We compared the status of journalists and translators in Slovenian society and presented the most frequent terms used to describe the participants of migrations. In the empirical part of the paper we analysed the online daily newspapers and determined that the coverage was mostly objective and appropriate. In Slovenian online newspapers the use of terms migrant and refugee was balanced, while German newspapers preferred the term refugee. We also conducted an interview with a reporter from the newspaper Večer, where we touched upon the subject of refugee crisis terminology. In the final part we created a bilingual glossary with the aid of existing literature and the terminology database IATE.