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Purpose: Educational technology ("EdTech") served a pivotal role in keeping schools functioning during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Little is known about EdTech leaders' roles in shaping this response. This study explores EdTech leaders' perspectives and backgrounds, their response to the pandemic, how they envision their roles as educators, and their perspectives about how technology facilitates educational innovation. Design/Approach/Methods: This study uses a qualitative, phenomenological approach to understand how 11 EdTech leaders experienced the pandemic. Participants were recruited for interviews in summer 2021 via purposive sampling to include diverse backgrounds and perspectives. Data were analyzed inductively. Findings: The findings show that a four-category typology can be used to describe EdTech leaders' diverse backgrounds and experiences. Leaders emphasized equity and open collaboration in their pandemic responses, by expanding access to their tools and adapting their products as users' needs evolved. EdTech leaders anticipate streamlined user experiences, improvements in online learning, and increased adoption of artificial intelligence and simulated learning environments. Originality/Value: This study addresses a gap in the research concerning EdTech leaders' perspectives on their efforts to support educators and their experiences during the pandemic. We hope this study sparks additional research on EdTech leaders' experiences and roles in education.

"Deficit remediation" as an educational governance paradigm has given rise to many problems, whereas principal positive leadership under the "strengths development" paradigm has the potential to give new impetus to school development. Based on large-scale survey data within a provincial region, this study investigates how the school context and principal positive leadership impact student academic achievement using structural equation models. Research findings show that principal positive leadership as a structural latent variable has positive impacts on student academic performance and significantly mediates the effects of the school context on student academic results; and that the patterns of the impacts of principal positive leadership differ according to the variations of the school's autonomy in operation.

The present study examined critical thinking (CT) and its importance in Saudi secondary education. The sample included upper-secondary students and teachers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia's capital and largest city. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to study students' CT skill development, barriers to growth, instructors' views on CT advancement, and students' views on their CT skills. The study examines secondary school students' critical thinking development and impediments. It also examined teachers' perceptions of their students' progress in CT. The research collected quantitative data from 374 questionnaires and qualitative data from eight interviews. SPSS performed regression analysis on survey quantitative data. A thematic analysis was employed to evaluate qualitative interview data. The quantitative findings from the surveys revealed uneven CT skills. The findings also showed that gender, Grade Point Average (GPA) and family background affect CT. The qualitative findings from the interviews with the teachers stressed the importance of collaborative programming and active student engagement in classroom activities to foster CT. Bullying and peer pressure hindered autonomous and CT, making it difficult for instructors to motivate and support students. The findings emphasised the importance of teachers in creating a safe learning environment and encouraging analytical thinking. Recommendations for improving CT in Saudi secondary education were proposed addressing several critical aspects of CT advancement, including curriculum development, teacher training, parental involvement, government-led extracurricular learning, teacher-student interactions, and gender equality in CT advancement. This study could help Saudi students develop CT skills to meet the challenges of the modern world.

Community teachers, particularly those who are Black and Latinx, are assumed to improve retention and outcomes depending on retention in schools that serve low-income Black and Latinx students. Based on a critical quantitative analysis of data collected on the career trajectories and retention of hundreds of alternatively certified mathematics teachers, the study shows that community insiders exhibit significantly higher rates of retention in district schools than community outsiders and, in particular, those from elite colleges. Utilizing quantitative critical theory methodology, the study helps to move the field beyond race-neutral analyses of teachers' retention and careers.

The hidden or overlooked nature of many of educators' professional activities complicates the already difficult task of supporting educators' labour--in both K-12 and higher education settings. These efforts can be understood as types of "invisible labour." Following PRISMA standards, we conducted a systematic literature review to answer a single research question: "How have scholars framed educators' professional activities in terms of invisible labour?" This systematic review searched 10 educational databases and identified 16 peer-reviewed journal articles spanning 2011-2021. From thematic analysis of these studies, we developed a model of five types of invisibility that intersect and mask educators' professional efforts: background, care, precarious, identity and remote labour. The review also showed several overall themes related to educators' invisible labour, which we discuss in connection to the literature: effort is often semivisible, invisibility is subjective, effort by marginalised educators is often overlooked, labour in unexpected places often means effort is overlooked, and there are layers of factors masking effort. We then discuss implications for practice, starting with five invisible labour questions to prompt reflection, then how to apply invisible labour as an improvement lens for identifying needs, allocating resources, analysing jobs and tasks, and evaluating performance.

This article aims to describe the mapping done by teachers in elementary schools regarding students' backgrounds before they apply differentiated instruction. Mapping students' backgrounds is very important considering the focus of attention from implementing differentiated instruction is alignment with student characteristics, so as to make learning comfortable and enjoyable. There are several methods and aspects used for mapping student backgrounds. The main thing that is expected from the implementation of differentiated instruction is the suitability of what is learned with what is found in students. With these conditions, it is hoped that it will create fun learning that will support an increase in the academic achievement of learning outcomes. There were 44 teachers who participated in this study which was carried out through workshop activities in the community service program. The results of the study revealed that there were things that became problems in mapping students' backgrounds in the implementation of differentiated instruction.

Worldwide, research reports increasing proportions of nontraditional doctoral students including those who return to a doctorate after a short or prolonged gap (indirect-pathway students (IPS)). However, studies lack knowledge about background, motivation, educational experience, and outcomes of IPS and differences between them and direct-pathway students (DPS) in regard to these characteristics. Our research aims to fill this gap using data from a survey of doctoral students at Russian universities (N = 5007). We compare three groups of students: DPS, interrupters (IPS with a less than 5-year gap), and returners (IPS with a longer gap). The analysis shows that returners stand out from the other two groups of students: they more frequently study part-time, have a full-time job, are married and have children, and enter doctoral programs with their own specific topic of dissertation. During their studying, returners less frequently interact with their supervisors and face a bigger amount of problems related to lack of academic skills, problems with knowledge of a foreign language, and family duties and the need to combine studying with work. At the same time, such students are more satisfied with their programs, develop more skills during their doctoral journeys, less often have difficulties with their supervisors or want to withdraw, and demonstrate a higher level of publication activity. We conclude that the master-apprentice model of doctoral education, elements of which are still highly widespread in Russia, could be more suitable for these students. Our findings raise questions about the necessity of doctoral programs' diversification.

Mature-age students who are the first in their family to attend university have navigated a challenging road to higher education. The aim of the present study was to understand the influence and interaction of familial and personal stories of this cohort and their choices about university study -- why they initially did not go after high school, and what brought them to university years later. Six first-year students at an Australian university completed qualitative interviews which were thematically analysed. Findings indicated that early in life families discouraged higher education, but students were able to integrate these familial stories with new, life-affirming, personal stories. Students' choice to attend university was related to psychological capital and agentic abilities via the stories of optimism, hope, efficacy and resilience. Familial stories acted as forerunners to resilience-building for envisioning life-affirming stories about future opportunities for university study and for stability a university degree represented.

The increasing internationalization of Higher Education Institutions has facilitated universities from East Asian countries like Taiwan, Korea, and China to value university rankings more in enhancing their admissions and reputation. Especially when Taiwan and China are all considered belonging to Chinese social community, returnee doctorates are assumed to possess international experience that is theoretically helpful to improve their research productivity and university employers generally prefer foreign-trained doctorates. However, there is little research to prove that returnee doctorates are more productive than local doctorates because of more frequent international mobility. This research examines a University in Taiwan, a prominent academic research university, credible for its research productivity. From the perspective of bibliometrics, this study used the Scopus International Academic Database to identify publications, citations, and Field Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) as credible indicators of research productivity, controlling for personal background, doctoral training, international mobility, and research collaboration. We hope that the differences in research productivity between local and returnee doctorates can be measured more comprehensively and objectively. The results of this study found that there is a significant difference in the higher FWCI score of research publications between local and returnee doctorates, and further found that there is a significant positive relationship between local doctorates, published papers during doctoral studies, prestige of supervisors, and international and domestic research collaboration on research productivity. Those that identified international mobility in careers had a stronger impact on research productivity compared to those of the doctorate educating stage, and both international and domestic research collaboration were important for research productivity. The results based on empirical analysis broke the myths of returnee doctorate corresponding to high research productivity in this study, and can serve as a reference for faculty recruitment and research environment enhancement in research-oriented universities in Taiwan and other Asian countries. Policy implications are also discussed.

Career opportunities for U.S.-educated student affairs professionals to work outside of the U.S. in student affairs have become increasingly available over the past two decades. The purpose of this study was to determine demographics of U.S.-educated expatriate student affairs professionals and their motivations to work abroad, which remains a unique experience in the landscape of student affairs professional experiences. Using a national recruitment approach of social media, networks, and snowball sampling, 43 self-initiated expatriate student affairs professionals participated in the survey to determine their demographics and motivations to work abroad. Results include the personal and educational backgrounds of respondents as well as information about the institutional types, locations, and level of positions of their work experiences abroad. The results indicate that a desire for a new experience, adventure, and an enhancement of career prospects were the main reasons for student affairs professionals seeking work abroad. Implications for future research and career development support are provided.

This study explores Vietnamese students' engagement to develop intercultural competence (IC) both in-class and out-of-class. The study relies on cultural theories and conceptual frameworks on IC to examine three forms of student engagement in IC in the higher education settings, including cognitive, affective, and behavioral engagement. A total of 236 Vietnamese EFL students were invited to self-reflect and self-rate their current IC levels. Findings suggested that students' cognitive engagement seemed to be weaker than their affective and behavioral engagement. Secondly, both qualitative and quantitative findings also found that the self-rated levels of IC were statistically different between groups of students.

Superintendents play a key role related to influence and decision making at the school building level. This study aimed to determine the perceptions of superintendents across [State] related to school-based agricultural education (SBAE). The Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior undergirded this study. This non-experimental descriptive research study aimed to reach school superintendents across [State] who had one or more SBAE teachers in their district (N = 367). The 35-item instrument spanned three constructs including, SBAE program perceptions, SBAE course perceptions, and SBAE teacher perceptions, along with personal and professional characteristic questions. Nine items represented the construct of SBAE program perceptions, which resulted in a grand mean of 3.36. The second research objective measured superintendents' perceptions of SBAE courses, resulting in a grand mean of 3.29, with mean scores ranging from a low of 1.42 to a high of 3.65 on a five-point scale. The final construct aimed to establish superintendents' perceptions of SBAE teachers across [State], of which participants held a positive perception overall (grand mean = 3.26). Although this study has been replicated in three states with similar outcomes, additional research is necessary to determine administrator perceptions in states with perhaps less agricultural support.

The article discusses (the restoration of a sense of) continuity as a necessary part of transformative learning. Using the lenses of rhythm theory, biographical learning, and memory studies, it highlights both the individual and social dimensions for making sense of the past after a period of change. Discussing the example of an individual transformation and the social transition of Eastern Europe in the 1980s-1990s, it explores two aspects of the transformation process: the need for stability and the selective and altering nature of our process of remembrance. It advocates for developing the capacity to reflect on how we relate to our past and how we narrate the course of our lives.

This article examines how five teacher candidates conceptualized meanings of teaching and childhood through discussions of childhood objects within a focus group. Drawing on psychosocial methods, we show how teachers used their objects to work through tensions between professional roles as educators and the return of personal memory. We highlight the ways in which meanings of teaching and childhood were affected by the shifting dynamics of compliance, anxiety, and conflict within the group. Through our analysis, we illustrate the value of using objects to support emerging teachers' engagements in complicated conversations within a divergent community to represent conflictive meanings of childhood and education.

By focusing on 179 elementary school children, the present cross-sectional questionnaire study aimed to examine gender and immigrant-native differences in competence and affect self-concepts as well as academic achievement and the relations of those two self-concept components to academic achievement in the domains of mathematics and German. Results of analysis of variance showed that boys' competence self-concept in mathematics was more positive than that of girls, while girls' affect self-concept in German was more positive than that of boys. Immigrant children showed a higher affect self-concept in German than native-born peers. Boys' superior competence self-concept in mathematics was more pronounced for native-born children than immigrant peers, whereas immigrant girls' competence self-concept in mathematics was more pronounced than that of native-born girls. Competence self-concepts were more highly related to academic achievement than affect self-concepts.

The present study examined the measurement invariance and latent mean differences of three versions of the Self-Stigma of Seeking Help scale among demographic profiles of men. Results revealed strong invariance for the three scales across all demographic groups. Differences in strict invariance and latent mean differences were identified. Public significance: The Self Stigma of Seeking Help scale has widely been used to investigate barriers and pathways men experience when seeking professional psychological help. The present paper reports results that show that a range of groups of men (based on their race/ethnic group, sexuality, and age cohort) understand the scale in the same way, and thus the scale can be used to compare their scores.

As the number of displaced people increases, providing refugee-background students with critically engaging classrooms is essential. Supporting diverse learners, while focusing on issues of social justice and equity, critical literacy facilitates a perspective where texts are analyzed for underlying messages of power and sociopolitical issues. Using Lewison et al.'s critical literacy framework, we present ways in which refugee-background students' educational experiences were enhanced. Through the stories of these students, we provide ideas for practical application of Lewison et al.'s concepts of disrupting the commonplace, interrogating multiple viewpoints, focusing on sociopolitical issues, and taking action and promoting social justice.

The purpose of this study was to understand what personal, environmental, and experiential aspects of undergraduate sorority engagement promote relational leadership development. A robust literature review and theories of relational leadership developed for application within the collegiate context provided the foundation for this inquiry. Through use of multilevel modeling, we analyzed a sample of 8,435 undergraduate National Panhellenic Conference sorority women from 172 institutions located within the United States. Results demonstrated the substantial importance of supportive sisterhood at both the individual and group level and showcased how variations in perceptions of sisterhood (e.g., accountability), student involvement (e.g., additional activities), and background characteristics (e.g., SES) affected undergraduate sorority members' relational leadership development. We close by discussing our findings and offering implications for future practice and research.

The designation of first-generation college students in educational research has been operationalized inconsistently since its inception. This variation makes understanding and generalizing about this complex group problematic. We explore the inconsistencies in definitions of first-generation students using a culture of college resilience framework and argue that substantial differences in these definitions exist across the literature, which scholars should consider when conducting research on first-generation students. The need for a more stringent definition of what constitutes a first-generation college student is discussed at length. We propose a familial educational capital model that centers on risk and protective factors across social class and familial education. We offer recommendations for researchers, administrators, and other key stakeholders to consider how to operationalize this diverse group more mindfully. Finally, we provide other recommendations to address educational inequalities more effectively for this group.

New science demonstrates how students with and at risk for emotional and behavioral disorders experience trauma at higher rates than their peers. When providing writing instruction to these students, it is imperative that the approaches used be viewed through a trauma-informed lens. This article describes steps teachers can take to view writing prompts and their administration of such prompts through a trauma-informed lens.

The letter of recommendation (LOR) is a stylized form of direct sponsorship, a rhetorical appeal that confers favor on a person or object in keeping with the writer's - or sponsor's - character, authority, and expertise. In response to Swales's call to "unveil" the rhetorical features of occluded genres, this research employs a move-step analysis to determine the rhetorical features of a sample of 83 LORs written by college faculty and administrators for a nationally competitive, postgraduate fellowship. This study finds five core moves expressed in its LOR sample: (1) sponsor positioning, (2) applicant performance, (3) applicant attributes, (4) future projection, and (5) audience appeals. Our discussion offers three key insights and provides macro-level takeaways in an effort to raise rhetorical awareness for LOR writers and requestors alike.

This study proposes a patterned explanation for the unequal educational achievement between Yi and Han students in China. Family backgrounds, school settings, educational expectations and aspirations are examined when investigating ethnic gaps in educational achievement. Evidence suggests significant impact of family backgrounds in shaping educational gaps, especially for the Han group. When intersecting with educational expectations, family backgrounds are more restrictive in Han students' formation of expectations. Comparatively, educational aspirations are less restricted by family backgrounds and are strong factors in affecting Yi students' achievement. Moreover, educational aspirations have a stronger effect on both Han and Yi students' achievement compared to educational expectations. However, school settings when intersecting with family backgrounds are significant only in Yi students' achievement. These findings contribute to international debates on the importance of family backgrounds, educational expectations and aspirations, and provide hints to better explain the persistent ethnic gaps in educational achievement in China.

The goal of the current study was to examine teaching students' positions and perceptions regarding the transition to an online format for practical teaching during COVID-19, and whether differences exist between Jewish and Arab students' positions. The study also examines teaching students' technological and pedagogical self-efficacies for distance teaching and the extent of differences between the Arab and Jewish students' self-efficacies. In addition, the study examined which background and personality variables predict positions and perceptions. The findings are based on a questionnaire completed by 279 Arab and Jewish teaching students from two Israeli teacher education colleges that transitioned to online practical teaching as a result of the COVID-19 crisis. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted to gain a deeper understanding of the questionnaire findings and to expand on topics not referred to in the questionnaire. The study reveals that teaching students accept the importance of the distance teaching experience during training in order to prepare them for the changing reality. Nevertheless, this cannot fully replace field experience because of the need for support and the limited ability to learn from the distance experience about face-to-face teaching.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the academic world came into contact with a virtual learning environment that allows students and educators to leave the boundaries of space and time and maintain academic interactions at unrestricted times and sites. After three semesters of remote learning, there is a feeling that the return to universities and to closed spaces will deter students and that they will prefer remote learning. Studying from home spares valuable time, time otherwise wasted in traffic jams, as well as petrol and other expenses. Remote learning gives a feeling of freedom, comfort, flexible time, and a better sense of control over one's studies than in the classroom. The current study, conducted about one year after the outbreak of the pandemic, examined students' background variables: gender, years of schooling, marital status, financial and employment status -- with the goal of exploring the association between these variables and students' preference for either face-to-face or digital teaching. It is evident from the research findings that after this experience of e-Learning neither of these two methods shows a clear advantage over the other. Was the e-Learning experience during the crisis a one-time, incidental event? Or perhaps, in light of the crisis, academic institutions should prepare for a different type of learning, one that combines face-to-face with digital learning? The study illuminates an issue that is confronting educational institutions in general and academic institutions in particular, i.e., preparations for teaching and learning in the post-crisis world, after the considerable upheaval to which we were subjected.

Using data from twenty-one interviews conducted with student affairs practitioners within a constructivist grounded theory study, we examined how legal issues influence the daily work of student affairs professionals. Findings demonstrate that concerns about legal issues may intrude on student-centered practice, which participants identified as a core value of the student affairs profession. The paper concludes by offering recommendations for navigating the tension between student-centered practice and legal issues.

READY is a self-report prospective longitudinal study of deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) young people aged 16 to 19 years on entry. Its overarching aim is to explore the risk and protective factors for successful transition to adulthood. This article introduces the cohort of 163 DHH young people, background characteristics and study design. Focusing on self-determination and subjective well-being only, those who completed the assessments in written English (n = 133) score significantly lower than general population comparators. Sociodemographic variables explain very little of the variance in well-being scores; higher levels of self-determination are a predictor of higher levels of well-being, outweighing the influence of any background characteristics. Although women and those who are LGBTQ+ have statistically significantly lower well-being scores, these aspects of their identity are not predictive risk factors. These results add to the case for self-determination interventions to support better well-being amongst DHH young people.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to situate developmental language disorder (DLD) within the impairment and disability framework of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF); describe the functional strengths and weaknesses of a cohort of first-grade children with DLD and their peers; and explore the ways that language-related disabilities relate to language impairment, developmental risk, and receipt of language services. Method: We queried the caregivers of 35 children with DLD and 44 peers with typical language development about their children's language-related functions, developmental risks, and language services using mixed quantitative and qualitative methods. Results: The children with DLD presented with weaknesses in domains that are highly dependent upon language skill, including communication, community function, interpersonal relationships, and academics. They presented with strengths in domestic and personal aspects of daily living, play and coping aspects of socialization, and gross motor function. Caregivers of children with DLD expressed pride in their children's agentive and prosocial qualities. Consistent with the ICF, what distinguished children with DLD who had functional weaknesses and disabilities from those who had healthy function was not the severity of language impairment as measured by decontextualized tests of language skill, but the presence of cumulative developmental risks. Compared to those with healthy function, a larger portion of children with weaknesses and disabilities were receiving language services; however, two girls who had disabilities despite mild levels of impairment were without services. Conclusions: Children with DLD present with predictable strengths and weaknesses in everyday language-related functioning. For some children, the weaknesses are mild, but for others, they limit function to a greater extent and should be considered disabilities. The severity of language impairment is not a strong indicator of language-related function and, therefore, is not a good metric for determining service qualification.

Social changes have resulted in an increase of students living in households that do not include both a mother and a father, reducing the efficacy of common survey questionnaire approaches to measuring student socioeconomic status (SES). This paper presents two studies conducted to develop and test a new,more inclusive set of student SES items appropriate for students from a range of household types. In the first study, we held group interviews with 57 students in Grades 4, 8, and 12 who lived in four nontraditional household types. The study goal was, first, to understand how students thought about their household members and learn what they knew about the educational background and employment status of their caregivers and, second, to develop draft items based on these findings. In the second study, we held 51 individual cognitive interviews with a similar sample to evaluate draft item clarity and function.We found that although students may live with a broad range of family members and other adults, they understood the term caregiver to refer to a person who provides resources and support. Students found it easier to answer items when the items included the titles of their caregivers. Our results demonstrate that a customizable approach to measuring student SES allows more students to report information about their caregivers than the current standard of asking about mothers and fathers. We provide recommendations for student SES measurement and potential next steps for research on this topic.

Inclusive education is seen as promising way to accommodate students with disabilities in accessing higher education; yet, the implementation leaves challenges for the students with disabilities and also the faculties. Regarding the secondary education curriculum that is not preparing students with disabilities to attend higher education, students with disabilities are struggling in adjusting college life. This research aimed at confirming the influence of college readiness to college engagement of students with disabilities. There were 61 college students with disabilities participated in the survey on college readiness and college engagement. Independent T-Test and simple regression analysis was applied to test the hypothesis. The result showed that the college readiness influence college engagement with large effect size (r=0.769>0.50, F=85.494, p (0.000) <0.01) which indicates that the more students are college-ready, the more they are engaged. Subsection's variables of gender and education background do not statistically significant affect the college readiness and engagement of students with disabilities. As the opportunity for students with disabilities attending college is uprising, college transition program is highly suggested to prepare students with disability for college life.

This study examined the relationship between an individual learner's background, social network position, and interaction within a Massively Open Online Course (MOOC). Prior research has largely focused on the effects of background and social network position on quantitative features of interaction. This research considered qualitative features such as cognitive engagement level and sentiment polarity in interaction and the extent to which each of these factors influences interaction. We used a survey to collect demographic background information of MOOC users and then used social network analysis to examine the social network position of each MOOC user. We also used content analysis to evaluate the interaction on MOOC discussion forums. Background and social network positions were found to be associated with interaction differently within certain subgroups. The top and bottom 20% of learners who actively connected in social networks tended to engage in constructive cognitive activities, rather than active or interactive ones. The top 20% of threads showed a positive contribution of social network position diversity to interaction. Thread level diversity did not significantly impact the interaction level.

We used latent profile analysis to identify major behavioral self-regulation profiles among children who were assessed as developmentally vulnerable in terms of hyperactivity and inattention. We examined three domains of behavioral regulation: (a) cognitive--behavioral regulation by way of learning behaviors; (b) social-behavioral regulation by way of socially responsible behaviors; and (c) emotional-behavioral regulation by way of aggressive-disruptive behaviors. We employed data from the population of New South Wales (NSW) children who were in their first year of school (viz., kindergarten) and who had been assessed as developmentally vulnerable in terms of hyperactivity and inattention in the Australian Early Development Census in 2009 (Cohort 1; N = 10,223) and 2012 (Cohort 2; N = 9,360). In both cohorts, we identified six similar profiles: the "well-regulated" (12%), "moderately-regulated" (25%), "aggressive-regulated" (7%), "mixed-unregulated" (32%), "nonaggressive-unregulated" (10%), and "aggressive-unregulated profiles" (14%). Sociodemographic characteristics were significantly associated with profile membership. For Cohort 1, we also found that the profiles differed in the extent to which children went on to receive a formal Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) diagnosis. Together, the findings have implications for early intervention for various behavioral self-regulation profiles among developmentally vulnerable children.

In co-taught classes, general education and special education teachers can improve the content-area learning and literacy skills of students with learning disabilities by helping them read texts effectively. Co-teachers can improve comprehension by providing students with background and vocabulary knowledge before reading. In this article, a routine for introducing background (world) and vocabulary (word) knowledge--the world knowledge and word knowledge routine (world and word)--is described. The article includes explanations how each part of the routine works and uses an example to illustrate how co-teachers could use the routine to promote student reading comprehension.

The purpose of this paper is to identify factors that can explain the attitudes of business students towards mathematics, using data from a business school in Norway. This article focusses on gender, personality traits (Big Five Model) and mathematical background. The independent variables were investigated simultaneously using a linear regression model. Mathematical abilities are important for success in business studies, and therefore, attitudes towards mathematics matter, since they will affect students' effort and their choice of further studies. It was found that mathematical background has the strongest effect on student attitudes towards mathematics. Personal characteristics also explain the variation in the attitudes towards mathematics to some degree. Gender has little or no impact on the dependent variable. If there is any gender difference it is in favour of female students.

This phenomenological study examined the experiences of high school students of color (n = 33) living in a rural, predominately White state in the United States of America (U.S.) Drawing data from in-depth interviews and questionnaires, qualitative analysis revealed that participants experienced heightened levels of academic, cultural, and social isolation. Data also revealed that learners' histories, cultural traditions, validation of race/ethnicity and personal stories were missing in classroom instruction particularly in social studies curricula. Other findings indicated that caring and empathetic teachers helped to mitigate some of the negative experiences that students experienced, thus creating space for academic success. Therefore, this study concludes that teachers' dispositions such as care and empathy are critical aspects of culturally responsive pedagogy that can meet the needs of diverse learners. Finally, this study offers implications for classroom teachers and teacher educators.

Teaching sensitive histories in post-conflict societies makes particular demands on educators to understand students' identities and their relationships to the past. This paper expands our understanding of post-conflict youth identities and experiences of history education through a small-scale study of students' life stories in Northern Ireland which defied sectarian boundaries in different ways: some were children of interfaith marriages, while others attended integrated schools or were part of cross-community peace-building organisations. Participants saw themselves as forging new identities and 'moving on' from the past, although this process was fraught with ambivalence. I describe these expressions of identity through Ulrich Beck's (1992) model of triple individualisation. For these 'postsectarian' students, school history was seen largely as a tool towards achieving qualification, far removed from their everyday struggles of self-fashioning.

In this personal and candid essay by Carl Glickman, he examines the confluence of early experiences with his evolving concepts and theories of education, supervision, democracy, and school renewal that resulted in his studies, activities, university and school networks and partnerships, and widely read books. He covers the first 33 years of his life including being a child of immigrants and freedom from adults; academics, social life, and speech disability; identity, new worlds, and marriage; the teacher corps and forced integration of schools; the years as a principal of schools; and the origins of developmental supervision; and the significance of the Council of Professors of Instructional Supervision (COPIS). He frames the essay between the borders of saying not enough or saying too much. And between those lines, the reader may be surprised by how much unknown becomes known and what might be instructive for the next generations of educators, scholars, and activists who believe in the public purpose of education.

This article is a research summary of a dissertation in progress that explores the experiences of Black Sub-Saharan African-born (BSSA) graduate students pursuing degrees in the STEM fields at a predominantly white institution (PWI). This includes meaning-making of their experience with the campus climate at PWIs from BSSA graduate students' community cultural wealth, familial background, and other funds of knowledge in their educational journey and academic success. Hence, the study is guided by complementary theoretical frameworks that shed light on the assets of BSSA graduate students as they navigate challenging educational environments such as STEM departments and PWIs. The preliminary results of the study are presented along with implications of the research.

This paper examines a question posed in 2019 in the "International Journal on Training and Development": 'How do we solve a problem like apprenticeship?' Data sources covering a substantial number of countries are used to present findings on, and analyse, initiatives that have been implemented or that have been considered, and then to develop some analytical constructs to help address the question. Fundamental issues such as the status of vocational education and training and the status of apprenticed occupations are important, but the nature of the apprenticeship arrangements, within countries and within industries are also major factors affecting perceived attractiveness. The paper therefore argues that the heterogeneity of apprenticeship systems and arrangements is a major barrier to solving the attractiveness problem. Moreover, the heterogeneity of potential apprenticeship applicants means that marketing campaigns or other efforts to attract more, and higher quality, apprentices need to be cognisant of individuals' backgrounds, characteristics, and aspirations. Some tentative ways of addressing these matters are presented, but the conclusion is that the topic needs large-scale research.

Across continental Europe, educational research samples are often divided by 'migrant background', a binary variable criticized for masking participant heterogeneity and reinforcing exclusionary norms of belonging. This study endorses more meaningful, representative, and precise research by offering four guiding questions for selecting relevant, social justice oriented, and feasible social categories for collecting and analysing data in psychological and educational research. Using a preregistered empirical example, we first compare selected social categories ('migrant background', family heritage, religion, citizenship, cultural identification, and generation status) in their potential to reveal participant heterogeneity. Second, we investigate differences in means and relations between variables (discrimination experiences, perceived societal Islamophobia, and national identity) and academic motivation among 1335 adolescents in Germany (48% female, M[subscript age] = 14.69). Regression analyses and multigroup SEM revealed differential experiences with and implications of discrimination for academic motivation. Results highlight the need for a deliberate, transparent use of social categories to make discrimination visible and centre participants' subjective experiences.

Data from sub-Saharan Africa show that many students leave school without the skills they need. To address this issue, it is important to understand what factors influence learning. According to the Heyneman and Loxley effect established in 1983, in low income countries school quality influences how much students learn more than those students' backgrounds. Recent research suggests that this influential conclusion no longer holds, without discounting the possibility that this trend could still be observed in very-low income countries. The present work investigates this possibility by using the PASEC dataset, which includes ten countries in West- and Central Africa. Improving on Heyneman and Loxley's methodology by using general dominance analysis, this article finds no support for the 'Heyneman-Loxley Effect'. Both school resource and student background account for around half of the explained variance in learning. This suggests that both family- and school-related factors are important sources of inequality of opportunity in low-income contexts.

This paper discusses different sources of students' expectations of university, beginning with a thematic analysis of 21 semi-structured interviews with a diverse set of students at a UK University. We find that students draw on several different sources to develop their ideas of what university will be like; some of these sources are trusted more than others, and some present a more realistic view. The broader challenge of independence emerges as a contributory factor in students' sense of successful transition to university, mediated by different types of socio-cultural capital. We draw upon Ulriksen's distinction between 'expectations' and 'anticipations', as one that illuminates how much influence universities can realistically have in shaping prospective students' ideas about university life. We show that universities must be open and realistic in the information and support they offer to incoming students, in order to help students form expectations of university life that are accurate and more likely to be met. Universities are also likely to benefit from understanding individual students' expectations better, via personalised support.

The article answers the research question: under what conditions and with what methods would museum visitors feel comfortable (and not comfortable) sharing sensitive information for the purposes of museum research or evaluation? We ground our study in literature about sharing personal information in person, online, and in the context of digital marketing and social media. In our interviews of n = 114 science center visitors, we found that while majorities would share sensitive information in person with an evaluator, age and gender were important factors in predicting whether or not someone feels comfortable doing so in public settings or with tablet questionnaires. We then discuss the ethical importance of giving visitors choice in whether to and how to share their information for the purposes of evaluation.

Citizen science, a field and practice that commonly involves 'non experts' engaging in scientific activities, is an avenue of science engagement that commonly results in increased scientific knowledge, literacy, and skills for the volunteers that participate. In recent years there have been increasing efforts to better understand the myriad outcomes for participants including how personal dimensions of these citizen science volunteers, such as their identities, background, cultures, and experiences, contribute to their relationships with citizen science as well as the broader field of STEM. While previous studies have acknowledged the lack of demographic diversity in terms of gender, race/ethnicity, education, and socioeconomic status, there remains little record of the sexual orientation and/or gender identity of citizen science volunteers. The aim of this study was to understand the personal dimensions of engaging LGBTQ+ volunteers in citizen science including the relationships between their queer and science identities. Based on the perspectives and experiences of 14 LGBTQ+ citizen science volunteers as shared in semi-structured interviews, this article suggests that citizen science practitioners have the potential to reduce barriers faced by queer citizen science volunteers by taking actions and enacting strategies that welcome, respect, involve, and retain LGBTQ+ participants.