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This paper presents an adaptive load frequency control technique in both of isolated microgrid power system and two interconnected microgrids (MGs). A modified Jaya optimization method is used to make online tuning of the area controller. The Balloon Effect (BE) modification is designed to increase the sensitivity of the Jaya algorithm to both of the system load disturbance and parameters variations. In Jaya with BE technique, the objective function (OF) is affected by the on-time system problems. Communication delay time is considered in the dynamic model of interconnected MGs. System with proposed adaptive control method has been tested in several scenarios including step and variable load demand and parameters variations. Simulation results using Matlab software show that the proposed adaptive controller tuned by Jaya + BE technique provides better performance of frequency control than other methods such as conventional controller or adaptive one tuned by classical Jaya algorithm.

This paper suggests an adaptive control approach using water cycle algorithm optimization method (WCA) modified by a new technique called “Balloon Effect”. The main concept of Balloon Effect is to increase the ability of the WCA to tune individually the gains of the controller online. The proposed technique has been used to tune the gains of PID controller and applied to control both of the load frequency control in micro-grid power system (which minimize the fundamental frequency variations) and the position of armature-controlled DC motor. Digital simulations have been carried out to prove the efficiency of the proposed adaptive controller-based WCA with Balloon Effect. The obtained results showed that the proposed adaptive controller maintains robust performance, and effectively reduces the impact of identified disturbances and uncertainties.

The goal of this paper is to introduce an adaptive load frequency control (LFC) technique for power systems. The concept of the proposed adaptive technique is built on the on-line tuning of the gain of an integral controller using Electro-Search optimization (ESO) supported by a modification called the ‘balloon effect’. The main target is to regulate the frequency of isolated and interconnected power systems. The balloon effect is designed to obtain the input/output signals of the power system plant at any moment; then, these signals are utilized to calculate the value of the open loop transfer function of the plant at the same time. This will emphatically affect the specified objective function of the ESO approach and increase its sensitivity to and effect on system difficulties such as system step load changes, parameter uncertainties and the effect of the penetrations resulting from renewable sources. Delayed time resulting from the communication process between the area and control center is considered in the dynamic model of interconnected MGs, and nonlinearities, such as governor dead bands (GDBs) and generation rate constraints (GRCs), are included in the simulation model. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and success of the proposed controller tuned by the ESO approach with a balloon effect and provide better performance of frequency regulation than a fixed controller, as well as other methods such as standard Jaya and ESO methods.

An empirical approach to the efficacy and efficiency of coca crops control policies: aerial spraying, manual eradication, alternative development and interdiction. The first one according to a spatial model of panel data, the expansion was explained by spatial contagion and control policies included the balloon effect, and exogenous factors. Secondly, the simulation of spatial replications or long-term effects would suggest differences between policy instruments. &nbsp, Una aproximación empírica a la eficacia y eficiencia de las políticas de control de los cultivos de coca: aspersión área, erradicación manual, desarrollo alternativo y la interdicción. Lo primero según un modelo espacial de datos de panel, desagregando la expansión según las contribuciones al contagio espacial de las políticas de control y su efecto balón, así como de factores exógenos. Mientras lo segundo, mediante la simulación de réplicas espaciales o efectos de largo plazo se sugieren diferencias de eficiencia entre los instrumentos de política.

El objetivo de este artículo es poner a prueba estadísticamente la presencia de efectos globo en los cultivos de coca en el territorio geográfico correspondiente a los principales países productores en la región andina (Colombia, Perú y Bolivia) durante el periodo 1990-2009. La metodología empírica se centra en la especificación y estimación de un modelo de ecuaciones simultáneas utilizando el método SUR, el cual permite explicar el comportamiento de las hectáreas cultivadas con coca en función de un conjunto de determinantes. Se concluye que hay evidencia empírica a favor de la presencia de efectos globo en la región andina a lo largo del periodo estudiado. The aim of this article is to contrast empirically the presence of balloon effects affecting coca crops in the geographic territory corresponding to the main producer countries (Colombia, Perú and Bolivia) of the Andean region during the period 1990-2009. The empirical methodology has been focused in the specification and estimation of a simultaneous equation system using a SUR model. The model attempts to explain the behaviour of the number of hectares cultivated with coca plants as a function of different variables. We conclude that there is empirical evidence supporting the presence of balloon effects in the Andean region during the period of inquiry. O objetivo deste artigo é testar estatisticamente a presença de efeitos globo sobre os cultivos de coca nos principais países produtores da Região Andina (Colômbia, Peru e Bolívia) durante o período 1990-2009. A metodologia empírica consistiu na estimação de um modelo de equações simultâneas utilizando o método SUR, que pode explicar o comportamento de hectares cultivados de coca, com base em um conjunto de determinantes. Os resultados mostram evidências empíricas a respeito da presença de efeitos globo na região andina durante o período estudado.

The sudden increase in crime and violence in some Mexican cities and regions has raised security concerns not only in Mexico, where President Felipe Calderon categorized these crimes as a threat to Mexican society, but also in the United States, where Homeland Secretary head Janet Napolitano referred to stemming the violence as "vital to core U.S. national interests." Mexico is concerned with the latent threat of violence spreading all over the nation, while the U.S. is trying to guard against spillover. Both governments are concerned by the increased violence and its impact on communities along the U.S.--Mexican border. Because of its geopolitical location along the southern U.S. border, Mexico is susceptible to possible undesired effects of U.S. strategies. These unintended, second-degree consequences are known as "balloon effects," after the airflow inside a balloon when constriction applied to one area sends pressure to another area in the balloon, thinning and weakening its wall. Since 2006, Mexico's strategy for countering transnational organized crime and related activities has sent the balloon effect in two directions: first, inside Mexico, where government actions have unbalanced the criminal structure, creating balloon effects inside Mexican territory; and second, within the U.S. while asking to escalate the Mexican effort to improve its anti-crime strategy with U.S. assistance has escalated conflict and led to a holistic strategy against transnational organized crime and related activities in the Americas. http://archive.org/details/theballooneffect1094510684 Mexican Navy author

Cet article examine les nouvelles tendances géographiques et géopolitiques du trafic illicite de cocaïne dans les régions productrices sud américaines, les marchés consommateurs occidentaux, et les espaces intermédiaires, particulièrement la région Caraïbe et l’Afrique. Des évolutions importantes ont touchées ces trois espaces-types depuis deux décennies : l’étape de la production a été concentrée en Colombie sans avoir pour autant disparue du Pérou et de Bolivie, la consommation augmente en Europe, en Amérique latine et en Afrique, et le trafic se développe fortement dans les espaces intermédiaires, en se contractant et se dilatant au gré des mesures répressives mises en place. Ces évolutions sont dues à l’effet ballon, le contournement des répressions mises en place et le déplacement des problèmes plutôt que sa résolution, et ce d’autant plus que, en dehors des discours, aucune volonté nette d’éradication de ce trafic n’apparaît à travers les actions entreprises. Ceci suffit à soulever la question de l’instrumentalisation de la prohibition, soulignant le fait que la répression masque en réalité des interventions géopolitiques majeures. This paper looks at the recent illicit cocaine trafficking geographical and geopolitical trends, from the South american producer regions to the western markets, through the various spaces filling this commercial gap into the Caribbean and Africa. New patterns have been emerging since two decades: production activities have been increasingly taking place in Colombia without being completely eradicated from Bolivia and Peru, consummation has been steadily increasing in Europe as well as in South America and Africa, while trafficking operations were blooming around the Caribbean and in Africa. The main reason for those developments is the balloon effect, the shift of trafficking networks according to day-to-day repression targets. Those movements have been eased off by the actual prohibition politics lack of will, although much energy has been put into the discourses surrounding them. This gap between talks and actions allows us to be very sceptical when it comes to a repression often used as a smoke screen to mask major geopolitical interventions.