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Whole-genome sequencing of bacterial pathogens is used by public health agencies to link cases of food poisoning caused by the same source of contamination. The vast majority of these appear to be sporadic cases associated with small contamination episodes and do not trigger investigations. A "contamination episode" refers to one or more contamination events from a single source over a period of time. We examine clusters of sequenced clinical isolates of Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, and Listeria that differ by only a small number of mutations (SNPs) to identify features of the underlying contamination episodes. These analyses provide additional evidence that the youngest age groups have greater susceptibility to infection by Salmonella, E. coli, and Campylobacter than older age groups. This age bias is weaker for the common Salmonella serovar Enteritidis than Salmonella in general. A large fraction of the contamination episodes causing sickness appear to have a long duration. For example, 50% of the Salmonella cases are in clusters that persist for almost 3 y. For all four pathogen species, the majority of the cases were part of genetic clusters with illnesses in multiple states and likely to be caused by contaminated commercially distributed foods. Salmonella infections in infants under 3 mo are predominantly acquired from the same contaminated food, pet food, or environmental sources as older individuals, rather than infant formula contaminated during production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater processing plants (WWTPs) produce large amounts of sewage sludge that are mainly disposed of on the land. This represents a health hazard due to the high loads of human bacterial pathogens (HBPs) the sludge generally contains. Vermicomposting, a mesophilic process, can reduce HBPs in organic wastes. This raises the question as to how earthworms eliminate HBPs. We aimed to determine whether earthworms reduce the levels or eliminate HBPs from sewage sludge and to establish whether the reduction/elimination occur during active (earthworm casts) or maturation (vermicompost) stages of vermicomposting. To this end, we analyzed HBPs (Escherichia coli O157, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and total E. coli) in sewage sludge samples from three WWTPs and the fresh earthworm casts and vermicomposts by using qPCR, to assess the impact of earthworms on reducing and/or eliminating HBPs. We did not detect either Salmonella spp. nor E. coli O157 in any of the samples. Earthworms removed or significantly reduced the amounts of E. coli and L. monocytogenes (mean relative abundances of 2.4 × 10−7 and 1.5 × 10−8 respectively) in the sewage sludge. Thus, the abundance of these HBPs was lower (or not present) in casts than in sewage sludge. This was also observed in vermicomposts (95% and 43% reduction in E. coli abundance in casts and vermicompost, respectively). Finally, our findings indicate that vermicompost derived from sewage sludge meets the requirements of organic fertilizers at least regarding the microbial pathogen content. Thus, vermicomposting seems to be a promising technique for managing municipal waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathogen diversity within an infected organism has traditionally been explored through the lens of genetic heterogeneity. Hallmark studies have characterized how genetic diversity within pathogen subpopulations contributes to treatment escape and infectious disease progression. However, recent studies have begun to reveal the mechanisms by which phenotypic heterogeneity is established within genetically identical populations of invading pathogens. Furthermore, exciting new work highlights how these phenotypically heterogeneous subpopulations contribute to a pathogen population better equipped to handle the complex and fluctuating environment of a host organism. In this review, we focus on how bacterial pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, establish and maintain phenotypic heterogeneity, and we explore recent work demonstrating causative links between this heterogeneity and infection outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver abscesses, which occur in finishing cattle, are of significant economic concern to the feedlot industry. The causative agents include both Fusobacterium necrophorum subspecies (F. necrophorum and F. funduliforme), Trueperella pyogenes (T. pyogenes), and Salmonella enterica serotype Lubbock (S. Lubbock). Tylosin, a macrolide antibiotic, is supplemented in the feed to reduce liver abscesses. However, due to the concern with emergence of antimicrobial resistance, the antimicrobial activities of the plant-based phenolic compounds could be an antibiotic alternative to control liver abscesses. We investigated the inhibitory activities of phenolic compounds extracted from grape seed, green tea, and rosemary on liver-abscess-causing bacterial pathogens. Total phenolic content was determined spectrophotometrically. Anaerobic Brain–Heart Infusion broth (for Fusobacterium) and Muller–Hinton broth (for S. enterica and T. pyogenes) with phenolic extracts at 0, 0.1, 1, and 2 mg/mL were prepared. Growth was measured at 0, 12, 24 and 48 h by determining bacterial concentrations. A micro-broth dilution method was used to quantify the inhibition. Grape seed and green tea phenolics inhibited growth of both Fusobacterium subspecies, T. pyogenes and S. enterica. Green tea at 1 mg/mL concentration was more effective in inhibiting the growth of Fusobacterium when compared to grape seed and rosemary. Green tea at 2 mg/mL was more effective than at 1 mg/mL against Salmonella. The inhibitory effect was dose-dependent, which was consistent across all strains within the same bacterial species. The phenolic extracts were inhibitory against T. pyogenes with minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 6.25 to 12.5 µg/mL. Among the phenolic extracts tested, green tea showed the most potent activity, suggesting its strong potential as a natural alternative to conventional antibiotics. Plant-based phenolic compounds supplemented in the feed may have the potential to control liver abscesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, poses a significant threat to a range of crops worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi (Alternaria murispora and Alternaria destruens) and bacteria (Streptomyces bellus-E23-2) against adult females of P. solenopsis under laboratory (26 ± 2°C) and greenhouse conditions. Methods: Laboratory trials tested A. murispora, A. destruens (104-1010 conidia mL-1), and S. bellus E23-2 (104-1010 cfu mL-1), alone and in combination, recording mortality rates and LC50 values. Greenhouse trials tested the best lab treatments on infested potato plants, monitoring pest density and plant quality. Results and discussion: In laboratory trials, A. murispora at 1010 conidia mL-1 was the most effective, achieved 79.7% mortality (LC50 = 1.338 x 108 conidia mL-1 after 14 days). Combination treatments significantly enhanced efficacy, with A. murispora + S. bellus E23-2 (1010 conidia mL-1 + 1010 cfu mL-1) reaching 85.3% mortality. In greenhouse trials, the combination treatments notably reduced P. solenopsis densities and increased the number of infected mealybugs, with A. murispora + S. bellus E23-2 being the most effective. These treatments did not harm plant quality, unlike imidacloprid, which reduced visual quality despite its high efficacy. Alternaria murispora and S. bellus E23-2 effectively control P. solenopsis, providing a sustainable, plant-safe alternative to chemical insecticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xanthomonas species are specialized plant pathogens, often exhibiting a narrow host range. They rely on the translocation of effector proteins through the type III secretion system to colonize their respective hosts. The effector arsenal varies among Xanthomonas spp., typically displaying species-specific compositions. This species-specific effector composition, collectively termed the effectorome, is thought to influence host specialization. We determined the plant host-derived effectoromes of more than 300 deposited genomes of Xanthomonas species associated with either Solanaceae or Brassicaceae hosts. Comparative analyses revealed clear species-specific effectorome signatures. However, Solanaceae or Brassicaceae host-associated effectorome signatures were not detected. Nevertheless, host biases in the presence or absence of specific effector classes were observed. To assess whether host-associated effector absence results from selective pressures, we introduced effectors unique to Solanaceae pathogens to X. campestris pv. campestris and effectors unique to Brassicaceae pathogens to X. euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria (Xeue) and evaluated if these introductions hindered virulence on their respective hosts. Introducing the effector XopI into X. campestris pv. campestris reduced virulence on white cabbage leaves without affecting localized or systemic colonization. Introducing the XopAC or XopJ5 effectors into Xeue reduced virulence and colonization on tomato but not on pepper. Additionally, XopAC and XopJ5 induced a hypersensitive response on tomato leaves when delivered by Xeue or through Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression, confirming recognition in tomato. This study demonstrates the role of host-derived selection in establishing species-specific effectoromes, identifying XopAC and XopJ5 as recognized effectors in tomato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pistachio dieback (DBP) is a significant disease affecting pistachio trees in Iran, and it has emerged as a serious problem in Kerman province in recent years. This study investigates the role of bacteria as causal agents of DBP under laboratory and field conditions. Samples were collected from infected pistachio orchards in Kerman province from 2015 to 2016. The ability of bacterial isolates to induce disease and colonize vascular tissues was studied using various inoculation methods. Identification of isolates was carried out using biochemical and physiological assays, amplification of the 16S rDNA region, and partial analyses of the gyrA gene. A total of 281 bacterial isolates were obtained from infected trees, of which 148 induced a hypersensitivity reaction on tobacco leaves. Among these, 128 isolates were able to colonize vascular tissues in sub-bark inoculations of pistachio branches under laboratory conditions. In field experiments, 24 selected isolates were able to spread in vascular tissues of pistachio branches and twigs using sub-bark and apical inoculation methods, although disease severity varied. Staphylococcus pasteuri, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus sp., Acinetobacter radioresistens, Xanthomonas sp., Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens, Pseudarthrobacter oxydans, and Pseudomonas koreensis were identified as being involved in the dieback of pistachio trees. This work demonstrates that a wide range of bacterial genera and species may be involved in DBP, and urgent strategies should be considered for managing the disease.

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the serious bacterial infections in febrile young children, which may cause chronic morbidities. Studies from different parts of Nigeria have shown varying pattern in its bacteriology and antibiotic sensitivities. Antimicrobial resistance rate among uropathogens is an increasing problem limiting therapeutic options, and underscores the need to determine local bacteriological pattern that will guide empiric antibiotic choices. Objectives: To identify the bacterial pathogens responsible for UTI in febrile under-five children in Enugu as well as their antibiotic sensitivity patterns. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive hospital based study of eligible febrile children aged one to 59 months. Urine samples were collected using mid-stream and suprapubic aspiration methods. Standard laboratory procedures were used to culture the urine specimens, identify the bacterial pathogens as well as their antibiotic sensitivity patterns. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the outcome. Results: Significant bacteriuria occurred in 22 (11%) of the 200 samples. Escherichia coli isolates were the most common organisms in 7(31.8%) of the 22 positive samples. Others were Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella spp and Streptococcus faecalis isolated in 5 (22.7%), 3(13.6%), and 3(13.6%) of the positive samples respectively. Most of the isolates were sensitive to ofloxacin (90.9%), ciprofloxacin (81.8%), nitrofurantoin (77.3%) and ceftriaxone (72.7%). High levels of resistance to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin, nalidixic acid and clavulanate-potentiated amoxicillin were observed. Conclusion: Escherichia coli is the most common cause of UTI in febrile under-five children studied. Ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone showed better sensitivities are advocated for the empiric treatment of febrile UTI in Enugu.

Abstract The combination of copper–metal organic framework (Cu–MOF) with graphene oxide (GO) has received growing interest in electrocatalysis, energy storage and sensing applications. However, its potential as an electrochemical biosensing platform remains largely unexplored. In this study, we introduce the synthesis of GO/Cu–MOF nanocomposite and its application in the simultaneous detection of two biomarkers associated with lower respiratory infections, marking the first instance of its use in this capacity. The physicochemical properties and structural elucidation of this composite were studied with the support of XRD, FTIR, SEM and electrochemical techniques. The immunosensor was fabricated by drop casting the nanocomposite on dual screen-printed electrodes followed by functionalization with pyrene linker. The covalent immobilization of the monoclonal antibodies of the bacterial antigens of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae; M. p.) and Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila; L. p.) was achieved using EDC-NHS chemistry. The differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) signals of the developed immunosensor platform demonstrated a robust correlation across a broad concentration range from 1 pg/mL to 100 ng/mL. The immunosensor platform has shown high degree of selectivity against antigens for various respiratory pathogens. Moreover, the dual immunosensor was successfully applied for the detection of M. pneumoniae and L. pneumophila antigens in spiked water samples showing excellent recovery percentages. We attribute the high sensitivity of the immunosensor to the enhanced electrocatalytic characteristics, stability and conductivity of the GO–MOF composite as well as the synergistic interactions between the GO and MOF. This immunosensor offers a swift analytical response, simplicity in fabrication and instrumentation, rendering it an appealing platform for the on-field monitoring of pathogens in environmental samples.

Abstract Objectives To study the effect of agitation and temperature on biofilm formation (cell aggregates embedded within a self-produced matrix) by pathogenic bacteria isolated from Raw cow milk (RCM). Methods A 40 RCM samples were gathered from eight dairy farms in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. After bacterial culturing and isolation, gram staining was performed, and all pathogenic, identified using standard criteria established by Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ), and non-pathogenic bacteria were identified using VITEK-2 and biochemical assays. To evaluate the effects of temperature and agitation on biofilm formation, isolated pathogenic bacteria were incubated for 24 h under the following conditions: 4 °C with no agitation (0 rpm), 15 °C with no agitation, 30 °C with no agitation, 30 °C with 60 rpm agitation, and 30 °C with 120 rpm agitation. Then, biofilms were measured using a crystal violet assay. Results Of the eight farm sites, three exhibited non-pathogenic bacterial contamination in their raw milk samples. Of the total of 40 raw milk samples, 15/40 (37.5%; from five farms) were contaminated with pathogenic bacteria. Overall, 346 bacteria were isolated from the 40 samples, with 329/346 (95.1%) considered as non-pathogenic and 17/346 (4.9%) as pathogenic. Most of the isolated pathogenic bacteria exhibited a significant (p

Camels play a crucial role as multipurpose animals, providing milk and meat and serving as a means of transportation. They serve as a financial reserve for pastoralists and hold significant cultural and social value. Camel milk, known for its exceptional nutritional properties, is considered a valuable substitute for human milk. However, udder infections, particularly mastitis, pose significant challenges to camel farming. Mastitis, especially the subclinical form, is a persistent and prevalent condition affecting milk hygiene and quality in dairy camels. This review offers insights into the prevalence, risk factors, and bacterial pathogens associated with subclinical mastitis in camels, noting its prevalence ranging from 9.28% to 87.78%. Pathogens identified include Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus spp., Pasteurella haemolytica, and Corynebacterium spp. The study outlines key risk factors contributing to camel mastitis, emphasizing severe tick infestation, age, lactation stage, parity, body condition score, skin lesions on the teats or udders, anti-suckling devices, udder history, conformation, breed, unhygienic milking practices, and production system, amongst others, that have been reported to be important in the prevalence of subclinical mastitis. The findings underscore the importance of holistic management practices, emphasizing hygiene, health monitoring, and targeted interventions to ensure camel well-being and productivity in various agro-pastoral contexts.

Rapid detection of plant diseases before they escalate can improve disease control. Our team has developed rapid nucleic acid extraction methods with microneedles and combined these with loop-mediated amplification (LAMP) assays for pathogen detection in the field. In this work, we developed LAMP assays for early blight (Alternaria linariae, A. alternata, and A. solani) and bacterial spot of tomato (Xanthomonas perforans) and validated these LAMP assays and two previously developed LAMP assays for tomato spotted wilt virus and late blight. Tomato plants were inoculated, and disease severity was measured. Extractions were performed using microneedles, and LAMP assays were run in tubes (with hydroxynaphthol blue) on a heat block or on a newly designed microfluidic slide chip on a heat block or a slide heater. Fluorescence on the microfluidic chip slides was visualized using EvaGreen and photographed on a smartphone. Plants inoculated with X. perforans or tomato spotted wilt virus tested positive prior to visible disease symptoms, whereas Phytophthora infestans and A. linariae were detected at the time of visual disease symptoms. LAMP assays were more sensitive than PCR, and the limit of detection was 1 pg of DNA for both A. linariae and X. perforans. The LAMP assay designed for early blight detected all three species of Alternaria that infect tomato and is thus an Alternaria spp. assay. This study demonstrates the utility of rapid microneedle extraction followed by LAMP on a microfluidic chip for rapid diagnosis of four important tomato pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cover crops, a soil conservation practice, can contribute to reducing disease pressure caused by Pseudomonas syringae, considered one of the most important bacterial plant pathogens. We recently demonstrated that the phyllosphere (leaf surface) bacterial community structure changed when squash (Cucurbita pepo) was grown with a rye (Secale cereale) cover crop treatment, followed by a decrease of angular leaf spot disease symptoms on squash caused by P. syringae pv. lachrymans. Application of biocontrol agents is a known agricultural practice to mitigate crop losses due to microbial disease. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that some phyllosphere bacteria promoted when squash is grown on cover crops could be isolated and used as a biocontrol agent to decrease angular leaf spot symptoms. We grew squash during a 2-year field experiment using four agricultural practices: bare soil, cover crops, chemically terminated cover crops, and plastic cover. We sampled squash leaves at three different dates each year and constructed a collection of cultivable bacterial strains isolated from squash leaves and rye cover crop material. Each isolated strain was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and used in in vitro (Petri dish) pathogen growth and in vivo (greenhouse) symptom control assays. Four bacterial isolates belonging to the genera Pseudarthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Delftia, and Rhizobium were shown to inhibit P. syringae pv. lachrymans growth and angular leaf spot symptom development. Strikingly, the symptom control efficacy of all strains was stronger on older leaves. This study sheds light on the importance of bacterial isolation from cover crop sources to promote disease control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Akahoya is a volcanic soil rich in alumina, primarily deposited in Kyushu, Japan. We have found that Akahoya adsorbs bacteria in the water surrounding cattle grazing areas, suggesting a potential for environmental purification. This study investigated the spectrum of microorganisms adsorbed by Akahoya using a column filled with Akahoya through which a suspension of microorganisms was passed. Shirasu soil, another volcanic soil with a different chemical composition, was used as a control. Akahoya effectively adsorbed a diverse range of microorganisms including Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Salmonella Enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, spores of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus anthracis, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), murine norovirus, and avian influenza virus (H3N2), whereas Shirasu soil did not adsorb any of the organisms examined. Moreover, bacteria naturally present in river water, such as aerobic bacteria, total coliforms, and Enterobacteriaceae as indicators of river contamination, as well as E. coli added artificially to sterilized river water, were reduced to below the detection limit (<1 CFU/mL) after being passed through Akahoya. Additionally, the number of viable E. coli continued to decrease after contact with Akahoya for 1 month, suggesting bactericidal effects. Notably, the adsorption of E. coli to Akahoya was influenced by the concentration of phosphate and the pH of the suspension due to the interaction between the surface phosphorylation of organisms and Al2O3, the major chemical component of Akahoya. The present results demonstrate the remarkable ability of Akahoya to remove phosphate and microbes, suggesting that Akahoya could be used for water purification processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Adult house flies found in livestock operations pose significant challenges not only as nuisance pests but also as vectors of a wide range of microbial pathogens affecting both humans and animals. This study investigated bacterial community composition and diversity in female house flies and cattle manure collected from dairy cattle farms across three US states. The findings revealed that flies carried bacterial taxa acquired from their environment, capturing the entire bacterial microbiome from manure along with other taxa likely acquired from the animals. Taxa of potential pathogens were highly abundant in house flies, suggesting that flies pose a biosecurity risk in spreading microbes with human and animal importance both within dairy operations and potentially off-site. Adult house flies (Musca domestica L.) inhabiting dairy farms not only are nuisance pests but also harbor and disseminate bacteria. We examined the bacterial community composition, diversity, environmental sources, and prevalence in individual adult female house flies and cattle manure samples collected monthly from Florida, North Carolina, and Tennessee dairy farms between May and August 2021. Individual house flies carried diverse bacterial communities, encompassing all bacterial taxa (100%) identified across manure samples, and additional species likely acquired from the animals. Bacterial community assemblage in house flies and manure samples within farms varied by month. Some taxa were differentially associated with either house flies (Corynebacterium, Acinetobacter, and Staphylococcus) or manure samples (Treponema, Succinivibrio, and Clostridia). House fly bacterial communities mostly contained specialist species originating from manure, with several taxa (Escherichia, Corynebacterium, Turicibacter) being potential pathogens of livestock and humans. These findings further support the role of house flies as carriers of cattle-associated bacteria, including pathogens, and their potential for disseminating these microbes among cattle and to neighboring environments. Since their bacterial communities provide a snapshot of their surrounding environment, house flies also serve as effective sentinels in xenosurveillance strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing threat to human and animal health. Data are limited on the prevalence of resistant bacteria in pet rabbits. Therefore, we aimed to identify prevalent bacterial infections and AMR profiles among pet rabbits in Hong Kong (HK). Our search of the CityU Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (VDL) database found 301 cases of pet rabbits submitted for bacteriologic and antimicrobial susceptibility testing by veterinarians at 20 exotic veterinary clinics across HK between 2019 and 2022. The rabbits were of 8 different breeds and had a median age of 6.5 y, with 54.8% males, 40.2% females, and 5% unspecified. Of the 301 samples received, 168 (55.8%) had positive bacterial growth; 125 (74.4%) had single bacterial isolates, and 43 (25.6%) had mixed cultures. Cultures included Enterococcus faecalis (21.3%) as the most frequently isolated gram-positive bacterium, followed by Streptococcus intermedius (12.5%), and Staphylococcus aureus (11.3%). The most frequently isolated gram-negative bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18.1%), followed by Escherichia coli (8.3%), Pasteurella multocida (6.9%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (4.2%). Approximately 83% of the isolates had acquired resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent, and 49.4% were multidrug-resistant. The isolated bacteria had high levels of resistance to penicillin (69.8%), clindamycin (47.4%), and doxycycline (46.9%). Our findings highlight the high levels of AMR in bacteria isolated from pet rabbit clinical samples in HK; many of these bacteria are zoonotic and pose a public health threat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic misuse in Romania has exacerbated the issue of antibiotic resistance, as patients often use antibiotics without proper medical consultation. This study aimed to assess the resistance of prevalent bacteria to different antibiotics. In this observational study conducted over six months, we analyzed 31 pediatric patients aged from 12 days to 13 years using the disk diffusion method. We identified 31 bacterial isolates, including 8 Gram-negative and 8 Gram-positive strains, with the most common being Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus species, and Elizabethkingia meningoseptica. Our findings revealed that the most effective antibiotics were linezolid, ertapenem, and teicoplanin. In contrast, nearly all tested bacteria exhibited resistance to penicillin, followed by oxacillin and ampicillin. Resistance to cephalosporins varied with generation, showing higher resistance to lower-generation cephalosporins. The study highlights significant antibiotic resistance among common bacterial pathogens in Romanian pediatric patients, emphasizing the urgent need for controlled antibiotic use and alternative treatment strategies to combat this growing issue. Effective antibiotics such as linezolid and ertapenem offer potential solutions, whereas reliance on penicillin and lower-generation cephalosporins is increasingly futile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the primary challenges in the spread of infectious diseases is the consumption of poorly or untreated water, which is increasingly being used due to the growth of different human activities and the effect of urbanization on freshwater sources,which are often used for consumption purposes. The determination of pathogenic bacteria in freshwater rivers influenced by anthropogenic activities allows for the assessment of the impact these factors have on water quality. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify the diversity of pathogenic bacteria and virulence genes in the UraimRiver in the northern region of Brazil. For this purpose, surface water was collected from five points with varying degrees of anthropogenic impact along the Uraim River. In situ measurements of physicochemical components were conducted, and metagenomic analysis was used for the identification of pathogenic bacteria and virulence genes. Regarding the physicochemical parameters, variabilitywas observed among the different analysis points, as well as diversity among bacteria and virulence genes. Notably, enterobacteria and the ESKAPE group were highlighted among the bacteria, with significant negative associations found between dissolved oxygen and the diversity of virulence genes and between deforestation and population density withthepresenceofESKAPEgroupbacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High mortality rates of cultured Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) during the summer months have regularly occurred on oyster farms in British Columbia, Canada over the last 10 years, but little is known about the microbial and environmental conditions that contribute to such mortality events. The objective of the study was to determine correlative factors associated with the onset of a summer mortality event in oysters (mean ± SD shell height: 14.2 ± 0.5 mm) grown in suspended culture at four stocking densities (150, 300, 450, 600 oysters tray−1) from May 11 to September 17, 2018. Variables examined included both biotic (oyster growth, mortality, reproductive development, and microbiome (approximately every week); Vibrio and harmful algal species abundance) and abiotic (temperature, salinity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, pCO2, pH, and aragonite saturation) ones. Both the absolute abundance of V. aestuarianus and the relative abundance of Vibrio spp. increased with observed oyster mortality and declining health. Mortality was highest on August 12 and associated with a prior period of elevated temperatures (i.e., increasing temperatures from early July to early August) and increased oyster growth/reproductive development. At that time, systemic mixed microbial infections and necrotic gill tissue in histological cross sections were observed in 19% of oysters that appeared healthy macroscopically. Cumulative percent mortalities per tray ranged from 34 to 75%, the highest-density trays having significantly less mortality and smaller shell width, shell length, and gonad length than lower-density trays. This study demonstrates the significant impact of summer mortality on Pacific oysters and highlights the biotic (host growth, reproductive development, and microbiome composition as well as Vibrio spp. abundance) and abiotic (water temperature) factors associated with the observed mortality in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has altered respiratory infection patterns in pediatric populations. The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant and relaxation of public health measures have increased the likelihood of coinfections. Previous studies show conflicting results regarding the impact of viral and bacterial coinfections with SARS-CoV-2 on severity of pediatric disease. This study investigated the prevalence and clinical impact of coinfections among children hospitalized with COVID-19 during the Omicron wave. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 574 hospitalized patients aged under 18 years in Russia, from January 2022 to March 2023. Samples from patients were tested for SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory pathogens using qRT-PCR, bacterial culture tests and mass spectrometry, and ELISA. Approximately one-third of COVID-19 cases had coinfections, with viral and bacterial coinfections occurring at similar rates. Adenovirus and Staphylococcus aureus were the most common viral and bacterial coinfections, respectively. Viral coinfections were associated with higher fevers and increased bronchitis, while bacterial coinfections correlated with longer duration of illness and higher pneumonia rates. Non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses were linked to more severe lower respiratory tract complications than SARS-CoV-2 monoinfection. These findings suggest that during the Omicron wave, seasonal respiratory viruses may have posed a greater threat to children's health than SARS-CoV-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) caused by bacterial pathogens Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Treponema pallidum present significant public health challenges. These infections profoundly impact reproductive health, leading to pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and increased susceptibility to other infections. Prevention measures, including antibiotic treatments, are limited by the often-asymptomatic nature of these infections, the need for repetitive and continual screening of sexually active persons, antibiotic resistance for gonorrhea, and shortages of penicillin for syphilis. While vaccines exist for viral STIs like human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV), there are no vaccines available for bacterial STIs. This review examines the immune responses in the female genital tract to these bacterial pathogens and the implications for developing effective vaccines against bacterial STIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the level of infection of Ixodes ricinus ticks with pathogens (Borrelia spp., Rickettsia spp., and Anaplasma spp.) collected from Lacerta agilis and Zootoca vivipara lizards in the urban areas of Wrocław (SW Poland). The study was carried out in July-August 2020. Lizards were caught by a noose attached to a pole or by bare hands, identified by species, and examined for the presence of ticks. Each lizard was then released at the site of capture. Ticks were removed with tweezers, identified by species using keys, and molecular tests were performed for the presence of pathogens. From 28 lizards (17 specimens of Z. vivipara and 11 specimens of L. agilis) a total of 445 ticks, including 321 larvae and 124 nymphs, identified as I. ricinus were collected. A larger number of ticks were obtained from L. agilis compared to Z. vivipara. Molecular tests for the presence of pathogens were performed on 445 specimens of I. ricinus. The nested PCR method for the fla gene allowed the detection of Borrelia spp. in 9.4% of ticks, and it was higher in ticks from L. agilis (12.0%) than from Z. vivipara (1.0%). The RFLP method showed the presence of three species, including two belonging to the B. burgdorferi s.l. complex (B. lusitaniae and B. afzelii), and B. miyamotoi. The overall level of infection of Rickettsia spp. was 19.3%, including 27.2% in ticks collected from Z. vivipara and 17.0% from L. agilis. Sequencing of randomly selected samples confirmed the presence of R. helvetica. DNA of Anaplasma spp. was detected only in one pool of larvae collected from L. agilis, and sample sequencing confirmed the presence of (A) phagocytophilum. The research results indicate the important role of lizards as hosts of ticks and their role in maintaining pathogens in the environment including urban agglomeration as evidenced by the first recorded presence of (B) miyamotoi and (A) phagocytophilum in I. ricinus ticks collected from L. agilis. However, confirmation of the role of sand lizards in maintaining (B) miyamotoi and A. phagocytophilum requires more studies and sampling of lizard tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper has well-documented antibacterial effects but few have evaluated it after prolonged use and against bacteria and viruses. Coupons from three copper formulations (solid, thermal coating, and decal applications) and carbon steel controls were subjected to 200 rounds simulated cleaning using a Wiperator™ and either an accelerated hydrogen peroxide, quaternary ammonium, or artificial sweat products. Antibacterial activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa was then evaluated using a modified Environmental Protection Agency protocol. Antiviral activity against coronavirus (229E) and norovirus (MNV-1) surrogates was assessed using the TCID50 method. Results were compared to untreated control coupons. One hour after inoculation, S. aureus exhibited a difference in log kill of 1.16 to 4.87 and P. aeruginosa a log kill difference of 3.39–5.23 (dependent upon copper product and disinfectant) compared to carbon steel. MNV-1 demonstrated an 87–99% reduction on each copper surfaces at 1 h and 99% reduction at 2 h compared to carbon steel. Similarly, coronavirus 229E exhibited a 97–99% reduction after 1 h and 90–99% after 2 h. Simulated use with artificial sweat did not hinder the antiviral nor the antibacterial activity of Cu surfaces. Self-sanitizing copper surfaces maintained antibacterial and antiviral activity after 200 rounds of simulated cleaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of copper–metal organic framework (Cu–MOF) with graphene oxide (GO) has received growing interest in electrocatalysis, energy storage and sensing applications. However, its potential as an electrochemical biosensing platform remains largely unexplored. In this study, we introduce the synthesis of GO/Cu–MOF nanocomposite and its application in the simultaneous detection of two biomarkers associated with lower respiratory infections, marking the first instance of its use in this capacity. The physicochemical properties and structural elucidation of this composite were studied with the support of XRD, FTIR, SEM and electrochemical techniques. The immunosensor was fabricated by drop casting the nanocomposite on dual screen-printed electrodes followed by functionalization with pyrene linker. The covalent immobilization of the monoclonal antibodies of the bacterial antigens of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae; M. p.) and Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila; L. p.) was achieved using EDC-NHS chemistry. The differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) signals of the developed immunosensor platform demonstrated a robust correlation across a broad concentration range from 1 pg/mL to 100 ng/mL. The immunosensor platform has shown high degree of selectivity against antigens for various respiratory pathogens. Moreover, the dual immunosensor was successfully applied for the detection of M. pneumoniae and L. pneumophila antigens in spiked water samples showing excellent recovery percentages. We attribute the high sensitivity of the immunosensor to the enhanced electrocatalytic characteristics, stability and conductivity of the GO–MOF composite as well as the synergistic interactions between the GO and MOF. This immunosensor offers a swift analytical response, simplicity in fabrication and instrumentation, rendering it an appealing platform for the on-field monitoring of pathogens in environmental samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To study the effect of agitation and temperature on biofilm formation (cell aggregates embedded within a self-produced matrix) by pathogenic bacteria isolated from Raw cow milk (RCM). Methods: A 40 RCM samples were gathered from eight dairy farms in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. After bacterial culturing and isolation, gram staining was performed, and all pathogenic, identified using standard criteria established by Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ), and non-pathogenic bacteria were identified using VITEK-2 and biochemical assays. To evaluate the effects of temperature and agitation on biofilm formation, isolated pathogenic bacteria were incubated for 24 h under the following conditions: 4 °C with no agitation (0 rpm), 15 °C with no agitation, 30 °C with no agitation, 30 °C with 60 rpm agitation, and 30 °C with 120 rpm agitation. Then, biofilms were measured using a crystal violet assay. Results: Of the eight farm sites, three exhibited non-pathogenic bacterial contamination in their raw milk samples. Of the total of 40 raw milk samples, 15/40 (37.5%; from five farms) were contaminated with pathogenic bacteria. Overall, 346 bacteria were isolated from the 40 samples, with 329/346 (95.1%) considered as non-pathogenic and 17/346 (4.9%) as pathogenic. Most of the isolated pathogenic bacteria exhibited a significant (p < 0.01) increase in biofilm formation when grown at 30 °C compared to 4 °C and when grown with 120 rpm agitation compared to 0 rpm. Conclusion: Herein, we highlight the practices of consumers in terms of transporting and storing (temperature and agitation) can significantly impact on the growth of pathogens and biofilm formation in RCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review, we highlight studies in which whole-genome sequencing, comparative genomics, and population genomics have provided unprecedented insights into past and ongoing pathogen evolution. These include new understandings of the adaptive evolution of secretion systems and their effectors. We focus on Xanthonionas pathosystems that have seen intensive study and improved our understanding of pathogen emergence and evolution, particularly in the context of host specialization: citrus canker, bacterial blight of rice, and bacterial spot of tomato and pepper. Across pathosystems, pathogens appear to follow a pattern of bursts of evolution and diversification that impact host adaptation. There remains a need for studies on the mechanisms of host range evolution and genetic exchange among closely related but differentially host-specialized species and to start moving beyond the study of specific strain and host cultivar pairwise interactions to thinking about these pathosystems in a community context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camels play a crucial role as multipurpose animals, providing milk and meat and serving as a means of transportation. They serve as a financial reserve for pastoralists and hold significant cultural and social value. Camel milk, known for its exceptional nutritional properties, is considered a valuable substitute for human milk. However, udder infections, particularly mastitis, pose significant challenges to camel farming. Mastitis, especially the subclinical form, is a persistent and prevalent condition affecting milk hygiene and quality in dairy camels. This review offers insights into the prevalence, risk factors, and bacterial pathogens associated with subclinical mastitis in camels, noting its prevalence ranging from 9.28% to 87.78%. Pathogens identified include Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus spp., Pasteurella haemolytica, and Corynebacterium spp. The study outlines key risk factors contributing to camel mastitis, emphasizing severe tick infestation, age, lactation stage, parity, body condition score, skin lesions on the teats or udders, anti-suckling devices, udder history, conformation, breed, unhygienic milking practices, and production system, amongst others, that have been reported to be important in the prevalence of subclinical mastitis. The findings underscore the importance of holistic management practices, emphasizing hygiene, health monitoring, and targeted interventions to ensure camel well-being and productivity in various agro-pastoral contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionPhenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, poses a significant threat to a range of crops worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi (Alternaria murispora and Alternaria destruens) and bacteria (Streptomyces bellus-E23-2) against adult females of P. solenopsis under laboratory (26 ± 2°C) and greenhouse conditions.MethodsLaboratory trials tested A. murispora, A. destruens (104–1010 conidia mL−1), and S. bellus E23-2 (104–1010 cfu mL−1), alone and in combination, recording mortality rates and LC50 values. Greenhouse trials tested the best lab treatments on infested potato plants, monitoring pest density and plant quality.Results and discussionIn laboratory trials, A. murispora at 1010 conidia mL−1 was the most effective, achieved 79.7% mortality (LC50 = 1.338 × 108 conidia mL−1 after 14 days). Combination treatments significantly enhanced efficacy, with A. murispora + S. bellus E23-2 (1010 conidia mL−1 + 1010 cfu mL−1) reaching 85.3% mortality. In greenhouse trials, the combination treatments notably reduced P. solenopsis densities and increased the number of infected mealybugs, with A. murispora + S. bellus E23-2 being the most effective. These treatments did not harm plant quality, unlike imidacloprid, which reduced visual quality despite its high efficacy. Alternaria murispora and S. bellus E23-2 effectively control P. solenopsis, providing a sustainable, plant-safe alternative to chemical insecticides.

Study’s Novelty/Excerpt • This study assesses antibacterial efficacy of Aloe vera and Aloe schweinfurthii leaf extracts against plant pathogenic bacteria, highlighting significant differences in effectiveness between aqueous and ethanolic extracts. • The findings reveal that A. schweinfurthii extracts, particularly the ethanolic form, demonstrate superior antibacterial activity compared to A. vera, with inhibition zones up to 14.06mm. • Additionally, the identification of diverse phytochemicals such as alkaloids, tannins, and flavonoids in the extracts underscores their potential as novel antibacterial agents for managing plant pathogenic bacteria. Full Abstract The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of Aloe vera and Aloe schweinfurthii leaf extracts against plant pathogenic bacteria. Aqueous (cold and hot) and ethanolic extracts from both plants were tested on Xanthomonas axonopodis, Pseudomonas syringae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results showed antibacterial properties in both extracts, with varying inhibition zones ranging from 0.01 to 14.06mm. The most effective was the ethanolic extract from powdered A. schweinfurthii at 0.05g/ml, while hot water extracts from both species were the least effective. Phytochemical screening revealed alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, phytates, and oxalates in both extracts. The study concluded that A. schweinfurthii outperformed A. vera in managing the plant pathogenic bacteria, suggesting potential new antibacterial agents.

Background: Neonatal sepsis is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality globally, with variations in causative bacteria and treatment efficacy across health-care facilities. Aims and Objectives: The aims and objectives of the study are to analyze the bacterial pathogens causing neonatal sepsis and the effectiveness of their treatment in diverse hospital environments. By highlighting the differences in treatment success rates, antibiotic resistance profiles, and the pathogens involved, this study demonstrate the impact of health-care practices and infrastructure on the management of neonatal sepsis. Materials and Methods: The study encompassed 100 neonates with sepsis, evenly distributed across the three hospital types. It involved identifying bacterial pathogens through blood cultures, assessing antibiotic sensitivity, and examining treatment outcomes such as success rate, mortality, hospital stay duration, and complication rates. Statistical methods were employed to evaluate differences in outcomes among the settings. Results: Seventy percent of neonates tested positive for bacterial pathogens, with a 60% predominance of Gram-positive over Gram-negative bacteria (40%). Staphylococcus aureus (22%) and Streptococcus agalactiae (18%) were the leading pathogens. Notably, resistance was high against ampicillin (65%) and gentamicin (40%) but lower for cephalosporins and vancomycin. The overall success rate of treatments was 80%, with the tertiary care hospital achieving an 88% success rate, significantly outperforming the private hospitals (72%). The mortality rate was 10%, and 30% of the cases developed complications, predominantly respiratory distress syndrome. Conclusion: Hospital setting significantly influences the management and outcomes of neonatal sepsis, with tertiary care centers showing better results. These findings highlight the need for focused antimicrobial stewardship and the adoption of sophisticated care protocols in less advanced settings to improve neonatal sepsis outcomes.

Persistent infection caused by biofilm is an urgent in medicine that should be tackled by new alternative strategies. Low efficiency of classical treatments and antibiotic resistance are the main concerns of the persistent infection due to biofilm formation which increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. The gene expression patterns in biofilm cells differed from those in planktonic cells. One of the promising approaches against biofilms is nanoparticle (NP)-based therapy in which NPs with multiple mechanisms hinder the resistance of bacterial cells in planktonic or biofilm forms. For instance, NPs such as silver (Ag), zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), copper oxide (Cu), and iron oxide (Fe3O4) through the different strategies interfere with gene expression of bacteria associated with biofilm. The NPs can penetrate into the biofilm structure and affect the expression of efflux pump, quorum-sensing, and adhesion-related genes, which lead to inhibit the biofilm formation or development. Therefore, understanding and targeting of the genes and molecular basis of bacterial biofilm by NPs point to therapeutic targets that make possible control of biofilm infections. In parallel, the possible impact of NPs on the environment and their cytotoxicity should be avoided through controlled exposure and safety assessments. This study focuses on the biofilm-related genes that are potential targets for the inhibition of bacterial biofilms with highly effective NPs, especially metal or metal oxide NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neonatal sepsis is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality globally, with variations in causative bacteria and treatment efficacy across health-care facilities. Aims and Objectives: The aims and objectives of the study are to analyze the bacterial pathogens causing neonatal sepsis and the effectiveness of their treatment in diverse hospital environments. By highlighting the differences in treatment success rates, antibiotic resistance profiles, and the pathogens involved, this study demonstrate the impact of health-care practices and infrastructure on the management of neonatal sepsis. Materials and Methods: The study encompassed 100 neonates with sepsis, evenly distributed across the three hospital types. It involved identifying bacterial pathogens through blood cultures, assessing antibiotic sensitivity, and examining treatment outcomes such as success rate, mortality, hospital stay duration, and complication rates. Statistical methods were employed to evaluate differences in outcomes among the settings. Results: Seventy percent of neonates tested positive for bacterial pathogens, with a 60% predominance of Gram-positive over Gram-negative bacteria (40%). Staphylococcus aureus (22%) and Streptococcus agalactiae (18%) were the leading pathogens. Notably, resistance was high against ampicillin (65%) and gentamicin (40%) but lower for cephalosporins and vancomycin. The overall success rate of treatments was 80%, with the tertiary care hospital achieving an 88% success rate, significantly outperforming the private hospitals (72%). The mortality rate was 10%, and 30% of the cases developed complications, predominantly respiratory distress syndrome. Conclusion: Hospital setting significantly influences the management and outcomes of neonatal sepsis, with tertiary care centers showing better results. These findings highlight the need for focused antimicrobial stewardship and the adoption of sophisticated care protocols in less advanced settings to improve neonatal sepsis outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foodborne illnesses caused by the consumption of contaminated foods have frequent occurrences in developing countries. The incorporation of contaminated water in food processes, preparation, and serving is directly linked to several gastrointestinal infections. Keeping in view, this study was conducted to assess the microbial quality of both drinking water sources and commonly consumed fresh ready-to-eat (RTE) foods in the region. The drinking water samples from water sources and consumer points, as well as food samples from canteens, cafes, hotels, and restaurants, were collected for the microbiological analysis. Fifty-five percent (n = 286) of water samples were found to be positive for total coliforms with MPN counts ranging from 3 to 2600 (100 ml) −1. E. coli was detected in nearly 30% of the total water samples. Overall, 65% tap water samples were found unsatisfactory, followed by submersible (53%), filter (40%), and WTP (30%) sources. Furthermore, the examination of RTE foods (n = 80) found that 60% were of unsatisfactory microbial quality with high aerobic plate counts. The salads were the most contaminated category with highest mean APC 8.3 log CFU/g followed by pani puri, chats, and chutneys. Presence of coliforms and common enteropathogens was observed in both water and food samples. The detected isolates from the samples were identified as Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and Staphylococcus spp. Based on these findings, microbiological quality was found compromised and this may pose hazard to public health. This exploratory study in the Punjab region also suggests that poor microbiological quality of water sources can be an important source of contamination for fresh uncooked RTE foods, thus transferring pathogens to the food chain. Therefore, only safe potable drinking water post-treatment should be used at all stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focused on the hunting practices and potentially pathogenic bacterial species among European fallow deer (Dama dama). Within a five-year period, three hunting grounds from Western Romania were examined. During this period, a total of 1881 deer were hunted, and 240 samples were collected by rectal and nasal swabbing from 120 carcasses. Bacterial strains were identified utilizing bacteriological assays and the Vitek® 2 Compact system. Notably, the Socodor hunting ground exhibited a significant difference in harvesting quotas between the bucks (Group M) and does/yearlings (Group F), favoring the latter. In the Chișineu Criș–Sălișteanca hunting ground, a likely correlation in harvesting quotas between the two groups was observed. The identified potentially pathogenic bacteria were Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes and Enterococcus faecium. These results highlight the importance of effectively managing the deer population and recognize the potential for Dama dama to spread zoonotic pathogens, emphasizing the necessity of adopting a One Health approach and maintaining ongoing surveillance of this game species' population dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacteria (including disinfection- and antibiotic-resistant bacteria) are abundant in the consumer water cycle, where they may cause disease, and lead to biofouling and infrastructure damage in distributions systems, subsequently resulting in significant economic losses. Bacteriophages and their associated enzymes may then offer a biological control solution for application within the water sector. Lytic bacteriophages are of particular interest as biocontrol agents as their narrow host range can be exploited for the targeted removal of specific bacteria in a designated environment. Bacteriophages can also be used to improve processes such as wastewater treatment, while bacteriophage-derived enzymes can be applied to combat biofouling based on their effectiveness against preformed biofilms. However, the host range, environmental stability, bacteriophage resistance and biosafety risks are some of the factors that need to be considered prior to the large-scale application of these bacterial viruses. Characteristics of bacteriophages that highlight their potential as biocontrol agents are thus outlined in this review, as well as the potential application of bacteriophage biocontrol throughout the consumer water cycle. Additionally, the limitations of bacteriophage biocontrol and corresponding mitigation strategies are outlined, including the use of engineered bacteriophages for improved host ranges, environmental stability and the antimicrobial re-sensitisation of bacteria. Finally, the potential public and environmental risks associated with large-scale bacteriophage biocontrol application are considered, and alternative applications of bacteriophages to enhance the functioning of the consumer water cycle, including their use as water quality or treatment indicators and microbial source tracking markers, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aeromonas hydrophila is one of the major freshwater fish pathogens. In the current study, a cocktail of D6 and CF7 phages was given orally to Labeo rohita to assess phage survival in fish organs as well as to determine the therapeutic efficacy of phage treatment against fish mortality caused by A. hydrophila. In the phage-coated feed, prepared by simple spraying method, phage counts were quite stable for up to 2 months with a decline of ≤ 0.23 log10 and ≤ 1.66 log10 PFU/g feed during 4 oC and room temperature storage. Throughout the experimental period of 7 days, both phages could be detected in the gut of fish fed with phage-coated feed. Besides, both CF7 and D6 phages were also detected in fish kidneys indicating the ability of both the phage to cross the intestinal barrier. During challenge studies with LD50 dose of A. hydrophila, phage cocktail doses of 1 × 106 – 1 × 108 PFU/g feed prevented the mortality in L. rohita with relative percentage survival (RPS) of 8.7–65.2. When challenged with LD90 dose of A. hydrophila, an RPS value of 28.6 was obtained at a phage cocktail dose of 1 × 108 PFU/g feed. The RPS data showed that orally-fed phage cocktail protected the fish against the mortality caused by A. hydrophila in a dose-dependent manner. Simple practical approaches for phage cocktail development, medicated feed preparation and oral administration along with phage survival and protection data make the current study useful for farmer-level application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trehalose is a naturally occurring, non-reducing saccharide widely distributed in nature. Over the years, research on trehalose has revealed that this initially thought simple storage molecule is a multifunctional and multitasking compound protecting cells against various stress factors. This review presents data on the role of trehalose in maintaining cellular homeostasis under stress conditions and in the virulence of bacteria and fungi. Numerous studies have demonstrated that trehalose acts in the cell as an osmoprotectant, chemical chaperone, free radical scavenger, carbon source, virulence factor, and metabolic regulator. The increasingly researched medical and therapeutic applications of trehalose are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytopathogens are a threat for global food production and security. Emergence or re‐emergence of plant pathogens is highly dependent on the environmental conditions affecting pathogen spread and survival. Under climate change, a geographic expansion of pathogen distribution poleward has been observed, potentially resulting in disease outbreaks on crops and wild plants. Therefore, estimating the adaptive potential of plants to novel epidemics and describing the underlying genetic architecture is a primary need to propose agricultural management strategies reducing pathogen outbreaks and to breed novel plant cultivars adapted to pathogens that might spread under climate change. To address this challenge, we inoculated Pseudomonas syringae strains isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana populations from south‐west of France on the highly genetically polymorphic TOU‐A A. thaliana population from north‐east France. While no adaptive potential was identified in response to most P. syringae strains, the TOU‐A population displayed a variable disease response to the JACO‐CL strain belonging to the P. syringae phylogroup 7 (PG7). This strain carried a reduced type III secretion system (T3SS) characteristic of the PG7 as well as flexible genomic traits and potential novel effectors. Genome‐wide association mapping on 192 TOU‐A accessions revealed a polygenic architecture of disease response to JACO‐CL. The main quantitative trait locus (QTL) region encompasses two R genes and the AT5G18310 gene encoding ubiquitin hydrolase, a target of the AvrRpt2 P. syringae effector. Altogether, our results pave the way for a better understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of the adaptive potential in an ecologically relevant A. thaliana–P. syringae pathosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research focused on the production of silver nanoparticles using dichloro methanemediated Cocos nucifera male flower extract and their minimum inhibitory concentration against ten different bacterial pathogens. C. nucifera male flowers were extracted by 100% DCM, and the phytochemicals present in this extract were studied. These plant phytochemicals act as reducing agents to reduce the silver nitrate (AgNO3) to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) which was confirmed by UV/Vis spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infra-red spectrum, X-ray diffraction analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The 15 µL of silver nanoparticles was the minimum inhibitory concentration for Klebsiella pneumonia and Bacillus subtilis. The 20 µL of silver nanoparticles is the MIC for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio harveyi, and Plesiomonas shigelloides. 30 µL of plant flower extract concentration highly inhibits the E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella paratyphi, Vibrio mimicus, and Vibrio alginolyticus bacterial pathogens. C. nucifera male flowers extract derived silver nanoparticles are highly stable and have high potential activity against MCF-7 Cell line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), caused by microbial infections, has become a major contributor to morbid rates of mortality worldwide and a serious threat to public health. The exponential increase in resistant pathogen strains including Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) poses significant hurdles in the health sector due to their greater resistance to traditional treatments and medicines. Efforts to tackle infectious diseases caused by resistant microbes have prompted the development of novel antibacterial agents. Herein, we present selenium and copper oxide monometallic nanoparticles (Se-MMNPs and CuO-MMNPs), characterized using various techniques and evaluated for their antibacterial potential via disc diffusion, determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), antibiofilm, and killing kinetic action. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques confirmed the size-distribution, spherical-shape, stability, elemental composition, and structural aspects of the synthesized nanoparticles. The MIC values of Se-MMNPs and CuO-MMNPs against S. aureus and E. coli were determined to be 125 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL, respectively. Time–kill kinetics studies revealed that CuO-MMNPs efficiently mitigate the growth of S. aureus and E. coli within 3 and 3.5 h while Se-MMNPs took 4 and 5 h, respectively. Moreover, CuO-MMNPs demonstrated better inhibition compared to Se-MMNPs. Overall, the proposed materials exhibited promising antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid and sensitive detection of pathogenic bacteria is becoming increasingly important for the timely prevention of contamination and the treatment of infections. Biosensors based on nucleic acid aptamers, integrated with optical, electrochemical, and mass-sensitive analytical techniques, have garnered intense interest because of their versatility, cost-efficiency, and ability to exhibit high affinity and specificity in binding bacterial biomarkers, toxins, and whole cells. This review highlights the development of aptamers, their structural characterization, and the chemical modifications enabling optimized recognition properties and enhanced stability in complex biological matrices. Furthermore, recent examples of aptasensors for the detection of bacterial cells, biomarkers, and toxins are discussed. Finally, we explore the barriers to and discuss perspectives on the application of aptamer-based bacterial detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms like fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and aquatic plants, which has become a crucial source of protein and income. However, bacterial infections pose a significant challenge to the aquaculture industry and traditional treatments, such as antibiotics and chemicals, have limitations and environmental concerns. Disease prevention and control measures, such as the use of probiotics, vaccines, and biosecurity measures, are essential for the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry. Further research is also needed to develop more effective and sustainable strategies for the prevention and control of bacterial fish pathogens in aquaculture, where alternative treatments such as herbal extracts, essential oils, and probiotics require further investigation for efficacy and safety. Microalgae, particularly Chlorella, have potential applications in various industries such as biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and wastewater treatment. However, their large-scale production and commercialization face challenges. Safety of Chlorella to fish is a crucial issue that requires careful evaluation, with hematology being an essential tool to assess its effects on fish health and physiology. Studies show that Chlorella is safe for fish and does not have adverse effects on growth, survival, or immune system function. Chlorella is a safe and sustainable option for aquaculture, free from harmful chemicals and antibiotics. The Green Water System utilizes Chlorella as a natural filter and nutrient recycler, improving water quality and providing a well-balanced diet for aquatic animals. This eco-friendly approach also enhances fish immune systems, growth rates, and survival rates. The scientometric review shows significant research activity, with Chang JS being a prominent author and People's R China and the Chinese Academy of Sciences leading in contributions. The use of Chlorella shows promise as an alternative treatment for bacterial fish pathogens in aquaculture due to its antibacterial properties, safety, and sustainability. However, challenges such as cost-effectiveness and standardization need to be addressed for successful implementation in the aquaculture industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though biosecurity and best management practices (BMPs), vaccines, immunostimulants, probiotics and prebiotics are often used for health management in aquaculture, the use of chemotherapeutics/antibiotics often becomes the preferred method of choice once the infectious disease outbreak occurs. Phage-based control of bacterial pathogens (phage therapy) has recently re-emerged as an attractive therapeutic alternative due to the global emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial pathogens. Target specificity with minimal disruption of natural microbiota, auto-dosing, safety, no production of toxic metabolites/residues and relatively inexpensive production are some of the distinct advantages of phages over antibiotics. In vivo, experimental studies have demonstrated the efficacy of phage therapy through immersion, oral, injection, topical application, and anal intubation routes against Aeromonas hydrophila, A. salmonicida, Edwardsiella tarda, Flavobacterium columnare, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus iniae, Vibrio anguillarum, V. harveyi, V. parahaemolyticus, etc. in aquaculture. Several factors such as phage selection, therapeutic dose, age of fish, specific targeting of the pathogen, disease condition of fish, environmental conditions, and administration route influence the efficacy of phage therapy in aquaculture. The application of a mixture of phages (phage cocktail) has also been suggested to overcome the narrow host range of phages and the development of phage resistance in bacteria. At present, a few commercial phage cocktail-based products are also available for control of Yersinia ruckeri, Aeromonas spp., Pseudomonas spp., and shrimp pathogenic vibrios in aquaculture. To successfully implement phage therapy, there is a need to develop region-specific/localized phage repositories with associated safety and efficacy data which could be used to quickly formulate effective phage cocktails after the identification of pathogenic bacterial strains in specific aquaculture areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biosynthesized nanomaterials and nanocomposites (NCs) could have promising potentialities to overcome the multi-drug-resistant (MDR) pathogenic bacteria, particularly Salmonella Typhimurium. Radish seed (Raphanus sativus) mucilage (RSM) was employed for synthesizing/capping selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and their nanoconjugates with chitosan (Ct) were assessed for inhibiting MDR S. typhimurium. The SeNPs were effectually biosynthesized using RSM and have 4.21 nm mean size and −25.6 mV surface charge. Different NC formulations of Ct/RSM/SeNPs were generated and validated using infrared spectroscopy and electron microscopy. The entire formulations could suppress S. Typhimurium growth, including MDR strains. F3 NCs (with 53.64 nm diameter and +21.1 mV surface charge) had the strongest anti-S. Typhimurium activity that exceeded the action of cephalosporin, and the subsequent antibacterial formulation was F2 (with 41.77 nm diameter and −17.3 mV charge). The NCs of Ct/RSM/SeNPs could severely destruct, deform, and lyse S. Typhimurium cells’ structures throughout 10 h of exposure. The innovative fabricated NCs of Ct/RSM/SeNPs are auspiciously suggested as effectual biocides to eradicate MDR S. Typhimurium in various food-processing facilities.

One of the primary challenges in the spread of infectious diseases is the consumption of poorly or untreated water, which is increasingly being used due to the growth of different human activities and the effect of urbanization on freshwater sources, which are often used for consumption purposes. The determination of pathogenic bacteria in freshwater rivers influenced by anthropogenic activities allows for the assessment of the impact these factors have on water quality. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify the diversity of pathogenic bacteria and virulence genes in the Uraim River in the northern region of Brazil. For this purpose, surface water was collected from five points with varying degrees of anthropogenic impact along the Uraim River. In situ measurements of physicochemical components were conducted, and metagenomic analysis was used for the identification of pathogenic bacteria and virulence genes. Regarding the physicochemical parameters, variability was observed among the different analysis points, as well as diversity among bacteria and virulence genes. Notably, enterobacteria and the ESKAPE group were highlighted among the bacteria, with significant negative associations found between dissolved oxygen and the diversity of virulence genes and between deforestation and population density with the presence of ESKAPE group bacteria.