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With the developments in technology, the phenomenon of digitalization, which is reflected in every segment of society, has also spread to organizations, which are a subsystem of society. With this change, organizations have tried to develop strategies that can adapt to change in order to take part in competition in the sector in which they operate. In this study, the digital services offered by banks to SMEs are analyzed from the perspective of institutional isomorphism. Banks are among the types of organizations where digitalization is most observed today. In this context, the digital services offered by banks for the digitalization of SMEs were investigated using content analysis method. The digital services offered by banks for SMEs were analyzed over a five-year period according to their annual and integrated reports. According to the results obtained from the analysis, isomorphism was found in the services offered by banks for the digitalization of SMEs. The isomorphism in these services is also reflected in the digital transformation practices offered to SMEs. In addition, as a result of the research findings, a general increase was observed in the digital services offered by banks to SMEs on a yearly basis. However, the increase in the services offered during the pandemic period attracted attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Verimlilik Dergisi is the property of Verimlilik Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This study aims at examining studies employing the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) in calculating banks’ productivity. It also seeks to determine the factors affecting the total factor productivity change of banks through meta-regression analysis. Methodology: On December, 2023, relevant works were systematically reviewed using Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, and Google Scholar. The literature review employed a comprehensive search involving all files with the keywords such as ‘‘productivity” and “bank’’. The research process adhered to the PRISMA guidelines.Findings: Key features of the 35 studies incorporated in the analysis are presented. The samples of 65.71% of the studies are Asian countries. The bank productivity of 45.71% was calculated through the DEA-MPI method. The studies under consideration were sourced from diverse populations. These studies share key similarities in terms of subject and methodology. Random Effects Model was used to test heterogeneity across studies. The common effect size is 19.361 (z= 4.23, 95% CI: [10.384, 28.338]). Inter-study heterogeneity was determined through Cochran Q test and I^2 index (I^2= % 100, df=32.000, Q=141163533.762, p

Copyright of Antalya Bilim University Law Review is the property of Antalya International University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences / Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Business Administration and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this research is to determine the effects of responsible leadership and autonomous environmental motivation on voluntary green behavior. The population of the research consists of 1830 bank employees working in Balıkesir province. The sample of the research consists of 340 bank employees working in Bandırma district and Balıkesir city center. Data was obtained through survey. Frequency, reliability, exploratory factor, normality, correlation, multiple regression analyses were performed with the data obtained. As a result of the multiple regression analysis, it was determined that responsible leadership had a significant and positive effect on voluntary green behavior. However, it was determined that autonomous environmental motivation did not have a significant effect on voluntary green behavior. The fact that there are very few studies in the literature regarding the variables subject to the research and that the effects of responsible leadership and autonomous environmental motivation on voluntary green behavior will be discussed in this study will reveal the unique aspect of the research. In the conclusion section, suggestions are presented in the light of the research findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Finance Letters / Maliye Finans Yazıları Dergisi is the property of Maliye Finans Yazilari Yayimcilik Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Istanbul Commerce University Journal of Social Sciences / İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Istanbul Commerce University Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sakarya University Journal of Law Faculty (SHD) is the property of Sakarya University Journal of Law Faculty (SHD) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Necmettin Erbakan University Journal of the Faculty of Political Science / Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Necmettin Erbakan University Journal of The Faculty of Political Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türk mevduat bankalarının cinsiyet çeşitliliğinin finansal performans üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Bu amaçla çalışmada kredi riski göstergesi olarak takipteki krediler (NPL) ile kredi zarar karşılıkları (LLP), iflas riski göstergesi olarak Z-Skor, kârlılık göstergesi olarak ise aktif kârlılık (RAO) ile öz sermaye kârlılığı (ROE) kullanılmıştır. Yöntem: Yöntem olarak dirençli tahminciler kullanılarak sabit etkiler modeli uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: Sonuçlar, bankaların cinsiyet çeşitliliğinin sektördeki bankaların kredi risk göstergesi olan NPL, LLP ve kârlılık göstergeleri olan ROA, ROE ile negatif ve anlamlı şekilde ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Bankaların cinsiyet çeşitliliğinin bankaların kredi riskini önemli ölçüde azalttığı görülmüştür. Kârlılıklar bakımından ise cinsiyet çeşitliliği ile kârlılık arasında hipotezlerin aksine negatif ve anlamlı ilişki olduğu ortaya çıkmasına rağmen sağlamlık analizlerinde bankacılık sektöründe daha büyük paya sahip bankaların cinsiyet çeşitliliği ile kârlılıkları arasında pozitif ve anlamlı ilişkiler olduğu belirlenmiştir. Cinsiyet çeşitliliği ile kârlılık arasında doğrusal olmayan U şeklinde bir ilişki olduğunu anlaşılmıştır. Özgünlük: Bu çalışma, bankaların farklı kademelerdeki cinsiyet çeşitliliğiyle ilgili olarak literatürde yapılmış olan ilk çalışmalardan biridir.

Copyright of Istanbul Medipol Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Istanbul Medipol University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Marketing & Marketing Research / Pazarlama ve Pazarlama Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Pazarlama & Pazarlama Arastirmalari Dernegi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Muhasebe ve Vergi Uygulamalari Dergisi (MUVU) / Journal of Accounting & Taxation Studies (JATS) is the property of Ankara Serbest Muhasebeci Mali Musavirler Odasi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The banking sector is among the institutions that have intense importance for both the financial and real sector in a country in terms of sectoral diversity with which it is related. Particularly, the parties with which deposit banks interact are more diversified than other types of banks. In this respect, it is expected that the building blocks of deposit banking, especially in a country, will be built on solid foundations and that the efficiency of its activities will increase continuously. It is unthinkable that banks that have not achieved this harmony will be effective and efficient in the future. In this study, it is aimed to compare the efficiency of deposit banks operating in Turkey. CRITIC COPRAS was used as the comparison method. The method is based on an objective weighting basis and can give information as a percentage of how good or bad it is from the alternatives it compares. The data set used in the research was prepared by the researchers from the Banks Association of Turkey to cover the periods 2016Q1-2022Q2. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the most important criterion was the total loans and receivables/total assets variable, and the least important variable was the personnel expenses/other operating expenses variable. In the comparison of efficiency carried out between banks, it has been found that the bank with the lowest efficiency level is the Sociate Generale Bank. In the light of this study, the efficiency of banks can be determined by using different criteria and/or methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of European Journal of Applied Economics is the property of Singidunum University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of BH Economics Forum / BH Ekonomski Forum is the property of University of Zenica, Faculty of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A total of 147 medieval coins were discovered in July 2020, near a forest. These were chiefly Vienna pfennig mintages from Ottokar II (1251-1276) to Frederick the Fair as Duke (1306-1314). One pfennig appears to be from either Bavaria or the Archbischopric of Salzburg. The only coin from Germany proper is a Nuremberg pfennig from the 13th century. The hoard was likely hidden around 1306-1314 and may have been connected to unrest following the accession Charles Robert to the throne and his subsequent battles with various oligarchs, mainly Matthew Csák. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Performans değerleme firmaların mevcut durumlarının tespiti ve amaçlarına ulaşabilmek için yapılabilecek faaliyetlerinin belirlenmesinde temel araçlardan biridir. Çok boyutlu bir süreç olarak performans değerleme işletme fonksiyonlarının her biri için bir değerlendirme süreci olarak yürütülebilir. İşletmenin tüm fonksiyonlarını kapsayan bütüncül bir performans değerlendirme iş süreçlerinin geliştirilmesi ve stratejik planlama için önemli bir veri kaynağıdır. Performans değerlendirmenin çok boyutlu yapısı ve çok çeşitli amaçlar içermesi problemi çok kriterli karar verme problemi haline getirmektedir. Birden çok ve çoğu birbiri ile çelişen amaçların birlikte değerlendirilebildiği çok kriterli karar verme yöntemlerinden TOPSIS ve COPRAS yöntemleri, kullanım ve uygulama kolaylığı ile öznel verilere ihtiyaç duymadan uygulanabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada bankacılık sektöründeki kurumların performansları TOPSIS ve COPRAS yöntemiyle eşit ağırlıklı ve CRITIC yöntemiyle belirlenmiş ağırlıklı olmak üzere iki boyutlu olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bankaların finansal performanslarının değerlendirilmesi yaygın olarak çalışılan konulardan biri olmakla birlikte bütüncül olarak performans değerlendirme konusunda nispeten sınırlı araştırmalar mevcuttur. Bankaların performans değerlendirmesinde finansal rasyolar yanında şube sayısı, çalışan sayısı gibi yapısal ve kurumsal parametreler de kullanılarak genel bir performans değerlendirme yapılmaktadır. Ayrıca ekonomik kriz dönemlerinde banka performans sıralamalarının değişimi de çalışmada değerlendirilmiştir.

In this study, German banks, as one of the modern financial institutions of the period before the First World War in the Ottoman Empire, are examined. In this context, after examining the Ottoman-German historical relations and the economic rapprochement within these relations, the establishment processes of German banks in the Ottoman Empire are chronologically revealed. Later, it is investigated where, when and for what purpose the banks were established in accordance with the Drang nach Osten policies of the Germans, and through which processes these banks ceased to operate in the Ottoman Empire. The research is prepared on the basis of archival documents, bank annuals, and press materials. Thanks to the method applied throughout the study, the resources used and the historical data obtained, while the information about German banks that exists disorganizedly in the literature and remains far from holistic is organized, an issue of the existence of the German financial sector that has never been emphasized before is tried to be explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches / İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Katılım bankalarının ana omurgasını oluşturan katılma hesapları, mudârabe sözleşmesine dayandırılır ve bu hesaplar mudârib konumunda değerlendirilen banka tarafından işletilir. Dolayısıyla zarar durumunda bankanın sermayeyi garanti yükümlülüğü yoktur. Çünkü klasik mudârabe anlayışına göre mudâribin sermayeyi tazmin etmesi, yalnızca teaddî, taksîr ve sermaye sahibinin şartlarına muhalefet ettiği durumlardadır. Ancak bazı modern çalışmalarda, mudârabe sermayesinin banka veya bağımsız bir kuruluş tarafından garanti edilebileceği ileri sürülmüştür. Bu noktada sermayeyi bankanın veya banka dışında üçüncü bir tarafın garantiye alması şeklinde iki temel yaklaşım söz konusudur. Birinci yaklaşım, katılma hesabı sermayelerinin banka tarafından garantiye alınmasıdır. Bu yaklaşımda bankanın, sözleşmeden sonra gönüllü ya da zorunlu olarak -akit esnasında şart koşulmak suretiyle- mudârabe sermayesini garanti edebileceği dile getirilmiştir. Çünkü faizsiz banka, yalnızca muayyen kişilerin sermayelerini çalıştırmayıp aynı zamanda ecîr-i müşterek gibi hareket ederek, elinde sermayesi olup da yatırım yapmak isteyen herkese hizmet sunmaktadır. Dolayısıyla da banka mudârabe sermayesini ecîr-i müşterek gibi garanti edebilmektedir. Böylece bankanın ekonomik dengeleri gözetmeksizin mudârabe varlıklarını zayi etmesi engellenmiş olur. Faizsiz bankaların, katılma hesabı sermayelerini gönüllü olarak garanti edebileceğini savunanlar ise bankayı mudârabe sözleşmesinin bir unsuru olarak görmemiştir. Bu anlayışa göre banka, sermayeyi garanti etmek suretiyle sermayedara teberrûda bulunmuş olmaktadır. İkinci yaklaşım ise mudârabe sermayesinin banka dışında üçüncü bir unsur tarafından garantiye alınmasıdır. Sermayenin mudârabe sözleşmesi taraflarının dışında bağımsız bir kuruluş (risk sandığı, hazine ve benzeri kurumlar) tarafından garanti edilebileceği de ileri sürülmüştür. Buna göre banka, hesap sahipleriyle anlaşarak mudârabe kârından bir miktar kesinti yapmak suretiyle bir yardımlaşma sigorta şirketi (شركة تأمين تعاونية) kurar. Daha sonra meydana gelmesi muhtemel olan zararlar bu şirket tarafından karşılanır. Söz konusu kesintinin meşruluğu da mudârabe akdinden bağımsız kişilere kârdan pay verilmesi cevazına dayandırılmıştır. Faizsiz bankanın kendi kurduğu bir vakıf veya devlet aracılığıyla müşterilerinin sermayelerini garanti altına alabileceği, bunun da salt bir teberrû olacağı belirtilmiştir. Bununla birlikte sermayeyi garanti eden cihetin mudârabe sözleşmesinin tarafı olmaması da şart koşulmuştur. Çeşitli kuruluşlara bağlı fıkıh akademileri ve benzeri kurullar, ileri sürülen görüşleri destekler mahiyette hesap sahiplerinin kârlarından ayrılan rezervlerle sermayenin garanti altına alınabileceğini kabul etmiştir. Bahsi geçen rezervin mudârabe sermayesini koruma maksadını taşıdığından yalnızca hesap sahiplerinin kârından karşılanmasını zorunlu görmüşlerdir. Katılma hesabı sermayeleri ülkemizde daha farklı bir yöntemle güvenceye alınmıştır. Katılma hesabında bulunan sermayeler, Tasarruf Mevduatı Sigorta Fonu (TMSF) tarafından kısmen ya da tamamen garanti edilmektedir. Aslında TMSF yalnızca bankanın iflas etmesi durumunda hesap sahiplerinin sermayelerini kısmen tazmin etmekte, yoksa katılma hesabı zarar ettiğinde buna müdahil olmamaktadır. Ayrıca daha önceleri ülkemiz bankacılık mevzuatı faizsiz bankalardan, kâra katıldıkları oranın yarısı kadar zarara katlanmalarını istemekteydi. Bankaların kâra katılım oranlarının en az yarısı kadar zarara katlanmaları mudârabe sermayesini güvenceye almaları anlamına gelir ki buna da fıkhen cevaz verilmemiştir. Ancak 18/10/2018 tarih ve 30569 sayılı Resmi Gazete’de yayımlanarak yürürlüğe giren ilgili yönetmelikle katılma hesabının zarara katılma oranı %100 olarak kabul edilmiştir. Böylece katılma hesapları hakkında şerî mahzur olarak duran bu durum düzeltilmiştir. Bu meselede şerî mahzur ise tazmin sorumluluğu üstlenilmeyen maldan getiri elde etme prensibine aykırı davranmadır. Sonuç olarak bu çalışmada mudârabe sermayesinin garantisi için ileri sürülen önerilerin fıkhın izin verdiği sınırlar içerisinde olup olmadığı izah edilecek ardından hâlihazırda sermayenin tazmin edilmesi için ileri sürülen en makul öneri tespit edilmeye çalışılacaktır.

ÖZ: Klasik Osmanlı iktisat sistemi devletin ekonomik yapıda tek söz sahibi olduğu, toprağa bağımlı, basit ticari işletmelerin egemen olduğu bir görünüm arz etmekteydi. Bu dönemde devletin gelirlerinin temelini fethedilen topraklardan elde edilen ganimetler ve tımar sistemi sayesinde devletin köylülerin ürettiklerinden almış olduğu pay oluşturmaktaydı. Bu basit iktisadi sistem uzun süre değişime uğramadan sürmüş, devletin toprak rejiminin ve ganimet sisteminin durduğu 17. yüzyılın sonuna kadar devam etmiştir. Fakat devlet gelirlerinin düşmesi ve toprak sisteminin bozulması sonucu âyan sınıfının ortaya çıkması gibi durumlar, geleneksel düzenin her türlü alanda yavaşça değişmesine ve devletin kendi iktisadi kabuğundan çıkarak dünya ekonomisi ile bütünleşmesine zemin hazırlamıştır. 18. yüzyılın başlarında değişmeye başlayan bu geleneksel sistem sonucunda daha önce karşılıklı çıkar ilişkisine dayanan ve ağır işleyen ekonomik ve ticari faaliyetler, geleneksel yapının bozulması ile daha hızlı bir şekilde birbirlerine entegre olmaya başlamıştır. 19. yüzyılda ise Osmanlı Devleti uzun yıllar dışa açılmadan korumuş olduğu kapalı ekonomik sistemini terk ederek, Avrupa ile ekonomik entegrasyon sürecine girmişti. Baltalimanı Ticaret Antlaşması ve onu takip eden ticari anlaşmalar sanayileşmesini tamamlamış Avrupa devletlerine daha önceden kapitülasyonlarla verilen hakları genişletmiş ve Osmanlı pazarına egemen olmalarını kolaylaştırmıştı. Ayrıca bu ekonomik entegrasyon sürecinde Kırım savaşı ile borç ilişkileri de başladı. Nitekim Kırım Savaşı ile başlayan borç ilişkileri kısa zamanda Avrupalı sermayedarların yerel bankerlerle iş birliğine sahne olmuş, bu süreçte hızlı bir borçlanma serüveni yaşayan Osmanlı Devleti kısa zamanda borçlarını ödeyemez duruma gelmişti. Bu dönemde Avrupa devletleri örnek alınarak merkez bankası kurma girişimleri her ne kadar para piyasasını düzenleme amacını taşısa da aslında var olan borçlanma ilişkilerinde aracı rolü üstlenmeye ve yabancı sermayenin koruyuculuğunu üstlenen bir mekanizmanın kurulmasına neden oldu. Çalışmamızın ana temasını oluşturan İtibar-ı Umumi Bankası (Crédit Général Ottoman) Osmanlı Bankası kurucuları arasında olmayan farklı bir sermaye grubunun bazı Galata bankerleriyle birlikte kurmuş oldukları aracı bir kredi kurumudur. Özellikle Rothschild grubuna ait olan bu kredi kurumu birçok borçlanma konusunda aracılık görevi üstlenmiş daha sonra kendi bünyesindeki bankerlerin rakip kredi kurumuna geçmesi ile kendisini feshetmiştir. Bu çalışmadaki amaç Fransız kaynaklarından şirketin Osmanlı Devleti içinde borç ilişkilerindeki rolünü incelemek ayrıca yıllık faaliyet raporları çerçevesinde kurulan kredi kurumunun işleyişi hakkında bilgi sahibi olmaktır. ABSTRACT: The classical Ottoman economic system had an appearance in which the state had the sole say in the economic structure, dependent on the land, and dominated by simple commercial enterprises. In this period, the basis of the state's income was the booty obtained from the conquered lands and the share of the state from the peasants' produce thanks to the fief system. This economic system continued for a long time without any change, and continued until the end of the 17th century, when the state's land regime and booty system ceased. However, situations such as the emergence of the notable class as a result of the decline in state revenues and the deterioration of the land system paved the way for the traditional order to slowly change in all areas and for the state to come out of its own economic shell and integrate with the world economy. As a result of this traditional system that started to change at the beginning of the 18th century, economic and commercial activities, which were based on mutual interests and were slow, started to integrate with each other more quickly with the deterioration of the traditional structure. In the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire abandoned its closed economic system, which it had protected for many years, and entered the process of economic integration with Europe. The Baltalimanı trade agreement and subsequent agreements expanded the rights previously granted to European states with capitulations and facilitated their domination of the Ottoman market. In addition, with this economic integration process, debt relations started with the Crimean war. As a matter of fact, the debt relations that started with the Crimean War soon became the scene of cooperation between European capitalists and local bankers, and the Ottoman Empire, which experienced a rapid borrowing adventure in this process, became unable to pay its debts in a short time. Although attempts to establish a central bank by taking European states as an example during this period had the aim of regulating the money market, in fact, it led to the establishment of a mechanism that assumed the role of intermediary in existing borrowing relations and the protection of foreign capital. The main theme of our study, the İtibar-ı Umumi Bankası (Crédit Général Ottoman), is an intermediary loan institution established by a different capital group, which is not among the founders of the Ottoman Bank, together with some Galata bankers. This credit institution, which belongs to the Rothschild group in particular, has undertaken the role of intermediary in many borrowing issues and then dissolved itself when the bankers within its structure passed to the rival credit institution. The aim of this study is to examine the role of the company in debt relations within the Ottoman Empire from French sources and also to have information about the functioning of the credit institution established within the framework of annual activity reports.

Çalışmanın amacı, likidite ve finansal kaldıracın bankaların aktif ve öz sermaye karlılıkları üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren mevduat bankaları üzerinde bir uygulama yapılmıştır. 2014 – 2019 yıllarını kapsayan dönem için kalkınma ve yatırım bankaları hariç 31 bankanın örneklem olarak seçildiği çalışmada, likidite ölçüsü olarak likidite oranı, finansal kaldıraç ölçüsü olarak borç oranı ve karlılık ölçüsü olarak da aktif ve öz sermaye karlılığı oranları kullanılmıştır. Yapısal Eşitlik Modelinin uygulandığı çalışma sonucunda, finansal kaldıracın öz sermaye karlılığı üzerinde olumlu, aktif karlılığı üzerinde ise olumsuz bir etkisi olduğu tespit edilmişken, likidite oranının gerek aktif gerekse öz sermaye karlılığı üzerinde bir etkisinin olmadığı belirlenmiştir.

This study aims to determine the asset quality of publicly owned deposit banks operating in Turkey by examining the 11- year financial statements covering the years 2010-2020 and to rank the banks using the integrated Entropy-TOPSIS method. As of February 2022, there are 51 banks in Turkey. 11 of these banks are deposit banks. Among the deposit banks, the number of state-owned deposit banks is three. In the study, financial ratios related to the asset quality of 3 state-owned deposit banks operating in Turkey for the period 2010-2020 were calculated. Then, criteria weights were calculated with the Entropy method, and the banks were ranked with the TOPSIS method. According to the results obtained from the study, when analyzed in terms of state-owned banks, it is seen that Ziraat Bank with the code B1 took the first place in the 11 years, although there are some differences from year to year in the rankings of banks with good asset quality. At the same time, it has been determined that Vakıfbank and Halk Bank, coded B2 and B3, generally share the second and third places, and their scores are very close to each other. In addition, banks are required to review their asset investments and credit policies to protect them from liquidity and credit risk, and it is recommended to take measures regarding bad loans and non-performing loans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contemporary Military Challenges / Sodobni Vojaški Izzivi is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Bankarstvo Magazine is the property of Association of Serbian Banks and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the development of technology and the Covid-19 pandemic, the importance and use of remote working methods has increased. Bank's internal audit units are also switching from on-site auditing to remote auditing applications due to the many advantages of remote auditing. However, the disadvantages and advantages of remote control should be considered together. In this study, "Traditional on-site branch audit practices" and "remote branch audit practices" of banks were compared using the AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) method. As a result of the literature review and expert auditor opinions on the subject, eight criteria were determined and the expert group consisting of experienced auditors working in the internal audit units of the bank was asked to evaluate these criteria and alternatives. Thus, the superior and weak aspects of remote and on-site branch audits have been determined. Accordingly, in bank branch audits, "remote branch audit" stands out in terms of cost savings, time savings, administrative convenience and flexibility, while "on-site branch audit" stands out in terms of audit scope, report quality, impact on the audited units and communication criteria. In terms of auditor motivation, there was no significant difference between remote auditing and on-site auditing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Art History / Sanat Tarihi Dergisi is the property of Ege University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bankarstvo Magazine is the property of Association of Serbian Banks and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The globalizing world is increasingly affecting competition in sectors. The banking sector is one of the sectors where competition is most intense. In recent years, increasing the number of automation and digitalization efforts in the banking sector, as well as more effective use of human resources is of vital importance. Bank employee job involvement plays a decisive role in increasing competition. The main purpose of the study is to investigate the effects of the factors affecting the job engagement of bank employees, briefly the effect of job engagement precursors on job involment. For this purpose, questions were asked to determine the factors that affect their job involvement to 250 people working in state, private and participation banks in Konya. As a result of the research, it has been concluded that the working conditions and friendship factors in the bank have a positive effect on the bank employee job involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studies of Socio-Economics & Humanities / Socioekonomické a Humanitní Studie is the property of College of Banking, Banking Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Zbornik Radova: Univerzitet 'Džemal Bijedić' u Mostaru, Ekonomski Fakultet is the property of Dzemal Bijedic University of Mostar, Faculty of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Selcuk Law Review / Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Selcuk Law Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Türkiye’de koronavirüs salgını 2020 yılının ilk çeyreğinin son ayına denk gelmiştir. Pandemi sürecine girilmesinin ardından yaşanan olumsuz gelişmelerle birlikte özelikle bankacılık sektöründe kısa vadede, ilk çeyrekten sonraki süreç için faizlerin azalması ve kredi talebinde artışlara neden olduğu görülmektedir. Kısa vadede yaşanan bu değişimler pandeminin ilerleyen sürecinde de piyasaya etki edeceği ve dengelerin değişeceği yönündedir. Bu çalışmanın da amacı pandemi sürecinde, bankaların aktif kalitesini gösteren oran (toplam verilen krediler/toplam mevduat oranı) için seçili bankaların aktif kalitesi hakkında ilerleyen dönemler için bilgi sahibi olmaya çalışmaktır. 9 banka değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. Analiz için (2019/1-2020/2) aralığındaki çeyrek dönem verileri kullanılarak GM (1,1) tahmin modeli ile uygulama yapılmıştır. Analiz sonucunda gelecek 4 çeyrek dönem (2021 2. çeyreğe kadar) için seçili bankaların aktif kalitelerini gösteren oranın tahmin değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Gelecek dönemler için hesaplanan tahmin değerlerine göre; 6 bankanın aktif kalitelerini gösteren oranlarda, azalan bir eğilim yaşanacağı öngörülürken; 3 bankanın ise aktif kalitelerini gösteren oranlarında artan eğilim göstereceği öngörülmektedir.

Strategijsko manevrisanje proizvodom, cenom, distribucijom i promocijom kao elementima ponude suština je marketing koncepcije savremene banke. Pojava i razvoj globalne mreže radikalno je promenila sve elemente marketing miksa. Uspostavljanjem asortimana proizvoda i dinamičkim upravljanjem promenama u njegovoj strukturi banke usklađuju svoje mogućnosti sa potrebama klijenata. Trude se da ponude što bogatiji i dostupniji proizvodni asortiman. Teže da se prilagođavanjem ponude maksimalno približe zahtevima postojećih i potencijalnih korisnika. Ponuda često nadmašuje tražnju. Zbog toga se trude da odluke o oblikovanju proizvoda nikada ne donose bez saradnje s klijentima. Dostupnost različitih, prilagodljivih i cenovno konkurentnih bankarskih proizvoda fundiranih uz upotrebu informacionih tehnologija, postaje temelj bankarstva. Fokusiranost na klijenta, zaokružena ponuda proizvoda visokog kvaliteta i stalne inovacije predstavljaju ključni faktor uspešnosti poslovanja banaka.

Copyright of Econder International Academic Journal is the property of Econder International Academic Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, determinants of nonperforming loans over the period 2004-2017 annual data for 21 banks operating in Turkey has tried to be determined. In addition to bank-specific variables proposed in the literature, macroeconomic and macroeconomic variables specific to the country have been added. In the study, the ratio of non-performing loans to total assets (NPL1) and non-performing loans to gross total loans (NPL2) was determined as dependent variable. In this study, the factors affecting banks' non-performing loans were analyzed with static and dynamic panel data analysis methods. Compromise on lending (BVU) variable was found to be negative and statistically significant. Accordingly, as banks specialize in lending, they will be able to follow loans that increase non-performing loans. All variables were found to be statistically significant and positive, and this finding indicates that banks give more risky loans with lower capital and this led to an increase in non-performing loans. According to the results of the analysis done by the panel data method, the results will help the policy makers in determining the financial and economic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Participation banking, which is known as Islamic banking or non-interest banking in the world; While it was first operating in Islamic countries, it later became a type of banking that started to operate throughout the world. It started its activities in Turkey in 1985 under the name of Special Finance Institutions (SFI), and obtained the status of a bank with the "Banking Law No. 5411 dated 19.10.2005" and has been operating under the name of Participation Bank since 2006. Participation banks in Turkey obtained a big momentum especially after the 2000s. Until the last quarter of 2015, only private participation banks provided services in Turkey, but in 2015, it obtained more importance with the public participation banks' orientation to this field. In this study, it is aimed to compare the efficiency of fund collection and fund allocation methods of private and public participation banks operating in Turkey. In this context, the efficiency values were calculated by analyzing of the quarterly data covering the years 2016-2020 with the help of Data Envelopment Analysis. The results of the analysis clearly reveal that the private participation banks in Turkey are ahead of the public participation banks in terms of the number of personnel, the number of branches, net profit, total assets and the efficiency of the funds provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The classical Ottoman economic system had an appearance in which the state had the sole say in the economic structure, dependent on the land, and dominated by simple commercial enterprises. In this period, the basis of the state's income was the booty obtained from the conquered lands and the share of the state from the peasants' produce thanks to the fief system. This economic system continued for a long time without any change, and continued until the end of the 17th century, when the state's land regime and booty system ceased. However, situations such as the emergence of the notable class as a result of the decline in state revenues and the deterioration of the land system paved the way for the traditional order to slowly change in all areas and for the state to come out of its own economic shell and integrate with the world economy. As a result of this traditional system that started to change at the beginning of the 18th century, economic and commercial activities, which were based on mutual interests and were slow, started to integrate with each other more quickly with the deterioration of the traditional structure. In the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire abandoned its closed economic system, which it had protected for many years, and entered the process of economic integration with Europe. The Baltalimanı trade agreement and subsequent agreements expanded the rights previously granted to European states with capitulations and facilitated their domination of the Ottoman market. In addition, with this economic integration process, debt relations started with the Crimean war. As a matter of fact, the debt relations that started with the Crimean War soon became the scene of cooperation between European capitalists and local bankers, and the Ottoman Empire, which experienced a rapid borrowing adventure in this process, became unable to pay its debts in a short time. Although attempts to establish a central bank by taking European states as an example during this period had the aim of regulating the money market, in fact, it led to the establishment of a mechanism that assumed the role of intermediary in existing borrowing relations and the protection of foreign capital. The main theme of our study, the İtibar-ı Umumi Bankası (Crédit Général Ottoman), is an intermediary loan institution established by a different capital group, which is not among the founders of the Ottoman Bank, together with some Galata bankers. This credit institution, which belongs to the Rothschild group in particular, has undertaken the role of intermediary in many borrowing issues and then dissolved itself when the bankers within its structure passed to the rival credit institution. The aim of this study is to examine the role of the company in debt relations within the Ottoman Empire from French sources and also to have information about the functioning of the credit institution established within the framework of annual activity reports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ankara University SBF Journal / Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi is the property of Ankara University SBF Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bankarstvo Magazine is the property of Association of Serbian Banks and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Information technologies are developing rapidly nowadays and globalization concept which shows up in parellel to IT has started to threaten the existence of firms by making competitive environment more intensive. Counter to this threat, businesses are trying to provide an advantage against their competitors by developing various of strategies. Internal marketing and market oriented approach are among the significant strategies which are developed within this scope. In the study, it is aimed to determine the effects of internal marketing practices and market oriented approach on performance in banks. Besides, it is examined whether internal marketing practices have an effect on market oriented approach or not. As a result of the study, it is determined that internal marketing practices and market oriented approach of banks affect their performance positively. Moreover, it is found that internal marketing practices affect market oriented approach substantially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

İkna, bir takım iletişim taktikleri yoluyla insanları zor kullanmadan belirli davranışlara yönlendirme sanatı olarak tanımlanmaktadır. İknaya ilişkin yapılan çalışmalar hem akla hem duygulara hitap eden mesajların, alıcıda istenilen davranışın ortaya çıkmasında, daha etkili olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bağlamda, tüketicilerde satın alma davranışı oluşturmayı amaçlayan reklam mesajlarının duygulara hitap etme yoluyla anlamını güçlendirmek ve etkinliğini artırabilmek için çoğunlukla müzikten yararlandığı görülmektedir. Müzik, duyguları harekete geçirdiği için reklamcılık sektöründe önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. İnsanlarda duyguları yoğunlaştıran reklam müzikleri bir yandan reklamın beğenilmesini sağlarken öte taraftan markanın akılda kalıcılığına da katkıda bulunmaktadır. Akılda kalıcı olmayı başaran reklam müziklerinin hedef kitle tarafından yıllar sonra bile hatırlandığı bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; Türkiye’nin marka değeri en yüksek bankalarının televizyon reklam film müziklerinin ikna edici iletişim açısından bir analizini ortaya koymak ve reklamlarda müziğin kullanımına ilişkin stratejilerin ikna stratejileriyle örtüşüp örtüşmediğini belirlemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda bağımsız marka değerleme ve strateji danışmanlık Şirketi Brand Finance’ın, “Dünyanın En Değerli 500 Banka Markası - 2017” araştırmasının sonuçlarına göre listeye giren 9 Türk bankası araştırmanın örneklemi olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırma yöntemi olarak ise; 30 Ocak 2018 tarihi itibarıyla bu bankaların yayında olan son televizyon reklam filmleri belirlenmiş ve içerik analizi yöntemiyle incelenmiştir.

Copyright of Journal of Judgments by the Court of Jurisdictional Disputes / Uyusmazlik Mahkemesi Dergisi is the property of Court of Jurisdictional Disputes of the Republic of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of Accounting & Finance Reviews / Muhasebe ve Finans İncelemeleri Dergisi is the property of Muhasebe & Finans Incelemeleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Studies - Economics, Finance, Politics is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the globalization of the financial system, the banking sector has been deeply affected and with the spread of cross-border bank mergers, it has become a major market in the world in terms of banking sector. Crossborder mergers in some countries have resulted in the acquisition of more than half of the country's banking sector by foreign banks. This situation has become the control of the banking sector by foreign banks. In this study, all bank acquisitions and mergers were examined with the data obtained from Thomson Reuters Datastream database, and it was observed that the banking sector made the sector more valuable all over the world by revealing banks with a larger scale than the gross national product of some countries. It has been observed that countries that incorporate or utilize these huge financial structures are more advantageous. It is concluded that open and generally developing economies have entered the race to attract these funds to their countries by making structural changes in the sector.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]