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This study evaluates the pharmacodynamic efficacy of a hybrid in situ gelling system (OPT-07-1) containing Moxifloxacin for treating bacterial conjunctivitis induced by Staphylococcus aureus in a rabbit model. The study groups included untreated rabbits, those treated with a marketed formulation (thrice daily), and those treated with the optimized formulation (twice daily). Clinical signs--redness, inflammation, and tear score--were assessed over five days. Results showed significant improvement in the treated groups, with the optimized formulation providing comparable outcomes to the marketed product despite reduced dosing frequency. The optimized system's prolonged precorneal retention and enhanced penetration contributed to its effectiveness. These findings suggest that the hybrid in situ gel is a promising therapeutic option for ocular infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In order to investigate the types of pathogenic bacteria present in the conjunctival sac secretions of dogs with bacterial conjunctivitis in Wuhan and the antibiotic resistance patterns of the major pathogens to aminoglycoside antibiotics, this study collected samples from 56 dogs diagnosed with bacterial conjunctivitis in Wuhan. Bacterial isolation, identification, and antimicrobial resistance analysis were performed on the conjunctival sac secretions. The results showed that 123 bacterial strains were isolated from the 56 dogs, with Staphylococcus pseudointermedius and Escherichia coli being the most prevalent pathogens. Drug sensitivity testing and resistance gene detection were performed for these two bacteria. The findings revealed that both Staphylococcus pseudointermedius and Escherichia coli were sensitive to tobramycin and gentamicin but exhibited high resistance to kanamycin. All Staphylococcus pseudointermedius strains carried the aacA-aphD gene, while the detection rates of the rmtB and rmtE genes in Escherichia coli were 85.71% and 28.57%, respectively. No aac(6′)-Ib or npmA genes were detected in Escherichia coli. This study contributes to understanding the pathogen distribution in canine bacterial conjunctivitis and their antibiotic resistance patterns, providing data to support the optimization of clinical treatment strategies. In order to investigate the bacterial species present in the conjunctival sacs of dogs with bacterial conjunctivitis in Wuhan (Hongshan District, Wuchang District, Jiangxia District, and Huangpi District) and their resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics, samples of conjunctival sac secretions were collected from 56 dogs with bacterial conjunctivitis in various regions of Wuhan. Drug susceptibility testing for aminoglycoside antibiotics was performed on the most commonly isolated gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The expression of two aminoglycoside modifying enzyme genes, aacA-aphD and aac (6′)-Ib, and three 16S rRNA methyltransferase genes, rmtB, rmtE and npmA, were analyzed by PCR. The results showed that a total of 123 bacterial strains were cultured from 56 conjunctival sac secretion samples, with Staphylococcus being the most commonly isolated species, followed by Escherichia. Among them, 14 strains of Staphylococcus pseudointermedius were not resistant to tobramycin, amikacin, gentamicin or neomycin, but the resistance rates to streptomycin and kanamycin were 35.71% and 42.86%, respectively. Among them, 14 Escherichia coli strains were not resistant to tobramycin and gentamicin, but they showed high resistance rates to neomycin and kanamycin (both at 50%). The detection rate of the aacA-aphD gene in Staphylococcus pseudointermedius strains was 100%. The detection rates of the rmtB gene and rmtE gene in Escherichia coli were 85.71% and 28.57%, respectively, while the aac(6′)-Ib gene and npmA gene were not detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Purpose: Bacterial conjunctivitis, a common eye disease characterized by inflammation of the conjunctiva, poses a major challenge in clinical practice due to its prevalence, diverse etiology and the need for effective pharmacological treatment. The conjunctiva is constantly exposed to the adverse effects of various external and internal factors. This review is devoted to the pharmacological treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis, with a focus on the most common causative agents. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive survey of articles published in scientific journals was conducted via PubMed and Google Scholar online research platforms. Articles were searched by entering keywords in the appropriate configuration: “bacterial conjunctivitis,” ‘pharmacotherapy,’ ‘bacterial,’ and ”antibiotics.” Description of current knowledge: Emerging research has shown that the choice of antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis depends primarily on the etiology and severity of the infection. Summary: Antibiotic therapy is an effective tool in the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis, but its use requires consideration of etiology, severity of infection and potential risk of resistance. Collaboration between ophthalmologists and microbiologists is necessary for the optimal management of this condition. Acute bacterial conjunctivitis is a prevalent eye condition that requires prompt and appropriate pharmacological management.

In order to investigate the bacterial species present in the conjunctival sacs of dogs with bacterial conjunctivitis in Wuhan (Hongshan District, Wuchang District, Jiangxia District, and Huangpi District) and their resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics, samples of conjunctival sac secretions were collected from 56 dogs with bacterial conjunctivitis in various regions of Wuhan. Drug susceptibility testing for aminoglycoside antibiotics was performed on the most commonly isolated gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The expression of two aminoglycoside modifying enzyme genes, aacA-aphD and aac (6′)-Ib, and three 16S rRNA methyltransferase genes, rmtB, rmtE and npmA, were analyzed by PCR. The results showed that a total of 123 bacterial strains were cultured from 56 conjunctival sac secretion samples, with Staphylococcus being the most commonly isolated species, followed by Escherichia. Among them, 14 strains of Staphylococcus pseudointermedius were not resistant to tobramycin, amikacin, gentamicin or neomycin, but the resistance rates to streptomycin and kanamycin were 35.71% and 42.86%, respectively. Among them, 14 Escherichia coli strains were not resistant to tobramycin and gentamicin, but they showed high resistance rates to neomycin and kanamycin (both at 50%). The detection rate of the aacA-aphD gene in Staphylococcus pseudointermedius strains was 100%. The detection rates of the rmtB gene and rmtE gene in Escherichia coli were 85.71% and 28.57%, respectively, while the aac(6′)-Ib gene and npmA gene were not detected.

Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) is a plant with known antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. Homeopathic drops containing chamomile extract are often used for ear pain and chronic ear infections. We aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of over-the-counter eardrops containing chamomile against organisms causing bacterial conjunctivitis and otitis externa. Liquid cultures of Streptococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were exposed to increasing concentrations of eardrops containing chamomile extract. Liquid cultures of S. aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae were exposed to increasing concentrations of chamomile eye drops for 5, 10, 15, and 45 min. Colony forming units (CFUs) were assessed after 18 h. Viability assays for these organisms were performed using the resazurin microdilution assay. We observed a reduction in the number of P. aeruginosa CFUs when the bacteria were exposed to any of the three concentrations of the chamomile drops as early as 5 min, with maximal reduction upon exposure to the 30% concentration at 45 min. Reduction in S. aureus CFUs, on the other hand, was observed for all three concentrations as maximal in the 5 min of exposure. We observed a marked reduction in the number of S. aureus CFUs upon exposure to any of the three preparations of chamomile-containing eye drops, which was almost immediate at 10% concentration. Streptococcus pneumoniae reduction happened at 5 min and continued through the 45-min observation period for all three concentrations. Our findings suggest that over-the-counter ear drops containing chamomile extract could potentially be used as a non-prescription treatment for mild cases of otitis externa and bacterial conjunctivitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of the present work was to develop levofloxacin-flurbiprofen coloaded PLGA (LEV-FLU-PLGA) nanoparticles with surface modification using chitosan to attain mucoadhesion for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. Method: Polymeric nanoparticles were prepared by nanoprecipitation method and evaluated for parameters like particle size, PDI, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency (%), in vitro drug release, ex vivo permeation studies, microbial assay against Staphylococcus aureus and ocular tolerance using Hen's egg test-chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM). Furthermore, surface of optimized PLGA nanoparticle formulation was modified by coating with chitosan. Results: LEV-FLU-PLGA nanoparticles demonstrated particle size of 166.1 nm with PDI of 0.137 and zeta potential of − 16.8 mV. The entrapment efficiency was found to be 39.37% for levofloxacin (LEV) and 48.33% for flurbiprofen (FLU), whereas for surface-modified nanoparticles, it was found to be 42.05% for LEV and 45.26% for FLU. LEV-FLU chitosan-coated PLGA nanoparticles showed an increase in particle size, i.e., 333.6 nm with PDI of 0.319 and an inversion of zeta potential to 37.67 mV. The developed nanosystems showed sustained release and improved eye permeability. Microbiological studies showed equivalent zone of inhibition to that of marketed formulation. HET-CAM assay revealed the non-irritant nature of drug-loaded PLGA nanoparticles; however, chitosan-coated PLGA nanoparticles were found to be moderately irritating owing to the acidic nature of formulation. Conclusion: The nanoparticulate system provides prolonged drug release making it a promising alternative to conventional dosage forms. It reduces systemic effects of locally acting drugs, improving therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute inflammatory diseases of the ocular surface occur in case of epitheliopathy. As a result, most patients complain of discomfort and persistence of residual inflammation after the infection has been stopped.The purpose: to assess the degree of damage to the ocular surface as a result of bacterial conjunctivitis and keratitis, as well as the regenerative effect of dexpanthenol 5 % eye gel on the healing and restoration of the functional activity of the ocular surface epithelium.Methods. A non-randomized case-control study was performed in patients with a bacterial infection of the conjunctiva and cornea. Under supervision there were 23 patients (46 eyes) diagnosed with bacterial conjunctivitis and 31 patients (31 eyes) with bacterial keratitis. According to the study design, patients were divided into two groups. After stopping the acute process, dexpanthenol 5 % eye gel was prescribed. To control the effectiveness, the tear film rupture time, the degree of damage to the mucin coating and surface epithelial cells were evaluated. Diagnostic tests with vital dyes (fluorescein (FA) and lyssamine green (LG)) were performed before the appointment of the gel, then seven and thirty days after the appointment of the drug.Results. After the relief of bacterial inflammation, 86.9 % patients with conjunctivitis and in all cases of keratitis had complaints (unpleasant sensations and redness of the eyes, blurred vision). There was a decrease in tear break-up time (TBUT) test, a significant accumulation of dye in the conjunctiva in both study groups and a partial accumulation of FA in the cornea, more intense in keratitis. After 7 days Corneregel use, there was an increase in TBUT compared to the baseline level, with a further increase in this indicator after a 1 month, a decrease in the manifestation of conjunctival epitheliopathy and the degree of corneal staining.Conclusions. The appointment of dexpanthenol 5 % eye gel after stopping a bacterial infection helps to relieve discomfort, accelerates the restoration of regeneration of the epithelial cells of the ocular surface, and increases the strength of the tear film.

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Moxifloxacin and Gentamicin are commonly used antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis, but there is limited evidence comparing their efficacy and safety. Objective: To compare the clinical efficacy and safety of moxifloxacin and gentamicin eye drops in the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. Methods: This was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) involving 120 patients with bacterial conjunctivitis. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either moxifloxacin 0.5% eye drops or gentamicin 0.3% eye drops for 7 days. The primary outcome measure was the clinical cure rate on day 7, and secondary outcome measures were time to resolution of symptoms, adverse events, and bacterial culture results. Results: The clinical cure rate was 90% in the moxifloxacin group and 83.3% in the gentamicin group (P=0.37). The mean time to resolution of symptoms was 5.2±1.3 days in the moxifloxacin group and 6.1±1.5 days in the gentamicin group (P=0.03). Adverse events were similar in both groups, with ocular irritation being the most commonly reported adverse event, which was mild and self-limiting. Bacterial culture results showed that both antibiotics had similar coverage against common bacterial pathogens. Conclusion: Both moxifloxacin and gentamicin eye drops are effective and safe in the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. Moxifloxacin may result in a faster resolution of symptoms compared to gentamicin. The findings of this study may guide clinicians in choosing appropriate antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial conjunctivitis (BC) entails inflammation of the ocular mucous membrane. Early effective treatment of BC can prevent the spread of the infection to the intraocular tissues, which could lead to bacterial endophthalmitis or serious visual disability. In 2003, gatifloxacin (GTX) eyedrops were introduced as a new broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone to treat BC. Subsequently, GTX use was extended to other ocular bacterial infections. However, due to precorneal loss and poor ocular bioavailability, frequent administration of the commercial eyedrops is necessary, leading to poor patient compliance. Thus, the goal of the current investigation was to formulate GTX in a lipid-based drug delivery system to overcome the challenges with the existing marketed eyedrops and, thus, improve the management of bacterial conjunctivitis. GTX-NLCs and SLNs were formulated with a hot homogenization–probe sonication method. The lead GTX-NLC formulation was characterized and assessed for in vitro drug release, antimicrobial efficacy (against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and ex vivo permeation. The lead formulation exhibited desired physicochemical characteristics, an extended release of GTX over a 12 h period, and was stable over three months at the three storage conditions (refrigerated, room temperature, and accelerated). The transcorneal flux and permeability of GTX from the GTX-NLC formulation were 5.5- and 6.0-fold higher in comparison to the commercial eyedrops and exhibited a similar in vitro antibacterial activity. Therefore, GTX-NLCs could serve as an alternative drug delivery platform to improve treatment outcomes in BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocular infections caused by bacterial sources are a global health issue that can damage the construction of the eye, and lead to disability. The goals of this study were to look at the bacterial species causing conjunctivitis, as well as their antibacterial susceptibility patterns. In addition to emphasizing on detecting the predominance of certain virulence genes of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Methicillin Resistant coagulase negative Staphylococci (MR-CoNS), which are known to cause conjunctivitis. In this study, several swabs of bacterial conjunctivitis were sampled from patients who attended to the Ophthalmology department, Minia University and Malawi Ophthalmology hospital, Egypt. A total of 200 eye swab samples were analyzed over the entire period of the study. Results showed that about 133 eye swab samples expressed growth of about 147 pathogenic bacterial spp. The predominant isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus (44.89 %), followed by Coagulase negative Staphylococci (29.9 %). On the contrary, Esherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus sp., Streptococcus pneumonia, Klebsiella sp., and Haemophilus influenzae, were the least detected bacterial spp. Most of the bacterial isolates tested in this study exhibited high resistance to Amoxacillin-Clavulanic, Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, Cefotaxime, and Cefoperazone. Using Cefoxitin, results of the phenotypic test predicted that 40.9 % of the Staphylococcal spp. were MRSA, and 23.6 % were MR-CoNS. The Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used to explore the presence of several bacterial pathogenicity genes, including MecA, PVL, icaA, icaD, and Hla in the MRSA and in MR-CoNS. Results of the PCR revealed that all MRSA and MR-CoNS had MecA, icaA, and icaD genes, whereas 28.9 % of the MRSA had PVL and Hla. However, no isolate of MR-CoNS recorded the presence of the PVL or HLa genes. This study showed that prevalence of the bacterial eye conjunctivitis has increased with MRSA dominance. All the MRSA possessed at least the icaA, and icaD virulence genes beside the MecA gene, which confirm their roles in the pathogenesis of conjunctivitis.

Conjunctivitis is a common eye infection. Viral, bacterial, and allergic etiologies are the most common. Nurses greatly impact care management of patients with conjunctivitis through assessment, treatment, and in-depth patient education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ciencias de la Salud is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Primary meningococcal conjunctivitis from Neisseria meningitidis is a rare cause for acute, purulent conjunctivitis most commonly presenting in children. Here we present a case of primary meningococcal conjunctivitis in an adult patient with mild signs/symptoms mimicking non-gonococcal bacterial conjunctivitis. The patient was immediately treated with topical and systemic antibiotics. Here we highlight that an early diagnosis of a mild case can be missed thus, clinicians need to keep a high index of suspension as prompt recognition is important to initiate appropriate systemic antimicrobial therapy to prevent systemic disease.

Bacterial conjunctivitis (BC) entails inflammation of the ocular mucous membrane. Early effective treatment of BC can prevent the spread of the infection to the intraocular tissues, which could lead to bacterial endophthalmitis or serious visual disability. In 2003, gatifloxacin (GTX) eyedrops were introduced as a new broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone to treat BC. Subsequently, GTX use was extended to other ocular bacterial infections. However, due to precorneal loss and poor ocular bioavailability, frequent administration of the commercial eyedrops is necessary, leading to poor patient compliance. Thus, the goal of the current investigation was to formulate GTX in a lipid-based drug delivery system to overcome the challenges with the existing marketed eyedrops and, thus, improve the management of bacterial conjunctivitis. GTX-NLCs and SLNs were formulated with a hot homogenization–probe sonication method. The lead GTX-NLC formulation was characterized and assessed for in vitro drug release, antimicrobial efficacy (against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and ex vivo permeation. The lead formulation exhibited desired physicochemical characteristics, an extended release of GTX over a 12 h period, and was stable over three months at the three storage conditions (refrigerated, room temperature, and accelerated). The transcorneal flux and permeability of GTX from the GTX-NLC formulation were 5.5- and 6.0-fold higher in comparison to the commercial eyedrops and exhibited a similar in vitro antibacterial activity. Therefore, GTX-NLCs could serve as an alternative drug delivery platform to improve treatment outcomes in BC.

Since the introduction of universal gonococcal and chlamydia prophylaxis, other etiologies for neonatal conjunctivitis such as Escherichia coli have become more common. Early eye culturing as part of the management plan could provide swifter treatment and preservation of vision potential in affected neonates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: Acute infectious conjunctivitis is characterized by ocular redness and discharge, and is a common clinical entity. Evidence-based tools to aid the clinical diagnosis of viral vs bacterial conjunctivitis are lacking and may contribute to overprescribing of topical antibiotics.Objective: To determine the relative prevalence of viral vs bacterial conjunctivitis in adults and children, and to determine which symptoms or signs are suggestive of a viral vs bacterial etiology.Data Sources: A MEDLINE search (January 1946-March 2022) yielded 1891 articles. Included articles were rated using a quality score based on a modified Rational Clinical Examination grading system. Methodological quality levels 1 through 4 required a microbiological reference standard for diagnosis, whereas quality level 5 (the lowest quality) used a clinical reference standard for diagnosis.Study Selection: Consecutive series of patients presenting with acute infectious conjunctivitis and case series of viral or bacterial conjunctivitis alone. Thirty-two studies were included in a meta-analysis to determine prevalence and diagnostic accuracy measures; 27 used a microbiological reference standard for diagnosis and 5 used a clinical reference standard for diagnosis.Results: In studies involving children (5 studies; 881 patients; mean age, 4.7 years [age range, 1 month-18 years]), the prevalence of bacterial conjunctivitis was higher than viral conjunctivitis (71% vs 16%, respectively, P = .01). In the only study of adults (n = 207 patients; mean age, 25.7 years), the prevalence of viral conjunctivitis was higher than bacterial conjunctivitis (78% vs 16%, respectively, P < .001). For the primary analysis of level 1 (n = 6) and level 2 (n = 5) studies (1725 patients total), the clinical findings that best distinguished a viral etiology for conjunctivitis from a bacterial etiology included pharyngitis (sensitivity range, 0.55-0.58; specificity range, 0.89-0.94; positive likelihood ratio [LR] range, 5.4-9.9), preauricular lymphadenopathy (sensitivity range, 0.17-0.31; specificity range, 0.93-0.94; positive LR range, 2.5-5.6), and contact with another person with red eye (sensitivity, 0.18 [95% CI, 0.14-0.22]; specificity, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.90-0.95]; positive LR, 2.5 [95% CI, 1.6-3.7]). Mucopurulent ocular discharge (sensitivity, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.60-0.87); specificity, 0.66 [95% CI, 0.58-0.73]; positive LR, 2.1 [95% CI, 1.7-2.6]) and otitis media (sensitivity, 0.24 [95% CI, 0.20-0.29]; specificity, 0.91 [95% CI, 0.85-0.94]; positive LR, 2.5 [95% CI, 1.5-4.4]) were associated with the presence of bacterial conjunctivitis.Conclusions and Relevance: In this review, bacterial conjunctivitis was more common than viral conjunctivitis in children and viral conjunctivitis was more common than bacterial conjunctivitis in adults, although the prevalence estimates were based on limited evidence. Symptoms and signs associated with a higher likelihood of viral conjunctivitis in adults and children included concomitant pharyngitis, an enlarged preauricular node, and contact with another person with red eye, and signs associated with a higher likelihood of bacterial conjunctivitis included the presence of mucopurulent discharge and otitis media, but no single symptom or sign differentiated the 2 conditions with high certainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-obesity, antidiabetic, antiatherosclerotic, and anticancer properties. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)-induced conjunctivitis (5 × 109 colony-forming units, 0.5 mL/eye) in a rabbit model. Methods: Rabbits were treated with MLE (5 mL/kg·d−1 and 10 mL/kg·d−1), 0.9% saline, pearl bright eye (PBE) drops, or erythromycin eye ointment (EEO) group for 5 days. The ocular infection symptoms, bacterial negative conversion rate, and conjunctival histopathological changes of rabbits in each group were observed. The expression of caspase-1, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain, NOD-like receptor leucine-rich pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3), interleukin (IL)-18, IL-6, IL-1β, TNFα, Keap1, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in conjunctival tissue of rabbits were detected by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR and/or Western blot analysis. Results: The results showed that MLE treatment significantly reduced the clinical sign scores of conjunctivitis, alleviated clinical signs, and decreased bacterial load, and histological damage in a time- and dose-dependent manner was compared to that in the control group. The antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of MLE (10 mL/kg·d−1) were similar to those of the positive control drug PBE and EEO. In addition, MLE significantly decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, downregulated the NLRP3 inflammasome, and upregulated the Nrf2 system. Conclusions: MLE is effective in alleviating S. aureus-induced conjunctivitis in rabbits, and this mechanism is associated with the inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome and activation of the Nrf2 system to regulate pro-inflammatory signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conjunctivitis, caused by bacterial infections, represents health concern and diagnosis of the disease is pivotal for the proper selection of the treatment. The main causes of bacterial conjunctivitis vary in different countries. The current study investigated the common bacterial causes of bacterial conjunctivitis from eye clinics' attendants and evaluated the effectiveness of different therapeutic approaches. Eye swabs from patients, diagnosed with conjunctivitis, were assessed microbiologically and the isolated bacteria were identified using the standard biochemical identification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Antibiotics' susceptibility of the conjunctivitis-associated bacterial pathogens was evaluated against nineteen broad-spectrum antibiotics. In the meanwhile, cell-free preparations from probiotic Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains were used to evaluate their antagonistic activities. Findings from this study showed that out of 52 specimen, 17 eye swabs from patients with conjunctivitis were bacterial culture-positive. The identity of the bacterial species, using the biochemical identification system, was Staphylococcus aureus (4 isolates) and S. epidermidis (13 isolates). Staphylococcus spp. showed susceptibility to linezolid, vancomycin, novobiocin, and fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin). However, isolates from the two Staphylococcus spp. expressed resistance to penicillin G, oxacillin, and cephalexin. As alternatives to antibiotics, the growth of Staphylococcus spp., including isolates with antibiotic resistance, was inhibited by cell-free preparations of the 4 probiotic Lactobacillus and the 2 Bifidobacterium strains. These findings provide evidence that topical antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones are still effective antimicrobial agents against staphylococci associated with conjunctivitis whereas probiotic preparations could be promising for further research to pave the way for their therapeutic applications against ophthalmic diseases.

Elizabeth Yeu,1 Scott Hauswirth2 1Virginia Eye Consultants, Norfolk, VA, USA; 2Department of Ophthalmology, Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USACorrespondence: Elizabeth YeuVirginia Eye Consultants, 241 Corporate Blvd, Norfolk, VA 23502, USATel +1 757-622-2200Email eyeu@vec2020.comAbstract: The diagnosis of acute infectious conjunctivitis can be difficult. Clinical ambiguity exists between the acute viral and bacterial as well as the allergic forms, which can confound diagnosis. Also, discrimination between viral or bacterial origins of infectious conjunctivitis based on historical, nonspecific, clinical signs and symptoms contributes to a high rate of misdiagnosis and overuse of antibiotic treatment. Therefore, in order to effectively treat acute infectious conjunctivitis, physicians must be aware of the clinical signs and symptoms and available diagnostic tests that can provide a more accurate differential diagnosis.Keywords: allergic conjunctivitis, bacterial conjunctivitis, conjunctivitis, viral conjunctivitis

The article offers information on the issue of hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis (HORV) associated with the use of intracameral vancomycin injections for the prevention of endophthalmitis. Topics include the recent cases of HORV treated at the Eye Hospital; the immediate and aggressive treatment administered to patients; and the historical context of intracameral antibiotic use for postoperative endophthalmitis prevention.

School nurses may deal with various common infectious eye, ear, nose, and throat–related chief complaints in regular practice. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of severe infection is paramount to preventing life-threatening complications that can have both acute and long-term implications. Distinguishing urgent and emergent eye, ear, nose, and throat conditions to send to the emergency department is integral to reducing the morbidity associated with these conditions. This article discusses three different students presenting with various chief complaints, from the initial assessment by the school nurse to the appropriate disposition and follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Tepecik Education & Research Hospital / İzmir Tepecik Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Dergisi is the property of Logos Medical Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment of cancers, their role in the pathogenesis of chronic infections remains unclear. Here, we present the case of a patient on a cocktail of checkpoint inhibitors who presented with severe bilateral gonococcal conjunctivitis, orbital cellulitis and vitritis, without a history of genital infection.

AIM:To explore the diagnostic effect of hematoxylin-eosin staining(HE)and Giemsa staining in the diagnosis of bacterial and allergic conjunctivitis in children. METHODS:Totally 422 children with conjunctivitis diagnosed by conjunctivitis from the ophthalmology department of our hospital during 2016-10/2019-10 as the research objects. HE and Giemsa staining methods were used to stain the conjunctival scratches, and the staining results were used to diagnose bacterial/allergic conjunctivitis. Observe the positive detection rate of the two staining results for bacterial/allergic conjunctivitis and the staining situation. RESULTS: The positive rate(33.0%)and coincidence rate(63.6%)of HE staining for the diagnosis of bacterial conjunctivitis were significantly lower than Giemsa staining(90.7% and 88.8%, Pvs 87.2%, P>0.05).CONCLUSION: The Giemsa staining method can accurately diagnose bacterial conjunctivitis in children and the method is simple. Both HE and Giemsa staining methods have good diagnostic effects on allergic conjunctivitis, which can provide a basis for improving the clinical diagnosis efficiency and early treatment options.

Abstract Background Acute infectious conjunctivitis is a common condition most frequently caused by viruses or bacteria. Clinical outcome assessments have been used to assess signs and symptoms of bacterial and viral conjunctivitis, but have not been evaluated for content validity. We aimed to develop content-valid patient- (PRO) and observer-reported outcome (ObsRO) instruments to assess symptoms of ocular discomfort associated with viral or bacterial conjunctivitis in adult and pediatric patients. Methods Draft items were developed from a previous review of published studies from 2001 to 2015. Patients and caregivers of patients with a diagnosis of viral or bacterial conjunctivitis within the past 6 months were recruited. Concept elicitation with open-ended questions explored signs and symptoms, followed by cognitive interviewing to assess clarity and relevance of the draft items. Patients aged ≥8 years were interviewed for the PRO; parents/caregivers of children aged 1–10 years were interviewed for the ObsRO. Interviews were conducted in three rounds to allow changes. Concept saturation was documented using a saturation grid. Cognitive interview data were analyzed iteratively and focused on clarity, relevance and inconsistent interpretation of the instrument’s content. Results Overall, 23 patients or parents/caregivers participated (round 1, n = 10; round 2, n = 6; round 3, n = 7). Data saturation was reached by the 16th interview. The most frequent spontaneously reported signs/symptoms were: discharge, red/pink eyes, itchiness, swelling/puffiness, watery eyes, pain, burning and foreign body sensation. Itching, pain/burning/stinging and foreign body sensation were most commonly reported as the top three most bothersome symptoms. Interview results indicated that items on pain, itching and foreign body sensation for the PRO and pain or discomfort for the ObsRO were relevant to the patients’ experience of conjunctivitis and were clear and easy to understand. Conclusions PRO and ObsRO items were found to be clear, relevant and appropriate in assessing key viral and bacterial conjunctivitis symptoms in adult and pediatric patients.

Conjunctivitis is a common condition characterised by inflammation of the conjunctiva and is the most likely diagnosis in a patient with a red eye and discharge. Acute conjunctivitis is usually a self-limiting condition or one that is easily treated with topical ophthalmic preparations in most cases. Viral conjunctivitis is the most common cause of conjunctivitis followed by bacterial conjunctivitis. Purulent discharge and adherence of the eyelids upon awakening are strong indicators of bacterial conjunctivitis, however other similarities in presentation of conjunctivitis often leads to misdiagnoses. Acute viral conjunctivitis is most commonly caused by adenoviruses and allergic conjunctivitis is usually caused by seasonal pollens. Acute viral conjunctivitis is treated symptomatically while the use of topical antibiotics are useful in limiting the duration of conjunctivitis with a bacterial aetiology. Allergic conjunctivitis is also treated symptomatically with topical antihistamine/mast cell stabiliser preparations. Conjunctivitis secondary to sexually transmitted diseases such as chlamydia or gonorrhoea require systemic antimicrobials in addition to topical treatment.

Conjunctivitis is a common eye condition involving inflammation and in some instances infection of the conjunctiva. In the majority of cases it is caused by adenoviruses and, to a lesser extent, bacteria. Conjunctivitis can also occur secondary to Chlamydial and Gonococcal infections and new-born infants can acquire it during the birthing process from infected mothers. Herpes simplex and Herpes zoster are the infective organisms also responsible for conjunctivitis while seasonal pollens are usually the cause for allergic conjunctivitis. Common symptoms and signs are redness, tearing, oedema of the eyelids, sensation of a foreign body and it may be accompanied by itching. Most often a purulent discharge and adherence of eyelids at awakening are indicators of a bacterial infection. Most of the uncomplicated acute cases are self-limiting. There is however a challenge in distinguishing between the various types of conjunctivitis due to the similarity in the symptoms and due to a lack of tests and prediction algorithms, thus antibiotic therapy is often incorrectly initiated. Treatment of acute uncomplicated conjunctivitis caused by adenoviruses and bacteria is mostly symptomatic. Topical eye drops and ointments are preferred to oral agents in the treatment of more severe bacterial and allergic conjunctivitis while oral agents are used in the treatment of conjunctivitis caused by Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster, Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Background Bacterial conjunctivitis is most commonly caused by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae. No population-based data on the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) on the incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis have been published. We assessed rate dynamics of overall, pneumococcal, and NTHi conjunctivitis in children aged 2–23 months in southern Israel before and after PCV implementation. Methods This is a 12-year prospective, population-based surveillance, from July 2004 through June 2017. Our medical center serves a captive population of approximately 30 000 children < 2 years of age, and its clinical microbiology laboratory processes > 80% of all community-derived cultures, enabling incidence calculation. The 7-valent and 13-valent PCVs (PCV7 and PCV13, respectively) were implemented in the national immunization program in July 2009 and November 2010, respectively. Pneumococci, NTHi, Moraxella catarrhalis , and Streptococcus pyogenes were considered pathogens. Continuous annual incidences and incidence rate ratios comparing the PCV13 period (2015–2017) to the pre-PCV period (2004–2008) were calculated. Results Disease caused by PCV13 serotypes declined by 93%, without significant replacement with non-PCV13 serotypes. Rates of pneumococcal, NTHi, and overall culture-positive episodes declined by 59%, 41%, and 42%, respectively, while rates of culture-negative and other pathogens episodes did not change significantly. An overall reduction in all submitted culture rates of 35% was observed. This pattern was seen across all ages, including infants aged 2–5 months. Conclusions PCV7/PCV13 implementation resulted in a marked and significant decline in pneumococcal, NTHi, and overall conjunctivitis rates in children < 2 years of age. The impact on NTHi episodes alludes to the role of pneumococcus – NTHi interaction in conjunctivitis. The impact in infants aged < 6 months suggests herd protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subconjunctival abscess is a rare form of ocular infections. Subconjunctival abscesses often develop in the eyes with previous surgery or trauma. It is extremely rare in patients without surgery or trauma. In this study, we aimed to present a rare case of subconjunctival abscesses associated with spontaneous bacterial conjunctivitis. The patient was admitted to the hospital with complaints of redness, swelling and burning in two eyes. He said he used antibiotic drops for about a week, but his complaints did not decline. A subconjunctival abscess was detected in the right eye. There was no history of previous ocular surgery and trauma. Abscess drainage and subconjunctival antibiotic injection were performed. Oral and topical antibiotics were prescribed. There was no growth in culture. The third week was a complete recovery. In conclusion, spontaneous subconjunctival abscess formation should be considered in the differential diagnosis in unhealed eyes after bacterial conjunctivitis.

Conjunctivitis, caused by bacterial infections, represents health concern and diagnosis of the disease is pivotal for the proper selection of the treatment. The main causes of bacterial conjunctivitis vary in different countries. The current study investigated the common bacterial causes of bacterial conjunctivitis from eye clinics' attendants and evaluated the effectiveness of different therapeutic approaches. Eye swabs from patients, diagnosed with conjunctivitis, were assessed microbiologically and the isolated bacteria were identified using the standard biochemical identification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Antibiotics' susceptibility of the conjunctivitis-associated bacterial pathogens was evaluated against nineteen broad-spectrum antibiotics. In the meanwhile, cell-free preparations from probiotic Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains were used to evaluate their antagonistic activities. Findings from this study showed that out of 52 specimen, 17 eye swabs from patients with conjunctivitis were bacterial culture-positive. The identity of the bacterial species, using the biochemical identification system, was Staphylococcus aureus (4 isolates) and S. epidermidis (13 isolates). Staphylococcus spp. showed susceptibility to linezolid, vancomycin, novobiocin, and fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin). However, isolates from the two Staphylococcus spp. expressed resistance to penicillin G, oxacillin, and cephalexin. As alternatives to antibiotics, the growth of Staphylococcus spp., including isolates with antibiotic resistance, was inhibited by cell-free preparations of the 4 probiotic Lactobacillus and the 2 Bifidobacterium strains. These findings provide evidence that topical antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones are still effective antimicrobial agents against staphylococci associated with conjunctivitis whereas probiotic preparations could be promising for further research to pave the way for their therapeutic applications against ophthalmic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ophthalmological infections in perioperative and postoperative period can lead to serious complications resulting in the substantial degradation of vision or even loss of vision. Postoperative infections in strabismus surgery are very seldom. Most of the children bacterial conjunctivitis are symptomless and mild which can mislead the caution of the ophthalmologist. In this thesis; 101 eyes of 82 children patients were examined due to strabismus surgery. Swabs were taken out of conjunctival sac before and after the surgery while perioperatively one group was applied with povidone iodide 7,5% and other with the povidone iodide 7,5% and moxifloxacine. The moxifloxacine (3 times per day) was prescribed for all patients post surgery. Ultimately, both groups’ bacterial cultures were detected with presence of physiological microbiota of conjunctivitis sac (4.94% of examined eyes). Sterile cultures were at level of 95.06% of all examined eyes. Statement was concluded: the additional perioperative moxifloxacine application has redundant therapeutical meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Eye stye is a local infection in the form of a red bump (a boil) caused by a blockage and inflammation of the sebaceous glands whose secretions help to form tears. Approximately 90-95% of the causes of "stye" is an infection with Staphylococcus aureus, and it is possible that malnutrition and lack of sleep contribute to the infection as well. Method:The study was done at Institute of Medical Technology/al--Mansour/Baghdad from January 2018 till January of 2019. 100 conjunctiva eyes swab and Stye swab samples were collected from students suffered from eye redness and conjunctiva, which include 50 male and 50 female. The diagnoses of specimens were done by using the Analytical Profile Index System (API) for chemical tests and by culturing on enriched and selective culture media to isolate and diagnose the bacteria. Results: The results showed that 57(57%) samples were positive for bacterial eye infections. The study showed high percentage of eye infection among students was due to Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, followed by Staphylococcus epidermides and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (61.40%, 35.08% and 3.50%respectively). Most of bacterial isolates were resistance to antibiotics. Conclusion: One of the most important conclusions is to go to the doctor or pharmacist to treat eye inflammation to avoid the occurrence of eye pain, burning and redness, and not to repeat the infection. Personal and general hygiene must also be taken care of to reduce the spread of bacteria that cause eye infections among people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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