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Background: Neonatal Mortality rates continue to be high in spite of the general decline in under-5 mortality rates in Nigeria. Available evidence has shown that the availability of a skilled birth attendant and equipment for basic neonatal resuscitation is necessary for the prevention of early neonatal death which accounts for majority of neonatal mortality. This audit was, therefore, carried out to identify the quantity and quality of equipment available for basic neonatal resuscitation in some health facilities in southern Nigeria. Methods: This was a cross sectional questionnaire based study. Data was obtained from health care workers from 26 health facilities who attended Neonatal resuscitation training workshops from June 2010 to November 2012. Information obtained included type of health facility, obstetric and paediatric services provided and human and material resources available for neonatal resuscitation. Results: Twenty-three (88.5%) were government owned facilities while three (11.5%) were private facilities. Of the government owned facilities four were primary health facilities (17.3%), 18 were secondary (78.4%), while only one (4.3%) was a tertiary health facility. Most of the health facilities had annual deliveries, annual newborn resuscitation and birth asphyxiated babies in the 1-500 range. All the Paediatricians were in the tertiary health facility. Only three (11.5%) facilities had bag and mask and radiant warmer, respectively, while only five (19.2%) had radiant warmers. Conclusion: Equipment for basic neonatal resuscitation is grossly deficient in some health facilities in southern Nigeria. Therefore, urgent efforts should be made by the stakeholders involved in the delivery of child health services to provide basic resuscitation equipment to health facilities. This will contribute to a reduction in the neonatal mortality rate in Nigeria.

Introduction: The conventional Leishman’s stain and modified Leishman’s stain are widely used in medical laboratories for the microscopic examination of blood smears. The conventional stain provides good visualisation of cellular morphology, aiding in the identification of various blood cell types. The modified Leishman’s stain, on the other hand, incorporates alterations to enhance specific cellular structures, improving diagnostic accuracy. Need of the study: In the present study, the authors will observe the differences between the conventional staining method and the modified Leishman's stain method, as well as the advantages of the modified Leishman's staining over the conventional staining method. Aim: To compare Conventional Leishman’s Stain with Modified Leishman’s Stain. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study will be conducted from October 2022 to October 2024 at the Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (JNMC), Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, Maharashtra, India. Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid (EDTA) blood samples will be used for staining. Conventional Leishman’s Stain employs the traditional Leishman’s staining method, while Modified Leishman’s Stain incorporates specific modifications aimed at improving staining quality and enhancing the detection of eosinophils and leukocytes. Several quality control parameters will be assessed, including staining quality, eosinophil and leukocyte visibility, and overall diagnostic accuracy for both peripheral blood smear samples. A panel of experienced haematologists, blinded to the staining technique, independently examines the slides to minimise potential bias. The numbers and morphological characteristics of eosinophils and leukocytes are meticulously recorded, and statistical analysis will be conducted to compare the two staining methods.

Copyright of Revista Académica Internacional de Educación Física is the property of Asociacion Cientifica Internacional de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: The conventional Leishman’s stain and modified Leishman’s stain are widely used in medical laboratories for the microscopic examination of blood smears. The conventional stain provides good visualisation of cellular morphology, aiding in the identification of various blood cell types. The modified Leishman’s stain, on the other hand, incorporates alterations to enhance specific cellular structures, improving diagnostic accuracy. Need of the study: In the present study, the authors will observe the differences between the conventional staining method and the modified Leishman’s stain method, as well as the advantages of the modified Leishman’s staining over the conventional staining method. Aim: To compare Conventional Leishman’s Stain with Modified Leishman’s Stain. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study will be conducted from October 2022 to October 2024 at the Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (JNMC), Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, Maharashtra, India. Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid (EDTA) blood samples will be used for staining. Conventional Leishman’s Stain employs the traditional Leishman’s staining method, while Modified Leishman’s Stain incorporates specific modifications aimed at improving staining quality and enhancing the detection of eosinophils and leukocytes. Several quality control parameters will be assessed, including staining quality, eosinophil and leukocyte visibility, and overall diagnostic accuracy for both peripheral blood smear samples. A panel of experienced haematologists, blinded to the staining technique, independently examines the slides to minimise potential bias. The numbers and morphological characteristics of eosinophils and leukocytes are meticulously recorded, and statistical analysis will be conducted to compare the two staining methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Glottotheory is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abnormal head movements (AHM) in children can be caused by a variety of conditions. These could be serious neurological problems that need immediate attention or benign conditions that need only reassurance. (1) Reaching a correct diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment. Owing to the broad range of their types and causes, a practical diagnostic approach is needed to facilitate the management of AHMs by clinicians. In this article, we propose a Novel Clinical Approach to AHMs in Children based on our literature review and clinical experience. We introduce a collective classification and a practical algorithm that differentiates them according to semiology, frequency, and associated symptoms, and guides towards the causative factors and the needed investigations for confirmation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a survey of university teachers on the use of games in teaching. The focus is on the possibilities associated with the use of games. The opportunities identified are conceptualised based on three possible approaches to the use of games, termed conventionally basic; didactically grounded and philosophically methodological. The following hypothesis is tested: in the mainstream case, the use of games in learning is founded on the basic approach to games in learning. The relative proportion of teachers using didactically grounded and philosophical-methodological approach is significantly lower. It is argued that efforts to master each of these levels is justified because it can improve learning outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to identify the appropriate content and educational methods used to teach Islamic education curriculum to basic education pupils in Khartoum-Karri local state. To achieve that, the researchers used the analytical descriptive curriculum and the study sample consisted of 278 teachers. A questionnaire was used as the data collection tool. The study found the following: Most members of the sample agreed on the appropriateness of the Islamic Education Course objectives for students of the second cycle of the basic education. Teaching aids and the enhancement of the curriculum's educational content also contribute to the students of the second cycle of basic education. All members of the sample also agreed on the role of teaching aids and methods in achieving the objectives of the Islamic education curriculum for students of the second cycle of the basic stage. Teaching methods are also compatible with the content and elements of the Islamic Education course for students of the second cycle of the basic stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Aim Excitatory projections from the prelimbic cortex (PL) to the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) are implicated in the regulation of anxiety‐like behaviors, and we previously demonstrated that anxiolytic‐like effects of the selective delta‐opioid receptor (DOP) agonist KNT‐127 is involved in suppressing glutamate neurotransmission in the PL. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the anxiolytic‐like effect of KNT‐127 in mice by combining optogenetic stimulation of the PL–BLA pathway with behavioral analyses. Methods Four‐week‐old male C57BL/6J mice received bilateral administration of adeno‐associated virus (AAV)2‐CaMKIIa‐hChR2(H134R)‐enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) into the PL to induce expression of the light‐activated excitatory ionic channel ChR2. Subsequently, an optic fiber cannula connected to a wireless photo‐stimulator was implanted into the BLA for optogenetic PL–BLA pathway stimulation. We evaluated innate anxiety using the elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field (OF) tests as well as learned anxiety using the contextual fear conditioning (CFC) test. Results Optogenetic activation of the PL–BLA pathway enhanced anxiety‐like behaviors in the EPM and OF, while prior subcutaneous administration of KNT‐127 (10 mg/kg) reduced this anxiogenic effect. In contrast, optogenetic activation of the PL–BLA pathway had no significant effect on conditioned fear. Conclusion Our findings indicate that the PL–BLA circuit contributes to innate anxiety and that the anxiolytic‐like effects of KNT‐127 are mediated at least in part by suppression of PL–BLA transmission. The PL delta‐opioid receptor may thus be an effective therapeutic target for anxiety disorders.

Aim: Excitatory projections from the prelimbic cortex (PL) to the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) are implicated in the regulation of anxiety‐like behaviors, and we previously demonstrated that anxiolytic‐like effects of the selective delta‐opioid receptor (DOP) agonist KNT‐127 is involved in suppressing glutamate neurotransmission in the PL. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the anxiolytic‐like effect of KNT‐127 in mice by combining optogenetic stimulation of the PL–BLA pathway with behavioral analyses. Methods: Four‐week‐old male C57BL/6J mice received bilateral administration of adeno‐associated virus (AAV)2‐CaMKIIa‐hChR2(H134R)‐enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) into the PL to induce expression of the light‐activated excitatory ionic channel ChR2. Subsequently, an optic fiber cannula connected to a wireless photo‐stimulator was implanted into the BLA for optogenetic PL–BLA pathway stimulation. We evaluated innate anxiety using the elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field (OF) tests as well as learned anxiety using the contextual fear conditioning (CFC) test. Results: Optogenetic activation of the PL–BLA pathway enhanced anxiety‐like behaviors in the EPM and OF, while prior subcutaneous administration of KNT‐127 (10 mg/kg) reduced this anxiogenic effect. In contrast, optogenetic activation of the PL–BLA pathway had no significant effect on conditioned fear. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the PL–BLA circuit contributes to innate anxiety and that the anxiolytic‐like effects of KNT‐127 are mediated at least in part by suppression of PL–BLA transmission. The PL delta‐opioid receptor may thus be an effective therapeutic target for anxiety disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate Conjecture 1.5 introduced by Barker and Gelvin (J. Gr. Theory 25, 973–995 2022), which says that any source algebra of a p-block (p is a prime) of a finite group has the unit group containing a basis stabilized by the left and right actions of the defect group. We will reduce this conjecture to a similar statement about the bases of the hyperfocal subalgebras in the source algebras. We will also show that such unital bases of source algebras of two p-blocks, stabilized by the left and right actions of the defect group, are transported through basic Morita equivalences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This response expands on Wyzynski’s focus of the importance of fostering elementary ethics deliberation and education within hospitals. In particular, it highlights that most of the clinical ethicist’s work revolves around basic, fundamental ethical dilemmas, as well as the importance of ethics education being within the clinical ethicist’s scope of practice and responsibility.

The dynamics of tuberculosis within a population cannot be adequately represented by a single infectious class. Therefore, this study develops a compartmental model encompassing latent, active, and drug-resistant populations to better capture tuberculosis dynamics in a community. Model analysis reveals that the disease-free equilibrium point is locally asymptotically stable when the basic reproduction number is below one. Moreover, the use of a suitable Lyapunov function demonstrates global asymptotic stability of the disease-free equilibrium point. An endemic equilibrium emerges when the basic reproduction number exceeds one. Sensitivity analysis is conducted for each parameter associated with the basic reproduction number, and optimal control analysis is employed to assess the impact of various control strategies on disease containment. Numerical simulations are conducted to supplement theoretical findings, illustrating the practical implications of the proposed control strategies.

This research article investigates the basics of Islamic education and its implementation in Indonesia to gain an in-depth understanding of the philosophical foundations and the dynamics of the implementation of Islamic education in the context of this country. This research article explores the foundational principles and examines the implementation of Islamic education in Indonesia. This type of research uses the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method to learn the basics of Islamic education and its implementation in Indonesia. The data sources in the SLR method come from scientific literature in academic databases and other trusted sources of information. Data analysis in this research involves a systematic and comprehensive synthesis of relevant literature using a qualitative approach. The research's conclusion regarding the fundamentals and implementation of Islamic education in Indonesia underscores the pivotal role of a profound comprehension of religious, ethical, and moral values in crafting meaningful Islamic education. The implications of this research suggest the importance of ongoing adaptation and policy evolution in Islamic education in Indonesia to effectively address contemporary challenges and maintain its resonance with the diverse societal landscape.

Introduction: Despite conducting some research on the quality of urban life for more than two decades, this concept is still explained with the concepts of urban livability and urban vitality having the same meaning and their different aspects being ignored. The quality of urban life has become one of the interesting topics for researchers in urban planning, and they have focused on the quality of urban life in the planned settlements, while, today, especially in the cities of developing countries, at least one-third of the metropolitan population consists of the residents of informal settlements. Now, the question is: what are the methodological qualities and results of the articles published in geographical journals, master theses, and doctoral theses in Iran in the field of quality of urban life in informal settlements? This research aims to investigate and extract the analysis indicators from the scientific texts in the field of informal settlements and to present an analytical model including the dimensions and components of life quality in informal settlements. Methodology: This is basic research, and by using the meta-synthesis method, the samples (The title of a valid scientific research article and 8 titles of doctoral dissertations and master's theses) conducted in the last decade concerning the quality of urban life in Informal settlements were studied. The present research is classified as applied-developmental research based on its aim to determine the desirable patterns in the field of quality of urban life in informal settlements. through the survey and field methods. About 17% of the researchers have used the questionnaire, and finally, 83% of the researchers have used both survey-field methods and questionnaires. Concerning the dimensions and indicators of the quality of urban life in informal settlements, it can be said that the economic dimension, in comparison with other dimensions (social, physical, health, environmental, infrastructural, and recreational aspects), is known to be more important. In other words, according to the residents of informal settlements, economic factors have the highest impact on their quality of life. Also, among the economic components, the salary, living expenses, employment, satisfaction with job opportunities, distance from the workplace to home, job security, the number of employed people, and finally, the working hours per week are ranked, respectively. DISCUSSION: The research conducted on the quality of urban life in informal urban settlements has often led to the same results and there is no great difference in the research results since the concepts of urban life quality, urban livability, and urban life satisfaction are often analyzed from the same semantic view (either from the mental dimension or from the physical-objective dimension), while every livable collection is not necessarily considered a qualified collection. The theories referring to the quality of urban life are classified into three main approaches: the human approach, the spatial approach, and the sustainability approach. The main effective indicators for improving the quality of urban life in informal settlements are the economic index (9 variables), the physical index (9 variables), the social index (7 variables), and the health index (6 variables). Based on the results of field studies and the output of qualitative analysis, the economic index is the basis of the quality of life in informal settlements. It directly depends on the level of country development as well as the level of employment, income, and purchasing power of the citizens of informal settlements. This is beyond the scope of urban planning specialists, and it is necessary to examine the basic challenges and problems of the life quality of informal settlements at the macroeconomic level. Improving the welfare and standard of living of the residents of these areas must be a planning and decision-making priority for the authorities. There is a mutual and direct relationship between the quality of urban life in informal settlements and the residents' satisfaction. That is, improving the indicators of urban life quality will partially increase the residents' satisfaction with living in informal areas of the city. Conclusion: The theories referring to the quality of urban life are classified into three main approaches: the human approach, the spatial approach, and the sustainability approach. The main effective indicators for improving the quality of urban life in informal settlements are the economic index (9 variables), the physical index (9 variables), the social index (7 variables), and the health index (6 variables). Based on the results of field studies and the output of qualitative analysis, the economic index is the basis of life quality in informal settlements. It directly depends on the level of country development as well as the level of employment, income, and purchasing power of the citizens in the informal settlements. This issue is beyond the scope of urban planning specialists, and it is required to examine the basic challenges and problems of the life quality of informal settlements at the macroeconomic level so that improving the welfare and life standard of the residents of these areas must be a planning and decision-making priority for the authorities. There is a mutual and direct relationship between the quality of urban life in informal settlements and the residents' satisfaction. That is, upgrading and improving the indicators of urban life quality will increase the residents' satisfaction with living in informal areas of the city to some extent. All the studied scientific texts analyzed the theories, but they did not lead to theorizing. Although desirable solutions are presented in some research, due to the nature of the research, it cannot be classified as basic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of technological developments on the case examination process is in line with the industrial revolution which requires the application of technology-based performance, which is used in administering cases and implementing procedural law. The online system is a breakthrough in the administration of justice. The formulation of the problem is how to apply e-court in the examination of cases in the Court, and how the application of the principle of simple, fast, and light costs is connected with e-court in the Court. The purpose of this study is to find out how the application of e-court in the examination of cases in the Court, as well as to find out how the application of the principle of simple, fast, and light costs when connected with e-court in the Court. The method used is empirical juridical. The results of the study, the application of e-court in case examination, namely for online case registration, obtaining online case cost estimates, online payments, electronic summons, and electronic trials. E-court can be accessed by registered users and other users. E-court as a case administration management system is very helpful for the mechanism of proceedings in court because it simplifies and speeds up the stages of registration and examination in court, in addition to the registration, summons, and submission of hearing documents are carried out electronically to save costs. The implementation of e-court to realize the principle of simple, fast, and low cost, in this case, is used as an instrument that facilitates the administration of cases before trial, during trial hearings, and after trial through sending copies of judgments/determinations to litigants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perianal fistula is an inflammatory condition affecting the area around the anal canal, producing severe morbidity and frequently necessitating recurrent surgical procedures due to its high propensity to recur. A precise radiologic evaluation of the fistulous track and the involved pelvic tissues is required in order to choose the optimal surgical approach and prevent recurrences. Imaging methods have recently played a more significant role in the evaluation of perianal fistulas. MRI can provide relevant information about the course of the fistulous track and any additional fistulas or abscesses can be found. Correct classification using widely accepted systems should be used in order to communicate the findings to the clinicians aiding to selection of the right surgical procedure, lowering the risk of recurrence and enabling the avoidance of side effects including fecal incontinence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Category: Basic Sciences/Biologics; Other Introduction/Purpose: The use of biologic adjuvants (orthobiologics) is becoming commonplace in orthopaedic surgery. Amongst other applications, biologics are often added to enhance fusion rates in spinal surgery and to promote bone healing in complex fracture patterns. Generally, orthopaedic surgeons use only one biomolecular agent (ie allograft with embedded bone morphogenic protein-2) rather than several agents acting in concert. Bone fusion, however, is a highly multifactorial process and it likely could be more effectively enhanced using biologic factors in combination, acting synergistically. We used artificial neural networks to identify combinations of orthobiologic factors that potentially would be more effective than single agents. Methods: Available data on the outcomes associated with various orthopaedic biologic agents, electrical stimulation, and pulsed ultrasound were curated from the literature and assembled into a form suitable for machine learning. The best among many different types of neural networks was chosen for its ability to generalize over this dataset, and that network was used to make predictions concerning the expected efficacy of 2400 medically feasible combinations of 9 different agents and treatments. Results: The most effective combinations were high in the bone-morphogenic proteins (BMP) 2 and 7 (BMP2, 15mg; BMP7, 5mg), and in osteogenin (150ug). Some of the most effective combinations included bone marrow aspirate concentrate. In some others, electrical stimulation could substitute for osteogenin. BMP2 and BMP7 appear to have the strongest pairwise linkage of the factors analyzed in this study. Conclusion: Artificial neural networks are powerful forms of artificial intelligence that can be applied readily in the orthopeadic domain, but neural network predictions improve along with the amount of data available to train them. This study provides a starting point from which networks trained on future, expanded datasets can be developed. Yet even this initial model makes specific predictions concerning potentially effective combinatorial therapeutics that should be verified experimentally. Furthermore, our analysis provides an avenue for further research into the basic science of bone healing by demonstrating agents that appear to be linked in function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major objectives of this research were to study basic science process skills of 5th grade students of Phoncharoen District School Cluster, Buengkan Province and to compare the basic science process skills of the students in respect of gender and school clusters. The research samples were 191 5th grade students of Phoncharoen District School Cluster, Buengkan Province. They were selected by stratified random sampling. This research used a 5-step learning cycle teaching method (5E learning cycle model). It included the stages of creating interest and also explore and search explanation and conclusion steps to expand the knowledge assessment stage. The research instrument was a science process skill assessment test. The statistics used were mean, standard deviation and independent sample t-test. The results were as follows.The average basic science process skill of the students was at a moderate level (Mean=19.97, SD=5.13). The highest rated science process skill of the students was classifying skill (Mean=3.60, SD=1.11),.Two moderate rated science process skills of the students were using numbers (Mean=3.06, SD=1.25) and observing (Mean=2.78, SD=0.99). Four low rated science process skills of the students were analyzing the relation of space and time, managing and interpreting data (Mean=2.40, SD=1.27), inferring and predicting (Mean=2.30, SD=1.28) and measuring (Mean=2.28, SD=1.03). The lowest rated science process skill of the students was inferring (Mean=1.14, SD=1.10). The science process skills of the students regarding of different gender and different school clusters were not significantly different (t=0.21, ค่าsig=0.83).

This study is concerned with linguistic competence and relationship between the socio-demographic profile in terms of parents' education background and assigned household chores. The researcher made questionnaires and essay tests and administered among senior high school students who were randomly chosen as respondents. To analyze and interpret data, mean, standard deviation, T-test, and One-Way Analysis of Variance were utilized. ANOVA was conducted to determine whether there was a significant relationship between the socio-demographic profile and the level of linguistic competency of the senior high school students. Findings revealed that there was no significant relationship between the parents' educational attainment and linguistic competences. ANOVA was conducted again to determine whether there was a significant relationship between the assigned household chores and the level of linguistic competency of the senior high school students. Similarly, results indicate that linguistic competences do not differ among respondents with different assigned household chores. In addition, T-test was conducted to determine whether there was a significant difference among the level of linguistic competencies of the senior high school students in Ormoc City Regional Sports Academy, but the gathered results revealed that there was no significant difference among linguistic competence level. However, there was a significant difference in the linguistic competence in organization of ideas among senior high school students. Grade 11 students have significantly higher mean in organization of ideas than Grade12 students. Major findings revealed that the respondents were at the basic level under the Common European Framework of References for Languages. Generally, the linguistic competence of the senior high school students should be improved. A proposed remedial activity in English writing skills is adapted to level up the linguistic competence of the senior high school students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The author in the article considers the uniqueness of the Chechen poetic picture of the world and the role of metaphor as a figurative means and mechanism of thinking in the translation of ethnocultural meanings. Based on the analysis of the poetic works of Chechen authors, dominant metaphor concepts in Chechen poetry are distinguished, an attempt is made to establish the system, internal structure and connections of metaphorical models, reveal their mental intentions and determine the role of metaphor in creating imagery in the artistic structure of a lyrical text. A practical analysis of the representation of basic ethno-cultural metaphors in a poetic work is carried out on the material of the lyrics of the classics of Chechen literature by M. Isaeva, Sh. Aishanova, A. Dudaeva, M. Mamakaeva, etc. It is revealed how metaphor participates in the creation of artistic reality, how the idea of metaphor, which has developed in cognitive linguistics, correlates with the realization of the symbolic load of the image in the lyrical text. The author defines the dominant ethno-cultural metaphors of the Chechen ethnos “mountain, tower, river, burka, papakha, dzhigit (monk), wolf, eagle” and a number of others and correlates them with the national axiological scale, namely its categories such as “freedom, fearlessness, inflexibility, love for the native land, protection of the motherland, honor, dignity” and others. Attention is drawn to the fact that the author’s picture of the world is under the unconscious influence of his ethnic worldview. The analysis allows us to conclude that the Chechen poetic text implements a single metaphorical complex in which the basic ethno-cultural concepts of the Chechen linguistic worldview interact, complementing and enriching each other.

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Copyright of Journal of Sport Sciences / Magallat ulum Al-Riyadat is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Flexor tendon injuries to the hand and wrist represent a significant resource burden to the UK NHS. A good understanding of tendon basic science and repair techniques is crucial for the surgeon undertaking their repair and rehabilitation. Furthermore, this is a common topic assessed in the FRCS(Orth) examination. This article will summarize the basic science relating to tendon structure, physiology and injury. Additionally, it will present key surgical and rehabilitation factors relevant to clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Fatih Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)