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Obesity is a major source of morbidity worldwide with more than 2 billion adults being overweight or obese. The incidence of obesity has tripled in the last 50 years, leading to an increased risk for a variety of noncommunicable diseases. Previous studies have demonstrated the positive effects of green leafy vegetables on weight gain and obesity and have attributed these beneficial properties, at least in part, to nitrates and isothiocyanates. Nitrates are converted to nitric oxide (NO) and isothiocyanates are known to release hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Herein, we investigated the effect of extracts and fractions produced from Beta vulgaris and Eruca sativa for their ability to limit lipid accumulation, regulate glucose homeostasis, and reduce body weight. Extracts from the different vegetables were screened for their ability to limit lipid accumulation in adipocytes and hepatocytes and for their ability to promote glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cultures; the most effective extracts were next tested in vivo. Wild type mice were placed on high‐fat diet for 8 weeks to promote weight gain; animals receiving the selected B. vulgaris and E. sativa extracts exhibited attenuated body weight. Treatment with extracts also led to reduced white adipose tissue depot mass, attenuated adipocyte size, reduced expression of Dgat2 and PPARγ expression, and improved liver steatosis. In contrast, the extracts failed to improve glucose tolerance in obese animals and did not affect blood pressure. Taken together, our data indicate that extracts produced from B. vulgaris and E. sativa exhibit anti‐obesity effects, suggesting that dietary supplements containing nitrates and sulfide‐releasing compounds might be useful in limiting weight gain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study identified plant-based materials for use as flame retardants in combination with bacterial cellulose (BC) and enhanced the flame retardancy of BC fabrics. Eight plant-based materials were screened via thermogravimetric analysis, and banana peel, beet, and spinach were selected as plant-based flame retardants. The chemical and physical structure analyses of BC samples treated with banana peel, beet, and spinach, respectively, revealed that the plant-based flame retardants were entrapped within the BC matrices without changing the structure of BC. The flame retardancy of the plant-based flame retardant-treated BC samples was compared to that of BC treated with the sodium metasilicate nonahydrate, which is a commercial flame retardant. Vertical flammability and char morphology studies confirmed that the plant-based flame retardant-treated BC samples formed honeycomb chars during combustion. The limiting oxygen indices of the plant-based flame retardant-treated BC samples were 40–47%, which exceeded that of sodium metasilicate nonahydrate-treated BC of 36%. In thermogravimetric analysis, the residual masses of the plant-based flame retardant-treated BC samples were similar to that of sodium metasilicate nonahydrate-treated BC. Therefore, BC fabrics with improved flame retardancy were developed using plant-based flame retardants.

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The name of Prof. Valentin I. Burenin, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, is widely known both in Russia and abroad. He worked at VIR all his life, giving himself up to science. Valentin Burenin made a significant contribution to the development of Vavilov’s ideas concerning mobilization and utilization of plant resources. His scientific research priorities were the collecting and studying of beet genetic resources, and their utilization in breeding practice.

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) is grown in temperate regions around the world as a source of sucrose used for natural sweetening. Sugar beet is susceptible to a number of viral diseases, but identification of the causal agent(s) under field conditions is often difficult due to mixtures of viruses that may be responsible for disease symptoms. In this study, the application of RNAseq to RNA extracted from diseased sugar beet roots obtained from the field and from greenhouse-reared plants grown in soil infested with the virus disease rhizomania (causal agent beet necrotic yellow vein virus; BNYVV) yielded genome-length sequences from BNYVV, as well as beet soil-borne virus (BSBV). The nucleotide identities of the derived consensus sequence of BSBV RNAs ranged from 99.4 to 96.7% (RNA1), 99.3 to 95.3% (RNA2), and 98.3 to 95.9% (RNA3) compared with published BSBV sequences. Based on the BSBV genome consensus sequence, clones of the genomic RNAs 1, 2, and 3 were obtained to produce RNA copies of the genome through in vitro transcription. Capped RNA produced from the clones was infectious when inoculated into leaves of Chenopodium quinoa and B. vulgaris, and extracts from transcript-infected C. quinoa leaves could infect sugar beet seedling roots through a vortex inoculation method. Subsequent exposure of these infected sugar beet seedling roots to aviruliferous Polymyxa betae, the protist vector of both BNYVV and BSBV, confirmed that BSBV derived from the infectious clones could be transmitted by the vector. Co-inoculation of BSBV synthetic transcripts with transcripts of a cloned putative satellite virus designated Beta vulgaris satellite virus 1A (BvSat1A) resulted in the production of lesions on leaves of C. quinoa similar to those produced by inoculation with BSBV alone. Nevertheless, accumulation of genomic RNA and the encoded protein of the satellite virus in co-inoculated leaves was readily detected on Northern and Western blots, respectively, whereas no accumulation of satellite virus products occurred when satellite virus RNA was inoculated alone. The predicted sequence of the detected protein encoded by BvSat1A bears hallmarks of coat proteins of other satellite viruses, and virions of a size consistent with a satellite virus were observed in samples testing positive for the virus. The results demonstrate that BSBV is a helper virus for the novel satellite virus BvSat1A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining fruits and vegetables in a nectar allows taking advantage of a wide range of nutrients such as vitamins, minerals and antioxidant substances, essential for a balanced diet, and also offers a unique combination of flavors making them more attractive for people of all ages. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize the formulation of mixed nectar based on beet and carrot pulps and orange juice using the type I - Optimal mixture design, having sensory acceptance as the response variable. The optimized formulation has 6 % by mass of beet pulp, 6 % by mass of carrot pulp and 19,5 % by mass of orange juice and a level of pleasure of “I like it a lot." Chemical characterization of the mixed beet-carrot-orange nectar resulted in a content of 12 % soluble solids (°Brix), 0,35 % acidity as citric acid and a pH of 4,0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the EU's decision to ban neonics, this article investigates the impacts of virus yellows on sugar beet yields under the ban and under current and future climates. Using a model that factors in key variables such as sowing dates, phenological stages, first aphid flight and aphid abundance, simulations are performed using long-period climate datasets as inputs. Coupled with incidence and sugar yield loss assumptions, this model allows to reconstruct the impact of virus yellows on sugar beet yields using a so called ‘as if’ approach. By simulating the effects of viruses over a long period-of-time, as if neonics weren't used in the past, this methodology allows an accurate assessment of risks associated with virus yellows, as well as impact of future agro-ecological measures.The analysis provides in addition an actuarial rating for an insurance policy that compensates the losses triggered by those viruses.

This study was focused on the identification and quantification of betaxanthins using high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector coupled to electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS) in leaves of various cultivars of Beta vulgaris (beet) and Gymnocalycium mihanovichi i grafted cacti. In G. mihanovichii grafted cacti, four betaxanthins, namely histidine-Bx, histamine-Bx, serine-Bx, and proline-Bx, were tentatively identified in the yellow, orange, pink, and red varieties, with contents ranging from 0.09 to 1.55 mg/kg fresh weight (FW). Betaxanthins were not detected in the green cactus. Histidine-Bx was the prevailing betaxanthin compound in the majority of cultivars. Fifteen betaxanthins were successfully identified in the leaves of five B. vulgaris cultivars (cv.): Snow Ball, Boldor, Cylindra, Rhubarb, and Round Dark Red. Leaves of yellow beet (cv. Boldor) had the highest total betaxanthin content (20.4 mg/kg FW), while white beet (cv. Snow Ball) had the lowest one (3.43 mg/kg FW). The leaves of red cultivars had comparable betaxanthin contents, ranging from 13.4 to 18.8 mg/kg FW, similary to the yellow cultivar, indicating their potential as valuable sources of betaxanthins. There was no single dominant betaxanthin in B. vulgaris leaves. The leaves of B. vulgaris were found to be a richer source of betaxanthin than the grafted cactus G. mihanovichii , which opens up new prospects for research into the potential utilization of these compounds in the industry.

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Hyperhydricity, as a phenomenon specific to in vitro plants, triggers a series of changes at the cell and tissue level, which modify the plants' physiological processes. For a better understanding of this phenomenon, we found it useful to present here the fundamental research on establishing the steps of structural and ultrastructural degradation of cells and tissues, observed by light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses, in the leaves of Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera, at 30 days of secondary culture, and their correlation with viability in the third culture. Comparative with control (non-hyperhydric plants), three degradation steps of hyperhydricity were identified in plants regenerated on a culture medium with 2.5 mg·L-1 6-benzyladenine. The first step involved cell wall deformation, which lost its rigidity and became sinuous, causing the enlargement of the intercellular spaces. In the second step, these spaces formed gaps through their union, and the whole membrane system suffered: both chloroplasts and tonoplast were broken (the cytoplasm and vacuolar composition were mixed), the nuclear membrane presented undulations, just before the damage to the tonoplast, and the nucleus became pyknotic. In step 3, the cell showed the beginning of lysis, which leads to necrosis, the cell had nothing in common with a normal ultrastructure. For in vitro plants in this final step, there was no chance of surviving but in steps I and II, the viability was 55-75%. These features can be useful to producers to calculate the level of culture damage and start measures to prevent losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Natural Fibers is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fat browning, which converts white adipose tissue to brown, has attracted attention as a promising strategy for the treatment of obesity. Betanin (BT) has been reported to have potential anti-obesity activity. 3T3-L1 cells were differentiated for 7 days during BT treatment. The BT concentration range for the study was determined using an MTT assay, and lipid accumulation was evaluated by Oil-Red-O staining. The expression of protein level was analyzed by Western blot. Immunofluorescence images were performed with confocal microscopy to visually show the amount and location of thermogenesis factor uncoupling protein1 (UCP1) and mitochondria. qRT-PCR was performed to evaluate mRNA expression. BT inhibited lipid accumulation and increased the expression of UCP1, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and PPARγ coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α). In addition, the increases in beige adipocyte-specific markers were observed, supporting BT-mediated browning of the fat tissue. The UCP1 was localized in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, and its expression was associated with mitochondrial activation. Consistent with this, the mRNA expression of mitochondrial biogenesis markers increased in 3T3-L1 cells after BT treatment. Immunofluorescence staining also indicated an increased number of mitochondria and UCP1, respectively. Moreover, BT inhibited lipogenesis and enhanced lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation. This mechanism has been suggested to be mediated by an adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. BT induces fat browning and regulates lipid metabolism via the AMPK-mediated pathway in 3T3-L1 cells, suggesting that BT can be a promising candidate for controlling obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumers perceive flavor as a critically important attribute of vegetable crops. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), spectrophotometry, and refractometry of tissue samples collected during multiple years from table beet (Beta vulgaris) at various stages of maturity were performed to characterize the endogenous production of geosmin, oxalic acid, and total dissolved solids within the root. The geosmin concentration was primarily influenced by the cultivar and peaked early during the growing season, with root concentrations at 6 weeks after planting that were 312% higher, on average, than those found in harvest stage roots at 15 weeks after planting. The highest average concentration of geosmin in harvest stage roots was detected in tissue from the cultivar Bull’s Blood (16.08 μg⋅kg−1). The oxalic acid concentration showed a strong cultivar influence and statistically significant variability across the growing season. Hybrid beet cultivar Boro had the lowest soluble oxalic acid concentration (95.73 mg⋅100 g−1 fresh tissue) at all locations and during all years. The oxalic acid concentration peaked 12 weeks after planting, and it was lower at the postharvest sampling date 18 weeks after planting. Total dissolved solids (TDS) concentrations were strongly influenced by year and growing environment and displayed crossover interactions for environment × week. TDS measurements had a moderate negative correlation with root mass. ‘Chioggia Guardsmark’ consistently had the highest TDS during all years and at all locations at 12.01 °Brix. The TDS varied significantly according to time, and diurnal sampling revealed fluctuations as large as 4 °Brix over the course of a 12-hour period. The TDS concentrations increased throughout the growing season, although the rate at which they increased changed according to plant age. The results from this study suggest that interactions between cultivar, time, and environment are important determinants of oxalic acid and TDS concentrations, but they have less influence on geosmin. This information may influence the methods that plant breeders use to collect phenotypic data of important flavor compounds in beets.

Copyright of Listy Cukrovarnicke a Reparske is the property of VUC Praha a.s. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Popularity of beetroot juice (BJ) is growing due to its high inorganic nitrate content NO3− and its potential physiological benefits. However, the content of NO3− is not indicated in most commercial BJs and it can be affected by seasonal changes and storage conditions. This study analyzed the content of NO3− and nitrite NO2− in five and two commercial and self‐made BJs, respectively, that were purchased in the summer and winter periods. The effect of storage temperature (20°C, 4°C, and −20°C) and pH was also analyzed. In nonconcentrated BJs, the NO3− content was 34 ± 20% (p =.075) in the winter than in the summer. NO3− was fully degraded in self‐made BJ after 3 days at 20°C. This effect was attenuated by 78% and 82% when it was kept at 4°C and −20°C, respectively. The addition of lemon juice (5%) to self‐made BJ was another useful approach to avoid NO3− degradation for 3 days when it was kept at 20°C. Regarding NO2−, self‐made BJ had higher concentration (0.097 ± 0.01 mg/mL) compared to commercial BJs (<0.1 mg/mL; p =.001). The pH of self‐made BJ was higher (6.3 ± 0.1) compared to commercial BJs (4.5 ± 0.3; p =.001). These results suggest that the content of NO3− in nonconcentrated BJs can substantially differ across the year and this is an important factor to take into account when recommending BJs to promote some of its potential physiological benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was focused on the identification and quantification of betaxanthins using high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector coupled to electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS) in leaves of various cultivars of Beta vulgaris (beet) and Gymnocalycium mihanovichii grafted cacti. In G. mihanovichii grafted cacti, four betaxanthins, namely histidine-Bx, histamine-Bx, serine-Bx, and proline-Bx, were tentatively identified in the yellow, orange, pink, and red varieties, with contents ranging from 0.09 to 1.55 mg/kg fresh weight (FW). Betaxanthins were not detected in the green cactus. Histidine-Bx was the prevailing betaxanthin compound in the majority of cultivars. Fifteen betaxanthins were successfully identified in the leaves of five B. vulgaris cultivars (cv.): Snow Ball, Boldor, Cylindra, Rhubarb, and Round Dark Red. Leaves of yellow beet (cv. Boldor) had the highest total betaxanthin content (20.4 mg/kg FW), while white beet (cv. Snow Ball) had the lowest one (3.43 mg/kg FW). The leaves of red cultivars had comparable betaxanthin contents, ranging from 13.4 to 18.8 mg/kg FW, similarly to the yellow cultivar, indicating their potential as valuable sources of betaxanthins. There was no single dominant betaxanthin in B. vulgaris leaves. The leaves of B. vulgaris were found to be a richer source of betaxanthin than the grafted cactus G. mihanovichii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Callus cultures initiated from red beet tubers were acclimated to 75 or 100 mM NaCl salinity by exposing them to gradually increasing NaCl concentrations. The acclimated callus lines displayed growth rates comparable to the control culture cultivated on the NaCl-free medium. Several antioxidant system components were analyzed to assess the role of the antioxidant defense in the acclimated callus's ability to proliferate on salt-supplemented media. It was found that proline and ascorbate concentrations were increased in salt-acclimated callus lines with respect to the control line. On the other hand, glutathione concentration was unchanged in all tested callus lines. Total activities of the antioxidant enzymes, namely superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), and class III peroxidase (POX, EC 1.11.1.7) were increased in salt-acclimated cultures. The enzymatic components of the antioxidant systems were upregulated in a coordinated manner during the initial phases of the culture cycle when the increase in callus fresh mass occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From June to August 2021, we surveyed diseases affecting beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris) plants in Cheolwon, Hoengseong, and Pyeongchang regions in Gangwon Province, Korea. We observed severe leaf spot symptoms, such as brown to dark circular or irregular spots on the leaves, in plants. Disease incidence in the plant leaves in the fields investigated at the three locations ranged from 1 to 80%. Five single-spore isolates of Phoma sp. were obtained from the diseased leaves and identified as Neocamarosporium betae based on their cultural, morphological, and molecular characteristics. Three isolates of N. betae were subsequently tested to confirm their pathogenicity in beet plants via artificial inoculation. The tested isolates caused leaf spot symptoms in the inoculated plants, similar to those observed in the plants in the investigated fields. Therefore, our findings revealed N. betae as the pathogen causing beet leaf spot in Korea.

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction. The aim of the present study was to improve of the automated control system of the sugar plant diffusion station, which does not respond adequately to violations of the technological regime when changing the quality indicators of raw beet materials and the rhythm of work. Materials and methods. The paper considers the data of the diffusion station and the lab for testing of raw materials of the Zhdanivkyi Sugar Plan, Vinnytsia region, Ukraine. To improve the automation system, it is proposed to include a subsystem for resolving conflict modes, and the method of bimatrix non-antagonistic game is used. Results and discussion. Uncontrolled parameters worsen the quality of raw beet materials and chips, disrupt the movement of chips in the scalding unit and column, and affect machine loading. Contradictions arise: an increase in productivity reduces storage losses, but leads to an increase in sugar losses with the cake because higher throughput reduces the time for optimal extraction. Changes in the condition of the raw beet materials decreases the processing quality and plant productivity. For the studied sugar plant, changing chip thickness from 6 to 9.5 m/100 grams of beet caused the voltage on the column motors to vary from 135 to 375 V, leading to changes in plant productivity from 2033 to 2358 t/day and sugar losses from 0.39 to 0.65% by weight of processed beets. An approach to the automation of a diffusion station was proposed. This approach involves supplementing existing systems with a subsystem for resolving conflict modes of operation. The subsystem uses information from the automatic control system, operator inspections, and laboratory data. By applying game theory, it controls the performance of the diffusion station. This algorithm minimizes the total loss of sugar during the storage and processing of beet. It also forms control actions to adjust technological parameters. The methodology involves presenting the problem as a non-antagonistic bimatrix game. In this game, one party aims to increase plant productivity during processing. The other party focuses on reducing losses during processing. The set of strategies involves changing the thickness of the chips. The payoff functions for the parties are productivity and sugar losses during processing. Conclusion. The use of game theory to optimize the productivity of a sugar plant takes into account sugar losses during beet storage, processing sequence, temperature, beet quality, and changes in sugar losses at different plant productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Beetroot is a vegetable rich in betalains, which contains colouring and functional properties that can be beneficial in processing dairy products. In order to combine the benefits of yogurt and beetroot, the objective was to elaborate whole yogurts added with beetroot syrup in the following concentrations: 0% (T1), 13% (T2), 17% (T3) and 20% (T4), and to determine its physicochemical characteristics, biological activities and sensory attributes by the Check‐All‐That‐Apply (CATA) method and acceptance by hedonic scale, compared to the control yogurt with the addition of 5% w/w sucrose (T1). The beet syrup had a high content of betacyanins and betaxanthins (491.01 ± 1.67 mg.L−1 and 226.15 ± 0.26 mg. L−1 respectively). There was a progressive increase in the inhibition of ACE, α‐glucosidase and α‐amylase and antioxidant activity as the syrup content increased in the formulations (P < 0.05). The sensory attributes 'acid aroma', 'earthy flavour', 'bitter taste' and 'fluid texture' were considered negative preference drivers for T2 and T4, while T3 yogurt was the most appreciated by consumers. Despite showing colour changes during storage, adding beet syrup promoted a naturally attractive colour to the yogurts. The results suggest that the addition of beetroot syrup in yogurts, in addition to being an alternative to using artificial colouring in the industry, can provide health benefits to consumers by forming bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relevance and methods. Chips are considered to be one of the most popular food products with high content of biologically active compounds. The aim of the present work was evaluation of quality and antioxidant self-life of beet chips from different cultivars. Effect of drying method (convection, freeze drying) and storage conditions (paper, vacuum plastic bags and aluminum foil) on beet root chips from 4 cvs self-life was investigated. Biochemical methods of analysis and tasting evaluation were used.Results. Beet intervarietal differences in self-life of chips fat soluble antioxidants were indicated. Paper bags were shown to produce the highest AOA and phenolics values of convection drying products contrary to freeze drying chips in vacuum plastic bags. Differences in AOA and phenolics self-life of products produced via convection and freeze drying are absent. Tasting evaluation (appearance, taste, texture, aroma) revealed the lowest score for Gaspadynya cv. The highest polyphenols loss in chips stored in aluminum foil was typical for Gaspadynya cv chips, while storage in paper bags – for chips from Dobrynya cv chips. In a whole, the results of the present investigation indicate the importance intervarietal differences in beet chips production, as genetic differences determine taste and storability of the product.

A contiguous assembly of the inbred 'EL10' sugar beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris) genome was constructed using PacBio long-read sequencing, BioNano optical mapping, Hi-C scaffolding, and Illumina short-read error correction. The EL10.1 assembly was 540 Mb, of which 96.2% was contained in nine chromosome-sized pseudomolecules with lengths from 52 to 65 Mb, and 31 contigs with a median size of 282 kb that remained unassembled. Gene annotation incorporating RNA-seq data and curated sequences via the MAKER annotation pipeline generated 24,255 gene models. Results indicated that the EL10.1 genome assembly is a contiguous genome assembly highly congruent with the published sugar beet reference genome. Gross duplicate gene analyses of EL10.1 revealed little large-scale intra-genome duplication. Reduced gene copy number for well-annotated gene families relative to other core eudicots was observed, especially for transcription factors. Variation in genome size in B. vulgaris was investigated by flow cytometry among 50 individuals producing estimates from 633 to 875 Mb/1C. Read-depth mapping with short-read whole-genome sequences from other sugar beet germplasm suggested that relatively few regions of the sugar beet genome appeared associated with high-copy number variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Beetroot juice is a sport supplement with a high level of evidence on the physical performance enhancement. However, in swimming, there is no clear data about the effects of beetroot juice on performance. Objective: To investigate whether an acute intake of beetroot juice (BJ) improves the performance of competitive swimmers in a repeated maximum swimming effort. Method: Thirteen national-level swimmers (six females and seven males), participated in this randomized, double-blind crossover study. In two different trials, swimmers ingested a 70-mL placebo shot (.04 mmol NO3-; PLA) or a 70mL Beet-It shot (6.4 mmol of NO3-beet juice [BJ]) 3 h before undergoing a 6 x 100-m front-crawl maximal effort test with 7 min rest between each 100 m. Results: Overall, 100-m times showed no difference between the BJ and PLA groups (p = .364), although a possibly shorter time was observed for BJ in the last repetition (p = .104; mean difference [MD] = -.99 s, mean-based inference [MBI] = 49/51/0). Participants in the BJ condition showed a possibly lower rate of perceived exertion in the first (p = .242, MD = -.85, MBI = 70/28/2) and second repetitions (p = .165, MD = 1.15, MBI = 83/16/1), whereas Total Quality Recovery scale scores were likely higher in the first (p = .110, MD = 1.15, MBI = 83/16/1) and third (p = .082, MD = -.77, MBI = 70/29/1) repetitions compared with those in the PLA group. Blood lactate concentration [La+] levels showed no differences between groups in any of the repetitions (p > .05, unclear), and we observed an increase in 100-m times for both BJ and PLA (BJ: p = .014, MD = -1.51s; PLA: p = .029, MD = -1.57 s) after the fifth repetition. Conclusion: No clear differences in performance were observed in a 6 x 100-m repeated sprint test by competitive swimmers when supplementing (or not) with BJ. However, there was a trend toward a better recovery between efforts and a better tolerance of fatigue when swimmers ingested BJ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the automation level and operation quality of China's beet harvester and reduce the loss due to damaged and missed excavation, this study used a self-developed sugar beet combine harvester and field simulation experiment platform, based on the single-factor bench test of the automatic row following system in the early stage, taking hydraulic flow A, spring preload B, and forward speed C which have significant influence on performance indices as test factors, and taking the missed excavation rate, breakage rate and reaction time as performance indices, the orthogonal experimental study on the parameter optimization of the three-factor and three-level automatic row following system with the first-order interaction of various factors was carried out. The results of the orthogonal experiments were analyzed using range analysis and variance analysis. The results showed that there were differences in the influence degree, factor priority order and first-order interaction, and the optimal parameter combination on each performance index. A weighted comprehensive scoring method was used to optimize and analyze each index. The optimal parameter combination of the overall operating performance of the automatic row following system was A2B2C1, that is, the hydraulic flow was 25 L/min, the forward speed was 0.8 m/s, and the spring preload was 198 N. Under this combination, the response time was 0.496 s, the missed excavation rate was 2.35%, the breakage rate was 3.65%, and the operation quality was relatively good, which can meet the harvest requirements. The comprehensive optimization results were verified by field experiments with different ridge shapes and different planting patterns. The results showed that the mean values of the missed excavation rate of different planting patterns of conventional straight ridges and extremely large "S" ridges were 2.23% and 2.69%, respectively, and the maximum values were 2.39% and 2.98%, respectively; the average damage rates were 3.38% and 4.14%, and the maximum values were 3.58% and 4.48%, which meet the industry standards of sugar beet harvester operation quality. The overall adaptability of the automatic row following system is good. This study can provide a reference for research on automatic row following harvesting systems of sugar beets and other subsoil crop harvesters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Beetroot juice is a sport supplement with a high level of evidence on the physical performance enhancement. However, in swimming, there is no clear data about the effects of beetroot juice on performance.Objective: To investigate whether an acute intake of beetroot juice (BJ) improves the performance of competitive swimmers in a repeated maximum swimming effort.Method: Thirteen national-level swimmers (six females and seven males), participated in this randomized, double-blind crossover study. In two different trials, swimmers ingested a 70-mL placebo shot (.04 mmol NO3−; PLA) or a 70-mL Beet-It shot (6.4 mmol of NO3−beet juice [BJ]) 3 h before undergoing a 6 × 100-m front-crawl maximal effort test with 7 min rest between each 100 m.Results: Overall, 100-m times showed no difference between the BJ and PLA groups (p = .364), although a possibly shorter time was observed for BJ in the last repetition (p = .104; mean difference [MD] = −.99 s, mean-based inference [MBI] = 49/51/0). Participants in the BJ condition showed a possibly lower rate of perceived exertion in the first (p = .242, MD = −.85, MBI = 70/28/2) and second repetitions (p = .165, MD = 1.15, MBI = 83/16/1), whereas Total Quality Recovery scale scores were likely higher in the first (p = .110, MD = 1.15, MBI = 83/16/1) and third (p = .082, MD = −.77, MBI = 70/29/1) repetitions compared with those in the PLA group. Blood lactate concentration [La+] levels showed no differences between groups in any of the repetitions (p > .05, unclear), and we observed an increase in 100-m times for both BJ and PLA (BJ: p = .014, MD = −1.51 s; PLA: p = .029, MD = −1.57 s) after the fifth repetition.Conclusion: No clear differences in performance were observed in a 6 × 100-m repeated sprint test by competitive swimmers when supplementing (or not) with BJ. However, there was a trend toward a better recovery between efforts and a better tolerance of fatigue when swimmers ingested BJ.

Many scientific researches proved the antioxidative impact of beet and its products. The use of vegetable juices is getting more popular in human diet. The way of storage plays an important role in preservation, long life and minimal variability of phytonutrients. The storage of products, usually in inappropriate conditions, leads to additional loss of phytonutrients, which have already been decreased by processing. In this research, we studied the impact of three ways of storage of pasteurised beet juice during one year, on content of some nutrients (total sugars, vitamin C, phenols and total antioxidative capacity). Pasteurised juice was stored in three ways: in light, at room temperature, in dark, at room temperature and in dark, at temperature of 4 °C. The change of content and differences have been followed during one month and confirmed with ANOVA and Tukey's test. The lowest changes of total sugars have been recorded in storage in dark at 4 °C, while in storage in light, the sugar content increased. The losses of vitamin C during one year of storage had linear trend of decrease. Antioxidative capacity of beet juice depends on concentration of phenol compounds and loss of these parameters was similar during period of one year. The best way of storage was dark place at low temperature.

Currently, growing interest exists in the development of packaging materials of natural origin for food applications. This study, conducted the extraction of pigments from natural sources (anthocyanin and betanin) from the exocarp of the black eggplant (Solanum melongena) and the mesocarp of beet (Beta vulgaris), which were incorporated in a film-forming solution based on sodium alginate and starch, as an indicator of films with natural pigment extract (FNE). In consequence, the objective of this work was to assess the effect caused by incorporating extracts of natural origin on the mechanical, optical, and structural properties of sodium alginate/yucca starch films. The films were elaborated with different concentrations of each pigment extracted (2% and 5%) and compared with a control film (CF). The films were exposed to a series of synthetic amines and the changes were observed in the UV-vis absorption spectra. In addition, the effect was evaluated when adding extracts from natural pigments into a polymer matrix, evaluating the mechanical, structural, and optical properties. The results showed that incorporation of natural extracts (NE) influenced on the mechanical properties, but did not influence on film thickness and water vapor permeability (WVP). X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated increased film crystallinity when incorporating the natural extracts. The microstructure Fourier transform infrared analyses of the films showed that the extracts were compatible with the polymer matrix. Films with eggplant extract (FEE) had higher antioxidant activity against the 1,1–Diphenyl–2–picryl–hydrazyl (DPPH) radical and were more sensitive to the exposure of gaseous amines in comparison with films with beet extract (FBE). Hence, the results obtained show that the films developed with natural compounds are a visual method that could report and monitor the state of the foods.

In the study, we cultivated basil, beet, and mustard microgreens under different lighting treatments from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and evaluated the contents of mineral nutrients. Microgreens grew under blue 447, red 638 and 665, far-red 731 nm LEDs, or the same spectrum but with partial substitution of 638 nm red with green 520 (BRG), yellow 595 (BRY), or orange 622 nm (BRO) LEDs (16 h photoperiod; total photon flux density of 300 μmol m −2 s −1). BRG, BRY, or BRO lighting had distinct effects on mineral contents among the microgreen species. BRG increased the content of mineral nutrients, especially in mustard and beet. In all microgreens, Ca and P were associated with BRG; in beet and mustard, Zn and Mg were associated with BRG; in basil, Zn was associated with BRY and Mg with BRO treatments. A broader photon spectrum increased Fe (up to 2.9–fold), K:Ca, P:Mg, and P:Zn in basil, and Fe:Zn in microgreens. We conclude that the partial replacement of red with green light was the most effective at enhancing the mineral nutrient content of microgreens, although responses varied among the crops studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction. The lack of dietary fiber in the Russian people diet contributes to the development of various diseases. In this regard, it seems worthwhile to enrich foods with dietary fiber obtained from various types of raw materials. In our experiments, we used beet pulp. This study aimed to develop a technology for obtaining combined dietary fiber using the electrophysical method and evaluate its detoxification properties.Study objects and methods. Study objects were pectin substances and combined detoxicants from beet pulp obtained by extracting with succinic acid with and without an extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF EM) treatment. The profiles of combined detoxicants and pectin substances were identified by IR-Fourier spectrometry. Beet pectin, beet cellulose, and their combined detoxicants were tested for complexing (binding) capacity with respect to lead ions (Pb2+). For this, we applied the trilonometric method with some modifications. Results and discussion. The analysis of the absorption bands of carboxyl groups carbonyls revealed the presence of free carboxyl groups in the combined detoxicants. The combined detoxicant with a 1:0.5 ratio of cellulose and pectin substances showed a high complexing (binding) capacity (601 mg/Pb2+) with respect to lead ions (Pb2+). Conclusion. We developed a technology for producing combined detoxicants with a high complexing capacity with respect to lead ions analysed microstructures of gels obtained during the interaction between the combined detoxicant and lead acetate solution.

Aims: The goal of this investigation was to examine how different dosages of Viva BR® biostimulant affected the yield and quality of beet seedlings of Early Wonder Tall Top variety. Methods and Results: The experiment was carried out at intervals of 7 days, the first being at 7 days after sowing (DAS) until 28 DAS, totaling 5 applications (0 (control), 7, 14, 21 and 28 DAS) in the greenhouse of the Universidade Tuiuti do Paraná/Brazil, in a completely randomized design. Conclusions: It is concluded that the application via soil of the Viva BR® biostimulant had a positive impact on the growth of beet seedlings. Significance and Impact of the Study: In warm climates, Beta vulgaris L. (beet) of the Chenopodiaceae family predominates and its cultivated intensively in Brazil's Southeast and South regions. The seedling cultivation phase identifies the crops early establishment in the field in order to ensure stand consistency and appropriate ultimate productivity. Among the diverse techniques treated to achieve increases in this stage is the application of substances with biostimulating impacts, which result from the combination of two or more bioregulators with other compounds that might boost plant growth and development. As a result, substances having a biostimulating impact emerge as a reasonable solution for improving seedling growth. The maximum efficiency for the biometric variables at the dose of 6.2 mL L-1 while for the qualitative variables it was 5.0 mL L-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beetroot is a vegetable known since antiquity, valued due to its high pro-health potential resulting from the high content of betalaine pigments, mainly betanin. Due to the allergenic nature of this compound, there may be some of the restrictions concerning red beetroots consumption. This study analysed the physicochemical characteristics of a new white beetroot cultivar ‘Śnieżna Kula’ (‘Snowball’), which can become an alternative to red beetroot. The effects of the size and particular parts of the roots were assessed on betalain pigment, reducing sugar, total sugar, phenolic compounds, nitrate (III) and nitrate (V) contents, and on the antioxidant capacity (expressed as a FRAP and ABTS value). The mass of the beetroots of the ‘Śnieżna Kula’ cultivar varied and ranged from 279 to 1118 g. The analysed beetroot is devoid of red betalain pigments. The total sugar content was the highest for group B (401–600 g) with an average of 33.5 mg kg−1 FW. The roots with a less weight, i.e. those of groups A contained their greater amount phenolic compounds and chlorogenic acid (415 mg kg−1 FW i 279 mg kg−1 FW, respectively). A the same time, less roots contained more nitrates (V), ranging from 3 301 to 3 534 mg kg−1 FW. The inner parts of the root contained more nitrates (III) and (V), while the outer parts of the roots were richer in polyphenols and chlorogenic acid. The antioxidant capacity was correlated with polyphenol and chlorogenic acid contents. The roots for group A (2+ kg−1 FW (FRAP) and 8.50; 8.40 mmol Trolox kg−1 (ABTS).

Results of a recent multiyear experiment conducted on an agricultural plot that was recently converted from boreal forest (Labrador, Canada) suggested that NPK fertilizers contributed to better crop establishment and higher yield but only when it was applied along with biochar. The failure of fertilizer only treatments to allow crop establishment and desirable growth and yield could be related to the deficiency of one or more micronutrients. Consequently, a missing element trial with a number of micronutrients (Mn, Cu, Zn, and Mo) was initiated on the same soil to investigate whether biochar can facilitate the availability of one or more of these micronutrients, contributing to crop growth and yields. Results show that the incorporation of chemical fertilizers with biochar produced significantly higher yields than in the absence of biochar. Furthermore, in the absence of biochar, the addition of micronutrients (i.e., Mn, Cu, Zn, and Mo) did not significantly increase yield. On the other hand, among the treatments that included biochar, the absence of a micronutrient (i.e., only three of the four micronutrients included) had either no effect (e.g., absence of Mn or Zn) or was associated with the increased yields (i.e., absence of Cu or Mo). Thus, it is proposed that while all tested micronutrients were present in the podzolic soil, with Cu and Mo possibly oversupplied, co-application with biochar enhanced both macronutrient and micronutrient utilization by plants. The data on the availability of micronutrients in the soil, their concentration in plants, and total uptake also support this conclusion. Thus, biochar facilitates the plant uptake of both naturally occurring and added micronutrients, and associated crop productivity, in a podzolic soil typical for lands converted from forest to agricultural use in the boreal ecoregion of Labrador. These results also challenge the view that micronutrients must always be added to Podzols to achieve maximum productivity; biochar-mediated micronutrient plant uptake deserves consideration when managing Podzols.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to develop a Fuzzy Rule-Based System (FRBS) for the mathematically modeling of the irrigation level effect on beet cultivars ( Beta vulgaris L.). From an agronomic experiment carried out in a protected environment (greenhouse), it was defined as input variables, for each cultivar, the irrigation levels (depths of 25, 40, 55, 70, 85, and 100% of ETc), in which ETc is the crop evapotranspiration [mm d−1], while the output variables were productivity, root diameter, and plant height. Was adopted the inference method of Mamdani and centroid method for fuzzification. The fuzzy models performed better than polynomial regression models, when compared with the coefficients of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE). In addition, the excellent performance of the model is highlighted due to the curve containing all the points of the treatments means. As agronomic results, concluded that the Early Wonder cultivar has higher yields when submitted to water deficit.

The use of organic fertilizers in the ecological production of sugar, fodder and table beets increases significantly the volumes of organic raw material for production of forages and food. The influence of variants of treatment with the organic fertilizers Free N 100, Raim Zolfo, Heliosulfure, and the biodynamic preparations 500 and Fladen, on the productivity and dry matter content of the sugar beet variety Diex, fodder beet variety Sasha and Radost table beet variety has been tested on the Experimental ecology field (carbonate black earth) of AIShumen during the period 2019-2020. The test was conducted using the long plots method in 4 repetitions with 8.2 sq. meters area of the experimental plot, in crop rotation of wheat-beet-sorghum, without any use of conventional pesticides and fertilizers. The productivities of the treated with biological preparations variants exceed that of the control in the more favorable for the development of the crops 2019, as well as in the extremely dry for the vegetation 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to popularise organically produced vegetables, two vegetable crops most commonly grown in organic systems in Serbia were studied. This research aimed at investigating differences in phytonutrient content between organically and conventionally produced beet and carrot, in fresh roots, juices pasteurised at different temperatures (70 and 90oC) and dried products. Multivariate analysis (principal component analysis) was used in order to determine the main components accounting for the highest variance, from both systems of production, according to the average content of phytonutrients in beet and carrot. The samples were divided into two clusters, one for carrot and one for beet, each containing two subgroups. The subclusters for beet were: I - BDO, BDC, BJ90C, and BJ90O - dried samples and juices pasteurised at 90oC, from both systems of production; and II - BFC, BFO, BJ70O and BJ70C - fresh beet and pasteurisation at low temperatures. The two sub-clusters for carrot were: I - CDO and CDC - dried samples; and II - pasteurised juices and fresh carrots from both systems of production. In this research, carrot was more stable for processing than beet, as determined for samples from the study area, from both systems of production and for the phytonutrients covered by this research.

Earlier findings showed the presence of phytohormones in deproteinised leaf extracts of cabbage, cauliflower, Colocasia and fenugreek and the expression of enzyme protease due to it. The presence of enzyme amylase was investigated by the treatment of hormone gibberellin to the cowpea and wheat seedlings. This was compared with the seedlings treated with deproteinised juice (DPJ) or whey of cabbage and Colocasia. There was striking influence of DPJ, optimizing the content of enzyme in the wheat and cowpea seedlings. The another DPJ prepared from beet foliage showed increment in the protein content in the seedlings of fenugreek, when treated exogenously by soaking the seeds in DPJ at various concentrations from 0.25 to 1 %. DPJ of beet showed significant seed germination result of bajra crop. The pH of lucerne DPJ is found slightly alkaline at various concentrations.

One of the agriculture branches practiced in the cities of Rzeczpospolita and Principality of Moldova of, in the XVI-XVII c., was vegetable growing. Vegetable growing has been stimulated by several factors including: geo-climatic factor (temperature suitable plant growth, the presence of water for irrigation and others); the religious factor (during the fasts the population consumed especially vegetal products); the commercial factor (the possibility of selling vegetables on the market). Practicing this branch requires more extensive knowledge of agriculture compared to other agricultural culture. Vegetable growing provided food and ingredients for different types of food. In the cities of these countries, the same vegetables were cultivated: cabbage, beets, carrots, onions, radishes and others. Usually, the vegetables cultivated by townspeople were used to meet local requirements, bringing some incomes to the inhabitants of urban settlements by selling them.

Preservation of commercial quality and nutritional value of crop production is one of the most important and most relevant areas of research for scientists working in the interests of the agro-industrial complex. The article presents the results of studying the influence of the method of pre-storage processing and storage parameters on the organoleptic quality parameters of carrot and beet roots. The objects of the study were the carrot root of Abaco table variety and the beet root of the Ronda variety. The root crops were treated with extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields and Vitaplan and Bactofit biopreparations before storage. After the treatment, the roots were stored at +2±1°С for 56 days and +25±1°С for 21 days. Evaluation of quality indicators was carried out using a scoring organoleptic scale for the following indicators: shape, appearance, color, smell, taste, freshness, integrity. As a result of the research, it has been established that the total score of the organoleptic evaluation of the root crops subjected to pre-treatment is higher compared with the control in all experiments. Integrated treatment of roots with extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields and biological preparations has proved to be a processing method that ensures the highest preservation of root crops quality.