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With the emergence and spread of Christianity, many basilicas were built in Anatolia. The early period basilicas were generally designed in the same form by the masters of the period. There are no pastophorium cells in these basilicas. They usually appear as structures with a simple rectangular narthex. Our main problem is to evaluate these basilicas from a mathematical point of view. At the beginning of the questions to be asked about these basilicas, did every master apply the mathematical operation exactly? Did the masters build these structures by continuing the traditional method or did they do it with a good knowledge of mathematics? What kind of differences do basilicas built from region to region? This study, which we have discussed, asks the question of the effectiveness of traditional methods as well as mathematical methods when building basilicas. The question of whether architects adhere to mathematical methods and how important traditional methods can be for them is emphasized. Moreover, our study deals with how the early period basilicas are proportionally related. At this point, the churches were determined and the results were obtained, Hıristiyanlığın ortaya çıkması ve yayılmasıyla birlikte Anadolu’da birçok bazilika inşa edilmiştir. Yapılan erken dönem bazilikaları dönemin ustaları tarafından genel itibariyle aynı formda tasarlanmıştır. Bu baziliklarda pastaforyum hücreleri bulunmamaktadır. Genellikle basit formda dikdörtgene yakın bir narteksi bulunan yapılar olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadırlar. Bizim temel problemimiz bu bazilikaları matematiksel yönden değerlendirmektir. Bu bazilikalar ile ilgili olarak sorulacak soruların başında her usta matematiksel işlemi tam anlamıyla uygulamış mıdır? Ustalar geleneksel yöntemi devam ettirerek mi bu yapıları inşa etmiş yoksa iyi bir matematik bilgisiyle mi yapmışlardır? Bölgeden bölgeye yapılan bazilikalar ne tür bir farklılık göstermektedir? Ele aldığımız bu çalışma da bazilikalar inşa edilirken matematiksel yöntemlerin yanı sıra geleneksel yöntemlerin de etkinliği sorusunu sormaktadır. Ustaların matematiksel yöntemlere bağlı kalıp kalmadıkları, geleneksel yöntemlerin onlar için ne kadar önemli olabileceği sorusu üzerinde durulmuştur. Ayrıca ortaya koyduğumuz bu çalışma erken dönem bazilikalarının oransal olarak nasıl bir ilişki içerisinde olduğu üzerinedir. Bu noktada tespit edilen kiliseler değerlendirilmiş ve bunun üzerine sonuçlar çıkarılmış ve yapılan ölçümler üzerinden değerlendirmeler açıklanmıştır.

V raziskavi, ki je potekala v plastenjaku Biotehniške fakultete UL med majem in septembrom 2017, smo ugotavljali primernost hidroponskega sistema za pridelavo bazilike. Hidroponski sistem so predstavljale plošče kamene volne, kjer smo rastline namakali s hranilno raztopino. V poskus je bilo vključenih pet sort, tri sorte drobnolistne bazilike, 'Piccolino', 'Grüne Kugel', 'Greek Ball' ter dve sorti velikolistne bazilike, 'Genovese' in 'Genovese rdeča'. Poskus je potekal v treh ponovitvah, v vsaki ponovitvi je bilo 20 rastlin. Septembra smo rastline pobrali in izmerili višino cele rastline in nadzemnega dela, dolžino korenin, velikost listov, prešteli število listov, stebel in internodijev na steblo ter stehtali svežo biomaso. Pri višini rastlin drobnolistne bazilike, pridelane na kameni volni, izstopa sorta 'Grüne Kugel' (15 %), ravno obratno se kaže pri sorti 'Genovese', pridelano v tleh, ki je večja za 20 %. Korenine rastlin drobnolistne bazilike, pridelane na hidroponskem sistemu, so bile 30 % daljše od rastlin, pridelanih v tleh. Korenine rastlin sorte 'Genovese rdeča', so bile 22 % daljše glede na pridelavo v tleh. Višina nadzemnega dela je bila pri pridelavi v tleh pri rastlinah drobnolistne bazilike 22-30 %, pri sortah velikolistne pa 40-50 % večja glede na pridelavo v hidroponskem sistemu. Rastlinska biomasa je bila pri pridelavi v tleh pri sortah velikolistne bazilike 65-100 % in pri sortah drobnolistne bazilike 10-20 % večja glede na pridelavo na hidroponskem sistemu. Pri sortah drobnolistne bazilike so imele rastline, pridelane na hidroponskem sistemu, večje liste glede na rastline, pridelane v tleh. Število listov je bilo le pri rastlinah sorte 'Grüne Kugel' 75 % večje pri pridelavi v tleh, pri rastlinah sorte 'Greek Ball' pa 45 % večje na hidroponskem sistemu. Pridelki vseh sort so bili pri pridelavi v tleh večji glede na pridelavo na hidroponskem sistemu. Med sortami drobnolistne bazilike je imela največji pridelek sorta 'Grüne Kugel', 32 t/ha, pri sortah velikolistne bazilike pa sorta 'Genovese', 36 t/ha. In this study, which took place between May and September 2017 in the greenhouse of the Biotechnical Faculty UL, the suitability of the hydroponic system for growing basil was evaluated. The hydroponic system consisted of rockwool slabs in which plants were irrigated with a nutrient solution. Five basil cultivars were included in the experiment, three of them belong to the small-leaf basil type, 'Piccolino', 'Grüne Kugel', 'Greek Ball', and two cultivars belong to the large-leaf basil type, 'Genovese' and 'Genovese red'. The experiment was conducted in three replicates with 20 plants in each replicate. Plants were harvested in September. The height including aboveground part of plant, the length of the roots and the size of the leaves were measured, the number of leaves, stems and internodes per stem were counted and the fresh biomass was weighed. The height of cultivar ‘Grüne Kugel’ grown in hydroponic system was higher for 15 %, cultivar 'Genovese' grown in soil was higher for 20 %. Roots of small-leaf basil plants grown in a hydroponic system were 30 % longer than those of plants grown in soil. The roots of plants of the cultivar 'Genovese red' were 22 % longer compared to those grown in soil. The height of the above-ground part was 22-30 % higher in small-leaved basil plants grown in soil and 40-50 % higher in large-leaved cultivars compared to those grown in a hydroponic system. Plant biomass was 65-100 % higher for large-leaf basil cultivars grown in the soil and 10-20 % higher for small-leaf basil cultivars than when grown in a hydroponic system. In small-leaf basil varieties, hydroponically grown plants had larger leaves compared to the soil-grown plants. The number of leaves was 75 % higher in the plants of the cultivar 'Grüne Kugel' in the soil cultivation system and 45 % higher in the plants of the cultivar 'Greek Ball' in the hydroponic system. Yields of all cultivars were higher when grown in soil than those grown in a hydroponic system. Among the small-leaf basil cultivars, the highest yield was observed in the cultivar 'Grüne Kugel' with 32 t/ha and among the large-leaf basil cultivars, in the cultivar 'Genovese' with 36 t/ha.

Tema diplomskog rada su kasnoantički ostaci kršćanskih kultnih građevina na području gornjeg toka rijeke Neretve. Nakon iznošenja povijesnih okolnosti i stanja u rimskoj provinciji Dalmaciji u kasnoj antici, raspravljena je i problematika pojmova koji se koriste u istraživanjima i analizi, posebice pojmova "bazilika" i "kompleksna crkva". Nakon toga, spomenici su zasebno prikazani, opisani i detaljno su analizirane njihove specifičnosti u odnosu na širu sliku kršćanskog graditeljstva kasnoantičke Dalmacije. Terenskim istraživanjem pružen je uvid u današnje stanje spomenika, koje je analizirano i kroz dosadašnje napore struke uložene u svrhu čuvanja kulturne baštine BiH. The theme of the MA thesis are the remains of late antique Christian buildings along the upper course of the Neretva river. After establishing the frame of historical events of Late Antiquity in the Roman province of Dalmatia, we discuss the terminology used by scholars in their research and papers, particularly the terms “basilica” and “complex church”. Then the sites are presented and analysed separately, and their specific traits are explained in the broader picture of late antique Christian building in Dalmatia. The field research resulted in a good insight into present state of the archaeological remains, and the efforts that have been made in order to preserve them.

Günümüzde Muğla İli, Bodrum İlçesi, Gümüşlük Mahallesi sınırları içerisinde kalan ve antik dönemde Karia kentlerinden birisi olan Myndos antik kentinin güneybatısında Kocadağ ismi verilen bir yarımada, güney doğu uzantısında ise Asar Adası ismi verilen küçük bir ada yer almaktadır. 2009-2013 yılları arasında Asar Adası’nda kazı çalışmaları yürütülmüş ve bu kazılarda, ada üzerinde İÖ 4. yüzyıldan başlayıp, İS 14. yüzyıla kadar süren bir yerleşimin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Hristiyanlığın kabul edilmesi ile birlikte, İS 5. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru, adanın en üst bölümünde bir bazilika inşa edilmiştir. Bazilika, İS 8. yüzyılın ortalarında meydana gelen büyük depremle yıkılmış ve bir daha onarılmamıştır. Adanın kuzey yamacında ise bazilikayla ilgili yapı kalıntıları açığa çıkartılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, Asar Adası’nın Geç Antik Çağ ve Erken Bizans Dönemi’nden başlayarak 14. yüzyıla kadar geçirmiş olduğu mimari gelişim irdelenmiş; arkeolojik araştırmalar ışığında ada üzerinde söz konusu dönemlere ait yapılaşma evreleri tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca kazılar sırasında ortaya çıkartılan ve tezin zamansal sınırına dâhil olan sikke, seramik, metal, cam ve taş eserler değerlendirilmiş; benzer örnekleri ile karşılaştırılarak tarihlendirmeleri yapılmıştır. Aynı zamanda Asar Adası’nın Geç Antik Çağ görünümü üzerine üç boyutlu bir modelleme çalışması yapılarak ada ve üzerindeki yapıların olası durumuna dair bir öneri sunulmuştur. Tüm bu veriler sonucunda ise Hristiyanlık ile birlikte adanın dinî açıdan kimlik değiştirdiği; bir bazilika ve bunun etrafını çeviren müştemilatı ile yeni bir anlam kazanarak manastır görünümüne sahip olduğu ortaya konmuştur. Pagan dönemde Apollon’a ait kült alanı ile kutsallığı ortaya konan Asar Adası’nın, bazilika ve ona ait birimleri ile Geç Antik Çağ’da da kutsiyetini koruyarak işlevini sürdürdüğü tartışmasız bir gerçektir. A peninsula called Kocadağ in the southwest of the ancient city of Myndos, which is now within the borders of the province of Muğla, the district of Bodrum, the town of Gümüşlük and was one of the Carian cities in ancient times, and a small island called Asar Island in its southeastern extension are present. Excavations were carried out on Asar Island between 2009 and 2013 and it was found in those excavations that there was a settlement on the island that started in the 4th century BC and lasted until the 14th century AD. With the adoption of Christianity, a basilica was built at the highest point of the island toward the end of the 5th century AD. The basilica was destroyed by a large earthquake in the middle of the 8th century AD and was never repaired. Remains of buildings related to the basilica were unearthed on the northern slope of the island. Within the scope of this thesis, the architectural development of Asar Island, starting from the Late Antiquity and Early Byzantine Periods until the 14th century, was scrutinized, and in the light of archaeological studies, the construction phases of the said periods on the island were identified. In addition, coin, ceramic, metal, glass, and stone artifacts unearthed during the excavations and included in the time limit of the thesis were assessed and dated by comparing them with similar examples. At the same time, a three-dimensional modeling study on the Late Antique Age view of Asar Island was conducted and a suggestion about the possible situation of the island and the structures on it was made. As a result of all the foregoing data, it was revealed that the island changed its identity in terms of religion with the advent of Christianity and acquired a monastic appearance by gaining a new meaning with a basilica and its appurtenances surrounding it. It is an indisputable fact that Asar Island, known for its sanctity with the cult area belonging to Apollo in the pagan period, continued its function by safeguarding its sanctity with its basilica and its units also in the Late Antiquity.

Učinki, ki jih ima svetloba na rastline, so odvisni od njene jakosti in spektralnih značilnosti. V tem magistrskem delu smo s sedmimi poskusi ugotavljali, kako dodatna UV-A svetloba dveh različnih valovnih dolžin, (365 in 385 nm) in njuna kombinacija pri različnih intenzivnostih vplivata na rast in izbrane fiziološke ter biokemične lastnosti zelenolistne bazilike (Ocimum basilicum L.). Primerjali smo tudi vpliv UV-A svetlobe na rast, razvoj in morfološke spremembe pri dveh sortah bazilike, kot tudi vpliv jakosti osnovne rdeče-modre osvetlitve na rast in fiziološke procese. V okviru poskusa smo večino meritev opravili z naprednimi, visoko zmogljivimi napravami za fenotipizacijo rastlin, opravljali pa smo jih tudi na konvencionalen način z fluorometrom. Negativnih učinkov UV-A svetlobe na rast rastlin in fotosintezne funkcije skoraj nismo zaznali, takrat ko pa smo jih, tj. pri najvišjih jakostih UV-A, so bili ti učinki minimalni. Določeni procesi so bili pod vplivom UV-A celo spodbujeni, kar dokazujejo višje hitrosti prenosa elektronov (ETR) in povečana dejanska fotokemična učinkovitost. Povečale so se tudi vrednosti indeksa antocianov (ARI), medtem ko vpliva na ostale vegetacijske indekse nismo zaznali. Rezultati niso potrdili hipoteze, da je ob manjših valovnih dolžinah in višjih jakostih UV-A svetlobe učinek na rastline bolj negativen. Pri primerjavi vpliva UV A na dve sorti bazilike smo razlike ugotovili zgolj pri majhnem številu parametrov, pri primerjavi dveh različnih jakosti osnovne svetlobe pa smo ugotovili, da ima na rastline večji učinek jakost osnovne svetlobe kot prisotnost UV-A. The effects of light on plants depend on the energy dose and spectral characteristics. In this master thesis, we conducted seven experiments to investigate how supplemental UV-A light of two different wavelengths (365 and 385 nm) and its combination at different intensities affects the growth and selected physiological and biochemical properties of green leaf basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). We also compared the effect of UV-A light on two different varieties of basil, as well as the effect of the intensity of basal red-blue lighting on growth and physiological functions. Most of the measurements were made with advanced, high-throughput phenotyping equipment, but we also made some measurements in the conventional way with a fluorometer. We did not detect any major negative effects of UV-A on plant growth and photosynthetic functions, even at high doses of short-wavelength UV-A. Moreover, some processes were even enhanced under UV-A, as evidenced by a higher electron transfer rate (ETR) and increased photochemical efficiency. The anthocyanin index (ARI) also increased, while we did not detect any impact on the other vegetation indices. The results did not confirm the hypothesis that shorter wavelengths and higher UV-A intensities have a more negative effect on plants. When comparing the effect of UV-A on two different varieties, we did not find large differences. When considering the two different intensities of basal light, we found that that the intensity of basal light had a stronger effect on plants than the supplemental UV-A.

Starokršćansko sakralno graditeljstvo na kvarnerskom otočju možemo podijeliti u četiri cjeline. Prvoj skupini pripadaju urbana naselja i crkve koje se potom mogu podijeliti na starokršćanske katedrale i ostale urbane crkve. Apsorus, Curictum, Arba i Fulfinum antički su gradovi u kojima se javljaju ovakvi objekti. Među najbitnijim su starokršćanske biskupije, no javljaju se i druge urbane crkve poput Mirina, sveti Petar u Osoru, sveti Lovre u Krku, sveti Ivan Evanđelista. Drugu skupinu čine ruralna naselja i crkve. Ruralna naselja su jednako tako važna za razvoj starokršćanskih crkvi. Karakteristični za ovu skupinu su raznovrsni arhitektonski oblici s različitim funkcijama. U treću se skupinu ubrajaju kastrumi i crkve. Ova skupina objedinjuje sakralne objekte striktnoga oblika unutar kasno antičkih obrambenih struktura, koji su bili namijenjeni za potrebe vojnika unutar kastruma. Četvrtu skupinu čine svi potencijalni starokršćanski objekti na kojima je potrebno izvesti nova istraživanja radi sigurne potvrde njihove starokršćanske faze. Early Christian Sacral Architecture on the Kvarner Archipelago can be categorized into four groups. The first group consists of urban settlements and churches, which can be further divided into Early Christian cathedrals and other urban churches. Apsorus, Curictum, Arba and Fulfinum are ancient cities with such facilities. Among the most important are the Early Christian dioceses, however there are other urban churches as well, such as St. Mirin, St. Peter in Osor, St. Lawrence in Krk and the church of St. John the Evangelist. The second group comprises rural settlements and churches. Rural settlements are equally important for the development of Early Christian churches. Peculiar for this group are various architectural forms with diverse functions. The third group includes castrums and churches. It unites sacral buildings of strict form within the late ancient defensive structures, which were intended for the needs of the soldiers within the castrum. The fourth group covers all potentially Early Christian buildings on which further research needs to be conducted to confirm whether they are indeed pertaining to the Early Christian phase.

Hıristiyanlığın ortaya çıkması ve yayılmasıyla birlikte Anadolu’da birçok bazilika inşa edilmiştir. Yapılan erken dönem bazilikaları dönemin ustaları tarafından genel itibariyle aynı formda tasarlanmıştır. Bu baziliklarda pastaforyum hücreleri bulunmamaktadır. Genellikle basit formda dikdörtgene yakın bir narteksi bulunan yapılar olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadırlar. Bizim temel problemimiz bu bazilikaları matematiksel yönden değerlendirmektir. Bu bazilikalar ile ilgili olarak sorulacak soruların başında her usta matematiksel işlemi tam anlamıyla uygulamış mıdır? Ustalar geleneksel yöntemi devam ettirerek mi bu yapıları inşa etmiş yoksa iyi bir matematik bilgisiyle mi yapmışlardır? Bölgeden bölgeye yapılan bazilikalar ne tür bir farklılık göstermektedir? Ele aldığımız bu çalışma da bazilikalar inşa edilirken matematiksel yöntemlerin yanı sıra geleneksel yöntemlerin de etkinliği sorusunu sormaktadır. Ustaların matematiksel yöntemlere bağlı kalıp kalmadıkları, geleneksel yöntemlerin onlar için ne kadar önemli olabileceği sorusu üzerinde durulmuştur. Ayrıca ortaya koyduğumuz bu çalışma erken dönem bazilikalarının oransal olarak nasıl bir ilişki içerisinde olduğu üzerinedir. Bu noktada tespit edilen kiliseler değerlendirilmiş ve bunun üzerine sonuçlar çıkarılmış ve yapılan ölçümler üzerinden değerlendirmeler açıklanmıştır., With the emergence and spread of Christianity, many basilicas were built in Anatolia. The early period basilicas were generally designed in the same form by the masters of the period. There are no pastophorium cells in these basilicas. They usually appear as structures with a simple rectangular narthex. Our main problem is to evaluate these basilicas from a mathematical point of view. At the beginning of the questions to be asked about these basilicas, did every master apply the mathematical operation exactly? Did the masters build these structures by continuing the traditional method or did they do it with a good knowledge of mathematics? What kind of differences do basilicas built from region to region? This study, which we have discussed, asks the question of the effectiveness of traditional methods as well as mathematical methods when building basilicas. The question of whether architects adhere to mathematical methods and how important traditional methods can be for them is emphasized. Moreover, our study deals with how the early period basilicas are proportionally related. At this point, the churches were determined and the results were obtained.

Geç Antik Çağ’da Hristiyan ayinlerinin gerçekleştirildiği başlıca yapı tipi olan bazilikal planlı kiliseler, kendi içlerinde farklı çeşitlemeleri ve boyutlarıyla; yeni mekân eklemeleri, küçük değişiklikler ve tamiratlar gibi birtakım müdahalelerle, VII. yüzyıla kadar kullanılmaya devam etmiştir. Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu’nun “Karanlık Çağ”ının sona ermesiyle, bu bazilikaların da çoğu yıkıntı haline gelmiş ve terk edilmiştir. Bunu izleyen dönemlerde, bazı eski yıkıntı bazilikaların içlerine küçük boyutlu ve genelde tek nefli yeni şapeller inşa edilmiştir. Bu yeni şapeller, küçük ölçekleri ve basit litürjik kurgularıyla, düzenli gerçekleştirilen büyük ayinlere hizmet edecek kapasiteye uygun tasarlanmamış görünmekte; dolayısıyla Geç Antik Çağ bazilikalarının Orta Çağ’daki bu türlü dönüşümlerinin başka gerekçeler temelinde değerlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu makalede “kilise içinde kilise” uygulaması, eski kilise alanının anlamı ve devamlılığı bağlamında tartışılmaktadır. Bu giriş niteliğindeki çalışmamız, bir yandan “kilise içinde kilise” uygulamasının altında yatan temel sebebin eski kutsal alanı canlı tutmakla ilgili olduğunu göstermişken; Lykia’da tanımlayabildiğimiz birtakım örneklerin hac, anı ve mezarlık kiliseleri işlevinde kullanılmalarının yanı sıra; bazı durumlarda küçük çaplı ve sadece belli başlı ayinlere hizmet eden şapeller olarak hizmet gördüklerine işaret etmiştir., Basilicas as the main church type of Early Christianity, with diversity of type and scale, continued to be used at least until the turn of the VIIth century, with additions, modifications and repairs. The end of “Dark Ages” of Byzantine Empire found most of these basilicas in ruins or abandoned. In the later stages, smaller, mostly single nave chapels were constructed within the ruins of these former basilicas. The new chapels were almost inadequate to host a regular mass, with their small size and simple layout. Therefore, other motives must be considered behind the re-use of the Late Antique basilicas in the Middle Ages. The article discusses the phenomenon of “church in church” with the concepts of continuity and meaning of the site. This preliminary study indicates that the underlying motive of building a so called “church in church” is essentially related to keeping the former sacred area alive and the Lycian examples show that some of these functioned as pilgrimage, memorial and cemetery churches as well as chapels used probably for some small-scale rites rather than regular ceremonial masses which are expected to be celebrated in a larger space

This master thesis deals with the history of Kladruby's monastery, about it's establishment and development during centuries. Further, it deals with the change of lifestyle in the monastery, as well as outside of it. This thesis highlights the outstanding architectural beauty of the Baroque Gothic style of Czech architects Jan Blažej Santini Aichel and Kilián Ignác Dientzenhofer.

Straipsnyje aptartas pirmosios Lietuvos teritorijoje mažosios bazilikos atsiradimas, šio titulo suteikimo Žemaičių (Kauno) Šv. apaštalų Petro ir Pauliaus katedrai aplinkybės 1921 m. Išsiaiškinta, kad titulo suteikimo iniciatyva kilo Žemaičių kapituloje, jai pritarė tuometinis Žemaičių vyskupas Pranciškus Karevičius. Ypač daug prie šios iniciatyvos įgyvendinimo prisidėjo Lietuvos atstovas prie Apaštalų Sosto kun. dr. Jurgis Narjauskas. Mažosios bazilikos titulo suteikimas, atliktas pagerbiant 500 metų jubiliejų tuo metu šventusią Žemaičių vyskupiją, suvokiamas kaip išskirtinis popiežiaus Benedikto XV dėmesys jaunai Lietuvos valstybei ir jos pagrindinei tuometinei šventovei – Žemaičių (Kauno) katedrai. Žemaičių vyskupui P. Karevičiui šios iškilmės buvo gera proga priminti tikintiesiems Žemaičių vyskupijos istoriją, nubrėžti tolimesnes sielovados gaires. The article discusses the emergence of the first small basilica in the territory of Lithuania as well as the circumstances of the awarding of this title to the Samogitian (Kaunas) Cathedral of Apostles St. Peter and St. Paul in 1921. It was found out that the initiative to award the title originated in the Samogitian chapter, it was supported by the then Samogitian bishop Pranciškus Karevičius. The Lithuanian Apostolic Nuncio to the Holy See, dr. Jurgis Narjauskas contributed a lot to the implementation of this initiative. The awarding of the title of the Small Basilica in honor of the 500th anniversary of the Samogitian diocese in 1921 is perceived as the exclusive attention of Pope Benedict XV to the young state of Lithuania and to its main shrine the Samogitian (Kaunas) Cathedral.

S poskusom smo želeli ugotoviti, če lahko z izbiro substrata vplivamo na to, kako dolgo bodo sadike bazilike ohranile svojo polično kakovost, ko nimajo več oskrbe z vodo. Glavni cilj je bil najti substrat z dodano mineralno ali sintetično komponento, ki najdlje zadrži zadostno količino vode za ohranjanje primerne kakovosti sadik. Poskus smo izvedli v rastlinjaku Biotehniške fakultete v Ljubljani. Za poskus smo izbrali 5 substratov: kontrolni substrat Neuhaus N3, substrate z 2 cm diskom kamene volne, 20 vol. % kosmov, 20 vol. % vermikulita in substrat z agrogelom. Za vsak sklop smo imeli 4 ponovitve. Baziliko sorte 'Hohes Grünes Superbo' smo posejali 19. julija 2017, sadike smo presadili 24. avgusta 2017, ko smo jih tudi prvič vzorčili za maso vode v koreninskih in zelenih delih. Od 4. septembra 2017, ko smo substrat v lončkih polno zasičili z vodo, do 20. septembra 2017 smo dvakrat dnevno tehtali lončke z baziliko in lončke s substratom pri 25 °C (slednje do 5. oktobra 2017) ter vsak dan vzorčili liste za izračun relativne vsebnosti vode v njih. Največji delež vode so izgubili lončki s substratom z diskom kamene volne (64,96 %), najmanjši delež pa lončki s kontrolnim substratom (59,84 %). V povprečju so najdlje ostale kakovostne sadike, gojene v substratu s kosmi (13,6 dni), najmanj časa pa v kontrolnem substratu (12,9 dni). Opazili smo, da so rastline, ki so imele največji delež vode v koreninskem delu ob koncu poskusa, tudi najdlje ohranile turgor v listih. In the experiment, we evaluated the effect of a substrate on a duration of basil plants’ shelf quality after its water supply is cut. The main goal was to find a substrate with added mineral or synthetic components, which can withhold the biggest amount of water for preserving the quality of the saplings. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at Biotechnical Faculty, Ljubljana. We chose five substrates: control substrate, substrate with a 2 cm disc of mineral wool, 20 vol. % flakes, 20 vol. % vermiculite respectively and a substrate with agrogel, in 4 repetitions for every substrate mixture. The seeds of basil 'Hohes Grünes Superbo' were planted on July 19th 2017. We transplanted the saplings on August 24th 2017, when we also sampled them for the first time to calculate the mass of water in their root system and in green parts of plants. We have weighed the pots at constant 25 °C twice a day from September 4th 2017 to October 5th 2017 and the pots with plants from September 4th 2017 to September 20th 2017 also twice a day. At the same time, we sampled leaves to calculate relative water content in the leaves. The biggest percentage loss of water occurred in pots with disc (64.96 %) and the smallest loss occurred in pots with control substrate (59.84 %). On average, the duration of shelf quality was the longest in pots with flakes (13.6 days), the shortest in pots with control substrate (12.9 days). We have noticed that the plants with higher percentage of water in root system by the end of experiment preserved the turgor in leaves the longest.

V poskusu, ki je bil opravljen leta 2016 v bivalnem prostoru stanovanjske hiše, smo želeli preučiti možnost gojenja bazilike v vertikalnem sistemu. V poskus smo vključili 4 sorte bazilike ('Emily', 'Red Rubin', 'Piccolino' in 'Lemon'). Šest tednov stare sadike smo presadili v plastične lončke, ki smo jih napolnili s kokosovimi vlakni (po 4 rastline na lonček). Na koncu smo lončke s sadikami, po obravnavanjih, postavili v plavajoč sistem (9 lončkov = 36 rastlin/obravnavanje) in vertikalni sistem (9 lončkov = 36 rastlin/obravnavanje). Da bi ugotovili primernost vzgoje bazilike v vertikalnem sistemu smo pri rastlinah analizirali nekatere morfološke parametre (višino, število razvitih listov, dolžino in število stranskih poganjkov ter svežo in suho maso) in vsebnost L-askorbinske kisline. Pri merjenju višine nismo zaznali večjih posebnosti, saj so bile rastline dokaj izenačene v obeh sistemih gojenja. Na splošno so bile rastline, ki smo jih gojili na plavajočem sistemu večje od tistih v vertikalnem sistemu. Le pri sorti 'Red Rubin' so bile večje tiste rastline, ki smo jih gojili v vertikalnem sistemu (13,2 cm) v primerjavi s plavajočim sistemom (8,3 cm). Pri številu razvitih listov so bile rastline prav tako izenačene ne glede na tehnologijo gojenja, le pri sorti 'Piccolino' smo zabeležili nekoliko večje odstopanje (plavajoč sistem je imel v povprečju 173,8 razvitih listov, vertikalni sistem pa 113,2 razvitih listov). Tudi pri merjenju dolžine stranskih poganjkov in njihovem številu smo najboljše rezultate zabeležili pri sorti 'Piccolino'. Največji pridelek sveže mase smo ugotovili pri sorti 'Piccolino' vzgojeni v plavajočem sistemu (142,8 g), vendar so imele v povprečju rastline, vzgojene v vertikalnem sistemu, večjo svežo maso. Pridelek suhe mase je bil prav tako večji pri rastlinah, gojenih v vertikalnem sistemu, izjema je le sorta 'Emily' kjer smo dobili večji pridelek pri vzgoji na plavajočem sistemu. Meritve L-askorbinske kisline so pokazale, da so v povprečju največ L-askorbinske kisline vsebovale rastline, vzgojene na plavajočem sistemu ('Emily' 21,4 mg/100 g, 'Red Rubin' 16 mg/100 g, 'Lemon' 16 mg/ 100 g), vendar pa smo kljub temu največjo vrednost izmerili pri sorti 'Piccolino', vzgojeni v vertikalnem sistemu (30,6 mg/100 g). In an experiment conducted in 2016 in a living room of a dwelling house, we wanted to examine the possibility of cultivating sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in a vertical system, which we created in our direction. In the experiment, we included 4 varieties of sweet basil ('Emily', 'Red Rubin', 'Piccolino' and 'Lemon'). After six weeks, the seedlings were transplanted into the plastic pots, filled with coconut fibers (4 seedlings per sweet basil variety). Finally, we planted the seedlings by treatments in the floating system (9 pots = 36 seedlings/treatment) and the vertical system (9 pots = 36 seedlings/treatment). To determine the suitability of cultivating the sweet basil in the vertical system, we measured some morphological parameters (height, number of leaves developed, length and number of shoots, fresh and dry weight) and L-ascorbic acid content. No major peculiarities were detected when measuring the height as the plants were fairly uniform in both cultivation systems. In general, the plants grown on the floating system were higher than those in the vertical system. Only the 'Red Rubin' variety was higher in the vertical system (13,2 cm) compared to the floating system (8,3 cm). By the number of leaves developed, the plants were also equalized by cultivation technologies, with the exception of 'Piccolino' variety, where slightly greater deviations have been observed (floating system 173.8 medium-developed leaves, vertical system 113.2 medium-developed leaves). Even when measuring the length of the side shoots and their number, the best results were recorded with the 'Piccolino' variety. The highest yield of fresh mass was recorded in the 'Piccolino' variety, grown in the floating system (142,8 g), but on average the plants grown in the vertical system had a higher fresh mass. The dry weight yield was also higher for plants, cultivated in the vertical system, except for the 'Emily' variety, where we obtained a larger yield when cultivated on a floating system. L-acorbic acid measurements showed that, on average, the most of the vitamin C contained plants cultivated on a floating system ('Emily' 21,4 mg/100 g, 'Red Rubin' 16 mg/100 g, 'Lemon' 16 mg/100 g). Nevertheless, the highest value of L-ascorbic acid was recorded in the 'Piccolino' variety, grown in vertical system (30,6 mg/100 g).

İznik kenti bulunduğu konum dolayısıyla birçok medeniyete ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Bunlardan biri de Roma İmparatorluğudur. İmparatorluk sınırları genişledikçe darphanelerde basılan paralar da o kadar geniş alana yayılmaktaydı. İznik Doğu ve Batı'nın geçiş güzergahında olması dolayısıyla farklı bölgelerde basılan sikkelerin toplandığı merkez konumundaydı.2014 yılında keşfedilen İznik Gölü kıyı şeridinde sular altında kalan bazilika planlı yapıda açılan sondajlarda birçok sikke ele geçmiştir. Bu sikkelerin çoğu Roma Geç İmparatorluk Dönemi sikkeleridir. Bu tezin amacı sikkelerin kataloğu oluşturularak arkeolojik veriler ışığında bazilika yapısının tarihi ile bağlantılı olarak incelemektir. Ancient Nicaea had been home to many civilizations by virtue of its location. One of those civilizations was The Roman Empire. As enlarging the borders of the empire, so the minted coins had spread on a large area. Nicaea had a position as a center of gathering coins that minted at different regions due to be located in passing route of the East and the West.Many Roman coins had been found in the trenches of underwater basilica discovered in 2014 at the shoreline of İznik Lake. Much of these coins belong to Late Roman period and are from different mints at different regions. The point of the thesis is to examine the coins relatedly the history of the basilica structure by cataloging the coins together in the light of archaeological data. 133

Arkeolojik araştırma ve kazılarda en yoğun ve yaygın olarak ele geçen malzeme seramiklerdir. İznik'te yapılan araştırmalar ve kazılar neticesinde, bölgenin en önemli üretiminin çinileri olması popülerliğini günümüze kadar korumasını sağlamıştır. Son dönemlerde adından çokça bahsettiren İznik, 2014 yılındaki sualtında keşfedilen Bazilika yapısıyla da gündemde olmuştur. İznik Gölü içerisinde bulunan bazilika yapısındaki araştırmalar ve kazılar neticesinde ele geçen en yoğun buluntu grubu seramiklerdir. Bazilikanın oluşturulan seramik tipolojisi içerisinde kase, tabak, testi/sürahi, çanak, tencere/güveç, amphora, kandil gibi günlük kullanıma ait masa, mutfak, depolama ve taşıma kapları yer almaktadır. Yapılan karşılaştırmalar ve değerlendirmeler sonucunda seramik buluntularının yoğunluk gösterdiği dönem Roma Dönemi'dir. Ceramics have been the most widely and extensively found material in archaeological research and excavations. As a result of the researches and excavations carried out in İznik, the tiles being the most important production of the region and it has kept its popularity until today. The city of İznik, which has been frequently mentioned in recent times, has been on the agenda with the basilica structure discovered underwater in 2014. The most extensive group of artifacts are ceramics as a result of the researches and excavations in the basilica structure in İznik Lake. The prepared ceramic typology of the basilica includes table, kitchen, storage and transport wares for daily use such as bowl, plate, jug, dish, pot/stewpan, amphora and oil lamp. The period in which the ceramic finds were concentrated was the Roman Period as a result of the comparisons and evaluationsThe ceramic finds, which are evaluated with a typological and chronological classification, have been tried to find an answer to this question: Do the ceramic finds belong to the basilica structure or can we speak of the existence of another structure? 121

İznik jeopolitik konumu ve fiziksel koşullarının uygunluğu ile birçok topluma ev sahipliği yapmış ve tarihsel süreçte önemli gelişmelere tanıklık etmiştir. Hristiyanlık Dönemi için büyük öneme sahip olan kentte 2014’te hava fotoğrafları ışığında su altında kalmış olan bazilika planlı bir kilisenin kalıntıları tespit edilmiştir. 2015’te başlayan kazılarla İznik Gölü Sualtı Bazilikasında mezarlar olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Bu tez çalışması 2015-2017 yıllarında ele geçen mezarların arkeolojik ve antropolojik açılardan değerlendirilmesini amaçlamaktadır. Due to its significant geopolitical location and convenient physical conditions, İznik has hosted a lot of civilizations throughout its history. In İznik which had great importance for the Christian Era, the ruins of a Christian church with basilica plan which were sunken under İznik Lake was discovered through the aerial photos in 2014. During the excavations which started in 2015, burials are identified in and outside the church. The main aim of this study is to examine the burials, which were uncovered during the 2015-2017 excavation seasons, both in archaeological and anthropological perspectives. Bursa Arkeoloji Müzesi

Antik Çağ'da Nikaia önemli kentler arasında yer almaktadır. Öyle ki tarihi boyunca sürekli gelişen bir kent görünümü çizen Nikaia, Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu, Anadolu Selçukluları ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu gibi büyük imparatorluklara başkentlik yapmıştır. Kent bu önemini Askania Limne (İznik Gölü) kıyısında kurulması sebebiyle ılıman bir iklime, verimli arazilere ve savunmaya elverişli imkanlara sahip olmasına borçludur. Bu imkanların sonucunda kentin sur içinde ve sur dışında bir çok yerleşim kurulmuştur. Kent Kuzey Anadolu Fay hattı üzerinde yer almasından dolayı tarih boyunca pek çok yıkıma maruz kalmış, bu yıkımlar esnasında kıyı çizgi kaymaları ve tsunami felaketi geçirmiştir. Sualtında bazilika kazısı ve liman araştırmaları dışında başka bir araştırma yapılmamıştır. Bu sebeple yapılan tez çalışması kalıntıların bir bütün halinde değerlendirilmesini amaçlamıştır. Nikaia is one of the important cities during the Antiquity. In fact, Nikaia had drawn an image of a constantly developing city and became the capital city of the great empires such as the Eastern Roman Empire, the Anatolian Seljuks, and the Ottoman Empire. The city owes its importance to have a temperate climate, fertile landscapes and convenience to defend due to its establishment at the coastline of the Askania Limne (Lake of İznik). As a result of these opportunities, many settlements were built in the city walls and outside the city walls.Due to its location on the North Anatolian Faultline, the city has suffered many destructions throughout its history, during which the shoreline had slipped and caused a catastrophic tsunami. No further research on this subject has been done except for basilica excavations and port researches. Therefore, the thesis aimed to evaluate the archaeological remains at the coastline in whole. 135

Zaradi skrbi za okolje in zdravje ljudi je v kmetijstvu vedno večji poudarek na razvoju novih metod varstva rastlin, ki bi lahko zmanjšala oziroma nadomestila uporabo sintetičnih insekticidov. K pospešenemu prestopu botruje tudi opažena odpornost večih škodljivih žuželk na kemične pripravke, na primer odpornost rjavega mokarja (Tribolium castaneum Herbst) na splošno razširjeni fumigant fosfin. Ena izmed alternativ so rastlinska sredstva na osnovi eteričnih olj. Eterična olja so zmesi biološko aktivnih kemičnih spojin iz 20-60 komponent, od katerih 2-3 glavne sestavine zasedajo večinski delež, ostale pa so prisotne v sledovih. Odraža jih visoka hlapljivost, saj lahko preidejo v plinasto stanje že pri sobni ali rahlo višji temperaturi, in so najprimernejša za uporabo v obliki fumiganta, dokaj uspešna pa so tudi v obliki repelentov ter pri kontaktnem delovanju. Poleg insektov učinkovito zatirajo tudi bakterije, glive, viruse in ogorčice, sam vpliv posamezne vrste eteričnega olja pa se razlikuje glede na vrsto škodljivca. Ljudi, živali in rib naj ne bi ogrožala saj zanje niso toksična oziroma v veliko manjši meri, saj zaradi visoke hlapljivosti te skupine tudi težje pridejo z njimi v kontakt. Vsa 4 predstavljena eterična olja, pomarančevca (Citrus x sinensis (L.) Osbeck) rod Citrus), bazilike (Ocimum basilicum L.), navadnega rožmarina (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) in česna (Allium sativum L.) izražajo visoko fumigantno delovanje proti skladiščnim škodljivcem kot so koruzni žužek (Sitphilus zeamais Motschulsky), rjavi mokar (Tribolium castaneum Herbst) ter žitni kutar (Rhyzopertha dominica Fabricius), medtem ko je uspešnost navadnega rožmarina bila opažena tudi pri skupini na fosfin odpornih odraslih osebkov rjavega mokarja. Eterično olje česna in njegova glavna komponenta dialil trisulfid sta z apliciranjem na vzorce zrnja uspela tudi popolnoma prekiniti nadaljnje razmnoževanje rjavega mokarja obenem pa nista vplivala na slabšo sposobnost kaljenja koruznih zrn. Due to the concern for the environment and human health, agriculture is increasingly focusing on the development of new methods of plant protection, which could decrease or replace the use of synthetic insecticides. The accelerated transition is also encouraged by the observed resistance of several harmful insects to chemical substances e.g. the resistance of the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum Herbst) to the widespread fumigant phosphine. Essential oils are mixtures of biologically active chemical compounds, consisting of 20-60 components, of which 2-3 main components represent a majority and the remaining components are present in traces. They are known for their high volatility, since they can transition into gaseous state already at room temperature or at a slightly higher temperature, and are most suitable for use in the form of a fumigants, but are also quite successful in the form of repellents and as contact substances. In addition to insects, they effectively suppress bacteria, fungi, viruses and nematodes, but the use of individual types of essential oils differs in regard of the type of the pest. They do not represent danger for people, animals and fish, since they are not toxic for these groups or are toxic for them in a significantly lower extent, because of their high volatility it would be even harder for these groups to get in contact with them. All of the 4 presented essential oils, Sweet orange (Citrus x sinensis (L.) Osbeck) species Citrus), Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and Garlic (Allium sativum L.) show high fumigant activity against the warehouse pests such as maize weevil (Sitphilus zeamays Motschulsky), red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum Herbst) and lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica Fabricius), while the successfulness of Rosemary was also observed in the group of phosphine resistant adult specimens of the red flour beetle. The essential oil of garlic and its main component dialyl trisulfide were with their application on grain samples successful in the complete discontinuance of further reproduction of the red flour beetle, without simultaneously causing poorer corn grain sprouting ability.

Doktorska teza Arhitektura kasnoantičke Duklje. Mogućnost rekonstrukcije ima za cilj rekonstrukciju arhitekture kasnoantičkog grada Dokleje u blizini Podgorice, na teritoriji savremene Crne Gore, odnosno pokušaj da se na osnovu sačuvanih istorijskih izvora, materijalnih ostataka na terenu i arhivske građe i arheološke dokumentacije od kraja XIX vijeka pa do današnjih dana, koliko je moguće, rekonstruiše preciznija slika o prvobitnom izgledu grada i pojedinim građevinama u njemu i upotpune dosadašnja saznanja o arhitekturi grada. U radu se proučava urbana, odnosno sakralna topografija Dokleje od nastanka rimskog grada u I vijeku n. e do poslednjih pomena u arhivskim izvorima početkom VII vijeka. Razmatraju se bedemi Dokleje, građevine u centralnom dijelu grada: forum sa bazilikom, građevina broj 2, građevina IX, kapitolni hram, velike i male terme, Prvi hram (hram boginje Rome), Drugi hram, hram boginje Dijane, hrišćanske građevine u istočnom dijelu grada bazilika A, bazilika B i krstoobrazna crkva, kao i nekropole i akvadukt. Posebna pažnja skrenuta je na kultove koji su poštovani u Dokleji. Uz ilustrativne priloge, u radu su dati i katalozi sa natpisima iz Dokleje i skulpturama i arhitektonskim elementima koji se nalaze na lokalitetu, u njegovoj neposrednoj blizini, u muzejskim institucijama ili su poznati samo iz arhivske građe, dokumentacije i literature. Proučavanje šireg korpusa umjetničkih ostvarenja Dokleje, „kao suštinskog instrumenta simboličkog iskazivanja religiozno-ideoloških načela“, posebno je značajno za period prelaska iz pagansko u hrišćansko doba. U radu se analizira i odnos Dokleje prema gradskim centrima Dalmacije odnosno Prevalisa kao i drugih centara ranog razdoblja Vizantijskog carstva. The aim of the present doctoral dissertation on the topic of The Architecture of Late Antique Doclea. Possibilities of Reconstruction is to reconstruct the architecture of Late Antique Town of Doclea near Podgorica, located in the territory of Montenegro, specifically to attempt - based on the preserved primary sources, material remains at the site and archival sources and archaeological record, namely written documentation, which have been originating since the late 19th century up to the present time - both to make, to an extent possible, a clearer portrait of the original appearance of the town and certain buildings in it and to complete the knowledge about the town’s architecture. The dissertation has researched urban, namely sacral topography of Doclea, as it was from the time of the Roman town founding in the 1st century of the Common Era to the time of last mentions thereof in the archival sources of the early 7th century. The Doclea’s town walls, buildings located in the town’s center, the forum with basilica, building no. 2, building no. IX, the capitol temple, large and small thermae, the First Temple (the Temple of Dea Roma), the Second Temple, the Temple of Dea Diana, the Christian buildings located in the eastern part of the town, Basilica A, Basilica B and the cruciform church, and necropolises and the aqueduct as well have been studied by it. Special attention has been drawn to cults that used to be respected in Doclea. Besides illustrations, the work has given also the catalogues of both inscriptions found in Doclea and sculptures and architectural elements that are at the site or in its vicinity, or in museums, or known only from the archival records, documents and references. Researching in a broader Doclea’s artistic creation corpus as in “the essential instrument of symbolic representation of religious and ideology doctrine” is particularly relevant to the period of transition from Paganism to Christianity. The work has analyzed also Doclea’s relationship with the town centers of Dalmatia and Prevalis respectively, and with other centers of the early Byzantine Empire as well.

The significant, cultural heritage, Kladruby's monastery lies n Tachovon in the Western part of the Czech republic. It lies between Pilsen and Tachov, specifically, Thirty kilometres west from Pilsen and five kilometres south from Stříbro. The history of the township and monastery is closely bound. The middle ages brought prosperity and rise to both of them.To this rise of Kladruby contributed it's great place by the Norimberská stezka and the discovery of silver ore nearby. Thanks to this, in 1230, it was raised by Václav I. to township. With this Kladruby gained the rights of a town ( e.g. The right to organize markets,the right to perform Criminal Law and the right to brew) as one of the first seven town in the Czech republic. Because of the wealth from silver mining, a mining settlement Stříbro was establishes, in the late twelfth century. The Benedictine monastery was established, by Vladislav I. of Přemyslid dynasty, in 1115. He himself is buried there as one of few Czech princes, who are not buried in Prague. Between the 12. And 13. Century, the monastery became one of the most important church centres of the whole kingdom. During the tragedy of Jan Nepomucký, the monastery has a major role. Václav IV considered, establishing a bishopric in Kladruby, to circumscribe the power of Prague...

Tez (Doktora) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2015, Thesis (PhD) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2015, Fatih’te, Yedikule’nin Altın Kapı’ya yakın bir noktasında yer alan Stoudios Manastırı’na bağlı Ioannes Prodromos Kilisesi (diğer adlarıyla İmrahor İlyas Bey Camii – İmrahor Anıtı), İstanbul’un günümüze ulaşan en eski kilisesidir. Beşinci yüzyılda inşa edilen kilise, Bizans dönemi boyunca işlevini sürdürmüştür. Osmanlı döneminde, 1486 yılında, II. Bayezid’in mîr-ahûru İlyas Bey tarafından camiye dönüştürülen yapı, 20. yüzyılın ilk yıllarına kadar cami olarak kullanılmıştır. Geçirdiği yangınlar sonucunda 1920’de çatının tamamen yok olmasının ardından yapı kullanılamaz hale gelmiş; bir süre narteks mescit olarak kullanılmaya devam etmiştir. İmrahor İlyas Bey Camii, Cumhuriyet döneminde, 1946 yılında müzeye çevrilmiş ve “İmrahor Anıtı” adıyla Ayasofya Müzesi Müdürlüğü’ne bağlanmıştır. Anıt, 2012 yılında yapılan bir değişiklikle Başbakanlık Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü’ne devredilmiştir. Anıtın serpantin breşinden yapılmış sütunları, Marmara mermerinden yapılmış sütun kaideleri, başlıkları, arşitrav ve kornişleri ile diğer taş mimari öğeleri, 5. yüzyılın taş işleme sanatını yansıtan ender örnekler arasında yer almaktadır. Yapıya 11. yüzyılın ortasında eklenen, naosun opus sectile döşemesi, Komnenos döneminden günümüze ulaşan az sayıdaki döşemeden biridir; orta Bizans döneminin nitelikli işçiliğini ve bu dönemde kiliseye verilen önemi göstermektedir. Anıt, özellikle 1894 depremi ve 1908-1920 arasındaki yangınlardan önemli ölçüde hasar görmüş ve çatısı yok olmuştur. Uzun yıllar üstü tamamen açık ve her türlü bozulma etkisine maruz kalan anıtın güncel koruma sorunlarının başında, bakımsızlık gelmektedir. Anıtın eşi ender bulunan opus sectile döşemesi, ciddi derecede hasar görmüştür. Anıtın günümüzdeki harap durumu, 2011 yılında İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Restorasyon Programı kapsamında, ayrıntılı bir araştırma ve mimari belgelemenin ardından, kısa ve uzun vadeli koruma yaklaşımlarının belirlenmesine yönelik bir doktora çalışmasının başlatılmasına yol açmıştır. Anıt, 5. yüzyıldan günümüze ulaşan, mimarlık ve sanat tarihine ışık tutan özellikleri ve taşıdığı belge değeri nedeniyle, kapsamlı ve bütüncül bir koruma yaklaşımını gerektirmektedir. Tez kapsamında; eserin bugüne ulaşan durumu kayıt altına alınmış, mimari belgeleme – araştırma – analiz işlemleri gerçekleştirilmiş, restitüsyon sorunları tartışılmış, kısa ve uzun vadeli koruma stratejileri geliştirilerek koruma önerileri sunulmuştur. Böylece, esere ilişkin koruma amaçlı uygulamalara yol gösterecek bilgi ve verileri içeren bilimsel bir belge üretilmiştir., The Ioannes Prodromos Church of the Stoudios Monastery (Imrahor Ilyas Bey Mosque – Imrahor Monument) which is located at Yedikule, near the Golden Gate of the Theodosian Wall, is the oldest church extant in Istanbul. It was constructed in mid-5th century and was in use as a monastery church through the Byzantine era. Basilical form was preferred for building churches in early Byzantine period due to its architectural features. Ioannes Prodromos Church of the Stoudios Monastery is one of the earliest basilicas surviving from the early Christian period. The basilica constitutes of a three aisled naos ending with a semi-circular apsid on the east and has a rectangular narthex on the west. Its gallery and roof have disappeared, but the main walls reflecting the construction techniques of its long history are still standing. The church had beautiful serpentine columns; the bases, capitals and entablature were carved out of Proconnesian marble. The high quality work of the opus sectile floor of the naos, which was added to the church in mid-11th century, shows the importance of the church for the Byzantine society. It is one of the few floors representative of the Comnenian period. Under the Ottoman rule, the church was used as a mosque and convent. In 1486, the chief of the imperial stable of Sultan Bayezid II converted the church into a mosque which served the muslim population in the neighborhood until early 20th century. The monument was affected by the earthquake in 1894 and several fires occurred between 1908-1920 leading to the collapse of the roof. In the Republican Period, the ruined monument became a museum and it was attached to the Directorate of Hagia Sophia Museum under the Ministry of Culture and Tourism in 1946. Recently, the monument was returned to the General Directorate of Waqf. Being one of the significant monuments from early Byzantine period, the Stoudios Basilica deserves utmost care for its preservation. Today, especially the magnificent opus sectile floor of the nave and the historical remains of the monument are under threat. The current conservation state of the monument led to a professional and scientific study including the architectural documentation and conservation proposals. In an attempt to improve the state of conservation of the monument, a project was initiated at Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Architectural Restoration Department as part of a doctoral dissertation in 2011. The thesis aimed to develop the architectural documents and scientific data which are essential for conservation works. The documentation including the survey, reconstitution and conservation projects, analytical work and proposals covering the urgent implementations and long-term strategies were taken up within the context of this dissertation. The architectural documentation of the recent state of the monument was started while the research was going on. Both conventional and instrumental measuring techniques were used for the survey and detailed architectural drawings were produced. Material characterization which is necessary for the classification of building materials requires a multidisciplinary work. A project was submitted to the Scientific Research Projects Unit of Istanbul Technical University, to accomplish this work with the help of a professional conservation laboratory. After the project was approved by ITU for financial support, the material characterization and conservation proposals were demanded from the Restoration and Conservation Laboratories of KUDEB (Directorate for the Inspection of Conservation Implementations) of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality which has a conservation department. Samples including various kinds of mortar, plaster, stone, wood, paint and dust were taken from the monument, analyzed and classified according to their types and/or contents. The analytical study consisted of a wide range of tests including physical, chemical, microscobic, petrographic, mechanical and high instrumental analyses such as HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) and SEM-EDX (Scanning Electron Microscopy – Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy). After the evaluation of the results, appropriate materials and implementation techniques for conservation were proposed. The scientific report was prepared by the multidisciplinary team of KUDEB and approved by the academic consultants of the laboratory from Istanbul University and Istanbul Technical University. The report includes the proposals for conservation of materials. As part of the architectural documentation, the types of the building materials were mapped on survey drawings. After the material analysis, a chronological examination and analysis were made, based on the observations and the historical data obtained from the material characterization work. Six periods were identified: early, middle and late Byzantine, classical and late Ottoman and Republican periods. The analytical survey was followed by the pathological analysis; deterioration patterns were identified and mapped. During its long life, the monument was affected by several natural and man-made disasters such as earthquakes, fires, environmental factors and absence of a protective roof. The collapse of the roof started in 1908 and ended up in 1920, leading to the desertion of the monument. Being exposed to the elements, the rate of the erosion accelerated. Material and structural damages such as cracks, deflection, surface losses, formation of cavities, staining, powdering and encrustation on stone surfaces, corrosion of metal elements, biological decay, vegetation growth and improper interventions were identified and mapped on survey drawings. The multi-layered and heterogeneous fabric of the monument was studied for chronological analyis. The original form and usage had been changed. The atrium, floors of the naos and side naves, door and window openings, bema, apse, spatial relationship between naos and side naves, arrangement of columns, the gallery, interior cladding and roof covering had been modified and transformed in the course of centuries. The changes were evaluated with the help of historical and visual documents found in the archives, old photographs, engravings and drawings. Analogical research was conducted to find parallels for the missing architectural elements and details. Some churches from early Christian period such as Acheiropoietos in Thessaloniki, Koimesis in Nicaea, Extra Muros in Philippi and Basilica near the Topkapı Palace were studied for spatial arrangement and architectural details. Results of documentation and observations indicate the urgency to develop a comprehensive conservation project for the stability and presentation of the sensitive structure. The restoration and conservation approach which was determined depending on the principles and guidelines includes authenticity, sustainability of the ‘multi-layered’ character of the monument, reversible interventions, regular maintenance and monitoring. The conservation proposals were specified as cleaning, conservation of the opus sectile floor, consolidation, structural strengthening and monitoring. Materials and intervention techniques to be used during the conservation process were defined according to the report prepared by the Restoration and Conservation Laboratories of KUDEB. The role and importance of a scientific committee of advisors were underlined to prevent the monument from improper interventions. Starting from the research step up to the monitoring phase, the whole conservation process of the monument requires a scientific, multidisciplinary and integrated approach to be handled within the frame of an inclusive protection and management plan of the surrounding area., Doktora, PhD

Ovim nam je člankom cilj prikazati dostupne arheološke podatke iz mnogobrojnih, kako sondažnih tako i sustavnih arheoloških istraživanja obavljenih u razdoblju od 1972. do 1983. godine. Njihovi su rezultati do sada bili vrlo rijetko ili nikako objavljivani te je većina ostala nepoznata široj javnosti. Ova prva potpuna objava do sada poznatih gradskih struktura Flaviuma Fulfinuma, drugoga rimskog grada na otoku Krku, uvelike je obogaćena rezultatima iz novih arheoloških istraživanja vođenih na prostoru foruma u razdoblju od 2006. do 2013. godine. Posebna pozornost posvećena je datiranju vremena nastanka grada, njegovu razvoju te naposljetku njegovoj sudbini kroz razdoblje kasne antike, sve do trenutka njegova konačnog napuštanja. Studija pronađenih struktura na forumu trebala bi ponuditi novi uvid u razvoj ovoga javnog gradskog prostora, ali isto tako i znatno obogatiti spoznaje o njegovu razvitku između antike i kasne antike, koje su do sada za ovaj tip prostora vrlo slabo dokumentirane na prostoru sjeverne Liburnije., The present paper aims to gather all the available archaeological data produced during numerous campaigns of excavations conducted between 1972 and 1983, mostly through test trenching, but sometimes also by larger research excavations. The results of these archaeological works have rarely been published, and the majority of them have remained unknown to the larger public. This first complete publication on the known urban structure of Flavium Fulfinum, the second roman municipium on the island of Krk (Croatia), is enriched by the results of the new archaeological excavations conducted on the Forum since 2006. Special attention is given to questions relating to the datation of the city’s creation, its development, and finally its fate through Late Antiquity up to the time of its final abandonment. The study of the structures in the Forum should offer new insights concerning this urban public space, but should also enrich our knowledge of its evolution between Antiquity and Late Antiquity, both of which are extremely poorly documented for the area of northern Liburnia (Dalmatia).

V diplomskem delu je predstavljen natančen opis in analiza vseh osmih oltarjev, vključno s kiparskimi deli na oltarjih, ki se nahajajo v baziliki Marije Matere usmiljenja v Mariboru, ter oltar postavljen v kapeli. Diplomsko delo je sestavljeno iz teoretičnega dela, ki vključuje natančen umetnostno zgodovinski opis vseh obravnavanih oltarjev, materialno sestavo, ikonografsko določitev in opis kiparskih del ter slogovno opredelitev kiparskih del. Raziskovalna naloga temelji predvsem na terenskem delu in na natančnem opazovanju, izvedenim tekom pisanja naloge. Na koncu naloge so vključene končne ugotovitve, do katerih sem prišla. Velika zahvala za postavitev bazilike Matere Usmiljenja v Mariboru gre dunajskemu arhitektu Richardu Jordanu, ki je poskrbel, da so vsi elementi, arhitektura, liturgična oprema in stenske poslikave enotne in skladne, ter graškemu kiparju Eduardu Kubovskemu, ki je izdelal skoraj vso oltarno plastiko. In my diploma paper are presented the detailed description and the analysis of all the eight altars including the sculpture works on the altars which are in the Basilica of St. Mary Mother of Mercy in Maribor, and the altar which is set in the chapel. The diploma paper consists of the theoretical part, which includes the detailed historical description of all the considered altars, the material structure, iconographic determination, the description of sculpture works and the stylistic determination of sculpture works. The research paper is mostly based on the field work and precise observation, performed while writing the paper. At the end of the paper are also included my final findings. The gratitude for setting up the Basilica of St. Mary Mother of Mercy goes to the Vienna architect – Richard Jordan who ensured that all the elements, architecture, liturgical equipment and the wall paintings are unified and symmetrical. Gratitude goes also to the sculptural from Graz – Eduard Kubovsky who made almost the entire altar plastic.

U prvom dijelu rada definiramo kompleksnu analitičku funkciju, navodimo osnovne rezultate kompleksne analize, topološke dinamike i upoznajemo se sa pojmom Riemannove sfere. Takoder, klasificiramo fiksne, odnosno periodičke točke čije orbite proučavamo u narednim poglavljima. Najvažniju ulogu u dinamici kompleksnih analitičkih funkcija imaju orbite odbojnih periodičkih točaka. Juliaov skup definiramo kao zatvorenje skupa svih odbojnih periodičkih točaka polinoma P, te dokazujemo da je on skup svih točaka u kojima familija iteracija polinoma P nije normalna familija. Iz dokaza tog teorem slijede gotovo sva svojstva Juliaovih skupova. Tako naprimjer vrijedi da je Juliaov skup polinoma P perfektan, potpuno invarijantan, neprazan skup, te da J(P) ima prazan interior. Vrijedi i da je J(P) zatvarač skupa svih praslika točke \(z_0\) iz J(P). Posebno, Juliaov skup je taj na kojemu polinom P ima kaotičnu dinamiku. In the first part of this paper we defined the complex analytic function, we outline the basic results of complex analysis, topological dynamics, and we are introduced to the concept of Riemann sphere. Also, we classify fixed (periodic) points whose orbits are studied in the following chapters. The most important role in the dynamics of complex analytic functions is played by the orbits of repelling periodic points. We defined the Julia set as the closure of the set of repelling periodic points of a polynomial P and give a proof that this set is a set of points at which the family of iterates of P fails to be normal family. Almost all of the properties of the Julia sets follow from that theorem. Thus, for example, the Julia set of a polynomial P is a perfect, completely invariant, nonempty set which has an empty interior. It is walid that J(P) is the closure of all preimages for point \(z_0\) from J(P). In particular, the Julia set is the set which carries the chaotic dynamics of polynomial P.

U Muzeju Srema u Sremskoj Mitrovici čuva se jedna oštećena mermerna ploča sa natpisom na latinskom jeziku (sl. 1). Iako natpis nije u potpunosti sačuvan, mišljenja smo da se u njemu pominje bazilika Sv. Anastasije, o čijem postojanju u Sirmijumu svedoči podatak iz pisanih izvora. Tekst natpisa mogao bi se rekonstruisati na sledeći način: [In dom]o beati[ssimae - - - I - - - nost]re Anast[asiae - - - I - - -in] hoc loco d[epositus - - -I - - -]x qui conv[ixit mecum annis - - - I - - -] qui vixit a[nnis - - -I - - -fili]o eius d(ie)pridie [ - - -I - - -] IT Fl(avius, -avia) Decen[ - - -| - - -]++[ - - -I - - - . Na početku natpisa se pominje bazilika Sv. Anastasije, čije je postojanje u Sirmijumu posvedočeno u ranohrišćanskim literarnim izvorima. Termin domus u značenju 'crkva' relativno je čest u ranohrišćanskim natpisima. Prva dva reda mogla bi se dopuniti na sledeći način: [In dom]o beati[ssimae dominae nostr]ae Anast[asiae - - -. Posle formule in hoc loco depositus u drugom redu sledilo je ime pokojnika, koje se verovatno završavalo slovom X, prvim sačuvanim slovom u četvrtom redu. Zajedno sa pokojnikom je, izgleda, bio sahranjen i njegov sin, čije ime nije sačuvano. Na njega bi se odnosila formula qui vixit annis u petom redu. Sudeći prema paleografskim odlikama, fragment natpisa na kojem se pominje bazilika Sv. Anastasije pripada dobu pozne antike (IV-VI vek). Slovo A sa poprečnom crtom slomljenom na dole i slovo L sa koso spuštenom drugom crtom javljaju se krajem III i početkom IV veka. Rasprave o mogućoj lokaciji bazilike Sv. Anastasije u Sirmijumu i eventualnoj identifikaciji postojećih kultnih mesta sa njom u stručnoj literaturi traju od druge polovine XIX veka do današnjih dana (sl. 3-5). Naime, u Passio altera Sancti Demetrii Thessalonicensis, pominje se da je on, pošto je u Solunu podigao crkvu posvećenu Sv. Dimitriju, želeo da takvu sagradi i u Iliriku, pa je, došavši u Sirmijum, kovčeg sa okrvavljenom svečevom hlamidom i delovima njegovog orarija odložio u presvetom hramu svetog mučenika Dimitrija (sl. 2), koji je on osnovao u blizini poštovanog doma (= crkve) slavodobne mučenice Anastasije (πλησiov τoύ σεβασμiov oαikov Τηϛ kαλλivikou μαrτuroϛ 'Avαστασiαϛ). Ne zna se na kojoj je lokaciji u Sirmijumu otkrivena ploča sa natpisom, a na osnovu nalaza ostrogotskog novca uz severni gradski bedem (sl. 6), pretpostavlja se da se bazilika Sv. Anastasije nalazila u ovoj gradskoj regiji, budući da su Ostrogoti veoma poštovali Mučenicu. Moguće je da je reč o martirijumu naslonjenom uz severni gradski bedem, otkopanom i zatim uništenom krajem XIX veka (sl. 7). Kako je iscrpna analiza pisanih izvora, arheološkog, epigrafskog i numizmatičkog materijala pokazala, Leontijeva gradnja bazilike Sv. Dimitrija u Sirmijumu mogla je da se dogodi tek posle ustupanja ovog grada Istočnom carstvu, najverovatnije 424. ili 425. godine, što bi značilo da je crkva osvećena 426. godine. Sledstveno podatku iz Pasije da je Leontije u Sirmijumu svoju crkvu sagradio u blizini crkve Sv. Anastasije, koja je, dakle, već postojala, godina 426. označavala bi terminus ante quem za njenu gradnju. S obzirom na rastuću opasnost od nadiranja Huna i opštu dezintegraciju grada početkom V veka, crkva posvećena sirmijumskoj mučenici verovatno je podignuta u periodu između treće decenije i kraja IV veka, približno u isto vreme kada i martiriji Sv. Sinerota na severnom i Sv. Irineja na istočnom gradskom groblju. Uostalom, formula in domo (?) beatissimae dominae nostrae Anastasiae, koja se sreće na natpisu, dobre paralele nalazi u formulama in basilica domini nostri Erenei, sa natpisa iz bazilike Sv. Irineja, i ad dominum Synerotem, odnosno ad beatu Syneroti, sa dva natpisa iz bazilike Sv. Sinerota. Uz sve nedoumice koje donosi fragmentarnost natpisa o kojem je u ovom tekstu bilo reči, ali i uz neophodnost da se eventualno lociranje crkve Sv. Anastasije u Sirmijumu izvede posrednim putem, pa da, stoga, ostane u domenu hipoteze, nadamo se da je ovaj rad doprineo boljem poznavanju kultnih građevina Sirmijuma, makar u pogledu potvrde podatka iz pisanog izvora da je u ovom gradu postojala crkva mučenice Anastasije. A fragmentary marble inscription, preserved in the Museum of Srem in Sremska Mitrovica, seems to mention the basilica of St. Anastasia: [In dom]o beati[ssimae dominae nost]re Anast[asiae. This monument provides epigraphic evidence on the cult place of the martyr in Sirmium, already recorded by written sources. According to the Passion of St. Demetrius, the church of St. Anastasia had already existed in Sirmium when Leontius, praetorian prefect of Illyricum, started the construction of the basilica of St. Demetrius. Although the find spot of the plate is not known, the finds of Ostrogothic coins next to the northern city wall imply that the basilica of St. Anastasia was located in that zone of the city, as the Ostrogoths highly respected the Martyr. It is possible that it should be identified with a martyrium leaning against the northern city wall that had been unearthed and then destroyed at the end of the 19th century.

The thesis deals with European sacral architecture of the twentieth and the twenty-first century. Particularly, it refers to Judaic, Roman-Catholic and Islamic buildings. The second part puts into historical context the sacral constructions of individual religions including their function, characters and typology. In the third part of this thesis the representative sample of significant modern sacral constructions is selected, always under circumstances regarding their creation, the urban description and the setting in a specific location as well as the architectural layout, the interior arrangment and a possible use of special technological procedures at their construction. The mutual comparison and the evaluation of the modern European sacral architecture development are carried out in the fourth part. This section notices the function and the usage of light and presents some extraordinary buildings from this point of view. The final fifth part tries to answer the question, how a modern temple should look like.

Prikaz knjige pregledni je osvrt na nedavno objavljenu knjigu arheologa, povjesničara umjetnosti i konzervatora Nine Novaka. Knjiga je publicirana 2011. godine i svojevrsni je pregled povijesnosti kršćanstva i kršćanskih obilježja na otoku Krku. Posebnu pažnju autor je posvetio zanimljivom ranokršćanskom sklopu u uvali Sepen na kojem je dugo vremena vodio arheološke, konzervatorske i zaštitne radove. Osim njega, autor donosi niz ostalih lokaliteta na otoku od kojih je među važnijima sam Castrum Musculum – Omišalj. Monografija je tiskana u kvalitetnom izdanju u formi gdje je središnji tekst popraćen kraćim izvacima sa strane te je opremljena brojnim grafičkim prilozima.

Stratonikeia Antik Kenti’nin kuzeyinde bulunan kuzey şehir kapısı bir kompleks olarak inşa edilmiştir. Kapı anıtsal iki girişi ve ortada bulunan 2 katlı çeşme yapısıyla tek başına planlanmamıştır. Kapı önündeki büyük meydan, ortaya çıkan kuzey cadde ile uzun süre birlikte kullanılmış, Anadolu’nun en anıtsal kapılarından birisidir. Kapı kompleksinin günümüze ulaşan kalıntıları M.S. 139 depreminden sonra İmparator Antonius Pius’un yardımıyla inşa edilmiştir. Erken Bizans Dönemi’nde kapının hemen batı girişi önüne yön birliği henüz sağlanmadan kuzey-güney yönlü bazilikal planlı üç nefli bir kilise inşa edildiği, yapılan çalışmalarla ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Daha sonra kapının doğu girişi hizasına doğu-batı yönlü bazilikal planlı üç nefli ikinci bir kilise daha inşa edildiği tespit edilmiştir. Kiliselerin etrafında Bizans Dönemine ait birçok mezar tespit edilerek açılmıştır. Bu çalışmaların sonunda, kapının 3 boyutlu çizimi yapılarak orijinaline uygun olarak canlandırılmıştır.

Mozaik, çok eski çağlardan beri sevilerek kullanılan bir sanat dalı olmuştur. M.Ö. 3. binde ilk örneklerine rastlanılan mozaik sanatı yüzyıllar içerisinde farklı toplumlar ve kültürler tarafından kullanılarak çeşitli değişimler geçirmiş ve günümüzde de önemini koruyan bir sanat dalı olma özelliğini devam ettirmiştir.Bu çalışmada; öncelikli olarak Kilikya Bölgesinin sınırları, tarihi coğrafyası ve bu bölgenin antik kentlerinden biri olan Kelenderis'in topografyası ile tarihi gelişimi üzerinde durulmuştur. Yine bu bölümü oluşturan birinci bölüm adı altında mozaik sanatının ortaya çıkış dönemlerinden itibaren geçirdiği tarihsel gelişim ve bu gelişimin ulaştığı nokta verilmeye çalışılmış son olarak da mozaik yapım tekniklerinden bahsedilmiştir.İkinci bölümde, Kelenderis Agora Bazilikası'nın mimari tanımı yapılarak Bazilikanın zeminini oluşturan mozaiklerin durumu ve kısa tanımı yapılmıştır.Üçüncü bölümde, Kelenderis Agora Bazilikası zemin mozaiği üzerindeki hayvan betimlemelerinin ikonografik değerlendirilmesi üzerinde durularak benzer örnekleri olan mozaik betimlemelerine de kısaca yer verilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde, bu çalışmalar sonucunda elde edilen bulgular ?Değerlendirme ve Sonuç? başlığında değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmamızın son aşaması olan beşinci bölümde, ?Katalog? başlığı altında konumuzu oluşturan hayvan türlerinin tipolojisi üzerinde durulmuştur., Mosaic has been an art form mostly used since the ancient times. The mosaic art rooted back to 3000 B.C. has undergone various changes with the reason of used by different societies and cultures during centuries, and it has maintained to be an important art form today.Firstly, the boundaries, historical geography and topography of Celenderis, one of the ancient cities of the region, with its historical development were emphasized in this study. In the first part the historical development of mosaic art since the emergence of it, current stage of this development and also mosaic methods were mentioned. In the second part, the achitectural definition of Celenderis Agora Basilica. The situation and short definition of mosaics composing of the ground of Basilica were explained.In the third part, it was stressed on the iconographic evaluation of animal descriptions on Celenderis Agora Basilica ground mozaic, and mosaic descriptions having similiar examples were mentioned shortly.In the fourth part, the data gained from the study were evaluated under the title of `Assessments and Result?.In the fifth part of our study that is the last one, the typology of animal kinds comprising of our subject was emphaized with the title of `Catalog?.