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Background: In basketball training, self-evaluation plays a crucial role in the decision-making and execution of movements of players. The self-evaluation of players is influenced by their perception of own basketball ability and selfconfidence state. This study aimed to explore potential discrepancies between self-confidence levels of players and their decision-making performance, while also characterizing different types of players. Method: Data was collected from 20 youth basketball players who participated in a decision-making video task and a self-confidence assessment. Based on data from their self-confidence and decision-making awareness assessment, the K-means cluster analysis was used to categorize the players into different groups. Then, ANOVA and post hoc Scheffe test were conducted to compare these clusters. Results: The cluster analysis identified four distinct profiles of players and the results of the ANOVA and post hoc Scheffe tests revealed significant differences between the four clusters. The "High Self-confidence & Low Decision-making Awareness" players might display an overconfident mindset, while the "High Self-confidence & High Decision-making Awareness" players potentially demonstrated the better performance and maintained a consistent and confident attitude. The "Low Self-confidence & High Decision-making Awareness" players appeared to lack confidence and needed to foster greater faith in their abilities. Finally, the "Low Self-confidence & Low Decision-making Awareness" players required a long-term and comprehensive training program to improve their skills. Discussion: These preliminary findings informed the development of a selfevaluation matrix, designed to help coaches better understand player profiles and design tailored interventions. Moreover, this study contributes on sport calibration and enhances understanding of the behavioral and psychological states of players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Trakya Journal of Education is the property of Trakya Journal of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Basketball demands a sophisticated blend of tactical, technical, physical, and psychological skills, and various methods have been proposed to prepare players for these demands, including resistance training to enhance strength, power, speed, agility, and endurance. Complex training (CT) integrates diverse strength training methodologies by combining heavy-resistance exercises (e.g., squat at 90% of one repetition maximum) with high-velocity movements or plyometrics, both sharing the same biomechanical pattern. However, the optimal application of CT in basketball remains uncertain due to diverse protocols and a lack of consensus in the literature. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the acute and chronic effects of CT interventions on physical fitness performance in basketball players and identify the most effective characteristics of moderators. Methods: A bibliographic search was conducted using PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines using the PICOS strategy. Results: Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria, three articles analyzed acute effects, and thirteen analyzed chronic effects. The total number of participants in the studies analyzing acute effects was 50, while for studies examining chronic effects, it was 362. Conclusions: Acutely, CT triggers post-activation potentiation and enhances sprint performance when coupled with brief rest intervals. Over time, these acute improvements contribute to more substantial, long-lasting benefits. Chronic effects of CT improve strength, as evidenced by enhanced 1 RM performance, jumps, sprints, and core muscle strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agility is an expression of the body's overall ability, and SAQ training is flexible, multilateral, and fun. While the majority of researchers have focused on the impact of SAQ training on basketball, less research has been done on the development of students' flexibility. The aim of this research is to investigate the influence of SAQ training on the flexibility of undergraduates in higher education. METHODS: A SAQ exercise was carried out on 48 PE undergraduates in the year 2023 from Guangzhou Sports Institute of Guangzhou, China. In the control group (24), the conventional agile training was adopted. The experiment was conducted in 8 - week course. The performance indicators of the students' flexibility were evaluated. SPSS Sample T-tests were applied to analyse the variation of the results. CONCLUSION: Eight weeks of experimentation showed that there were significantly different Agility Indicators among the two groups. The difference between the two groups was significant. The difference between the two groups was significant. Both SAQ training and traditional agility training are helpful for college students' agility, but SAQ training is superior to traditional agility training for college students' agility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is a randomised controlled trial that aims to investigate the impact of different levels of contextual interference (blocked, increasing, and random) on basketball skill performance in male college students. A sample of 106 male college students, who were in good health and had no prior basketball experience, were randomly divided into three groups: blocked schedule (BS), increasing schedule (IS), and random schedule (RS). During a nine-week period, all groups received training in basketball skills, including shooting, dribbling, and passing. Each group adhered to a unique practice schedule. The assessment of skill performance included a pre-test, Post-test 1 (Skill acquisition test), Post-test 2 (Skill retention test), and Post-test 3 (Skill transfer test). The first three tests shared similar content and scoring criteria, while the skill transfer test presented novel challenges. The statistical significance level was defined as p<0.05. An initial analysis utilising Mixed-Design Repeated Measure MANOVA indicated significant differences among the three groups in relation to all basketball skill scores (p < 0.05). The BS group demonstrated superior performance compared to the IS and RS groups in shooting (FT: 17.01 ±1.52), dribbling (SD:8.39±1.62), and passing (CP:3.60 ±1.01) during the skill acquisition test. However, the IS group demonstrated better performance in shooting (FT:16.26±1.82), dribbling (SD:7.52±0.72), and passing (CP:2.91±0.89) in the skill retention test compared to the BS and RS groups. The results of the one-way MANOVA analysis on post-test 3 indicated that the IS group performed significantly better in the skill transfer test (SS:19.89±2.86, CD:11.25±0.78, and RP:41.86 ±2.84) compared to the BS and RS groups (p<0.05). The results indicate that a higher frequency of practice sessions leads to improved basketball skills in beginners, particularly during the skill retention and transfer stages. The IS schedule is an effective method for improving basketball skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: As the only means of scoring in basketball, shooting or throwing is regarded as one of the essential skills that govern the game's success. When it comes to improving muscle performance in a variety of sports, variable resistance training (VRT) also known as resistance band training is one of the effective training methods. Objectives: To examine the impact of an eight-week variable resistance training (VRT) on performance and fitness measures in young collegiate basketball players. Materials and Methods: Thirty male collegiate basketball players in the age group of 18-30 years were included in this comparative study and randomly divided into two groups, group A and group B with 15 players in each group. Group A received VRT using resistance bands, whereas group B received training with free weights. Both groups received routine basketball training as well. Ball release speed, jump height, upper limb performance speed, and shooting accuracy were measured with radar gun, vertical jump test, plate tapping test, stationary free throw shooting test, and dynamic shooting test. For eight weeks, both groups underwent training thrice a week for 60 min each day for eight weeks. Result: Significant differences were seen in VRT group P < 0.05. The experimental group improved in the following areas: ball release speed (up 9.13%), lower limb power (up 24.96%), speed of upper limb performance (up 8.24%), and accuracy (29.52%). Conclusion: Variable resistance training using resistance bands can be adapted as a regular training in basketball game along with conventional basketball drills for enhancement of skill performance variables in basketball players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. This paper examines the critical components influencing performance in basketball, highlighting the significance of physical, technical, tactical, psychological, theoretical, and biological factors within the context of the sport. The physical aspect is essential across all athlete age groups, emphasizing the need for tailored training protocols that incorporate both general and specific conditioning, especially during the competition phase. Technical training, closely linked to tactical execution and psychological preparation, is vital for athletes to effectively handle complex game situations, enhancing their performance through coordinated teamwork and individual skills. Tactical acumen is underscored as a cognitive skill that enables players to make effective decisions during play, enhancing the overall team strategy. Psychological preparation emerges as a key determinant for achieving peak performance, especially under competitive pressure, necessitating a progressive approach that aligns with the athletes' training phases. The theoretical groundwork provides athletes with essential knowledge about game regulations, biomechanics, and training principles, fostering a deeper understanding of their sport. Finally, the biological aspect emphasizes the need for continuous improvement in athlete conditioning to meet the escalating performance standards in competitive play. Additionally, the characteristics of 3x3 basketball are explored, delineating its unique physiological demands, which require a distinct training approach that prioritizes recovery, anaerobic power, and coordinated movement adaptability to optimize athlete performance in this fast-paced format. Overall, a holistic training regimen that integrates these factors is essential for maximizing athletes' effectiveness and competitive success in basketball. Conclusions. Effective sports training requires a multi-faceted approach that addresses both the physical and psychological aspects of athlete development. We highlight the importance of a balanced training regimen that includes physical preparation, technical skill development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In basketball, shooting stands out as a vital technique directly affecting the game results. Identifying shooting mechanics early in a basketball player's career can significantly develop shooting performance in subsequent years. This study aimed to explore shooting percentages based on angular positions of joint parts in the shooting techniques of youth basketball players. Fifteen male participants (average age: 14.1±0.7 years, height: 180.7±7.9 cm, body weight: 65.4±10.0 kg, sports experience: 4.7±0.4 years) voluntarily participated in the study. They were divided into high shooting rate (n: 7) and low shooting rate (n: 8) groups. Both groups attempted 60 shots from the free throw line (20 shots), right forward position (20 shots), and left forward position (20 shots). Joint angle values during the initial and final shooting phases were compared between groups using Independent t-tests. Significant differences were found between groups in the shoulder part during the beginning phase and the wrist part during the final shooting phase (p<0.05). These findings underscore the potential for targeted enhancement of shooting mechanics among young basketball players through posture analysis (joint angle parts) using both performance assessments and electronic software tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the development of new materials and structural technologies for flexible strain sensors has attracted much attention. It is worth noting that conductive hydrogels have potential applications in the field of flexible strain sensors. In this work, we designed a conductive hydrogel with dynamic physical cross-linking based polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), MXene, and graphene (PMG conductive hydrogel) by using a step-by-step construction strategy. Nanocellulose loaded with MXene and graphene is incorporated into the PVA substrate, giving a PMG conductive hydrogel conductive channel. In addition, the mechanical strength of PMG hydrogel was improved by adding chitosan, and in order to enhance the cold resistance of PMG hydrogel, ferric chloride (FeCl3) inorganic salt was added to it. The experimental results show that PMG conductive hydrogel has excellent mechanical properties, its tensile strength can reach 2.5 MPa, and the breaking tensile rate is 565%. Most importantly, PMG hydrogel strain sensors are compatible with human skin, are suitable for basketball training monitoring, and shows potential application in smart sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to conduct a kinetic analysis of the lateral and vertical jumps of elite male basketball players through a 12-week axial stability training program to improve sports performance. Thirty elite Taiwanese male basketball players were openly recruited and divided into experimental groups and control groups. The experimental group conducted the test twice a week, a 12-week (24-session) axial stability training program intervention in total, and the control group only received general basketball training. A double-track force plate was used to measure lateral and vertical jumps in order to understand their dynamic parameters. Finally, a difference analysis between the post-test of lateral and vertical jumps was conducted. The results show that the axial stability training program affected the activation of the abdominal and lower limb extensor muscles and had a stabilizing effect on the muscles of the experimental group. When the participants conducted a lateral jump, they were able to stand firm within 1 s and take off instantly. The θ value of the T-PRF ranged from 60.7° to 68.6°. The post-test of the participants' vertical jump showed that the kurtosis of the RFD was steeper, the time required for the RFD was shorter, the GRF and the duration of passage increased, and the experimental group was better than the control group in all post-tests. By comparing the two types of jumps, it was found that they had the vertical force in common. The main differences were in the reaction force of the leg strength, the jump distance and height, and the take-off angle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. The study aimed to compare the cardiorespiratory fitness levels among male students majoring in football and basketball. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample size of 60 students, divided into two groups: 30 students from the basketball class and 30 students from the football class. The average age of students in the football class was 22.03 ± 0.81, while in the basketball class, it was 22.07 ± 0.74. All participants were male and active strata 1 students in semesters 4 and 6, equivalent to second and third-year students. The cardiorespiratory fitness level was assessed using the Cooper 1.5 mile or 2.4 km Run Test. The data analysis was performed using a twotailed independent sample t-test to determine differences between the two groups at a significance level of less than 5% (p<0.05). Prior to the t-test, normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and homogeneity was assessed using Levene's statistics, with a significance level higher than 5% (p>0.05). Results. The findings revealed that students in the football class showed a higher VO₂max (42.54 ± 5.40) compared to those in the basketball class (37.86 ± 5.62), demonstrating a statistically significant difference (p = 0.002). Conclusions. The study found a significant disparity in cardiorespiratory fitness levels between the football and basketball student groups within the campus setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Free throw is an important means of scoring in basketball games. With the improvement of basketball competition level and the enhancement of confrontation degree, the number of free throws in the game gradually increases, so the score of free throw will have an important impact on the result of the game. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between visual attention characteristics and hit rate of basketball players in free throw psychological procedure training, so as to provide scientific basis for basketball teaching and training. Methods: Forty players with similar free throw abilities were randomly assigned to the experimental group (10 males, 10 females) and control group (10 males, 10 females). The experimental group was free throw psychological procedure training, while the control group was trained with routine training, Eye movement indices (number of fixations, fixation duration, and pupil dilation) and the free throw hit rate and analyzed before and after the experiment. Group differences were examined using t-tests, while paired sample t-tests were conducted to compare pre- and post-test results within each group. The training time and training times of the two groups were the same. Results: There were significant differences in fixation duration, number of fixations, pupil diameter and free throw hit rate between pre-test and post-test in the experimental group (P < 0.05). Post-test, there were significant differences in number of fixations, fixation duration, pupil diameter and free throw hit rate between the two groups (P < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between number of fixations and free throw hit rate in top (P < 0.01), and there was a significant positive correlation between fixation duration and hit rate in front (P < 0.01). Conclusions: The psychological procedure training can improve the visual information search strategy and information processing ability of free throw, and significantly improve the free throw hit rate. There was a positive correlation between the front fixation time and the free throw hit rate, and there was a positive correlation between the top number of fixations and the free throw hit rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of psychological mood on the performance and mental health of athletes during VR training. The study involved representatives of both men's and women's basketball teams from universities in China (62 girls and 65 boys, whose average age was 18.2). The participants were divided into 2 groups. Both groups trained regularly, except the experimental group used VR technology, while the control group did not. To study the physical performance of respondents, a complex psychophysiological test was used. The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS) was used to assess the psychological mood and mental health of respondents. The VR training has been proven to increase the psychological attitude of basketball players during the training. Specifically, it has a positive effect on the psychophysiological performance indicators and mental health of athletes. Prospective research will be aimed at a comparative study of the impact of VR technology in the training process on the results of basketball players and representatives of other team sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In basketball, agility is essential, characterized by the ability to change direction swiftly and accelerate. Traditional tests like the Illinois Agility Test (IAT) and the Reactive Agility Test (RAT) may not fully capture the agility demands specific to basketball. Purpose: This study aimed to introduce the Change of Direction and Acceleration Test (CODAT), designed specifically for young basketball players. It evaluates CODAT's effectiveness by comparing it with IAT and RAT through comprehensive analysis. Methods: We assessed 87 pre-adolescent male basketball players, aged 9 to 13 years, with an average biological age of 11.2 years and an average estimated Peak Height Velocity (PHV) of 12.5 ± 0.5 years, using CODAT, IAT, and RAT. We employed regression analysis and the Bland–Altman method to determine CODAT's reliability and validity. Results: The findings indicate that CODAT offers superior reliability and validity in measuring basketball-specific agility. Consistent scores highlight its potential as an effective tool for agility assessment in basketball training and talent identification. Conclusions: CODAT represents a significant advancement in agility assessment for young basketball players, advocating for its integration into sports science practices to better address the specialized demands of basketball agility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional basketball training monitoring method has some limitations, such as relying on manual judgment and subjective evaluation, and being limited by equipment and environmental conditions. In order to solve these problems, an optical sensor system is designed and constructed in this study, which can capture the optical signals during basketball training in real time and convert them into digital data. These data are analyzed and processed using deep learning algorithms to extract features related to basketball training. A large number of experiments and tests have verified the effectiveness and accuracy of this optical sensor method. The experimental results show that this method can monitor and record the key information of basketball movement track, players' movements and skills in real time, and can quantitatively evaluate the quality and effect of basketball training. Through the combination of deep learning technology and optical sensors, non-invasive, high-precision and real-time monitoring can be achieved, which provides a powerful auxiliary and evaluation means for the training of basketball players, and helps to improve the training effect and level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are some limitations in traditional basketball training simulation methods, such as space limitation and manpower scheduling. Therefore, this study designed and developed a deep neural network-based optical imaging device to provide a more realistic and efficient simulation experience of basketball training games. With the help of this device, players can receive more accurate, real-time feedback to better understand and respond to situations in the game. An optical imaging device based on deep neural network is designed, which combines advanced optical technology and computer vision algorithm. The device senses motion and position information from different areas within the court and is analyzed and processed by deep learning algorithms. Using these data, we can generate the simulated game scene in real time, which helps the players to better deal with the complex game situation in training. The results show that the device can accurately simulate match scenarios and provide real-time feedback and guidance to players. The players showed better technical and tactical ability when using the equipment for training, proving the effectiveness of the equipment in training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Playing basketball entails intense anaerobic activities, including short sprints, sudden stops, rapid direction changes, and jumps. Common training methods for enhancing players' anaerobic fitness comprise sprint training, jump exercises, and interval training. The aim of this research was to compare the impact of three sprint-training methods on anaerobic capacity. (2) The study included 25 male basketball players, aged 16–18 years, from the National Youth League in Israel. The participants were divided into three groups: sled-pushing, sled-dragging (intervention), and no sled (control) sprint training. Twice-weekly sessions were conducted over a five-week period, in addition to their regular basketball training. Pre- and post-intervention tests included vertical and horizontal jumps, 5 and 20 m sprints, and agility tests. (3) The study revealed significant improvements in the horizontal jump in the sled-pushing group (≈3%) and a near-significant improvement in the sled-dragging group (≈2.9%). Less improvement was seen in the control group (≈1.8%). No improvements were seen in the vertical jump performance in any groups, despite an increase in the sled-pushing group (≈5.5%) and in the sled-dragging group (≈3%) compared to that in the control group (≈1.2%). Finally, no improvements were seen in sprint speed and agility in any group. (4) Despite the modest improvements observed in most tests across the three groups, the consistent and significant enhancement seen in the sled-pushing and sled-dragging groups compared to that in the control group suggests potential benefits for sled assistance in anaerobic training in young basketball players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Study Aim. Balance is a motor skill that enables children to perform physical activities fluently and regular physical activity is needed for the development of balance skills. In this context, the problem of which physical activity should be directed to the balance development of children arises. The study is aimed to determine the effect of basketball training on balance skills in children aged 7-10 years. Material and Methods. The participant group of the study consisted of 24 children aged 7-10 years with a mean age of 9.25±0.94 who did not regularly perform physical activity and lived in rural or non-rural areas. Participants living in non-rural areas were included in the exercise group (n=12) and participants living in rural areas were included in the control group (n=12). The exercise group received basketball training for 8 weeks, two days a week, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Before and after the training process, all participants were tested at Level 1 in TOGU Challenge Disc and software to determine static and dynamic balance levels. As a result of the balance test, participants' static balance score (SBS), dynamic balance score (DBS), general balance score (GBS) and dynamic balance sub-parameter scores as right and left dynamic balance score (RL-DBS), superior inferior dynamic balance score (SI-DBS), horizontal plane dynamic balance score (HP-DBS), vertical plane dynamic balance score (VP-DBS), clockwise (C-DBS) and opposite clockwise dynamic balance score (OC-DBS) were taken as percentage. Descriptive statistics, Skewness, Kurtosis and Kolmogorov-Smirnov values, paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test were used to analyse the data. Statistical significance level was determined as p

Purpose: To improve basketball players' athletic performance, effective and optimal training programs are needed. The study aim was to compare the effects of 6 weeks of plyometric training (PT) to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on youth female basketball player's athletic performance. Methods: The athletes were randomly divided into PT (n = 8), HIIT (n = 8), and control (n = 8) group. The two experimental groups participated separately in a PT and HIIT program during 6 weeks and 2 sessions of 30–60 min per week. Before and after the intervention the athletes were assessed for 20-m sprint (s), jump-specific power (W), medicine ball throw for distance (m), change of direction sprint ability (s), basketball-specific anaerobic power (W), basketball-specific performance (s), basketball dribble sprint skill (s), basketball pass skill (points), and basketball shot skill (points). Results: The between-group analyses revealed similar improvements in dependent variables between PT and HIIT groups. However, the PT and HIIT groups had greater (p ≤ 0.001–0.009, pη2 = 0.372–0.555) improvements compared to the control group for 20-m sprint, jump-specific power, basketball-specific performance, basketball dribble sprint skill with right hand, and basketball dribble sprint skill with left hand, and near-significant (p = 0.054–0.060, pη2 = 0.246–0.254) for the outcomes basketball-specific anaerobic power, medicine ball throw for distance, and basketball shot skill. Conclusion: Compared to regular basketball training, both PT and HIIT improved youth female basketball player's athletic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basketball is a sport that is widely participated in all over the world. Accurately identifying the behavior in basketball training is beneficial to the improvement of athletes' skills and the evaluation of training effects. The traditional basketball behavior detection methods are usually limited by complex sports scenes and various actions, which leads to the inaccuracy and low efficiency of the recognition results. The aim of this study is to use image optical processing technology to propose a fast behavior detection method to realize the accurate recognition and analysis of basketball training images. Based on the image optical processing technology, the behavior detection is carried out by shooting the image of the basketball training scene, and then using the image processing algorithm to extract the key information and features. Then the deep learning algorithm is used to classify and identify the behaviors in order to realize the accurate detection of different basketball training behaviors. Finally, through experimental verification and performance evaluation, the fast behavior detection method based on image optical processing has achieved remarkable results in recognizing the behavior in basketball training images. Compared with traditional methods, the proposed method has better performance in terms of accuracy and response time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of virtual reality technology, its application in basketball game scenes has become more and more extensive. Taking optics as the main research content, this paper puts forward a method of combining optical image enhancement with virtual reality to automatically generate basketball game scenes and training data simulation. Firstly, by enhancing the brightness, contrast and color saturation of the light image, the visibility and realism of the basketball game scene are improved. Then, using virtual reality technology, a virtual basketball game scene is generated, including elements such as the stadium, players and spectators. Finally, by simulating the training data in the virtual scene, the simulation and testing of various situations in the basketball game are realized. The research results show that the combination of light image enhancement and virtual reality has good effect and application value in the automatic generation of basketball game scenes and the simulation of training data. This study provides a new method and technical platform for the simulation and training of basketball game scenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare the effects of an 8-week short-term training program, comprising repeated sprints or running-based high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT), on the aerobic fitness and repeated sprint ability (RSA) performance of sub-elite basketball referees. Twenty male referees participated in supervised training sessions twice a week. They were randomly assigned to either the RSA-based group (RSAG) or the running-based HIIT group (HIITG). The RSAG conducted 3–4 sets of 8 × 20-m all-out sprints, while the HIITG performed 2–3 sets of 6 × 20-s runs at 90% of their maximal velocity achieved in the 30–15 intermittent fitness test (30–15IFT). Referees underwent a graded exercise test on a treadmill, the 30–15IFT, and an RSA test before and after the training program. Both groups showed significant improvement (~3%) in the fastest (22.6 ± 1.4 vs. 23.4 ± 1.7 and 22.0 ±1.9 vs. 22.4 ± 1.7 km·h−1 in RSAG and HIITG, respectively) and mean (21.5 ± 1.2 vs. 22.4 ± 1.4 and 21.3 ± 1.8 vs. 21.7 ± 1.6 km·h−1 in RSAG and HIITG, respectively) sprint velocity of the RSA test (p < 0.05). Moreover, positive changes (p < 0.05) were observed in the 30–15IFT maximal velocity (18.6 ± 1.1 vs. 19.3 ± 1.0 and 19.4 ± 0.9 vs. 20.5 ± 0.9 km·h−1 in RSAG and HIITG, respectively). In conclusion, an 8-week training intervention using either RSA or running-based HIIT led to similar improvements in referees' RSA performance and specific aerobic fitness measures. These findings could assist in devising tailored training programs for basketball referees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose an augmented reality (AR)-based training system for basketball free-throws. The optimal shot trajectory for free-throws is projected by a head-mounted display according to the shooter's release point. The efficacy of the training system was assessed in novice shooters by comparing changes in success rates and eye-gaze behavior (quiet eye [QE]) between AR-training and control-training groups. The success rate during the AR training with the optimal trajectory did not differ from the pre-training rate; however, in post-AR training, i.e., after removal of the optimal trajectory, the success rate increased. Additionally, AR training increased the QE duration (QED) compared with that recorded during pre- and post-training blocks. In contrast, the control group showed no change in the success rate or QED. These findings imply that our AR training system affected QE behavior and improved free-throwing shooting performance after training. Thus, our system is expected to enhance basketball free-throw shooting performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Study Aim Balance is a motor skill that enables children to perform physical activities fluently and regular physical activity is needed for the development of balance skills. In this context, the problem of which physical activity should be directed to the balance development of children arises. The study is aimed to determine the effect of basketball training on balance skills in children aged 7-10 years. Material and Methods The participant group of the study consisted of 24 children aged 7-10 years with a mean age of 9.25±0.94 who did not regularly perform physical activity and lived in rural or non-rural areas. Participants living in non-rural areas were included in the exercise group (n=12) and participants living in rural areas were included in the control group (n=12). The exercise group received basketball training for 8 weeks, two days a week, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Before and after the training process, all participants were tested at Level 1 in TOGU Challenge Disc and software to determine static and dynamic balance levels. As a result of the balance test, participants’ static balance score (SBS), dynamic balance score (DBS), general balance score (GBS) and dynamic balance sub-parameter scores as right and left dynamic balance score (RL-DBS), superior inferior dynamic balance score (SI-DBS), horizontal plane dynamic balance score (HPDBS), vertical plane dynamic balance score (VP-DBS), clockwise (C-DBS) and opposite clockwise dynamic balance score (OC-DBS) were taken as percentage. Descriptive statistics, Skewness, Kurtosis and Kolmogorov-Smirnov values, paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test were used to analyse the data. Statistical significance level was determined as p<0.05. Results In the study, no difference was found between the exercise group and the control group in terms of pre-test results, which indicated that the participant groups showed homogeneous characteristics. In the exercise group, a significant increase was found in DBS, RL-DBS, SI-DBS, C-DBS, GBS levels after 8 weeks of basketball training. In the control group, there was a significant decrease in SBS and a significant increase in DBS, RL-DBS, SI-DBS, C-DBS and OC-DBS levels at the end of 8 weeks. Conclusions As a result, regular basketball training provided an increase in dynamic balance level and general balance scores. Moreover, basketball training can slow the decrease in static balance that may occur as a result of growth spurts in children aged 7-10 years. Children targeted to develop balance skills can be directed to basketball training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, an increasing research interest has been seen in the clinical consequences of hamstring-muscle injuries in sports. Yet the literature is lacking on hamstring flexibility and it correlations with physical performance and injury risk-factors, especially among young basketball players. The aim of this study, therefore, was to examine the relationships between hamstring flexibility, physical performance, and injuries among young basketball players. The study, which was conducted during 2022- 2023, including 114 basketball players aged 12-17 years. Anthropometric data, hamstring flexibility test results, and physical performance data were collected. A positive correlation was seen between hamstring flexibility and physical performance. However, no correlation was found between hamstring flexibility and injury prevalence and/or visits to a physician. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of including flexibility exercises in basketball training programs, as a means for maximizing performance and possibly preventing injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basketball 3x3, considered an urban team sport, relies on quick and efficient decision-making during gameplay. Developing decision-making behavior is crucial due to the complexity of team dynamics. This aspect can be further investigated and improved with the help of neuroscience and digital technologies. Research hypotheses include integrating virtual reality as well as utilizing feedback technologies in training. The proposed research methodology involves analyzing data from multiple sources, pedagogical experiments, and sociological research. The aim is to identify patterns and trends in decision-making behavior, and furthermore to evaluate the effectiveness of training methods. The estimated results target enhancing knowledge about decision-making behavior in 3x3 basketball, with an impact on the training and performance of senior athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In Mainland China, the sports training process of most players is highly homogenized, the convergence of which makes them ineffectively be identified with their individual and specific profile and difficult for them to play the sports according to their strengths and characteristics. Moreover, existing sports training software does not differentiate between player types to provide customized persona. Therefore, efficient and personalized methods need to be provided to guide players towards more autonomous sports training. Current research shows that gamification design in the process of sports training can transform players' unique conscious behaviors into habits, thus increasing their autonomy. However, the current gamification design in sports training is only based on uniform gamification elements and does not take into account the player's motivation and gamification experience, which is one of the main reasons for the homogenization of sports training. Therefore, this study aimed to identify factors that contribute to the design of gamification systems in the field of sports training, as well as to determine the relationship between players' gamification experiences during sport. It will help the researchers to explore in depth the possibilities of learning environments for youth basketball training with the development of gamified experiences. This design-driven study performed both offline and online questionnaire research (N = 198), which was analyzed with the method of a 7-point Likert scale as well as the assistance of SPSS, identified potential for the establishment of a framework for analysing preferences for gamification design elements in the context of basketball training for young players. Based on the results, this paper finds that there is a correlation between immersion and achievement in gamification experiences and proposes a framework for gamification system design in the field of sports training and offers insight that may enable the development of gamification designs that can motivate players.

Basketball demands a sophisticated blend of tactical, technical, physical, and psychological skills, and various methods have been proposed to prepare players for these demands, including resistance training to enhance strength, power, speed, agility, and endurance. Complex training (CT) integrates diverse strength training methodologies by combining heavy-resistance exercises (e.g., squat at 90% of one repetition maximum) with high-velocity movements or plyometrics, both sharing the same biomechanical pattern. However, the optimal application of CT in basketball remains uncertain due to diverse protocols and a lack of consensus in the literature. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the acute and chronic effects of CT interventions on physical fitness performance in basketball players and identify the most effective characteristics of moderators. Methods: A bibliographic search was conducted using PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines using the PICOS strategy. Results: Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria, three articles analyzed acute effects, and thirteen analyzed chronic effects. The total number of participants in the studies analyzing acute effects was 50, while for studies examining chronic effects, it was 362. Conclusions: Acutely, CT triggers post-activation potentiation and enhances sprint performance when coupled with brief rest intervals. Over time, these acute improvements contribute to more substantial, long-lasting benefits. Chronic effects of CT improve strength, as evidenced by enhanced 1 RM performance, jumps, sprints, and core muscle strength.

This paper proposes a strategy for synergistic improvement of physical fitness and skills of basketball players with the content of big data analysis of decision-making of physical fitness training programs and estimation of the human posture of basketball players. The data related to physical training and testing are processed using neural network methods, and a priori algorithms with continuous attributes discretize the data to realize data fragmentation and prevent data distortion caused by intrinsic correlation so as to build up a technical and methodological platform for physical training programs. At the same time, the basketball action posture estimation algorithm based on multi-scale spatiotemporal correlation features is proposed, and the human body temporal sequence feature capture module based on Transformer is constructed to improve the accuracy of basketball action posture estimation to meet the needs of skill training. The men’s basketball team of Shandong Agricultural University in China was used as a research object to carry out basketball physical fitness and skill training practices. The experimental group’s basketball players’ performance in barbell bench press and weighted squat was 11.06kg and 10.05kg more than that of the control group. Their performance in 3/4-court sprint running, and return running. Restriction-area footwork was 0.52s, 2.16s, and 1.97s faster than that of the control group, with significant differences in basketball skills, such as 14-meter round-trip straight-line dribbling around the pole and 30-second in situ spotting of two-handed chest pass (the first time in the experimental group). Basketball skills showed significant differences (P

At present, exercises have become a frequent international competitive exchange activity. To some extent, a country's exercise level also measures the country's comprehensive economic strength. The holding of various international and domestic exercise events directly leads to the explosive increase of exercise videos digital. Therefore, efficient exercise video analysis is necessary. With the expansion of multimedia techniques and the emergence of message highways, the storage and transmission of digital video is no longer a difficult thing. The holding of different exercise events directly leads to the explosive increase of exercise videos. Therefore, efficient exercise video analysis is very necessary. Computer techniques have injected new vitality into most industries, but their expansion in the exercise industry is relatively slow. The means used in this paper is picture sequence analysis. The basic operation of sequence picture analysis is to detect motion messages or aims from picture sequences. It is a very active branch of picture courseing and computer sight. Because it has been widely used in many aspects of national eco and military, its research has attracted the general concentration of scientists all over the world.

Recently, intelligent sports wearable devices have attracted widespread attention. Hence, we designed a wave-structure triboelectric nanogenerator (W-TENG) for joint monitoring in basketball training. The self-powered pressure sensor is mainly composed of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film and aluminum foil with corrugation characteristics. The wave structure of the PDMS film is designed based on sine waves, and results have indicated that the higher the amplitude, the higher the sensing performance of the W-TENG. Moreover, the W-TENG has two sensing monitoring areas. For low pressure areas, the sensing sensitivity of the W-TENG is 3.564 V kPa−1 and 37.644 nA kPa−1. For high pressure areas, the sensing sensitivity of the W-TENG is 0.024 V kPa−1 and 19.92 nA kPa−1. This W-TENG pressure sensor can be installed at the joints of basketball players' bodies to monitor the degree of joint bending. This design can facilitate the development of wearable basketball training devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basketball players should train at intensities similar to those recorded in competition, but are the intensities really similar? This study aimed to quantify and compare the internal and external intensities assimilated by professional basketball players, both in training and in competition, according to context and the specific player position. Players from the same team in the Spanish ACB competition were monitored for three weeks. The sample recorded intensities in 5 vs. 5 game situations in both training (n = 221) and competition (n = 32). The intensities, as dependent variables, were classified into kinematic external workload demands (distances, high-intensity displacements, accelerations, decelerations, the acceleration:deceleration ratio, jumps, and landings), neuromuscular external workload demands (impacts and player load), and internal workload demands (heart rate). They were measured using inertial measurement devices and pulsometers. The playing positions, as independent variables, were grouped into guard, forward, and center. According to the context, the results reported a significant mismatch of all training intensities, except jumps, with respect to competition; these intensities were lower in training. According to the playing position, inside players recorded more jumps and landings per minute than point guards and outside players in training. In turn, inside players recorded a higher average heart rate per minute than outside players in this same context. There were no significant differences in intensity according to the playing position in the competition. Considering the context–position interaction, no differences were observed in the intensities. Adjusting and optimizing training intensities to those recorded in competition is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Mainland China, the sports training process of most players is highly homogenized, the convergence of which makes them ineffectively be identified with their individual and specific profile and difficult for them to play the sports according to their strengths and characteristics. Moreover, existing sports training software does not differentiate between player types to provide customized persona. Therefore, efficient and personalized methods need to be provided to guide players towards more autonomous sports training. Current research shows that gamification design in the process of sports training can transform players' unique conscious behaviors into habits, thus increasing their autonomy. However, the current gamification design in sports training is only based on uniform gamification elements and does not take into account the player's motivation and gamification experience, which is one of the main reasons for the homogenization of sports training. Therefore, this study aimed to identify factors that contribute to the design of gamification systems in the field of sports training, as well as to determine the relationship between players' gamification experiences during sport. It will help the researchers to explore in depth the possibilities of learning environments for youth basketball training with the development of gamified experiences. This design-driven study performed both offline and online questionnaire research (N = 198), which was analyzed with the method of a 7-point Likert scale as well as the assistance of SPSS, identified potential for the establishment of a framework for analysing preferences for gamification design elements in the context of basketball training for young players. Based on the results, this paper finds that there is a correlation between immersion and achievement in gamification experiences and proposes a framework for gamification system design in the field of sports training and offers insight that may enable the development of gamification designs that can motivate players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In the realm of basketball, refining shooting skills and decision-making levels using intelligent agents has garnered significant interest. This study addresses the challenge by introducing an innovative framework that combines multi-modal perception and deep reinforcement learning. The goal is to create basketball robots capable of executing precise shots and informed choices by effectively integrating sensory inputs and learned strategies. Methods: The proposed approach consists of three main components: multimodal perception, deep reinforcement learning, and end-to-end architecture. Multi-modal perception leverages the multi-head attention mechanism (MATT) to merge visual, motion, and distance cues for a holistic perception of the basketball scenario. The deep reinforcement learning framework utilizes the Deep Q-Network (DQN) algorithm, enabling the robots to learn optimal shooting strategies over iterative interactions with the environment. The end-to-end architecture connects these components, allowing seamless integration of perception and decision-making processes. Results: The experiments conducted demonstrate the eectiveness of the proposed approach. Basketball robots equipped with multi-modal perception and deep reinforcement learning exhibit improved shooting accuracy and enhanced decision-making abilities. The multi-head attention mechanism enhances the robots’ perception of complex scenes, leading to more accurate shooting decisions. The application of the DQN algorithm results in gradual skill improvement and strategic optimization through interaction with the environment. Discussion: The integration of multi-modal perception and deep reinforcement learning within an end-to-end architecture presents a promising avenue for advancing basketball robot training and performance. The ability to fuse diverse sensory inputs and learned strategies empowers robots to make informed decisions and execute accurate shots. The research not only contributes to the field of robotics but also has potential implications for human basketball training and coaching methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to determine the relationships between handgrip strength values and basic anthropometric indicators - height, body mass, and BMI in male and female university students. The research contingent is 52 students from the basketball study groups of the Technical University (Sofia) and 21 students from the basketball groups of the Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski". Height, body mass, and right- and left-hand grip strength were measured in 38 male students and 35 female students. BMI was additionally calculated with the formula kg/m2. The maximum grip strength of the right and left hands was measured with a hand dynamometer. The reliability of the test is ensured by the use of a repeated test (Test-retest), using the average value of two attempts. Results: The analysis of variance showed that the average grip strength of the right hand in men was 45.74±7.86 kg, and that of the left hand was 43.05±7.32 kg. In women, the average grip strength of the right hand is 25.89±4.36 kg, and of the left hand is 23.40±4.09 kg. Of the persons examined by us, it was found that 97.81% of them are right-handed dominant. The results of this study revealed that in terms of baseline anthropometric indicators (height, body mass, and BMI) and handgrip strength, there was a weak correlation. Conclusion: The study of grip strength can be useful in two directions, namely: in sports training - to establish the muscle strength of the hands, as a basis for improving the technical elements of the basketball game, as a predictive indicator for the selection of young basketball players and to prevent serious injuries in the practice of basketball; in medicine - to establish a person's general state of health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Evidence directly comparing the effects of bilateral and unilateral conditioning activities is limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the acute effect of unilateral and bilateral conditioning activity on vastus lateralis stiffness, countermovement jump parameters, and 10 m sprint. Methods: Twelve semi-professional basketball players participated in this study (age: 23 ± 4 yrs; body mass: 84.7 ± 10.6 kg; body height: 192 ± 6 cm; basketball training experience: 11 ± 4 yrs) performed four experimental sessions to compare the acute effects of bilateral, stronger-only, weaker-only lower limb or no conditioning activity on vastus lateralis stiffness, countermovement jumps variables (height; peak velocity; peak force, contraction time, countermovement depth, and modified reactive strength index and 10 m sprint time. Measurements were performed 5 minutes before and in the 5th and 10th minutes after CA. Results: Bilateral conditioning activity significantly increase the countermovement jump height (p = 0.002; ES = 0.71) and the reactive strength index modified (p = 0.010; ES = 0.59). Moreover, a significantly higher peak force in the stronger than in the weaker limb was found (p<0.001) without any differences between conditions and time points (p>0.05). However, there were no significant (p>0.05) interactions and effects of conditions or time-point in the case of the other countermovement jump variables, vastus lateralis stiffness, and 10m sprint time. Conclusion: Unilateral and bilateral drop jumps (3 sets of 5 repetitions) did not affect the vastus lateralis stiffness and time of the 10m sprint. However, only bilateral drop jumps effectively enhanced the countermovement jump height and modified reactive strength index. Bilateral drop jumps might be a useful part of a warm-up to improve jumping performance in basketball players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of sports movements, relevant actions occur at a fast pace. In the field of artificial intelligence, recognizing such action features poses significant challenges, thereby affecting the accuracy of motion training correction. This paper proposes a correction method for sports training based on a support vector machine classification model. The method involves constructing a skeletal model of the athlete's body, reading keyframes of motion training data, and creating a three-dimensional virtual image model of the motion training using spherical linear interpolation and spatiotemporal deformation methods. This model enables the extraction of motion training action images. The obtained motion training action images are preprocessed using wavelet transformation to extract temporal and frequency domain features, which are then used as inputs to the support vector machine classification model. The model classifies and recognizes correct actions from incorrect actions. Additionally, by decomposing the incorrect motion training actions using RGB plane separation, the information features of motion training images are extracted, and a correction is achieved through comparison. The proposed method has a structural similarity of over 0.923 and an image information entropy of over 0.917 for basketball training action image processing. The recognition rate of dribbling training actions is 97.4%, and the peak signal-to-noise ratio of basketball training action images is 7.2 dB. After correcting the shooting actions using the proposed method, the shooting accuracy reaches 94%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the innovative integration of dance culture application modeling within the context of basketball, with a dual emphasis on sports science and enterprise applications. The convergence of dance and basketball offers a unique opportunity to enhance player performance, promote physical conditioning, and facilitate dynamic teamwork.In sports science, the infusion of dance-inspired exercises and routines into basketball training regimens has proven instrumental in enhancing athletes' agility, coordination, and balance. These fundamental attributes are essential for basketball players to excel in dribbling, shooting, and defensive maneuvers. Furthermore, dance culture application modeling contributes to optimal physical conditioning, bolstering cardiovascular endurance and muscular strength, and basketball players maintain peak performance levels throughout the game. Beyond the court, the marriage of dance and basketball presents exciting prospects for enterprises within the sports industry. Team cohesion and motivation are vital for success, and dance culture modeling fosters teamwork, synchronization, and camaraderie among players. Such attributes translate into better on-court performance and contribute to a more marketable and engaging sports product. This approach can be a potent tool for branding, fan engagement, and marketing initiatives within the basketball ecosystem. Additionally, dance culture application modeling can play a pivotal role in injury prevention and rehabilitation, safeguarding players' physical well-being and prolonging their careers. It also offers a refreshing avenue for player wellness during off-seasons and recovery periods. This abstract showcases the promising intersection of dance culture application modeling with basketball, transcending conventional training methodologies. Through its amalgamation of sports science and enterprise applications, it not only elevates player performance but also enhances the appeal and viability of basketball as a dynamic and marketable sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a basketball training visualization method – Motion Time Cylinder (MTC) designed to help novice players learn basketball techniques more easily. The basketball player can select their preferred movement to learn and visualize the body and joint movements in detail. Extensive visualization as a graphical assistant help supports the player in understanding 3D movements from the visual patterns. At the same time, players can understand the coordination and spatial relationship when playing the movement. The visualization principle is based on the mapping of body movement into the graphic of clock-based division locations. The movements can then be represented by the translation pattern between the frontal and transverse planes of cylinder spaces. As a result, the movement can be visualized by rendering the translation pattern base on the clock from a specific perspective, for example, an orthogonal view. This paper explains the visualization principles of the mapping and pattern as well as the graphical representation based on user perception.

Basketball has always been a relatively hot sport. However, the level of basketball in China does not maintain the synchronous development trend with competitive sports, which can be seen from the achievements of various international competitions. Many basketball players have retired due to sports injuries. How to avoid and delay the occurrence of injuries to the maximum extent, and make the best competitive state to get the longest time is an urgent problem to be solved in the current basketball training and competition process. Therefore, how to reduce sports damage in basketball sports has become a crucial problem. The artificial neural network algorithm is widely used in complex system hardware fault detection, medical diagnosis, medical image processing and other complex task, to classify and forecast, and achieved good results. But in the use of the sports injury risk prevention is very limited, in sports injury risk early warning research, predecessors to sports injury factors made a lot of research and the qualitative model was established, but no quantitative evaluation research, and artificial neural network algorithm has good performance in complex system classification and prediction, so the artificial neural network algorithm is applied to sports injury risk early warning study is a very meaningful work, can carry on the accurate to the athlete sports injury risk assessment. Using RBF neural network to achieve dimensional reduction preprocessing of high-dimensional data not only has sufficient theoretical basis, but also it is more superior. Based on the optimization study of RBF neural network algorithm, we study the data-based feature selection RBF neural network, and apply it in the high-dimensional multi-objective optimization decision space and pare to quality and disadvantages prediction. Through the evaluation of the test sample, the early warning model achieves ideal results, so it is feasible to apply to the sports injury risk warning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, intelligent wearable flexible sensors for sports monitoring have received extensive attention. Here, we designed a AGO hydrogel-based triboelectric nanogenerator (A-TENG) for bio-mechanical harvesting and basketball posture monitoring. The AGO hydrogel can be rapidly prepared only by a simple mechanical mixing method, and there is no need to heat and add cross-linking agent during the preparation process. Besides, the A-TENG has good environmental adaptability, and the change of environmental humidity will not have irreversible impact on it. Furthermore, according to results, when the external resistance is 9 M Ω , the output power density of A-TENG device reaches a maximum of 3.1 W/m2. The self-powered sensor based on A-TENG device can be used to monitor the basketball posture. In the future, the A-TENG device can have high application value in basketball training, in order to serve intelligent sports monitoring. An AGO hydrogel-based triboelectric nanogenerator (A-TENG) was designed for bio-mechanical harvesting and basketball posture monitoring. The self-powered sensor based on A-TENG device can be used to monitor the basketball posture. In the future, the A-TENG device can have high application value in basketball training, to serve intelligent sports monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exercises for the core can be categorized as promoting core-stability, core-strength, or functionality, as these are crucial aspects of most sports activities. This study aimed to examine the effects of using core complex training (CCT), complex training (CT), and core exercise (CE) on some aspects of muscle strength and shooting performance in basketball players. The 36 participants were divided into three groups of 12 each, and then the experimental approach was applied to each group. The groups were labeled as follows: the core complex training group (N = 12; age, 18.58 ± 0.67 years; height, 178.08 ± 0.79 cm; weight, 76.42 ± 1.38 kg; training age, 7.42 ± 0.51 years); the complex training group (N = 12; age, 18.50 ± 0.52 years; height, 177.92 ± 1.31 cm; weight, 76.67 ± 1.78 kg; training age, 7.33 ± 0.49 years); and the core exercise group (n = 12; age, 18.42 ± 0.52 years; height, 177.75 ± 1.29 cm; weight, 76.58 ± 1.38 kg; training age, 7.42 ± 0.67 years). For ten weeks, each of the three groups participated in three training sessions every week. This study investigates the impact of core complex training on basketball shooting ability and muscle strength. The eight-week program, consisting of weight training, plyometric exercises, and core exercises, yielded improvements in muscle strength and shooting accuracy. In tests of muscular strength and basketball shooting ability, the CCT group outperformed the CE and CT groups. The F value varied from 3.75 to 58.77, which are function values with a p < 0.05 significance level. The core complex training group exhibited superior muscle strength to that of both the complex training group and the core exercise group, in some areas. This is shown in the results of the javelin quadrathlon medicine ball test, the core muscle strength and stability test, the sit-up abdomen test, the sit-up back test, the standing long jump test, the Sargent jump test, and the shooting test (p < 0.005). Due to the effect of the core complex training program on improving performance efficiency and muscle strength, which affects the results of matches, we have recommended using the proven basic strength training program at other age stages, with the objective of including the concept, importance, and design of compound basic strength training in training programs used by basketball coaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The posture monitoring of basketball is very important for daily training and skill improvement, and the research and development of related sensor technology is extremely urgent. Here, we design a box-shaped triboelectric nanogenerator (BS-TENG) to harvest mechanical energy and serve as the smart sport sensor. The BS-TENG can realize two working modes, leading to harvest both active and passive mechanical energy. This unique box structure enables to be integrated on the floor, which can play the role of smart sport floor. Furthermore, under different basketball posture (such as walk with the ball, dribble and shoot), the BS-TENG can generate different voltage signal, which make BS-TENG can serve as the self-powered sport sensor. We think this design will promote the development of intelligent sports devices. A box-shaped triboelectric nanogenerator (BS-TENG) was reported to harvest mechanical energy and serve as the smart sport sensor. Under different basketball posture (such as walk with the ball, dribble, and shoot), the BS-TENG can generate different voltage signal. This design will promote the development of intelligent sports devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Basketball involves a wide variety of complex human motions. Thus, recognizing them with Precision is essential for both training and competition. The subjective perceptions and experiences of the trainers are heavily relied upon while training players. Big data and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology may be utilized to track athlete training. Sensing their motions may also help instructors make choices that dramatically improve athletic ability. OBJECTIVES: This research paper developed an Action Recognition technique for teaching basketball players using Big Data, and CapsNet called ARBIGNet METHODS: The technique uses a network that is trained using large amounts of data from basketball games called a Whale Optimized Artificial Neural Network (WO-ANN) which is collected using capsules. In order to determine the spatiotemporal information aspects of basketball sports training from videos, this study first employs the Convolution Random Forest (ConvRF) unit. The second accomplishment of this study is creating the Attention Random Forest (AttRF) unit, which combines the RF with the attention mechanism. The study used big data analytics for fast data transmissions. The unit scans each site randomly, focusing more on the region where the activity occurs. The network architecture is then created by enhancing the standard encoder-decoder paradigm. Then, using the Enhanced Darknet network model, the spatiotemporal data in the video is encoded. The AttRF structure is replaced by the standard RF at the decoding step. The ARBIGNet architecture is created by combining these components. RESULTS: The efficiency of the suggested strategy implemented on action recognition in basketball sports training has been tested via experiments, which have yielded 95.5% mAP and 98.8% accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurocognitive function, especially executive functioning, is positively associated with better fitness or higher levels of physical activity (PA). Previous research suggests that combined endurance and resistance (AER+R) training leads to greater improvements than training in either modality separately. Dynamic team sports with cognitive dimensions, such as basketball (BAS), may be an excellent context for improving cognition. This study compared the effects of following a four-month PA training program in BAS versus AER+R on executive functions along with a control group with low PA. Fifty participants completed the training period and were randomly distributed into three groups: BAS (16 participants), AER+R (18), and control (16). Participants in the BAS group showed improved inhibition and working memory and those in the AER+R group showed improved inhibition and cognitive flexibility, while inhibition deteriorated in the control group. There were significant differences between groups only in inhibition. It appears that following a four-month PA training program is enough to enhance executive functioning, and improvements in inhibition are more evident when the program includes an open sport such as BAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]