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Herbebossen in een droog, zonovergoten en zout klimaat, kan dat wel? Ja, zolang je maar slim samenwerkt met de natuur. De vernietigende werking van loslopend vee op de inheemse plantengemeenschappen van droge tropische eilanden is vaak aangetoond. Het goede nieuws is dat met de juiste maatregelen de inheemse flora en fauna een behoorlijke veerkracht kunnen vertonen. Op basis van zeventien jaar ervaring en projecten op meer dan vijftien locaties wordt het hoe hieronder uit de doeken gedaan.

De Manderheide in Noordoost-Twente is onderdeel van het Natura 2000-gebied Springendal – Dal van de Mosbeek. Dit rapport presenteert een plan voor het herstel van de Manderheide in het kader van het Programma Aanpak Stikstof, met name gericht op habitattype Droge heiden (H4030) in de context van een goed functionerend heidelandschap. Als uitgangspunten gelden: 1) herstel op landschapsschaal door koppeling van voedselarme en voedselrijkere terreindelen, 2) ontsnippering van leefgebieden, 3) inpassing van cultuurhistorische elementen en 3) vorming van een robuust en beheerbaar heideareaal. Deze punten worden nader uitgewerkt tot zes randvoorwaarden: reserveren van bufferzones, instellen van integrale begrazing, plaatselijk ontwikkelen van eikenbos, betrekken van cultuurhistorische waarden, omvormen van bos naar heide op relatief rijke bodem en ontsnipperen van oude en nieuwe heide, inclusief extensieve akkers, tot een open heidelandschap. De beschouwde oppervlakte is ca. 220 ha, waarvan ca. 75 ha volgens plan zou moeten worden omgevormd. Hierdoor ontstaat ca. 145 ha aaneengesloten heidelandschap.

Herbebossen in een droog, zonovergoten en zout klimaat, kan dat wel? Ja, zolang je maar slim samenwerkt met de natuur. De vernietigende werking van loslopend vee op de inheemse plantengemeenschappen van droge tropische eilanden is vaak aangetoond. Het goede nieuws is dat met de juiste maatregelen de inheemse flora en fauna een behoorlijke veerkracht kunnen vertonen. Op basis van zeventien jaar ervaring en projecten op meer dan vijftien locaties wordt het hoe hieronder uit de doeken gedaan.

Jaarlijks neemt het totale areaal tropisch bos af, maar in sommige tropische landen (Costa Rica, India, Vietnam) neemt het bosareaal juist toe. Dit duidt erop dat tropische ontbossing gestopt kan worden en geen automatisch gevolg is van bevolkingsgroei en toenemende bosgebruik. Het begrip bossentransitie verwijst naar de omslag van ontbossing naar bosuitbreiding. Hoewel de omslag zeker geen algemene trend is, is er toch verandering in zicht. Dit artikel geeft voornaamste drijvende krachten achter bosuitbreiding

Resultaten van onderzoek naar de groei en het aandeel paalhout van jonge Robinia beplantingen op voormalige landbouwgrond, en de invloed daarop van herkomst, plantafstand en behandeling

Typologie van plattelandsontwikkeling en plattelandsvernieuwing, de verschillende visies op de gewenste richting van plattelandsvernieuwing (agri-ruraal; utilitair; hedonistisch), en de rol die bosbouw en vergroting van het bosareaal in Europees verband hierbij kan spelen

The main objectives presented in the report are: 1) To examine data gaps in the field of ecologically valuable grasslands and land at risk of abandonment by gathering existing data and making recommendations on how the gaps might best be filled to underpin the present and future policy process in these fields 2) To gather existing data and providing best/less good practice examples in relation to the environmental impacts of afforestation in agricultural lands in order to underpin the present and future policy process and environmental policy objectives 3) To find and present best/less good practice examples in relation to optimal design and management of riparian buffer strips in the context of environmental policy objectives.

The main objectives presented in the report are: 1) To examine data gaps in the field of ecologically valuable grasslands and land at risk of abandonment by gathering existing data and making recommendations on how the gaps might best be filled to underpin the present and future policy process in these fields 2) To gather existing data and providing best/less good practice examples in relation to the environmental impacts of afforestation in agricultural lands in order to underpin the present and future policy process and environmental policy objectives 3) To find and present best/less good practice examples in relation to optimal design and management of riparian buffer strips in the context of environmental policy objectives.

Met een kosten-batenanalyse wordt nagegaan in welke mate bebossing van landbouwgronden in Nederland een kostenefficiente methode kan zijn om de CO2-concentratie te verlagen

In het begin van de jaren negentig trad er behoorlijk veel schade op bij bosaanleg in het kader van de Randstadgroenstructuur en de set-aside regelingen in Groningen en Drenthe. De boompjes waren geplant op voormalige landbouwgrond. Door snelle verruiging van de vegetatie, ontstaat er voor woelmuizen een zeer gunstige biotoop. Vraat van muizen in de winterperiode aan de bast en wortels waardoor de boompjes kunnen afsterven.

Uitleg over de koolstofvastlegging in bossen, d.w.z. in de biomassa, de bosbodem en houtproducten, de toekomstige ontwikkeling van de koolstofvastlegging in relatie met het huidige bosbeheer en de andere functies van bossen (recreatie, natuur), de mogelijkheden van het Kyoto-protocol om de koolstofvastlegging te benutten voor het compenseren van CO2-uitstoot (nieuwe bossen; bestaande bossen; bio-energie), en de praktische gevolgen voor de Nederlandse bosbeheerder. Op dit moment is alleen de koolstofopslag in nieuw aan te leggen bossen te vermarkten via CO2-certificaten; voor koolstofvastlegging in bestaande bossen bestaat nog geen regeling, en biomassaproductie levert te weinig op

This report collects all background information that is used for the 2011 submission under the Kyoto Protocol (KP) for the Netherlands. It includes the full text of the National Inventory Report (NIR)-II for LULUCF, as well as a description of the table-bytable methodologies, choices and motivations. In 2009 afforestation and reforestation activities produced a sink of 546.68 Gg CO2 equivalents while deforestation caused an emission of 780,45 Gg CO2 equivalents. These values were based on changes in above- and belowground biomass, dead wood, litter and soil (mineral as well as organic), and agricultural lime application on deforested areas. The values for 2008 were recalculated from last year, and the recalculation included changes due to: (i) This was the first year emissions from mineral and organic soils were reported for Afforestation, Reforestation, and Deforestation (ARD). (ii) An error in harvested wood was corrected, and (iii) The calculation of dead wood was improved. Some minor gaps remain to be solved in the coming year(s), especially for the estimation of uncertainty of all reported values.

This report collects all background information that is used for the 2011 submission under the Kyoto Protocol (KP) for the Netherlands. It includes the full text of the National Inventory Report (NIR)-II for LULUCF, as well as a description of the table-bytable methodologies, choices and motivations. In 2009 afforestation and reforestation activities produced a sink of 546.68 Gg CO2 equivalents while deforestation caused an emission of 780,45 Gg CO2 equivalents. These values were based on changes in above- and belowground biomass, dead wood, litter and soil (mineral as well as organic), and agricultural lime application on deforested areas. The values for 2008 were recalculated from last year, and the recalculation included changes due to: (i) This was the first year emissions from mineral and organic soils were reported for Afforestation, Reforestation, and Deforestation (ARD). (ii) An error in harvested wood was corrected, and (iii) The calculation of dead wood was improved. Some minor gaps remain to be solved in the coming year(s), especially for the estimation of uncertainty of all reported values.

Jaarlijks neemt het totale areaal tropisch bos af, maar in sommige tropische landen (Costa Rica, India, Vietnam) neemt het bosareaal juist toe. Dit duidt erop dat tropische ontbossing gestopt kan worden en geen automatisch gevolg is van bevolkingsgroei en toenemende bosgebruik. Het begrip bossentransitie verwijst naar de omslag van ontbossing naar bosuitbreiding. Hoewel de omslag zeker geen algemene trend is, is er toch verandering in zicht. Dit artikel geeft voornaamste drijvende krachten achter bosuitbreiding

Developing countries are extremely vulnerable to climate change, due to their strong economic dependency on rain-fed agriculture. Land-use policies can offer a less vulnerable future by design and application of relevant mitigation and/or adaptation strategies. Effectiveness of such strategies depends on local conditions. Therefore, hotspot regions are defined, where specific issues related to agriculture will be assessed. Mitigation strategies in East Africa in general and Ethiopia in particular include reforestation, while adaptation covers aspects such as crop diversification and water use efficiency. An analytical framework is developed in which a science-policy interface is the main focus. On one hand policy-makers and stakeholders can be involved in such a framework for policy design, while scientists on the other hand deliver data and modeling tools. The model chain in the framework is integrated by an evaluation step where policy options are compared for efficiency on several development targets. The framework will be tested in 2010 in hotspot regions in East Africa.

Keywords: Carbon uptake, Forest biomass, Bioenergy, Land use change, Indian forests, Deforestation, Afforestation, Rotation length, Trees outside forests. Global climate change is a widespread and growing concern that has led to extensive international discussions and negotiations. Responses to this concern have focused on reducing emissions of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, and on measuring carbon absorbed by and stored in forests and soils. Forests are a significant part of the global carbon cycle. The amount of carbon stored, however, changes over time as forests grow and mature. Land use changes, especially afforestation and deforestation may have major impacts on carbon storage. An option for mitigating the accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere is the enhanced sequestration of carbon by the biosphere through massive reforestation or sustainable afforestation programs. Reducing the rate of deforestation reduces carbon losses from the biosphere. Establishing plantations on former agricultural land may have less of an impact on increasing carbon sequestration than restoring natural forests. The focus of this study was to estimate the carbon budgets and carbon sequestration potential of Indian forests, assessing the possible impacts of land-use changes and climate change on carbon stocks of Indian forests, and the mitigation potential of using forest-based bioenergy for fossil fuel substitution. The results from this study show that over a 10-year period from 1992-2002, Indian forests have acted as a small carbon sink. Thus, India with high population density, low forest cover per capita, high dependence of a large part of human population on forests, and a predominantly agrarian economy, has been able to reduce deforestation rate and increase its forest cover and associated carbon sink in the terrestrial biosphere. Due to fast growth rate and adaptability to a range of environments, short rotation plantations, in addition to carbon storage, rapidly produce biomass for energy and contribute to reduced greenhouse gas emissions. India has the potential to create additional carbon sinks using marginal lands, while at the same time balancing economic development and environmental concerns.

Developing countries are extremely vulnerable to climate change, due to their strong economic dependency on rain-fed agriculture. Land-use policies can offer a less vulnerable future by design and application of relevant mitigation and/or adaptation strategies. Effectiveness of such strategies depends on local conditions. Therefore, hotspot regions are defined, where specific issues related to agriculture will be assessed. Mitigation strategies in East Africa in general and Ethiopia in particular include reforestation, while adaptation covers aspects such as crop diversification and water use efficiency. An analytical framework is developed in which a science-policy interface is the main focus. On one hand policy-makers and stakeholders can be involved in such a framework for policy design, while scientists on the other hand deliver data and modeling tools. The model chain in the framework is integrated by an evaluation step where policy options are compared for efficiency on several development targets. The framework will be tested in 2010 in hotspot regions in East Africa.

Keywords: Carbon uptake, Forest biomass, Bioenergy, Land use change, Indian forests, Deforestation, Afforestation, Rotation length, Trees outside forests. Global climate change is a widespread and growing concern that has led to extensive international discussions and negotiations. Responses to this concern have focused on reducing emissions of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, and on measuring carbon absorbed by and stored in forests and soils. Forests are a significant part of the global carbon cycle. The amount of carbon stored, however, changes over time as forests grow and mature. Land use changes, especially afforestation and deforestation may have major impacts on carbon storage. An option for mitigating the accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere is the enhanced sequestration of carbon by the biosphere through massive reforestation or sustainable afforestation programs. Reducing the rate of deforestation reduces carbon losses from the biosphere. Establishing plantations on former agricultural land may have less of an impact on increasing carbon sequestration than restoring natural forests. The focus of this study was to estimate the carbon budgets and carbon sequestration potential of Indian forests, assessing the possible impacts of land-use changes and climate change on carbon stocks of Indian forests, and the mitigation potential of using forest-based bioenergy for fossil fuel substitution. The results from this study show that over a 10-year period from 1992-2002, Indian forests have acted as a small carbon sink. Thus, India with high population density, low forest cover per capita, high dependence of a large part of human population on forests, and a predominantly agrarian economy, has been able to reduce deforestation rate and increase its forest cover and associated carbon sink in the terrestrial biosphere. Due to fast growth rate and adaptability to a range of environments, short rotation plantations, in addition to carbon storage, rapidly produce biomass for energy and contribute to reduced greenhouse gas emissions. India has the potential to create additional carbon sinks using marginal lands, while at the same time balancing economic development and environmental concerns.

Keywords:climate change, carbon costs, afforestation, risk, secondary forests, conservation payments, ecosystem servicesThis thesis is a collection of articles that deal with the economics of carbon sequestration in forests. It pays special attention to the comparison of forestry alternatives for carbon sequestration, carbon supply curves at regional and global levels and the impact of risk on payments for ecosystem services. Case-studies inEcuadorandLatin Americacontribute to a better understanding of these issues. Policy implications of this research are: (1) Natural regeneration of secondary forests is a cost-efficient activity for carbon sequestration in the humid tropics and should be included as part of the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol. (2) Country-risk is a relevant factor to be considered in climate change mitigation assessments. When accounting for country risk―associated with political, economic and financial risks ― the potential carbon sequestration at a global level is reduced by more than half. (3)Potential carbon sequestration through afforestation ranges from 5% to 25% of the emission reduction targets of different policy scenariosfor stabilization of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, andtherefore is relevant in a global context. (4) Farm-level decisions are influenced by risks associated to price and yield volatility of land-use alternatives. Efficient conservation policies that aim at enhancing carbon sequestration, biodiversity and other environmental services should look at both net revenues and risks. Combining payments for conservation with risk-hedging strategies is a policy option to be considered by conservation agencies worldwide.

Keywords:climate change, carbon costs, afforestation, risk, secondary forests, conservation payments, ecosystem servicesThis thesis is a collection of articles that deal with the economics of carbon sequestration in forests. It pays special attention to the comparison of forestry alternatives for carbon sequestration, carbon supply curves at regional and global levels and the impact of risk on payments for ecosystem services. Case-studies inEcuadorandLatin Americacontribute to a better understanding of these issues. Policy implications of this research are: (1) Natural regeneration of secondary forests is a cost-efficient activity for carbon sequestration in the humid tropics and should be included as part of the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol. (2) Country-risk is a relevant factor to be considered in climate change mitigation assessments. When accounting for country risk―associated with political, economic and financial risks ― the potential carbon sequestration at a global level is reduced by more than half. (3)Potential carbon sequestration through afforestation ranges from 5% to 25% of the emission reduction targets of different policy scenariosfor stabilization of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, andtherefore is relevant in a global context. (4) Farm-level decisions are influenced by risks associated to price and yield volatility of land-use alternatives. Efficient conservation policies that aim at enhancing carbon sequestration, biodiversity and other environmental services should look at both net revenues and risks. Combining payments for conservation with risk-hedging strategies is a policy option to be considered by conservation agencies worldwide.

This report describes the findings of a feasibility study to treat oil contaminated water using reed beds, and consume the treated saline water using forestry. The feasibility study focused on the social, technical and economical feasibility of a project designed to process 45,000 m3 of water per day. Possible effects of a large scale operation on interactions between Petroleum Development Oman and local population are listed, and suggestions on the social processes involved are made. The economics of reed bed water treatment and water consumption through the use of forestry are determined and compared with the current practise of deep well disposal. The economics of the treatment-forestry system are more favorable than the economics of the deep well disposal. The technical analysis shows that the reed beds are able to treat water to remove hydrocarbons, and suggestions for management, design and development of the system are given.

This report describes the findings of a feasibility study to treat oil contaminated water using reed beds, and consume the treated saline water using forestry. The feasibility study focused on the social, technical and economical feasibility of a project designed to process 45,000 m3 of water per day. Possible effects of a large scale operation on interactions between Petroleum Development Oman and local population are listed, and suggestions on the social processes involved are made. The economics of reed bed water treatment and water consumption through the use of forestry are determined and compared with the current practise of deep well disposal. The economics of the treatment-forestry system are more favorable than the economics of the deep well disposal. The technical analysis shows that the reed beds are able to treat water to remove hydrocarbons, and suggestions for management, design and development of the system are given.