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Between the start of the cemetery movement in Liverpool and Manchester in the early 1820s, and the first wave of closures under the Burial Acts in the mid-1850s, Victorian cities underwent a profound change, as churchyards fell out of favour and were replaced as primary places of burial by secular, multi-confessional cemeteries with government-mandated rules and aesthetic innovations. Behind the scenes of this funereal transformation, entrepreneurs, public health reformers and the Anglican clergy fought over the conditions governing this change. The result was a series of compromises that shaped the cities of the dead. These were not merely physical structures, as ownership and control of human corpses were determined by complex sets of laws, privileges and countervailing authorities. The city of Bath, arguably the eighteenth century's most successful resort town, had by 1800 become an urban centre characterised by profound social and religious inequalities. The building of a series of burial grounds by Nonconformists, and the subsequent advent of private cemeteries funded and run by Anglican clergymen, diluted the role of parochial vestries, before the Burial Acts reasserted their role in the 1850s, structuring them into local democracies of the dead. Identifying the networks of stakeholders and breaking down their accounting and discourses can provide a valuable insight into the citizenship of the deceased, a secondary agency that influenced the outcome of Victorian social history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines in detail the architectural and technological features of the Dragos Bath in the Kartal district of Istanbul. Part of a building complex consisting of a church, a residence, and a bath, the Dragos Bath stands out as an advanced example of a simple row-type plan. One of the best-preserved examples of bath structures unearthed in Istanbul, the Dragos Bath draws attention especially with its hypocaust system. Reflecting the advanced use of technology of the period, this system provides important information about water management and heating technologies in baths. The aim of the article is to reveal the architectural features of the Dragos Bath, examine the technology used in the heating system, and provide dating suggestions by identifying the construction phases. In this context, the plan features and material technique of the structure were examined, two construction phases were identified. Its relationship with the surrounding structures was evaluated, and comparisons were made with similar examples in Istanbul and Anatolia. As a result of this study, the data obtained were evaluated together with the excavation findings and the first construction phase of the Dragos Bath was dated to the 6th century AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Online Journal of Recreation & Sports is the property of Online Journal of Recreation & Sports and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction Methods Results Discussion and Conclusions Recent media reports highlight that drug‐related fatalities can occur while individuals are immersed in water in domestic settings. We aimed to determine the case characteristics, circumstances of death and type of implicated drugs among individuals dying due to unintentional drug‐related causes found immersed in a bath or hot tub.Retrospective cohort study in the United Kingdom using coronial records from the National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths, 1997–2023. Information was available on decedent socio‐demographics, characteristics of death and drugs implicated in death.One hundred fifty‐six decedents were found immersed in the bath and six in a hot tub, a mean of 6.4 deaths per year (SD 3.7; range 1–13). Overall decedents were predominantly male (n = 94, 58.0%), of White ethnicity (n = 98, 60.5%) with a mean age of 40 years (SD 13; range 19–74). Only 12 decedents had any physical contributory factor to death other than poisoning or drowning. The median number of drugs detected at post‐mortem was 3 (interquartile range 2, 5) with multiple drug toxicity implicated in the majority of cases (n = 90, 55.6%). The most common implicated drugs were heroin (n = 53, 32.7%), alcohol (n = 46, 28.4%) and cocaine (n = 33, 20.4%).Over the last two decades in the United Kingdom there have been consistent numbers of unintentional drug‐related deaths each year where individuals were found in a bath or hot tub. Polysubstance, opioid and alcohol use are overrepresented. Targeted advice to avoid bathing while intoxicated would appear to be an appropriate harm reduction message. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background A priority setting partnership for eczema (syn atopic eczema, atopic dermatitis) has identified that bathing frequency is a key area of patient interest. However, there are nolarge, high-quality randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating this. The Rapid Eczema Trials project is a novel programme of research that aims to deliver multiple online RCTs, using a citizen science approach. This project involves working with members of the public to co-design and conduct studies that answer questions of importance to them. The first trial to be conducted through this project is assessing the impact of bathing frequency on eczema. Methods This is an online, two-arm, parallel-group superiority RCT with internal pilot phase. People aged ≥1 year with eczemaliving in the United Kingdom are eligible. Exclusion criteria are: people with other types of eczema such as venous eczema, hand eczema and contact eczema; recently started a new eczema treatment; taking part in another eczema trial; Patient Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM) ≤2; planning to swim more than twice a week; unable/unwilling to change bathing practices. Participants are allocated 1:1 to either the weekly bathing group (bathe 1 or 2 times a week) or the daily bathing group (bathe 6 or more times a week) for 4 weeks. The primary outcome is POEM, assessed weekly over 4 weeks. Secondary outcomes include skin specific quality of life, eczema control, itch severity, use of usual eczema treatments, proportion who achieve an improvement in POEM of ≥3 points, global change in eczema and safety outcomes. A sample of participants will also be invited to a semi-structured interview to discuss their experience. The primary comparative analysis will be according to randomised allocation regardless of actual frequency of bathing. The trial will be reported in accordance with CONSORT guidelines. The study has received ethical approval by the London - Surrey Research Ethics Committee (2 Redman Place, London, E20 1JQ, United Kingdom) on 11/10/2023 ( approval number: 23/PR/0899). Trial registration ISRCTN12016473, 22/11/2023, https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN12016473

Background A priority setting partnership for eczema (syn atopic eczema, atopic dermatitis) has identified that bathing frequency is a key area of patient interest. However, there are nolarge, high-quality randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating this. The Rapid Eczema Trials project is a novel programme of research that aims to deliver multiple online RCTs, using a citizen science approach. This project involves working with members of the public to co-design and conduct studies that answer questions of importance to them. The first trial to be conducted through this project is assessing the impact of bathing frequency on eczema. Methods This is an online, two-arm, parallel-group superiority RCT with internal pilot phase. People aged ≥1 year with eczemaliving in the United Kingdom are eligible. Exclusion criteria are: people with other types of eczema such as venous eczema, hand eczema and contact eczema; recently started a new eczema treatment; taking part in another eczema trial; Patient Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM) ≤2; planning to swim more than twice a week; unable/unwilling to change bathing practices. Participants are allocated 1:1 to either the weekly bathing group (bathe 1 or 2 times a week) or the daily bathing group (bathe 6 or more times a week) for 4 weeks. The primary outcome is POEM, assessed weekly over 4 weeks. Secondary outcomes include skin specific quality of life, eczema control, itch severity, use of usual eczema treatments, proportion who achieve an improvement in POEM of ≥3 points, global change in eczema and safety outcomes. A sample of participants will also be invited to a semi-structured interview to discuss their experience. The primary comparative analysis will be according to randomised allocation regardless of actual frequency of bathing. The trial will be reported in accordance with CONSORT guidelines. The study has received ethical approval by the London - Surrey Research Ethics Committee (2 Redman Place, London, E20 1JQ, United Kingdom) on 11/10/2023 ( approval number: 23/PR/0899). Trial registration ISRCTN12016473, 22/11/2023, https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN12016473

Background Trauma is a highly prevalent and costly global health problem. Prevention and control of infection is a major challenge in the management of traumatic wounds, while prolonged absence of skin washing after trauma will increase the incidence of wound infection, as well as the discomfort. Although many patients are willing to take a bath after trauma, the timing and method of bathing remains unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to build an appropriate scheme of bathing with wounds to keep the skin and wounds clean. Objective To construct a bathing with wounds at home scheme suitable for patients with traumatic wounds in China, and to provide a feasible care scheme for keeping the skin of trauma patients clean and improving the outcome of wound healing. Methods Database at home and abroad were searched to obtain original literature, the first draft of the items of bathing with wounds at home scheme for patients with traumatic wounds was formulated through evidence-based analysis, generalization, group discussion. Fifteen wound care experts with associate or higher titles were included, and Delphi consultation was used to modify and improve the bathing with wounds scheme, with an interval of one week for each round of correspondences, the reliability of the consultation results was evaluated by the expert positive and authority coefficients. The consistency of the consultation results was evaluated by the coefficient of variation, a revised draft was formulated with terminated consultation when the coefficient of variation less than 0.25, which means that the expert opinions tend to be consistent. Thirty patients with traumatic wounds were enrolled in the pre-test, Likert 5-point scale was used to verify the convenience, safety and patient compliance of the bathing with wounds scheme, and the final scheme was developed after discussion and modification. Results After the inclusion of 23 related papers, the first draft of bathing with wounds scheme was developed through evidence-based analysis and discussion, involving three first-level items (including preparation befor bathing, bathing operation and treatment after bathing), seven second-level items, nine third-level items and four fourth-level items. The opinions of the 15 experts converged after 2 rounds of correspondence, with recall rates of 93.75% and 100.00%, with authority coefficients of 0.947 and 0.957, respectively. The variation coefficients of importance and maneuverability of each item in the first round were 0-0.25 and 0-0.23, and those in the second round were 0.09-0.18 and 0.07-0.14, respectively, a total of 2 items were deleted, 5 items were modified and 2 items were added, resulting in a revised draft. The 30 enrolled patients with traumatic wounds took baths (2.70±0.47) times per week according to the bathing scheme, with the average bath time of 10-15min, convenience and compliance scores of (4.67±0.48) and (4.70±0.47), and no bathing-related adverse events and wound infection occurred.The pre-test proved that the bathing plan was safe、reliable、simple and have good patient compliance. The final draft of the bathing with wounds scheme for traumatic wound patients included three first-level items, eight second-level items, nine third-level items and three fourth-level items. Conclusion In the construction process of the bathing with wounds scheme for traumatic wound patients, the positive and authority coefficients of experts are high, which has been unanimously approved by corresponding experts. The compliance of 30 patients with traumatic wounds in the pre-test was high, suggesting that the bathing with wounds scheme is safe and convenient, which can be applied to bathing with wounds at home for patients with traumatic wounds in China.

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Seventeenth-century Stuart queens consort were frequent visitors to English spas; primarily Wellingborough, Tunbridge Wells, and Bath. Anna of Denmark, Henrietta Maria, Catherine of Braganza, and Mary Beatrice of Modena sought mineral waters for gout and to encourage conception, solidifying a royal trend. While studies have addressed the social and political context of these visits, this article explores their medical treatment in the waters in regard to the purgatives, clysters, ointments, diet, and exercise that contributed to their cures. Occupying similar positions and even sharing doctors, the consorts’ use of the waters illuminates how treatments were tailored to their ailments. The article draws on the little-analysed notes of royal physician Theodore Mayerne, queens’ accounts, and spa guidebooks to argue that a holistic spa ecology of waters, earth, and air underpinned successful spa treatment. It also provides broadly applicable insights into the applied use of mineral waters in early modern England and beyond.

Turkish baths and bath culture have a very special place in the social life of Turkish society. In addition, due to the importance given by the Islamic religion to cleanliness and especially to cleaning with rivers, our baths are one of the indispensable architectural monuments of our social life. As in all civilizations, baths have an important place in Anatolian culture. Baths are divided into two as public baths and private baths. Public baths are used by the public, while private baths are baths that serve a limited number of people. In this study, the Yivli Minaret (Mevlevihane) Bath, located within the Yivli Minaret Complex in Antalya Kaleiçi, is discussed. The construction date of the bath, which is included in the group of private baths, is not known exactly. In 2019, extensive excavation work was carried out in the bath by the Antalya Museum. After the excavations, it was determined that new units belonging to the bath emerged. In the light of these findings, different suggestions about the original plan of the bath will be put forward than those known so far.

Background: Illness and hospitalization generally require modifications in personal hygiene practices. During hospitalization and especially in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), patients experience situations involving the need for personal hygiene, procedures performed on them due to limitations arising as a result of the ill condition. Bed bathing is an intervention that must be performed in critical patients with the aim of meeting personal hygiene needs in critical patients, but it is necessary to carry out close monitoring and control to avoid side effects, such as hemodynamic status instability. Objectives:: To determine the effect of bathing in bed with warm water on vital signs and oxygen saturation in adult patients attached with mechanical ventilators. Methods:: This study is a quasi-experimental study involving 18 samples determined by total sampling technique based on inclusion criteria: Patients attached to mechanical ventilators, aged 18 years or older, stable in hemodynamics and exclusion criteria: Attached drugs for the heart, patients with head injuries, receiving drug therapy to lower body temperature.Results: The paired t-test results showed an effect between bathing in bed with warm water on systole blood pressure (p = 0.042; p < 0.005), breathing (p = 0.009), and pulse rate (p = 0.025). There was no effect between bathing in bed with warm water on diastole blood pressure (p = 0.063), body temperature (p = 0.862) and oxygen saturation (p = 0.120). Conclusions : Bed bathing affects systolic blood pressure, breathing, pulse rate and has no effect on diastolic blood pressure, body temperature, and oxygen saturation. However, during bathing in bed should always pay attention to changes that occur in vital signs and oxygen saturation.

Abstract Background Bath is an external stimulus for preterm infants. Currently, three methods are used for preterm infants to bath. It is important to choose the best way for them. The objective of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the effectiveness of different bath methods on physiological indexes and behavioral status of preterm infants. Methods This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses [PRISMA] guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO(CRD42022377657). PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CINAHL, Sino Med, China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI) and Wan-Fang database were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials on the effects of different bath methods for preterm infants. The retrieval time was from the establishment of the database to February 2023. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the literature was screened, quality evaluated and the data was extracted. Reman Version 5.4 was used for meta-analysis and Stata 16.0 software for publication bias Egger’s test. Results A total of 11 RCTs with 828 preterm infants were included. The results of meta-analysis showed that the body temperature and oxygen saturation of preterm infants in the sponge bath group were lower than those in conventional tub bath group (SMD = -0.34; 95%CI -0.56 to -0.12; I2 = 0; p

This article explores spatial, social and cultural boundaries in the hammams of the city of Marseille (France) based on the study of practices and representations of cleanliness, in relation to the spatial configurations of bathhouses and their location in the city. By adopting a conception of the frontier as a 'space' - physical or symbolic - where circulations and separations take place, I will question the way in which the hammams translate within them the boundaries of the society in which they are located. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Adalya is the property of Koc University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Dilute sodium hypochlorite (bleach) baths at 0.005% concentration twice weekly have been shown to markedly reduce the severity of atopic dermatitis in children, yet no tolerability and efficacy data are available for this treatment in dogs. Objectives: To determine the local tolerability and the longitudinal effect on the density of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius of repeated diluted bleach baths on healthy dog skin. Animals: Four healthy hound cross‐bred dogs. Methods: Bleach baths (0.005%; twice weekly for 15 min) were applied to four healthy hound cross‐bred dogs over four weeks (eight baths). Local tolerability was assessed for axillae, abdomen and legs by an investigator before, immediately after and 24 h after each bath. The longitudinal effect on density of S. pseudintermedius from axillae and groin was analysed through quantitative PCR before treatment [at Day (D)‐7 and ‐3], during treatment on D4, D11 and D25, and on D30. Results: There was no erythema or scaling after the baths in any dog. Copy numbers of S. pseudintermedius in axillae, groin and both (axillae and groin together) were not significantly different at any time point during the study. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Repeated 0.005% hypochlorite bleach baths over four weeks were safe and well‐tolerated in healthy dogs without significant changes in the density of S. pseudintermedius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objective: To validate a checklist for safe bathing in critically ill patients. Methods: This is a methodological and quantitative study. Researchers developed a checklist for safe bathing in critically ill patients consisting of 41 items, which were submitted to the apparent and content validation process, evaluated by eleven judges, and interobserver reliability. For reliability analysis, the instrument was applied in 54 bed bath procedures in the ICU; Kappa and CHF tests were used. Results: In the apparent and content validation, adjustments were made according to the judges’ suggestions. Kappa values ranged from moderate to almost perfect (0.462 to 0.962), and, in some items, there was 100% agreement; the reliability of the instrument was excellent (ICC = 0.962). Conclusion: The instrument proved to be dependable and easy to apply. Its use will contribute to safe bed bathing and subsidize interventions aimed at increasing the quality of care.

Background: Bath is an external stimulus for preterm infants. Currently, three methods are used for preterm infants to bath. It is important to choose the best way for them. The objective of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the effectiveness of different bath methods on physiological indexes and behavioral status of preterm infants. Methods: This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses [PRISMA] guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO(CRD42022377657). PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CINAHL, Sino Med, China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI) and Wan-Fang database were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials on the effects of different bath methods for preterm infants. The retrieval time was from the establishment of the database to February 2023. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the literature was screened, quality evaluated and the data was extracted. Reman Version 5.4 was used for meta-analysis and Stata 16.0 software for publication bias Egger's test. Results: A total of 11 RCTs with 828 preterm infants were included. The results of meta-analysis showed that the body temperature and oxygen saturation of preterm infants in the sponge bath group were lower than those in conventional tub bath group (SMD = -0.34; 95%CI -0.56 to -0.12; I2 = 0; p < 0.01), (MD = -0.39; 95%CI -0.76 to -0.02; I2 = 39%; p = 0.04), while the heart rates were higher than those in conventional tub bath group(MD = 5.90; 95%CI 0.44 to 11.35; I2 = 61%; p = 0.03). Preterm infant's body temperature and blood oxygen saturation of in swaddle bath group were higher than those in conventional tub bath group (MD = 0.18; 95%CI 0.05 to 0.30; I2 = 88%; p < 0.01), (MD = 1.11; 95%CI 0.07 to 2.16; I2 = 86%; p = 0.04), respiratory rates were more stable compared with infants in conventional tub bath group (MD = -2.73; 95%CI -3.43 to -2.03; I2 = 0; p < 0.01). The crying duration, stress and pain scores of preterm infants in swaddle bath group were lower than those in conventional tub bath group (SMD = -1.64; 95CI -2.47 to -0.82; I2 = 91%; p < 0.01), (SMD = -2.34; 95%CI -2.78 to -1.91; I2 = 0; p < 0.01), (SMD = -1.01; 95%CI -1.40 to -0.62; I2 = 49%; p < 0.01). Egger's test showed no publication bias in body temperature, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and crying duration. Conclusions: Swaddle bath is the best bathing method than conventional tub bath and sponge bath in maintaining the stability of preterm infant's body temperature, blood oxygen saturation and respiratory rate. In addition, swaddle bath also plays a role in reducing cry duration, stress scores, and pain levels of preterm infant compared with conventional tub bath and sponge bath. However, due to the important heterogeneity in some outcomes, future studies with larger sample size and more appropriately design are needed to conduct before recommendation. Trial registration: Prospero CRD42022377657 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes the results of the first comprehensive study of the many people who visited William and Caroline Herschel at their homes in Bath, Datchet, Clay Hall and Slough. It covers the period from 1777 to William’s death in 1822. The research is based on various documents, notably the three Visitors’ Books written by Caroline and others. The investigation resulted in a large dataset that was statistically analyzed. It contains information about the times and places of the visits, as well as biographical data on the guests, and their professions, status and nationalities. A particular focus is on visits by astronomers, physicists and musicians, and the observations that they made with Herschel’s telescopes. This study provides an insight into scientific life at the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, in which the Herschels played an important role due to their astronomical discoveries, innovative instruments and new observing techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iranians have paid special attention to bath and bathing for a long time. Although they paid a lot of attention to bathing and observing hygiene and cleanliness during the Qajar period, as in previous periods, this study aims to find out the social distinctions that existed among the upper and lower classes of Iranian society in the Qajar era regarding the construction of a bath and the matter of bathing. is, show in this research, by using historical sources and descriptive-analytical method, an attempt was made to answer these questions by applying Bourdieu's theory of social differentiation: What was the view of the upper classes of Iranian society during the Qajar era on the construction of baths and the purpose of bathing; Did they have objective beyond maintaining health and cleanliness of the body? How did the lower classes of society perceive and engage with concept of bath and bathing? The premise of the research is based on the fact that although the purpose of the lower classes of society to go to the bathroom and take a bath was based on necessities such as cleaning the body in order to perform ablution and maintain cleanliness, hygiene and health, the purpose of the noble classes was to build a bathroom and The purpose of bathing, in addition to meeting the needs such as maintaining cleanliness, hygiene and health of the body, was that through the use of decorations in the construction of the bathroom or through entertainment, beautification and self-decoration during bathing, one's distinctive and distinctive features were also show reflect their distinctive and discriminating aspects to other strata and classes.

This article presents an overview of Second World War bomb damage to British towns and cities and a systematic evaluation of the relationship between damage, revisioning, replanning, and actual reconstruction in a sample of cities—Bath, Birmingham, and Hull. Two were severely affected by aerial bombing as port/industrial targets, and the third for propaganda purposes as a historical city. Two had extensive plans produced by eminent consultants (both involving Patrick Abercrombie) but the city managers of the third did not support “big plans.” Birmingham, without a specific plan, rebuilt extensively and relatively quickly. Hull’s plan was disliked locally and virtually vanished. Bath was repaired rather than rebuilt. These contrasting experiences have shaped the contemporary city via subsequent generations of replanning (not all of which was implemented) and, in Birmingham’s case, the demolition of major reconstruction investments after relatively short lifespans. The article demonstrates the difficulty of conceptualising a generic approach to post-catastrophe reconstruction and the problems of such large-scale change over a short period for the longer-term effective functioning of the city.

The news that her family were to leave Steventon to live in Bath has often been thought a key moment in Jane Austen's life. She is said to have fainted in distress. This essay does not mine Austen's novels for clues to the author's personal history, or suggest that the loss of a beloved home is directly reproduced in any of her novels, though this has been suggested, but argues instead that Austen's fictions do show the impress of this traumatic experience in a more elusive and in-depth mode. In all of her novels, the motif of the loss of home plays a role, though quite differently in each. I draw on the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein's concept of 'family resemblance' to provide a conceptual framework, and to illuminate the affinities between the novels and the author's life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the habits, utensils and products of grooming and personal care employed by the elites of Seville in the first half of the 16th century, when the city's port became the gateway to the Indies. This involves distinguishing between wet and dry routines of bodily care and cleansing, as well as processes related to cosmetics and hair care, often also performed in pursuit of medicinal benefits. We also take into account the importance of perfume production, which often took place in the domestic space and resulted in fragrances applied both to the body and the home environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study investigates the potential of ultrasonic baths to enhance mold-assisted electrodeposition for fabricating three-dimensional (3D) microelectrode arrays (MEAs) with improved quality and reliability. Focusing on gold microstructures, commonly employed in 3D MEAs due to their biocompatibility and electrical conductivity, we explore how ultrasonic vibrations impact the electrodeposition process. Through the formation of microscopic bubbles and reactive sites, ultrasonic baths accelerate deposition, offering potential benefits such as increased deposition rates, uniformity, and cost-effectiveness. Our experimental findings demonstrate significant improvements in deposition rate and uniformity, highlighting the potential of ultrasonic baths to advance the fabrication of 3D MEAs for various biomedical applications.

The ruins of ancient Tarsus, the metropolis of the Cilicia Region, located in the south of Anatolia, lie under the modern city. Ancient authors talking about Tarsus also mention the Cydnus River, which runs through the middle of the ancient city. These authors also emphasize the size of the city and the level of prosperity it has achieved. On the basis of the development of the city, there are factors such as having a port in ancient times, the fact that an international road reaches the city and the location of the Cydnus River passing through the city. All these qualities also confirm that good planning was observed in the first establishment of the city. These characteristics of Tarsus must have significantly affected various areas such as urban planning, commercial and cultural development. Considering the location of Tarsus suitable for road, sea and river transportation, it becomes clear why it is defined as a large and rich city. Tarsus, which has a very strategic location, has water-related structures such as bridges, baths, and cisterns as well as many important structures. In addition, imported ceramics that will shed light on both the development of Tarsus and its commercial activities in the ancient period can be listed among the remarkable archaeological finds. In this study, the connection of the Cydnus River with the city, which flowed through the borders of Tarsus district in ancient times and was changed in the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Period, was discussed. The contribution of the Cydnus River to trade, city planning and the welfare level of Tarsus since its foundation has been researched, based on the information provided by ancient and modern authors, as well as archaeological data.

Objective:Through this study we aimed to determine the risk factors affecting the transmission of Echinococcus granulosus to humans.Methods:This case-control study included a study group comprising of 107 people who underwent surgery for hydatid cyst and a control group comprising of 107 people. Place of living, age, and sex were taken as matching factors. A chi-square analysis was used for paired comparisons in the study. The variables that were significantly related in paired comparisons were included in the logistic regression analysis.Results:Hydatid cyst disease was seen 3.661 [confidence interval (CI) =1.650-8.123] times more often in individuals with an education period of 11 years or less compared to those with 12 years or above, 3.427 (CI=1.470-7.991) times more in those with a toilet outside the house compared to those with a toilet inside the house, and 5.540 (CI=2.088-14.697) times more in individuals who took a shower 8 times a month or less compared to those who take a shower 9 times or more.Conclusion:Individuals with a low level of education and who do not pay attention to environmental and personal hygiene are at risk for hydatid cyst disease.

Introduction: In Persian medicine (PM) references, the bathroom is not only important for body cleanliness. In this study, the applications and therapeutic effects of taking a bath are investigated. Materials and Methods: This is a library study that searched the keywords of bath, taking a bath, and washing in the comprehensive traditional medicine library of Noor research center, PubMed, Google Scholar, and SID databases as well as other domestic and foreign articles. Results: From the PM’s point of view, taking a bath has many privileges and it is recommended for maintaining the health of normal people and the treatment of diseases in patients. The sages of Persian Medicine have written many papers about the benefits of bathing and therapeutic solutions in bath such as bathtubs, oil therapy, massage, and use of hot, cold, and mild types of baths. They have referred to various types of water in this treatment. In general, they have discussed the preventive and therapeutic uses of bathing such as relieving pain, anxiety, DM, enhancing sleep quality, and promoting the quality of life in cancer patients. Bath is not only a place for body cleansing, which is predominant in modern baths. In addition to the role of their architecture based on temperament, these are prescribed to prevent the disease and due to their therapeutic effects. Conclusion: From the point of view of PM, baths with different and appropriate conditions can have many applications for maintaining the health status of normal people or the patient's treatment and recovery.

The present study aims to investigate the entrainment of the electrolytic bath with aluminum tapping flows from the reduction cell. The physical water modeling technique was used together with numerical simulations.The physical model experiments were carried out in a one-tenth-scale model of an aluminum reduction cell and tapping system. The model comprises a transparent acrylic rectangular container, measuring 800 mm wide, 200 mm, long 300 mm deep and a 26 mm-diameter PVC pipe. Water and canola –oil were used at room temperature to simulate molten aluminum and electrolytic bath, respectively. The modified Froude number-based similarity was used to ensure dynamic similarity between the model and the prototype. Numerical simulations were conducted on a three-dimensional model of an aluminum cell using Ansys Fluent Multiphase and the realizable turbulent k−ε models. Reynolds Averaged Navier -Stokes equations and k−ε realizable turbulence equations were solved using Coupled solver for pressure and velocity coupling by Fluent. The withdrawal pipe positions and leaning angles were considered.From experimental and numerical results, it was observed that the entrainment of oil (simulated bath) increased with the pipe diameter and decreased with the pipe leaning angle. Entrainment was associated with a free surface vortex when the flow was dynamic and wavy with significant circulation. Entrainment occurs without a vortex when the interface between the two fluids drops in a quiescent flow regime.

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Kuruluşundan kısa bir süre sonra dünyanın önemli devletlerinden biri haline gelen Osmanlı Devleti’nin payitahtı İstanbul, XVI. ve XVII. yüzyıllarda başta elçilik görevlileri olmak üzere pek çok yabancıyı ağırladı. Bu isimler, Osmanlı Devleti’ne ve İstanbul’a dair çeşitli gözlemlerde bulundu. Bu yabancılar, Osmanlıların gündelik hayatı ile ilgili müşahedelerini bazı durumlarda abartılı, bazen eğlenceli bazen de yanlı ve yanlış bir şekilde kaleme aldı. Her koşulda tüm olumsuzluklara rağmen bu kişilerin gözlemleri ve aktardıkları önemli sayılacak türdendi. Bu çalışmada, XVI. ve XVII. yüzyıllarda yabancıların bakışından payitaht İstanbul’da mütemekkin Türklerin, temizlik kültürü değerlendirilmektedir. Bu bağlamda gerek erkek gerekse kadınların temizlik anlayışları, cilt ve vücut bakımları, güzel görünme adına yapmış oldukları rutinler ele alınmaktadır. Ayrıca bilgilerin el verdiği ölçüde yabancılar ile Türklerin, temizlik ve bakım konusunda benzeyen ve farklılaşan yönleri aktarılmaya çalışılacaktır. Böylece Osmanlı dünyasına dışarıdan bakan, gözlemleyen farklı isimlerin temizlik ve bakım konusundaki anlatıları karşılaştırmalı bir şekilde değerlendirmeye tabii tutulacaktır. Araştırma, yabancıların bakışından Türklerin temizlik ve bakım kültürü üzerine odaklanmaktadır.

Bunshō Zōshi is a tale of love and social ascent. This tale, composed during the Muromachi period, has had many illustrated editions, in both handwritten scrolls and printed books, from the beginning of the 17th century until the middle of the 18th century. Among these anonymous illustrated scrolls, one set stands out for its unique depiction of an aristocrat in disguise. The representation of his body, naked and disguised, show the whole social hierarchy underlying the story. The study of this set of scrolls is thus an opportunity to highlight the role of the representation of the body in narrative painting, and to link it to both the genre painting that emerged in the sixteenth century and to the new attention paid by painters to the naked body.

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Copyright of Journal of Mosaic Research is the property of Uludag University, Mosaic Research Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A visual conversation through art herstory and mothering, made during the first lockdown of 2020. Faced with a lack of private space, the author locks herself in the bath and discusses paintings from the past as she grapples to make art when her son wants her full attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an overview of Second World War bomb damage to British towns and cities and a systematic evaluation of the relationship between damage, revisioning, replanning, and actual reconstruction in a sample of cities--Bath, Birmingham, and Hull. Two were severely affected by aerial bombing as port/industrial targets, and the third for propaganda purposes as a historical city. Two had extensive plans produced by eminent consultants (both involving Patrick Abercrombie) but the city managers of the third did not support "big plans." Birmingham, without a specific plan, rebuilt extensively and relatively quickly. Hull's plan was disliked locally and virtually vanished. Bath was repaired rather than rebuilt. These contrasting experiences have shaped the contemporary city via subsequent generations of replanning (not all of which was implemented) and, in Birmingham's case, the demolition of major reconstruction investments after relatively short lifespans. The article demonstrates the difficulty of conceptualising a generic approach to post-catastrophe reconstruction and the problems of such large-scale change over a short period for the longer-term effective functioning of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Academic Research in Nursing (JAREN) is the property of Hemsirelikte Egitim ve Arastirma Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Architectonics & Architecture / Építés - Építészettudomány is the property of Akademiai Kiado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)