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As an important part of rotating machinery, gearboxes often fail due to their complex working conditions and harsh working environment. Therefore, it is very necessary to effectively extract the fault features of the gearboxes. Gearbox fault signals usually contain multiple characteristic components and are accompanied by strong noise interference. Traditional sparse modeling methods are based on synthesis models, and there are few studies on analysis and balance models. In this paper, a balance nonconvex regularized sparse decomposition method is proposed, which based on a balance model and an arctangent nonconvex penalty function. The sparse dictionary is constructed by using Tunable Q-Factor Wavelet Transform (TQWT) that satisfies the tight frame condition, which can achieve efficient and fast solution. It is optimized and solved by alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) algorithm, and the non-convex regularized sparse decomposition algorithm of synthetic and analytical models are given. Through simulation experiments, the determination methods of regularization parameters and balance parameters are given, and compared with the L1 norm regularization sparse decomposition method under the three models. Simulation analysis and engineering experimental signal analysis verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract As an important part of rotating machinery, gearboxes often fail due to their complex working conditions and harsh working environment. Therefore, it is very necessary to effectively extract the fault features of the gearboxes. Gearbox fault signals usually contain multiple characteristic components and are accompanied by strong noise interference. Traditional sparse modeling methods are based on synthesis models, and there are few studies on analysis and balance models. In this paper, a balance nonconvex regularized sparse decomposition method is proposed, which based on a balance model and an arctangent nonconvex penalty function. The sparse dictionary is constructed by using Tunable Q-Factor Wavelet Transform (TQWT) that satisfies the tight frame condition, which can achieve efficient and fast solution. It is optimized and solved by alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) algorithm, and the non-convex regularized sparse decomposition algorithm of synthetic and analytical models are given. Through simulation experiments, the determination methods of regularization parameters and balance parameters are given, and compared with the L1 norm regularization sparse decomposition method under the three models. Simulation analysis and engineering experimental signal analysis verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of a Test Anxiety Group Psychoeducation Program based on the Balance Model within the context of Positive Psychotherapy on the test anxiety scores of high school students experiencing test anxiety. The experimental group consisted of 14 students, 8 females and 6 males, attending the 11th grade in a state high school in Ankara/Türkiye, who were identified by the school guidance service as experiencing test anxiety. The students in the psychoeducation group were assigned using the purposive sampling method, a non-random sampling technique and a subset of purposeful sampling. The Test Anxiety Group Psychoeducation Program was based on the Balance Model within the context of Positive Psychotherapy and consisted of 6 sessions lasting 90 minutes each, utilizing methods mainly from positive psychotherapy, drama techniques, and stories. A Test Anxiety Inventory comprising 20 items was administered to the participants. The subscale scores of Emotionality and Worry, as well as Overall Anxiety Score were utilized. A single-group, pre-test post-test experimental design was used in the research. The outcomes showed that after participating in the Test Anxiety Group Psychoeducation Program, the experimental group’s test anxiety scores significantly decreased.

Already since the period following World War 1 until the Vietnam War, criteria of traumatization aftermath of the Vietnam war, the criteria for traumatization have been identified and psychotherapeutic aids have been tested and validated. With its possibility of resource activation, Positive Psychotherapy has made another approach available for analyzing the trauma-triggering triggers, for the identification of competencies that are already being used and for the activation of existing, unused abilities, which leads the patient into a stabilizing process and integration of his/her experiences and thus, together with the cross-school psychotherapeutic interventions, promotes the process of individual recovery.

This article discusses the use of projective methods (introduced by Lawrence K. Frank) while working with clients with psychosomatic disorders. In particular the use of the Positive and Transcultural Psychotherapy method (PPT) is presented. PPT provides tools to explore hidden aspects of the client’s personality and conflicts, aiming to ensure a balanced therapeutic process. We will demonstrate great synergy achieved by combining projective methods with the five-step strategy, PPT and balance model.

The article discusses the increasing prevalence of antidepressant use in the UK and concerns surrounding the reliance on psychotropic medication. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health is also mentioned, along with the increasing rates of probable mental disorders in children and young people. The author highlights the role of psychotherapists in discussing medication-related topics with clients and advocating for collaboration with Family Doctors (GPs) and psychiatrists. It suggests that a combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy may be more effective than medication alone, but long waiting times for therapy services pose a challenge. Staff shortages in mental health services are identified as barriers to adequate care and patient involvement in decision-making processes. The Balance Model is proposed as a framework for planning interventions, focusing on the four areas of life (physical, mental, emotional and spiritual) to support clients in managing the side effects of starting or stopping medication. Overall, the article calls for a comprehensive approach to mental health treatment that considers both medication and psychotherapy, addresses the challenges associated with medication use, and advocates for improved training and collaboration among healthcare professionals.

Objective of the study. To evaluate the state of surgical services for patients with uterine fibroids and/or ovarian cysts in hospitals in Vinnytsia by the correspondence of the balance values of costs, quality, and comfort of medical services depending on the patient's medical education. Materials and methods. The analysis, design, and program of the study are based on the econometric model of D. Dranov and M. Satterthwaite, which relates the balance values of costs, quality, and comfort of health care services to individualized elasticities of demand. The model is empirically specified for the purposes of the study in a proper structural form. On this theoretical basis, we studied the state of the provision of surgical services to patients with uterine fibroids and/or ovarian cysts by a combined (retrospective + prospective) study of the main array, namely, 150 medical records of inpatients of gynecological departments from three medical diagnostic institutions of Vinnytsia hospitalized over a six-year period. Results. The behavior of the balance values of costs, quality, and comfort of medical services depending on the patient's medical education was analyzed. Conclusions. The hypothesis of the existence of responsiveness, namely, a decrease in the individualized elasticity of demand for price, quality, and comfort due to lack of patient awareness leads to a reduction in the balance values of costs, quality, and comfort, has been previously confirmed. In our opinion, the insufficient reliability of the effects is due solely to the small amount of data. The presence of properly oriented shifts in balance sheet values indicates the organization of inpatient obstetric and gynecological care for the nosologies under consideration that is congruent with the market environment. At the same time, the organization of inpatient obstetric and gynecological care for the considered nosologies meets the conditions of optimization, on the basis of which a theoretical model and a system of structural dependencies were developed, and therefore, they offer marketable and cost-effective solutions.

A heart attack is often a very drastic, sometimes even traumatic, life event for patients, which is frequently associated with fear of death. Not only is the body under enormous stress, a heart attack also means stress for the psyche. “Stressful life events are part of human existence and are compensated for with individual coping strategies or defense mechanisms. However, if the strain is overwhelming or the possible solutions are subjectively exhausted, pathological reactions may occur.”(1) From a psychosomatic perspective, an acute myocardial infarction is a “significant biographical breaking point with far-reaching psychological consequences.”(2) This pilot study investigates whether a psychocardiological intervention integrated into standard therapeutic care in the form of a structured conversation with a biopsychosocial model (in the sense of the WHO understanding of health), adapted to the patient’s level of need, can have a positive effect on quality of life and on psychological comorbidity in the short- and long-term course of recovery. 45 patients with acute myocardial infarction (13 female, 32 male), who were randomly assigned to two intervention groups, were followed for six months after the cardiac event with individualized and collaborative psychocardiological interventions and tested for mental illness. The results of the study show that such individualized care with additional screening for psychological comorbidities in the early phase after a myocardial infarction can significantly help patients to help themselves, provide early indications of the presence of a psychological disorder, and accelerate the initiation of adequate treatment. The integration of a psychocardiological component into the standard therapy of myocardial infarction patients in the early phase after the cardiac event seems to be a valuable contribution to the therapy and should receive encouragement in the future. Furthermore, this pilot study offers new and interesting approaches for future research.

The article provides the reflection of Kazakh culture and mentality in the context of Positive psychotherapy. The author is a Kazakh woman who was born and grew up in a traditional Kazakh family, is also a Basic consultant in Positive psychotherapy, lived and studied offline in Turkey, Finland, South Korea and Russia. Positive psychotherapy is the method that is based on a transcultural view. It covers both eastern and western cultures. The mentality of Kazakh people, values, culture, and tradition are reflected in the article by using the Conflict model, the Balance model, primary and secondary capabilities, and a family treatment model of Positive psychotherapy. The key conflict for most Kazakh people is in being polite and not telling about their true feelings and thoughts. The concept that “talking a lot is bad” is widespread among Kazakhs. An example of a general conflict model of Kazakh people is presented in the article.

Sexual life is an important part of daily life and it influences the quality of life and well-being. There are four aspects of life, the equilibrium of which is required to create and maintain mental, emotional, social and spiritual health. Any difficulties in making and keeping this balance or obstacles to it may cause various diseases, complains, problems or dysfunctions in sexual life. This paper will show the importance of good, regular sexual life and how it will influence the improvement in the quality of life on one hand and will help protect against or reduce the severity of many sexual disorders on the other hand. It will demonstrate how the balance model from the positive psychotherapy approach can work together with techniques of body psychotherapy in the treatment of different sexual disorders.

The impact of social media influencers (SMIs) on brand-related outcomes has been well researched, yet whether this influence also impacts political participation and what role the relationship between SMIs and their audiences play has not been sufficiently examined to date. Basing this study on the Balance Model, I investigated the potential of an unlikely vs. a likely source and the role of similarity with a SMI based on a shared topic interest to elicit the intention for political action in an experimental study (n = 222). The perceived similarity with the SMI was examined as a mediator and the role of the shared topic interest with the SMI as a potential moderator. The results indicate that a likely source for political information generated a greater topic fit. The perceived similarity with the source depended on the shared topic interest between the source and the participants. This is a key finding, as perceived similarity with the source in turn predicted the intention to take political action, which positively activated participants who shared the topic interest of the unlikely source even if they did not indicate a topic interest in politics. Thus, a shared interest with a SMI might make even those not interested in politics more open to political participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of publications on the mass transfer of chemical elements in agrocenosis in the soil – plant system was carried out. Methods for estimating the content of mobile forms of chemical compounds coming from the soil into plants are considered. The phenomena of antagonism and synergism are characterized, and the necessity to consider them while planning fertilizer application is indicated. It is shown that the phenomena of synergism and antagonism of elements can be used in agriculture to regulate the flow of heavy metals or radionuclides into agricultural products. A balance model for mass transfer of chemical elements in agrocenosis is analyzed. It is shown that the introduction of organic fertilizers in soil mostly leads to a positive balance of microelements in the agrosystem. To characterize the efficiency of fertilizer use an assessment of the balance of nutrients in the agrosystem is required. The removal of trace elements by agricultural crops increases with the use of mineral fertilizers in doses that are optimal for the cultivation of crops in the region. In some cases, the input of heavy metals with technogenic fallout may exceed the removal of metals by plants from the soil. It may cause the accumulation of metals in the system. In uncontaminated background areas, the levels of microelement intake from fertilizers and atmospheric fallout in agrocenoses are comparable.

Developmental dyslexia can be viewed as the result of the effects of single deficits or multiple deficits. This study presents a test of the applicability of a multifactor-interactive model (MFi-M) with a preliminary set of five variables corresponding to different neuropsychological functions involved in the reading process. The model has been tested on a sample of 55 school-age children with developmental dyslexia. The results show that the data fit a model in which each variable contributes to the reading ability in a non-additive but rather interactive way. These findings constitute a preliminary validation of the plausibility of the MFi-M, and encourage further research to add relevant factors and specify their relative weights. It is further discussed how subtype-based intervention approaches can be a suitable and advantageous framework for clinical intervention in a MFi-M perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the fourth industrial revolution employees in high-risk environments are confronted with increasing complexity and thus, the need to make ever greater and faster adaptations. As a consequence, the importance of efficient and safe human-machine interactions – in other words, human factors – is constantly growing. In this context, one skill is becoming increasingly relevant: resilience. This ability to react appropriately in difficult situations, recognize mistakes and ‘bounce back’ from adverse or altering circumstances, increasing challenges and possible setbacks is of enormous value, especially for employees in high-risk environments. The basic prerequisite of resilience is considered to be balance of a person’s life energy among the various areas of life – a basic principle of Positive Psychotherapy. In addition, there are several personality traits, competencies and psychosocial factors that have been shown to help improve resilience. Both aspects will be examined in the following article. Also, the article invites self-reflection on one’s own life balance, personality traits and competencies central to resilience. For the encouraging and interesting message is: Resilience can be developed and promoted – and can thereby contribute to increasing safety in high-risk environments as well as to promoting the employees’ health

The consideration of infectious diseases from a mathematical point of view can reveal possible options for epidemic control and fighting the spread of infection. However, predicting and modeling the spread of a new, previously unexplored virus is still difficult. The present paper examines the possibility of using a new approach to predicting the statistical indicators of the epidemic of a new type of virus based on the example of COVID-19. The important result of the study is the description of the principle of dynamic balance of epidemiological processes, which has not been previously used by other researchers for epidemic modeling. The new approach is also based on solving the problem of predicting the future dynamics of precisely random values of model parameters, which is used for defining the future values of the total number of: cases (C); recovered and dead (R); and active cases (I). Intelligent heuristic algorithms are proposed for calculating the future trajectories of stochastic parameters, which are called the percentage increase in the total number of confirmed cases of the disease and the dynamic characteristics of epidemiological processes. Examples are given of the application of the proposed approach for making forecasts of the considered indicators of the COVID-19 epidemic, in Russia and European countries, during the first wave of the epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The modern tourist industry is characterized by an abundance of applied multicriteria decision-making tasks. Several researchers have demonstrated that such tasks can be effectively resolved using aggregation operators based on fuzzy integrals and fuzzy measures. At the same time, the implementation of this mathematical tool is limited by weak intuitive understanding by the practicing specialists of the aggregation process as well as fuzzy measures in general. Some researchers have proposed different aggregation visualization methods, but these methods have several properties that block their wide implementation in decision-making practice. The purpose of this study is to develop a decision-making approach that will allow practitioners to have a clear intuitive vision of the aggregation process and fuzzy measures. This article proposes an approach to decision making in the tourist industry based on the synthesis of the aggregation operator that includes 3D visualization graphics in virtual reality. Firstly, some research devoted to decision-making methods in tourism was assessed along with “smart” tourism, aggregation operators and their visualization. Secondly, a 3D visualization in the form of a balance model was introduced. Thirdly, the method of aggregation-operator synthesis based on the 3D balance model and the 2-order Choquet integral was developed. Finally, an illustrational example of implementing such an approach for resolving the task of assessing and choosing a hotel was described.

Purpose: This study was conducted to determine the effect of psychoeducation of the positive psychotherapy (PPT)‐based balance model applied to university students on spirituality index levels of their subjective well‐being. Design and Method: The research was conducted as a quasi‐experimental study with a one‐group pretest–posttest design. The population of this study was composed of undergraduate students of a university and the sample was composed of the students taking Intern Practice Course of Psychiatric Nursing. In the study, the data were collected using a Personal Information Form and Spirituality Index of Well‐being. Findings: Frequency, percentage, Shapiro–Wilk test, and Wilcoxon Signed‐Ranks tests were used to assess the data of the study. As a result of the statistical analysis, the students obtained significant results in the total score of Spirituality Index of Well‐Being and the subscales of "Self‐Efficacy" and "Life Schemes" (p < 0.05). Conclusion: PPT‐based balance model education increases the subjective well‐being levels of the students significantly. Practice Implications: PPT has a positive effect on the subjective well‐being levels of individuals with spirituality index, this method should be used more in clinical studies with healthy or sick people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the transcultural aspects of the Peseschkian Balance Model. The goal was to conduct a preliminary study of the balance models of Russian and Chinese respondents, to carry out quantitative characteristics of the balance model of the two groups and to compare out quantitative characteristics of the balance model of the Russian and Chinese sample group. Object of research: settlements in Russia and China according to N. Peseschkian ‘s balance model. Objectives: to form two control groups for the study; create a questionnaire in Russian and Chinese for conducting research; study the population model of China (Group 1) using a questionnaire; study the model of the population of Russia (Group 2) using a questionnaire; to carry out a comparative analysis of quantitative indicators of Group 1 and Group 2 in four areas of the balance model N. Peseschkian. It was measured the quantitative parameters of the four spheres of the balance model of Group 1 and Group 2 and compared the quantitative parameters. It was found that the sphere of meanings and the sphere of contacts are quantitatively differ little in Group 1 and Group 2, and in the spheres of activity and the sphere of the body there are significant quantitative differences Group 1 and Group 2. Detailed results of the study were displayed in tables and diagrams.

It is possible to construct a helping alliance for the best results in therapy by keeping in mind this helpful process of therapy, starting with building an attachment which will be needed for the interactive differentiation of the therapy contract, goals, and the client’s own activity between the sessions, and finally using feedback at the end of each session. The therapeutic alliance will grow by changes, in crisis situations and thresholds within therapy. It is essential that we know the partners of the clients and let them know about us, in order to facilitate our clients’ growth and to lessen side effects, and that we include the interaction with the social environment of the clients, and finish with the feedback about the therapy process

The authors analyze the trends and patterns for reproducing investment potential of institutional sectors. This is relevant for the economic and financial security of territorial systems. The aim of the study is to design a scenario model for reproducing investment potential of institutional sectors at the regional level. This model suggests systems of predictive scenarios for the reproduction and choosing the optimal one to achieve positive dynamics of the socio-economic development of the regions. When designing the scenario model, the authors used statistical methods for data collecting and processing, regression analysis with the least squares method and ARIMA forecasting. The authors developed an algorithm of scenario modelling for reproducing investment potential of institutional sectors in regional systems. The authors designed a balance model for financial flows between them for various investment instruments. They analysed the regularities of reproducing their investment potential. The paper presents an econometric analysis of financial flows among the sectors considering the impact factors, and the basic scenarios of reproducing their investment potential. The work reveals a stable trend of the outflow of investment resources in institutional sectors accumulated by the banking sector abroad during periods of economic downturns and the development of financial and economic crises. The study suggests a model allowing to determine the most likely forecast scenarios for reproducing investment potential of institutional sectors: inertial, extremely negative (pessimistic) and the most favorable (optimistic). The authors conclude that an increase in volatility in financial markets, a weakening of the domestic currency, and an increase in negative trends in economic development significantly increase the likelihood of a pessimistic scenario. To prevent this, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, must change its policy of regulating the financial and economic activities of the banking sector: to limit the speculative activities of credit institutions that facilitate the withdrawal of financial resources from the domestic economy, to support investment programs for developing of enterprises of the real sector. The prospect for further research is building a system of mechanisms for transiting to the implementation of the optimal scenario of reproducing investment potential of institutional sectors, ensuring the restoration and progressive socio-economic development of territorial systems.

The purpose of this paper is to substantiate the optimal scenario to develop agriculture for the effective diversification of the Azerbaijani economy. By constructing an intersectoral balance model and using regression analysis, we propose the approach for determining optimal agriculture development scenarios taking into account the current development trends of the industry: innovative, inertial, and balanced. Using the balance model helps to account for the cause-and-effect relationships between the indicators of the development of all sectors of the Azerbaijani economy and comprehensively assess the impact of agricultural development on the diversification of the national economy. In contrast to the classical balance model, the modified model proposed in our article provides possibilities to assess not just the production potential of industries but also their contribution to the formation of the country's GDP and diversification of the economy on the way to neutralizing oil dependence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general, management is the planning and coordination of all processes and their elements in enterprises in order to achieve the objectives with the highest efficiency. The basic management tools, especially in companies with complex production processes with high inertia and long production time, include balance models. The paper points out the methodology, principles and importance of balance models in metallurgy and describes the methodology for material-energy, capacity and economic balance of this process.

The purpose of this paper is to substantiate the optimal scenario to develop agriculture for the effective diversification of the Azerbaijani economy. By constructing an intersectoral balance model and using regression analysis, we propose the approach for determining optimal agriculture development scenarios taking into account the current development trends of the industry: innovative, inertial, and balanced. Using the balance model helps to account for the cause-and-effect relationships between the indicators of the development of all sectors of the Azerbaijani economy and comprehensively assess the impact of agricultural development on the diversification of the national economy. In contrast to the classical balance model, the modified model proposed in our article provides possibilities to assess not just the production potential of industries but also their contribution to the formation of the country's GDP and diversification of the economy on the way to neutralizing oil dependence.

In certain regions, submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) into the ocean plays a significant role in coastal material fluxes and their biogeochemical cycle; therefore, the impact of SGD on the ecosystem cannot be ignored. In this study, SGD was estimated using naturally occurring radium isotopes (223Ra and 224Ra) in a subtropical estuary along the Beibu Gulf, China. The results showed that the Ra activities of submarine groundwater were approximately 10 times higher than those of surface water. By assuming a steady state and using an Ra mass balance model, the SGD flux in May 2018 was estimated to be 5.98×106 m3/d and 3.60×106 m3/d based on 224Ra and 223Ra, respectively. At the same time, the activities of Ra isotopes fluctuated within a tidal cycle; that is, a lower activity was observed at high tide and a higher activity was seen at low tide. Based on these variations, the average tidal pumping fluxes of SGD were 1.15×106 m3/d and 2.44×106 m3/d with 224Ra and 223Ra, respectively. Tidal-driven SGD accounts for 24%–51% of the total SGD. Therefore, tidal pumping is an important driving force of the SGD in the Dafengjiang River (DFJR) Estuary. Furthermore, the SGD of the DFJR Estuary in the coastal zone contributes significantly to the seawater composition of the Beibu Gulf and the material exchange between land and sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consideration of infectious diseases from a mathematical point of view can reveal possible options for epidemic control and fighting the spread of infection. However, predicting and modeling the spread of a new, previously unexplored virus is still difficult. The present paper examines the possibility of using a new approach to predicting the statistical indicators of the epidemic of a new type of virus based on the example of COVID-19. The important result of the study is the description of the principle of dynamic balance of epidemiological processes, which has not been previously used by other researchers for epidemic modeling. The new approach is also based on solving the problem of predicting the future dynamics of precisely random values of model parameters, which is used for defining the future values of the total number of: cases (C); recovered and dead (R); and active cases (I). Intelligent heuristic algorithms are proposed for calculating the future trajectories of stochastic parameters, which are called the percentage increase in the total number of confirmed cases of the disease and the dynamic characteristics of epidemiological processes. Examples are given of the application of the proposed approach for making forecasts of the considered indicators of the COVID-19 epidemic, in Russia and European countries, during the first wave of the epidemic.

Abstract This paper reports a systematic literature review of the balance model, an often-used aid to teach linear equations. The purpose of the review was to report why such a model is used, what types of models are used, and when they are used. In total, 34 peer-reviewed journal articles were analyzed, resulting in a comprehensive overview of described rationales for using the balance model, its appearances, situations in which it was used, and the gained learning outcomes. Some trends appeared about how rationales, appearances, situations, and learning outcomes are related. However, a clear pattern could not be identified. Our study shows that this seemingly simple model actually is a rather complex didactic tool of which in-depth knowledge is lacking. Further systematic research is needed for making informed instructional decisions on when and how balance models can be used effectively for teaching linear equation solving.

In general, management is the planning and coordination of all processes and their elements in enterprises in order to achieve the objectives with the highest efficiency. The basic management tools, especially in companies with complex production processes with high inertia and long production time, include balance models. The paper points out the methodology, principles and importance of balance models in metallurgy and describes the methodology for material-energy, capacity and economic balance of this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were to examine the efficiency of nitrogen and its lost to the environment, to estimate its environmental impacts and their mitigation measures. Nitrogen mass-balance models were developed to determine production, efficiency and the nitrogen losses. The results showed the trend of the system, increased the lost and decreased the efficiency of nitrogen fertliser around 1968 dan 2008. The material balance model outputs predicted that around 140 kg N/ha.year in 2008 were lost and entering the environment or ecosystem. The future of Indonesian agriculture will be more intensive and fertiliser application will increase. Fertiliser impacts are decreased of nitrogen efficiency, soil organic matters, macro-elements and organisms, and groundwater contamination and air pollution. It is strongly recommended that the future of Indonesian agricultural development should sustain the production by optimising the input and cut the losses.

This paper examines how capabilities inequality is stabilised through its consequences on those at both ends of the distribution. It outlines the development of the balance model, which is argued to help highlight these consequences. Specifically, how adverse environments associated with lack of access to resources and poor treatment can lead to internal consequences which further corrode capabilities. At the same time, denial of this corrosion or its importance is critical for those who benefit from the inequality. To avoid moral constraints being triggered it is important, necessary even, for them to see those who suffer as outside of their moral universe, or their suffering to be in no way associated with their advantage. Corrosion and denial work to stabilise the system. For those in the middle of the distribution, they may work to do so in combination. Appreciating these internalised consequences is key to addressing inequality in South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. The article highlights the question about creation the complex numerical models in order to calculate the ions concentration fields in premises of various purpose and in work areas. Developed complex should take into account the main physical factors influencing the formation of the concentration field of ions, that is, aerodynamics of air jets in the room, presence of furniture, equipment, placement of ventilation holes, ventilation mode, location of ionization sources, transfer of ions under the electric field effect, other factors, determining the intensity and shape of the field of concentration of ions. In addition, complex of numerical models has to ensure conducting of the express calculation of the ions concentration in the premises, allowing quick sorting of possible variants and enabling «enlarged» evaluation of air ions concentration in the premises. Methodology. The complex numerical models to calculate air ion regime in the premises is developed. CFD numerical model is based on the use of aerodynamics, electrostatics and mass transfer equations, and takes into account the effect of air flows caused by the ventilation operation, diffusion, electric field effects, as well as the interaction of different polarities ions with each other and with the dust particles. The proposed balance model for computation of air ion regime indoors allows operative calculating the ions concentration field considering pulsed operation of the ionizer. Findings. The calculated data are received, on the basis of which one can estimate the ions concentration anywhere in the premises with artificial air ionization. An example of calculating the negative ions concentration on the basis of the CFD numerical model in the premises with reengineering transformations is given. On the basis of the developed balance model the air ions concentration in the room volume was calculated. Originality. Results of the air ion regime computation in premise, which is based on numerical 2D CFD model and balance model, are presented. Practical value. A numerical CFD model and balance model for the computation of air ion regime allow calculating the ions concentration in the premises in the conditions of artificial air ionization taking into account the main physical factors determining the formation of ions concentration fields.

Purpose. The paper supposes creation of a CFD model for calculating the air ion regime in the premises and in work areas at artificial ionization of the air by the ionizer installation indoors with considering the most important physical factors that influence the formation of ions concentration field. Methodology. The proposed CFD model for calculation of the air ion regime in work areas at artificial ionization of the air by installing ionizer indoors is based on the application of aerodynamics, electrostatics and mass transfer equations. The mass transfer equation takes into account the interaction of different polarities of ions with each other and with the dust particles. The calculation of air flow rate in the room is realized on the basis of the potential flow model by using the Laplace equation for the stream function. Poisson equation for the electric potential is used for calculation of the charged particles drift in an electric field. At the simulation to take into account: 1) influence of the working area geometric characteristics; 2) location of the ventilation holes; 3) placement of furniture and equipment; 4) ventilation regime in the room; 5) presence of obstacles on the ions dispersion process; 6) specific location of dust particles emission and ions of different polarity, and their interaction in the room and in the working zones. Findings. The developed CFD model allows determining the concentration of negative ions in the room and in the area of the human respiratory organs. The distribution of the negative ions concentration is presented in the form of concentration field isolines. Originality. The 2D CFD model for calculating the air ion regime in working areas, providing the ability to determine the ions concentration in a given place in the room was created. The proposed model is developed taking into account: placement of furniture and equipment in the room; geometric characteristics of the room; location of dust emissions sources and ions of different polarity; physical processes affecting the formation of ions concentration field. Practical value. The obtained 2D CFD model for calculating the air ions regime in working areas allow to calculate the concentration of ions at the location of the respiratory organs, taking into account the basic physical factors determining the formation of ions concentration fields. It will allow rationally arranged the ionizers in the working premises to create the comfortable working conditions for staff.

Under condition of zero torque,speed ratio is different even if continuously variable transmissions（ CVT） have the same control pressure. In order to investigate the phenomena,the thrust balance model and its impact factors is researched under no load condition. The theoretical balance thrust ratio is calculated under no load condition. Through test bench experiment,impacts on balance thrust ratio from speed ratio,secondary pressure and primary pulley speed are researched. The theoretical model shows that balance thrust is proportional to the ratio between primary and secondary working wrap angle,and this analysis results is verified through test bench experiment. Other experimental results are as follows. Speed ratio impacts thrust ratio significantly through a monotonically decreasing relationship and this relationship is not affected by secondary pressure. Impacts from primary pulley speed can be ignored. The balance mechanisms of thrust ratio under no load condition is researched and theoretical and experimental basis for further research on transmission principles between CVT and metal belt is provided.

The balance model is often used for teaching linear equation solving. Little research has investigated the influence of various representations of this model on students’ learning outcomes. In this quasi-experimental study, we examined the effects of two learning environments with balance models on primary school students’ reasoning related to solving linear equations. The sample comprised 212 fifth-graders. Students’ algebraic reasoning was measured four times over the school year; students received lessons in between two of these measurements. Students in Intervention Condition 1 were taught linear equation solving in a learning environment with only pictorial representations of the balance model, while students in Intervention Condition 2 were taught in a learning environment with both physical and pictorial representations of the balance model, which allowed students to manipulate the model. Multi-group latent variable growth curve modelling revealed a significant improvement in algebraic reasoning after students’ participation in either of the two intervention conditions, but no significant differences were found between intervention conditions. The findings suggest that the representation of the balance model did not differentially affect students’ reasoning. However, analyzing students’ reasoning qualitatively revealed that students who worked with the physical balance model more often used representations of the model or advanced algebraic strategies, suggesting that different representations of the balance model might play a different role in individual learning processes.

In the article, the authors build a balance model for an exclave region. The aim of the work is to explore the unique properties of exclaves to evaluate the possibility of development of a more complex model for the economy of a region. Exclaves are strange phenomena in both theoretical and practical regional economy. There is lack of comparative models, so it is typically quite challenging to study exclaves. At the same time, exclaves produce better statistics, which gives more careful consideration of cross-regional economic flows. The authors discuss methodologies of model-based regional development forecasting. They analyze balance approach on a more general level of regional governance and individually, on the example of specific territories. Thus, they identify and explain the need to develop balance approach models fitted to the special needs of certain territories. By combining regional modeling for an exclave with traditional balance and simulation-based methods and event-based approach, they come up with a more detailed model for the economy of a region. Having taken one Russian exclave as an example, the authors have developed a simulation event-based long-term sustainability model. In the article, they provide the general characteristics of the model, describe its components, and simulation algorithm. The approach introduced in this article combines the traditional balance models and the peculiarities of an exclave region to develop a holistic regional economy model (with the Kaliningrad region serving as an example). It is important to underline that the resulting model helps to evaluate the degree of influence of preferential economic regimes (such as Free Customs Zone, for example) on the economy of a region.

The main purpose of the article is a comparative evaluation of the financial stability of the territories of Mongolia and the Russian Federation in the ongoing international research on the dynamics determination of the socio-economic development of both countries. In the study, the attempt to compound the existing data sources of regional development of the Russian Federation and Mongolia in uniform system for comparative evaluation of financial stability of territories on the basis of the methodology of the System of National Accounts is made. The author’s approach to build and fill the balances of the movement of financial resources in the regions by sectors of «Corporation», «Public Administration» and «Household» is presented. The comparative characteristics of socio-economic development in the context of 21 aimaks and the capital of Mongolia — Ulan Bator, and five border regions of Russia (Republic of Altai, Tuva, Buryatia, Khakassia and the Trans-Baikal Territory, as well as enlarged «macro-regions» (Mongolia as a whole, the border areas Russia together and Sverdlovsk region) are determined. The analysis of the gross regional product structure of these regions is carried out. It has revealed the agricultural specialization of Mongolian regions and domination of service sector and public management in the development of added value in the Russian territories. Also, the identified features of the distribution of value added in the sector «corporation» in both countries lying in the different structural relations of SNA indicators are discovered. Investigation of the flow of financial resources for the «Governance» sector led to the conclusion of a more balanced ratio of own income and expenditure budgets of the regions of Mongolia than the border regions of the Russian Federation. As a result, in the entire set of selected areas were identified with common features and regularities of their financial development in the context of economic sectors, the main findings and development schemes of financial stability of the Russian Federation and Mongolia are presented.

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