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V magistrski nalogi smo analizirali vpliv avtoceste na cene stanovanj v jugovzhodni Sloveniji. V analizi smo uporabili podatke evidence trga nepremičnin, registra nepremičnini ter osi državnih cest za obdobje 2007 do 2020. Analizo vpliva oddaljenosti avtoceste in priključkov na avtocesto na ceno stanovanj smo izvedli s pomočjo statističnega modeliranja ter preizkušanja domnev. Analizirali smo stanovanja v skupno petindvajsetih občinah, od tega v devet obravnavanih občinah, tj. v občinah, preko katerih poteka avtocesta, ter v šestnajstih neposrednih sosednjih, t.i. kontrolnih, občinah. Izvedli smo tudi analizo lokacije prodaje stanovanja glede na oddaljenost od avtoceste in avtocestnega priključka. The master's thesis analysed the influence of the motorway on housing prices in south-eastern Slovenia. Data from real estate market records, the real estate register and the national road axis for the period 2007 to 2020 were used for the analyses. Statistical modelling and hypothesis testing were used to analyse the effects of highway distance and highway access on housing prices. We analysed housing sales in a total of twenty-five municipalities. Nine of these are crossed by the highway and sixteen of these are neighbouring municipalities. We also conducted an analysis of the location of housing sales by distance from the motorway and motorway access points.

literature generally agrees that improved accessibility has a positive effect on housing values. The motorway constructions in north-eastern Slovenia, completed between 2002 and 2018, significantly improved the acces-sibility of less developed areas. In this article, we examine how the new motorway has affected the housing values in the mostly rural north-eastern part of Slovenia. We analysed the distance decay effect of amenities and disamenities of motorway links and ramps as well as bus stops, train stations, and railway links on housing prices. In addition to the transport infrastructure variables, we analysed numerous other structural and en-vironmental variables. We estimated three different spatial hedonic regression models: the spatial autoregression model, the spatial error model, and the spatial autocorrelation model. The results indicate that none of proximities to the bus stop, train station, or motorway link have had a significant effect on housing value. However, the rail track proximity exhibited a significant negative association with price. Furthermore, the effect of distance to the nearest motorway ramp on housing value is significant: it is stronger for closer distances (i.e. starting from 500 m) and decreases up to 6 km, while the effect of distances below 500 m is insignificant. Our results also show that bigger dwellings, more rooms, and the presence of a balcony, elevator, central auto heating system, new installation, and air conditioning as well as an apartment in a single house, are associated with a higher housing price. On the contrary, selling the dwellings together with a parking place and basement reduced the average price of the housing property. Comparing our results to the literature, we proved our hypothesis that the negative effect of a motorway is less pronounced in rural areas compared to urban areas and that the positive effect of accessibility is stronger in rural areas and extends over a wider geographical area

Vožnja tovornih vozil po prehitevalnem pasu je problem s katerim se srečujejo soudeleženci v prometu vsakodnevno. Velja, da se vožnja po avtocesti izvaja po voznem, v primeru prehitevanja pa po prehitevalnem pasu. V zadnjih nekaj letih smo lahko priča številnim prehitevanjem voznikov tovornih vozil, ki z vožnjo po prehitevalnem pasu ovirajo promet, s tem povzročajo prometne zamaške, v najslabših primerih pa nas lahko to privede do hudih prometnih nesreč. Vožnja po prehitevalnem pasu postaja vedno večja težava tako na slovenskih avtocestah kot tudi na cestah v tujih državah. V diplomskem delu o vožnji tovornih vozil po prehitevalnem pasu nas je zanimalo kaj sploh promet je, kako ga delimo ter kaj pomeni varnost v prometu. V nadaljevanju smo opisali avtocesto, tovorna vozila na avtocesti, zakaj prihaja do vožnje tovornih vozil po prehitevalnem pasu ter kakšni so ukrepi za takšen način oviranja prometa. V ta namen smo preučili teorijo in različna besedila. Ugotovili smo, da je vožnja tovornih vozil po prehitevalnem pasu problem v večini držav s tranzitnim prometom. V diplomskem delu smo preučili koncept avtoceste, vožnje po avtocesti pri čemer smo izpostavili vožnjo tovornih vozil po prehitevalnem pasu, globe, ki jih šoferji tovornih vozil prejmejo za tovrstno kršitev, nadzor avtocestne policije, neupoštevanje oznak, neupoštevanje prometnih signalizacij ter brezbrižno obnašanje šoferjev tovornih vozil. Prav tako smo govorili o posledicah, ki jih prinašajo takšne kršitve v prometu ter o možnih rešitvah. Truck driving on overtaking lane is problem that road users face on a daily basis. It's a known fact that motor vehicles must drive on traffic lane and only in case of overtaking on the overtaking lane. Still in the last few years, we have witnessed numerous truck drivers driving on overtaking lane and with that causing traffic jams and in worst cases serious traffic accidents. Driving on overtaking lane is becoming an increasing problem both on Slovenian highways and in foreign countries. In my diploma thesis of truck driving on overtaking lane, we were interested in what traffic is, how it is divided and what traffic safety means. In continuation we describe the highway, the trucks on highway, why the trucks are driving on overtaking lane and what are the measures that are taken in such act. We have examined the theory and various texts, and we have come to conclusion that trucks driving on overtaking lane is a big problem in most countries with transit traffic. In my diploma thesis we studied the concept of highway, driving on highway in which we are too focused on truck driving on overtaking lane, fines received by drivers of trucks for such a violation, highway police, non-compliance with regulations and about indifferent behaviour of truck drivers. We also talked about the consequences of such traffic violations and about possible solutions.

Vožnja v napačno smer na avtocesti se ne dogaja zelo pogosto, vendar se zaradi nje zgodi veliko usodnih prometnih nesreč. V diplomski nalogi so v prvem delu predstavljeni vzroki zaradi katerih do vožnje v napačno smer sploh pride. Predstavljeni so različni načini za preprečevanje vožnje v napačno smer s postavitvijo dodatne prometne signalizacije in za zaznavanje napačne vožnje z raznimi senzorji, postavljenimi ob avtocestnih priključkih. Pri zaznavanju so opisani tudi sistemi, ki so neodvisni od infrastrukture, saj se nahajajo v vozilu. Poleg zaznavanja pa je pomembno tudi obveščanje ostalih voznikov o nasproti vozečem vozilu. Vozniki so zato bolj previdni, kar zmanjšuje možnosti za nesrečo. V drugem delu diplomske naloge je opisan razvoj sistema za zaznavanje in opozarjanje o nasproti vozečem vozilu. Razviti sistem je aplikacija za pametne naprave z operacijskim sistemom Android. Ker gre za aplikacijo, je ta dostopna vsem uporabnikom pametnih naprav Android in se jo lahko uporablja v katerem koli vozilu. V novejših vozilih bi lahko bila taka aplikacija del medijske konzole. Aplikacija za delovanje uporablja zaporedne podatke o lokaciji, ki jih dobi od GNSS sprejemnika v napravi. Iz koordinat vsake lokacije pridobi od strežnika podrobnejši opis lokacije. Če je lokacija del avtoceste oz. hitre ceste, aplikacija začne spremljati spreminjanje lokacije vozila ter sproti določa, ali je smer vožnje v skladu z dovoljeno smerjo. Ob zaznani vožnji v napačno smer aplikacija opozori voznika ter ostale uporabnike aplikacije. V zadnjem delu naloge so opisane prednosti in slabosti takega sistema, možnosti za izboljšave ter pogled v prihodnost z avtonomnimi vozili. Even though wrong-way driving on motorways is not very common, it causes a lot of fatal traffic accidents. The first part of this thesis presents the reasons why wrong-way driving even occurs. It describes different ways of preventing wrong-way driving by placing additional traffic signalisation around the area of motorway interchanges. It also describes ways of detecting wrong-way driving by placing sensors on interchanges that can detect a wrong driving vehicle. Beside infrastructure-dependent systems there are also wrong-way driving detecting systems that are in the vehicles. In addition to detecting they can also notify and warn other drivers about a wrong driving vehicle, which lowers the probability of a traffic accident. In the second part of this thesis a development of a wrong-way driving detecting system is described. The developed system is an application for smart devices running on Android operating system. Since it is an application for smart devices it is accessible and can be used in any vehicle. In the newer cars the application could also be a part of the car’s default media console. The application uses sequential data about the device location which is gathered from a GNSS receiver in the device. From the coordinates of the location additional data about the location is gathered to the device for additional analysis. If the location is part of the motorway, the application starts monitoring the changes in the location and continuously analyses if the way of driving is permitted or not. When wrong-way driving is detected the app warns the driver and other users of the application. The last part of this thesis describes advantages and disadvantages of such system and proposes different ways to enhance it. There is also a brief look in the future with autonomous vehicles.

Zaradi povečevanja prometnega dela na slovenskem avtocestnem omrežju se vsakodnevno srečujemo z zastoji, ki nastajajo zaradi gostote vozil in človeških dejavnikov. Zaradi tega je potrebno zagotavljanje ustrezne prometne varnosti in pretočnosti na območjih zastojev. Območja, na katerih nastajajo zastoji, so vsekakor zapore na cestah, ki omogočajo vzdrževanje cest in zavarovanja mest prometnih nesreč ter zagotavljajo varnost za delavce in uporabnike cestne infrastrukture. Naloga predstavlja primerjavo med različnimi načini vključevanja pred zaporo na dvopasovnih odsekih avtoceste in predlaga ukrepe, s katerimi bi zvišali stopnjo prometne varnosti in izboljšali pretočnost prometa na mestih cestnih zapor. highway, roadblocks, zipper system, human factors, traffic flow, microsimulation, road safety

Diplomsko delo obravnava počivališča na avtocestah in hitrih cestah, ki s strani družbe DARS niso oddana v zakup. Analizirana je možnost začasnega zaprtja v zimskem času za ves promet z namenom realizacije določenih prihrankov na račun optimizacije izvajanja zimske službe. V uvodnih poglavjih je preverjena skladnost izvedbe predlaganega scenarija z domačimi zakonskimi določili ter različnimi dokumenti nekaterih drugih evropskih držav. V nadaljevanju je analizirano obstoječe stanje obravnavanih počivališč z vidika parkirnih kapacitet, medsebojnih oddaljenosti in prometnih obremenitev. Na praktični ravni je bila izvedena tudi raziskava po metodi štetja prometa na prerezu, ki je v kombinaciji s pridobljenimi podatki o prometnih obremenitvah omogočila določitev računske vrednosti števila vseh ustavitev vozil na omenjenih počivališčih v zimskem času. Določitev trajanja predlaganega zaprtja je zahtevala tudi podrobnejši pregled zimskih razmer. V sklepnem delu pa so predstavljeni tako pozitivni kot tudi negativni učinki izvedbe predlaganega projekta. V prvi vrsti gre za ekonomski učinek v obliki letnega prihranka upravljavca, za lažje odločanje o smiselnosti izvedbe pa je izračunana tudi fiktivna cene ene ustavitve vozila v zimskem času v primeru ohranitve obstoječega obsega izvajanja zimske službe. Obravnavani so tudi kvalitativni aspekti, predvsem vplivi na udobje in varnost uporabnikov, pri čemer pa se je pokazal tudi velik pomen neoskrbovanih počivališč za tovorni promet. This thesis focuses on the rest areas on highways and expressways that are not being leased by DARS. The possibility of a temporary closure in the winter for all traffic is analyzed in order to realize certain savings due to the optimization of the winter service. In the introductory chapters, the compliance of implementation of the proposed scenario with Slovenian legislation and various documents of some other European countries is verified. Thereinafter, the current situation of the considered rest areas is analyzed in terms of parking capacities, distances between the rest areas and traffic volumes. In addition, a research has been carried out using the method of cross-section traffic measurements, which, in combination with the obtained data on traffic loads, enabled the determination of the calculation value of all vehicle stops at the considered rest areas in the winter. Determining the duration of the proposed closure also required a more detailed overview of winter conditions. The concluding part presents the positive and negative effects of implementing the proposed project. The most important one is the economic effect in the form of annual savings for the operating company, while the fictitious price of one vehicle stop in the winter has also been calculated (in case of existing extent of the winter service) for easier decision-making regarding the feasibility of execution. Qualitative aspects are also addressed, in particular the impacts on the comfort and safety of users, where the importance of unleased rest areas for freight transport has also been shown.

V diplomski nalogi proučujemo spremembo dejanske rabe zemljišč po podatkih Ministrstva za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano (MKGP), od leta 2002 do leta 2011, za območje severovzhodne in južne Slovenije. MKGP zajema dejansko rabo zemljišč za vse kmetijske kategorije: gozd, vode in tudi za območja pozidanih in drugih zemljišč. Slednja (pozidana in sorodna zemljišča) so bila temelj našega proučevanja. Na primeru severovzhodne in južne Slovenije smo ugotovili, da podatki ne izkazujejo trenda rasti pozidanih zemljišč, temveč celo upadanja, kar pa je v nasprotju s stanjem prostora, saj se je na obravnavanem območju izgradila avtocesta A5 Maribor - Pince, ki je gotovo povečala delež pozidanih zemljišč. Na podlagi tega in analize nekaterih poselitvenih območij smo zaključili, da metodologija zajema dejanske rabe zemljišč odločilno vpliva na delež posameznih vrst rabe v različnih časovnih presekih (2002, 2005, 2009, 2011). Z enostavno metodo presekov smo poskušali odpraviti vpliv metodologije zajema dejanske rabe zemljišč, kar pa ni mogoče. Podatki o dejanski rabi zemljišč MKGP se uporabljajo v prostorskem načrtovanju v Prikazu stanja prostora (Pravilnik o prikazu stanja prostora, UL RS, št. 33/2007), ki je obvezna strokovna podlaga pri pripravi Občinskega prostorskega načrta. Vprašljivost pravilnosti obsega dejanske rabe pozidanih zemljišč v evidenci dejanske rabe zemljišč MKGP nas napeljuje na dvom o ustreznosti uporabe teh podatkov v Prikazu stanja prostora. Ministrstvo za okolje in prostor bi moralo poskrbeti za vzpostavitev in vodenje evidence o pozidanih zemljiščih, kar bi omogočalo spremljanje sprememb v prostoru in bi bila dobra podlaga za prostorske odločitve. In the thesis we examine the change in the actual land use according to data of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food (MAFF), from 2002 until 2011, for the area of northeastern and southern Slovenia. MAFF captures all agricultural categories for actual land use: forest, water and also the built-up areas and other land. Built-up and similar lands have been the basis of our study. In the case of northeastern and southern Slovenia, we found out that the data do not show a trend of growth in built-up lands but a decline, which is in contrast with the spatial situation, considering that the highway A5 Maribor - Pince was built in the studied area, which certainly increased the portion of built-up land. On this basis, and analysis of some settlement areas, we concluded that the methodology of capturing the actual land use has a decisive influence on the specific type of use in different intersections of time (2002, 2005, 2009, 2011). With a simple method of intersections we have tried to eliminate the impact of the methodology of capturing the actual land use, but that is not possible. Data on actual land use from MAFF are used in spatial planning in the Representation of the state space (Rules of view, the state space, OJ RS, no. 33/2007), which is a required technical foundation in the preparation of background municipal spatial plan. The questionable accuracy of the extent of the actual use of built-up land in the records of the actual land use obtained from MAFF raises a doubt about the appropriateness of using these data in the Representation of the state space. Ministry of Environment and Space should establish and maintain a record of built-up land, which would allow monitoring changes in space and would be a good basis for spatial decisions.

Magistrsko delo obravnava motele, kot ključne arhitekturne objekte ob avtocestni infrastrukturi. Obsega opise zgodovinskega razvoja motelov, predstavitev pomembnejših sodobnih referenčnih primerov motelov ter prostorske analize in arhitekturno zasnovo motela v kraju Tepanje, Slovenija. Delo ne sloni le na zasnovi klasičnega motela, ampak na večfunkcionalni stavbi s široko ponudbo, ki lahko spodbudi družbeno-ekonomski razvoj kraja in okolice. This master’s thesis is based on the architectural design of a motel in Tepanje, Slovenia. The basis of the intervention is the problem of designing a piece of architecture that has its own story and can be integrated into the environment in a broad sense. To elaborate, the emphasis is not only on the motel, but also on the broad spectre of services, which help the whole building complex to operate smoothly. The location itself posed a problem during the designing phase. The question was, how to find the appropriate equilibrium between the factors that influence the architecture of the complex. The combination between the suburban and rural environment led to the use of traditional materials. This use of materials enables the architecture to blend into the environment. However, in order for this type of building to function normally, it is attractive enough to draw attention to itself.

Članek obravnava ranljivost gozda, ki naj bi predstavljala eno od osnov pri usmerjanju posegov v gozdni prostor. Izdelali smo dva modela za oceno ranljivosti gozda. Osnovo predstavlja model, ki sloni na pokrajinsko-ekološkem vrednotenju gozda. Gozd je najbolj kompleksen pokrajinsko-ekološki element in v močni soodvisnosti od vseh ostalih dejavnikov, kar naj bi prišlo do izraza prav s pokrajinsko-ekološko presojo. Zaradi možnosti za primerjavo rezultatov smo oblikovali še model, ki izhaja iz kriterijev za oceno gozdnih funkcij. This paper discusses forest vulnerability, which represents one of the bases for directing the encroachment upon forests. We prepared two models for the assessment of forest vulnerability. A model based on a landscapeÉecological evaluation of forest represents the premise. The forest is the most complex landscapeÉecological element and as such is in great codependency with all other factors this codependency evidences itself perfectly through the landscapeÉecological assessment. Since there exists a possibility for a comparison of results, we also developed a second model, which proceeds from the criteria used for the assessment of forest functions.

This paper provides a system dynamic model for reducing the number of motorway accidents due to wrong-way driving. Motorway accidents are often fatal due to high speeds. It is therefore necessary to carry out all the possible countermeasures in order to achieve adequate traffic management. One of the reasons for motorway accidents is driving in the wrong direction. Based on the analysis of the data on motorway accidents caused by driving in the wrong direction and based on the knowledge of individual project elements of junctions and slip roads, this paper will focus on this area. The possible countermeasures, presented here for preventing drivers from driving in the wrong direction on motorways drastically reduce the number of U-turn maneuvers that result in driving in the wrong direction and influence the level of safety on motorways. With the help of this model of system dynamics the countermeasures for reducing the number of such drivers will be confirmed and their effects will be shown. Članek podaja model zniževanja prometnih nesreč zaradi nepravilne smeri vožnje na avtocestah. Prometne nesreče na avtocestah so zaradi velike hitrosti vožnje velikokrat tragične, zato je potrebno izvesti vse možne ukrepe za ustrezno upravljanja prometa. Eden od vzrokov nastanka prometnih nesreč na avtocesti je nepravilna smer vožnje. Na podlagi analiz podatkov o prometnih nesrečah zaradi nepravilne smeri vožnje na avtocestah ter na osnovi poznavanja posameznih projektnih elementov vozlišč in priključkov se pričujoče delo usmerja na to področje. Predstavljeni možni ukrepi za preprečevanje nepravilne smeri vožnje na avtocestah v veliki meri znižujejo število nepravilnih prometnih manevrov, ki imajo za posledico nepravilno smer vožnje in s tem pozitivno vplivajo na raven prometne varnosti na avtocestah. S pomočjo modela sistemske dinamike bo potrjena upravičenost ukrepov za zmanjševanje števila primerov nepravilne smeri vožnje in prikazani njihovi učinki.

Uporabniki cest za varno in udobno vožnjo potrebujejo ustrezna navodila. Kljub sodobnim navigacijskim sistemom GPS, se večina voznikov med potjo ravna po znakih za vodenje prometa – kažipotih. Kažipoti ljudi lahko tudi zavedejo in jih pripeljejo na napačen cilj. Diplomska naloga se loteva analize predpisov kažipotne signalizacije na avtocestah in hitrih cestah, kjer je pravočasno zaznavanje pravih informacij, ki nas vodijo na končni cilj, zaradi večjih hitrosti, še kako pomembno. V prvem delu naloge smo predstavili zgodovino znakov za vodenje prometa in trenutne predpise, ki veljajo v Sloveniji. V tem delu smo predstavili tudi predpise nekaterih drugih evropskih držav in nakazali na težnje poenotenja predpisov za vso Evropo. V drugem delu naloge smo s pomočjo analize anketnih vprašalnikov predstavili kako vozniki in njihovi sopotniki zaznavajo obravnavane znake ter našteli nekaj možnosti za izboljšave. Road users need appropriate instructions for safe and comfortable driving. Despite modern navigation system GPS, the majority of drivers are guided by signs for traffic management - signposts during the journey. Signposts can also mislead people and bring them to the wrong destination. The thesis deals with the analysis of regulations direction signs on motorways and highways and lead road users to the final destination. Because of the great speed, the timely detection of the right information is extremely important. In the first part we present the history of the characters for traffic management and current regulations which are in force in Slovenia. In this thesis we present the rules of some other European countries as well, which indicate the tendency for unifying the rules for the whole Europe. In the second part of this thesis we present how the drivers and their passengers perceive the present signs and list some opportunities for improvement through the analysis of questionnaires presented.

Na slovenskih avtocestah se zgodi zelo veliko prometnih nesreč. V diplomskem delu so predstavljene avtoceste in predori na splošno v Republiki Sloveniji. Opisane so vrste in število prometnih nesreč za obdobje 2007–2015, katerih podatki so pridobljeni s strani Policije Republike Slovenije in Družbe za avtoceste v Sloveniji (DARS, d. d.). Poudarek bo tudi na varnosti v avtocestnih predorih in na splošno. Predstavljeni bodo podatki dveh večjih prometnih nesreč v slovenskih predorih s strani Policije Republike Slovenije. Many traffic accidents happen on Slovenian highways. The diploma paper represents highways and tunnels in general in the Republic of Slovenia. It describes types and number of traffic accidents for the period of 2007‒2015, with the help of data obtained by the Police of the Republic of Slovenia and the Motorway Company in the Republic of Slovenia (Dars, d. d.). Focus will also be payed to the security in the motorway tunnels and in general. Data from two bigger traffic accidents in the Slovenian tunnels will be introduced by the police of the Republic of Slovenia.

Kadar je govora o prometu, je ključna stvar prometna varnost. Sicer z leti število smrtnih žrtev pada, vendar prometna varnost še zmeraj ni na želeni ravni. Še posebej pomembna je varnost na avtocestah, kjer so zaradi višjih hitrosti, posledice prometnih konfliktov lahko zelo hude. Diplomsko delo govori o prometni varnosti na avtocestnem omrežju. Podatki so bili pridobljeni s strani policije. Analiza podatkov o prometnih nesrečah na avtocestnem omrežju v Republiki Sloveniji je bila opravljena za obdobje med letoma 2005 in 2015. Podatke smo analizirali glede na skupno število prometnih nesreč za posamezno leto, klasifikacijo prometne nesreče, vzrok prometne nesreče, stanje vozišča v času prometne nesreče, stanje prometa v času prometne nesreče, tip prometne nesreče, vremenske okoliščine v času prometne nesreče in mesec v posameznih letih. Na koncu smo podali nekaj predlogov možnosti za izboljšanje prometne varnosti na avtocestnem omrežju v Republiki Sloveniji. When it comes to traffic, safety is always crucial. Despite the fact that the number of casualties on Slovenian roads is dropping, road safety is still not at the desired level. Safety on motorways is particulary important as, due to higher speed, the consequences of traffic conflicts can be very serious. The subject of this thesis is safety on the Slovene motorway network. Analysis of data on traffic accidents on the motorway network in Slovenia for the period between 2005 and 2015 has been carried out. The data were obtained by the police. The data were analysed according to the total number of road accidents per year, according to the classification of traffic accidents, according to the cause of an accident, according to the state of the carriageway at the time of an accident, according to the traffic situation at the time of an accident, the type of an accident, the weather conditions, and the month of each year. Finally we give some suggestions for improving traffic safety on the motorway network in Slovenia.

To diplomsko delo je namenjeno vsem gradbenikom na tako zahtevnih objektih kot je AC. V diplomski nalogi bom se seznanil z delom geodeta, z njihovimi nalogami, dolžnostmi sodelovanja z izvajalcem, geomehaniko in nadzornim. Predstavil bom AC odsek Draženci-Gruškovje, naloge geodezije, geomehanike, predstavil instrumente ter geotehnične preizkuse. Na kratko bom predstavil stabilizacijo voznega pasu. Izvedba AC ni tako zahtevna z gradbenega vidika, kot z logističnega, saj gosto naseljene vasi ob regionalki in pa povečan promet v poletni turistični sezoni, zelo otežujejo dela. This study is intended for all builders in the most demanding installations where AC. The closer I am to present the work of surveyors their task the duty to cooperate with operators and geomechanics control. Presentation of the motorway section Draženci - Gruškovje, the tasks of geodesy, geomechanics, presentation tools, geotechnical tests. I will briefly present the stabilization lane. Version AC is not so demanding from a construction point of view of logistics as densely populated village at regionalka and could increase in traffic during the summer tourist season very difficult to work.

Avtocesta zaradi ustreznih zasnov prometno tehničnih elementov zagotavlja optimum varnosti v cestnem prometu. Za varnost moramo v veliki meri poskrbeti tudi sami, saj nam absolutne varnosti ne more zagotoviti nihče, tudi nadzorni centri na avtocestah ne. Nadzorni centri pa nam s svojo zmogljivostjo in razpoložljivo tehnologijo olajšajo potovanje s pravočasnimi informacijami na dogajanja na avtocestah bodisi o prometnih nesrečah, delovnih zaporah, zastojih ipd. Dnevno spremljanje prometa in dogodkov na avtocestah in hitrih cestah zahteva veliko mero previdnosti, zato je pri tem pomembna lokacija nadzornih centrov. V magistrskem delu bomo prikazali obstoječe lokacije nadzornih centrov, ki izhajajo iz praktičnih spoznanj in nimajo narejene podrobnješe analize z upoštevanjem različnih dejavnikov, ki vplivajo na lokacije nadzornih centrov. Ugotoviti želimo, ali bodo istočasno sovpadale s predlaganimi, ki jih bomo pridobili s pomočjo metodologije problema največjega pokritja s simulacijo Monte Carlo. Uporabili bomo logističen pristop k problemu, da preverimo, ali DARS d. d. lahko obvladuje celotno avtocestno omrežje z razpoložljivo opremo, razporejeno po avtocestah in hitrih cestah, ter številom nadzornih centrov, gledano z vidika dostopnosti. A highway ensures, due to its corresponding design of the technological components, optimal road safety. In order to be safe while driving on a highway, one must be careful because absolute security cannot be assured, even by the control centres. With its capacity and available technology they can be very useful and helpful. By the on time informing, the control centres make travelling easier and safer. They inform its users about car accidents, road closures, traffic jams etc. The traffic monitoring of the highways and speedways on a daily basis, requires a big amount of caution that is way the location of the control centres is relevant. In our master thesis we will present the existing locations of the control centres, which are based on a practical knowledge. They are not based on the analysis, made according to the various factors which may affect the location of the control centres. We would like to find out whether the locations are similar to those, which are obtained by the methodology of problem of the biggest coverage with the Monte Carlo simulation. A logistical approach to the problem will be used in order to verify whether DARS. d. d. is able to control the complete highway network, according to its available equipment located on the highways, or speedways and its control centres depend on their locations.

V diplomskem delu so najprej predstavljene kategorizacije vozil ter kategorizacije cest. Prav tako smo se dotaknili tudi zakonodaje pri gradnji avtocest ter krovnih zakonov. Sledi pa tudi pregled prometne politike tako v Sloveniji kakor tudi na ravni Evropske unije. V nadaljevanju smo predstavili delovanje nekaterih sodobnih sistemov s področja avtocest, ki so v procesu testiranja in uvajanja v naše vsakodnevno življenje. Ker je ekologija dandanes čedalje pomembnejše vprašanje, smo se na enega izmed sodobnih sistemov, to je sistem cestnih vlakov, še posebno osredotočili. Naredili smo analizo uporabe takšnega sistema ter prikazali njegove učinke, tako okoljske kakor tudi ekonomske. V zadnjem delu pa je narejena primerjava izračunov, predstavljeni so rezultati, navedenih pa je nekaj prednosti ter slabosti teh sistemov. In our thesis we first represented categorisation of vehicles as well as the categorisation of roads. Also, we glanced the legislation in the construction of highwaysand umbrella laws. Followed by a review of transport policy in Slovenia as well as on the level of the European Union. First we presented the operation of modern systems in the field of highways that are in the process of testing and introducing in our dailylife. Nowadays ecology is increasingly more important, therefore we extensively focused on the the technology of road trains. We made the analysis of using that technology and presented its impact on our environment and economy. The last part of this thesis encompass comparison and presentation, of our results. We also listed a few benefits and disadvantages of these systems.

V lončnih poskusih smo preučevali vpliv načina košnje pelinolistne ambrozije na cvetenje in količino oblikovanih semen. V prvem poskusu (P1) smo imeli v loncih (10 l) posajenih 5 rastlin ambrozije na lonec, v drugem (P2) pa smo imeli posejane mešanice ambrozije in več vrst drugih plevelov, značilnih za rastlinske združbe robov avtocest. Košnjo smo simulirali z rezanjem rastlin s škarjami 3 cm od tal. Prvo košnjo smo izvedli, ko so bile rastline v razvojnem stadiju 2, 4 ali 8 listov (2L, 4L, 8L). Košnjo smo ponovili po 4, 6, 8 ali 12 tednih (4T, 6T, 8T, 12T) in izvedli še tretjo, 3 ali 6 tednov po drugi košnji (3T, 6T). V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 40 različnih kombinacij razvojnih stadijev in časovnih presledkov med izvedbo košenj (L, T, T). Pri obravnavanjih, kjer smo ambrozijo pokosili le dvakrat letno (L, T), v prvem poskusu (čisti sestoj ambrozije) nismo uspeli v popolnosti preprečiti cvetenja in oblikovanja semen. Največje zmanjšanje deleža rastlin, ki so cvetele, smo dosegli v sistemu dveh košenj pri kombinaciji (P1-8L+12T+0T -74 % P2-8L+12T+0T -100 %) in največjo redukcijo deleža rastlin, ki so oblikovale seme, pri kombinaciji (P1-2L+12T+0T 77 % P2-8L+12T+0T -100 %). Pri obravnavanjih, kjer smo ambrozijo pokosili trikrat letno (L, T, T), smo popolnoma preprečili cvetenje in oblikovanje semen z naslednjimi sistemi košnje (P1-2L+12T+6T P1-4L+12T+6T P1-8L+8T+3T P2-2L+12T+6T P2-8L+4T+3T P2-8L+6T+3T P2-8L+12T+6T). Two pot trials were carried out to study the impact of mowing frequency on flowering and seed production of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.). In first trial (P1) 5 plants per pot of 10 L volume were grown without competition with other weeds, and in the second trial (P2) plants of common ragweed plants competed with a mixture of plants of several other weed species typical for weed communities of Slovenian highway margin habitats was sown. Mowing of plants was simulated by clipping of plants by scissors at the height of 3 cm above ground. First cutting was carried out when ragweed plants reached the growing stage of 2, 4 or 8 leaves (2L, 4L, 8L). Later cuts were repeated after 4, 6, 8 or 12 weeks (4W, 6W, 8W, 12W) and third cut was carried out 3 or 6 weeks (3w, 6w) after second cut. All together, based on combinations among different growth stages at first cut and different time intervals between repetitions of cuts (L, W, w) we tested 40 different mowing regimes. The regimes based on cutting ragweed just twice a season did not prevent ragweed plants to flower and produce seed completely when plants were grown as pure populations (P1-trial). The highest reduction in the share of ragweed plants that flowered was achieved by cutting regimes P1-8L+12W+0w (-74 %) and P2-8L+12W+0w (-100 %), whereas the highest reduction in the share of ragweed plants that succeed to produce seeds was achieved by regimes P1-2L+12W+0w (-77 %) and P2-8L+12W+0w (-100 %). Complete prevention of flowering and of seed production of ragweed was achieved by cutting ragweed three times per season according to the following cutting regimes: P1-2L+12W+6w P1-4L+12W+6w P1-8L+8W+3w P2-2L+12W+6w P2-8L+4W+3w P2-8L+6W+3w P2-8L+12W+6w.

Diplomska naloga obravnava obstojece stanje prikljuckov in obmocij vkljucevanj na avtoceste in hitre ceste, predvsem na ljubljanskem AC in HC obrocu, ki je eden najbolj obremenjenih in zahtevnih cestnih sistemov v državi. V zacetnem delu naloge so opisana obravnavana obmocja. Natancneje so predstavljena obmocja ramp in obmocja prepletanja ter osnovni tehnicni predpisi, ki so trenutno v veljavi. V empiricnem delu sledi obravnava konkretnega primera, kjer je bila spremenjena prometna ureditev in so bile izvedene dolocene izboljšave, ki so se izkazale za uspešne. To je potrjuje tudi podrobnejša obdelava prometnih podatkov, ki so bili pridobljeni iz avtomatskih števcev in s pomocjo rocnega štetja, ter predstavitev primerjave diagramov prometnega toka pred in po spremembi prometne ureditve obravnavanega odseka. V nadaljevanju je predstavljen odsek med prikljuckoma Lj. Šentjakob in Lj. Sneberje, ki še caka na takšno spremembo. Tudi na tem mestu je bilo opravljeno rocno štetje, s katerim so bili pridobljeni podatki, ki so kasneje uporabljeni v programski analizi. Ta dokazuje, da bi bilo tudi na tem odseku priporocljivo izvesti podoben ukrep. V zadnjem delu je predstavljenih še nekaj problematicnih odsekov na ljubljanski obvoznici in drugod po Sloveniji z navedenimi konkretnimi predlogi in rešitvami za odpravo nastale problematike. The thesis deals with the present condition of junctions and appertaining areas of freeways and motorways, especially of Ljubljana AC and HC ring, which is one of the busiest and most demanding parts of Slovenian road system. The theoretical part of the thesis discusses the teory of trafic flow, which is a basis for the understanding of subsequent subjects. The areas of ramps, weaving and basic technical regulations are dealt with in detail. The second part deals with a specific case of altered traffic arrangement with some effective improvements, proven by a detailed analysis of trafic data obtained from automatic gauges and by manual counting, as well as the comparison between the diagrams of traffic flow before and after the alteration of the road section in question. Furthermore, the section between the junctions Lj. Šentjakob and Lj. Sneberje, which is still to be altered in this way, is presented. Manual counting has been carried out here as well and the data have been used in programme analysis. It has been proven that a similar measure should be taken in this section, too. The last part presents a few other problematic section of Ljubljana ring road and elsewhere in Slovenia, suggesting measures to solve them.

Magistrsko delo obravnava urejanje kmetijskih zemljišč, katerih funkcionalna učinkovitost, krajinska in ekološka pestrost ter zaznavna privlačnost so običajno razvrednotene zaradi načrtovanja in gradnje infrastrukturnih objektov, kot so avtoceste. Delo je sestavljeno iz dveh tematskih delov. V prvem delu smo se dela lotili teoretično in podrobneje predstavili razvoj podeželja v Sloveniji in v nekaterih evropskih državah (na Danskem, na Nizozemskem, na Finskem in v Švici) ter vpliv gradnje avtoceste na kmetijska zemljišča, kjer smo uporabili zgodovinsko, opisno in primerjalno metodo. Drugi del vsebuje predstavitev rezultatov pregleda zakonskih okvirov urejanja kmetijskih zemljišč v Sloveniji in v tujini, rezultatov analize urejanja kmetijskih zemljišč ob gradnji avtoceste po posameznih vidikih in rezultatov ankete. Podan je nabor negativnih vplivov načrtovanja in gradnje avtoceste na kmetijska zemljišča z vidika celovitega urejanja kmetijskih zemljišč (s pravnega, funkcionalnega, ekološkega in estetskega). Po njih je narejena analiza ter kritična opredelitev njihovih negativnih posledic na kmetijski prostor. Postavili smo dve hipotezi: 1.) da gradnja velikih infrastrukturnih objektov in naprav, kot so avtoceste, prinaša številne negativne vplive v kmetijski prostor zaradi necelovitega urejanja kmetijskih zemljišč ter da je v celoviti pristop k urejanju kmetijskih zemljišč treba vključiti pravni, funkcionalni, ekološki in estetski vidik, in 2.) da če so kmetijska zemljišča urejena s pravnega, funkcionalnega, ekološkega in estetskega vidika, so po končani gradnji tudi lastniki pripravljeni v večji meri skrbeti za njihovo urejenost. Njuno pravilnost smo preverjali teoretsko in tudi empirično na primeru avtocestnega odseka Krška vas–Obrežje, in to na podlagi odgovorov, pridobljenih z anketno raziskavo. V sklepnem delu smo predlagali usmeritve za celovito in sočasno urejanje kmetijskega prostora ob gradnji avtoceste in drugih prostorskih ureditev državnega pomena s pravnega, funkcionalnega, ekološkega in estetskega vidika, ki bi prispevali k izboljšanju gospodarskega, okoljskega in socialnega stanja na podeželju. Izreden pomen pri tem ima tudi družbeni vidik, saj morajo lastniki kmetijskih zemljišč skrbeti tudi za njihovo urejenost. The master thesis addresses agricultural land planning whose functional efficiency, landscape and ecological diversity, and perceived attractiveness are usually undermined, as a result of design and construction of infrastructure facilities, such as motorways. The work consists of two thematic sections. In the first, theoretical, part we discuss in detail the rural development of Slovenia and in selected European countries (i.e. Denmark, the Netherlands, Finland and Switzterland) and the effects of motorway construction to agricultural land to this end, we used the historical, descriptive and comparative methods. The second part presents the review of the legislative framework of agricultural land planning in Slovenia and abroad the results of the analysis of agricultural land planning during the motorway construction, focusing upon different aspects and the results of the survey. A set of negative effects of motorway design and construction to agricultural land in terms of integrated agricultural land planning is given (i.e. legal, functional, ecological and aesthetic). This provided the basis for the analysis and critical delineation of their negative effects to agricultural areas. Two hypotheses were proposed: (1) the construction of major infrastructure facilities and installations, such as motorways, adversely affects rural areas, particularly due to non-integrated agricultural land development, i.e. the integrated development of agricultural land should include legal, functional, ecological and aesthetic aspects and (2) if agricultural land is developed by considering the legal functional, ecological and aesthetic aspects, landowners are more willing to care for, and maintain, the land after the completion of construction. Their validity was tested both theoretically and empirically on the case of the Krška vas–Obrežje motorway section, i.e. based on the responses obtained in the survey. In the final section, we proposed the guidelines for an integrated and simultaneous development of agricultural land, along with motorway construction and other spatial developments of national significance, from legal, functional, ecological and aesthetic aspects, which would help to improve the economic, environmental and social situation in rural areas. In this context, the social aspect is of utmost importance, as the owners of agricultural land are, indeed, also responsible for the care and proper maintenance of the land.

Predstavljeni so osnovni pojmi, s katerimi se srečujemo pri dimenzioniranju objektov za ravnanje s padavinsko vodo z avtocest. Podan je povzetek slovenske in ameriške zakonodaje s tega področja. V nadaljevanju sledi pregled objektov za ravnanje s padavinskimi vodami, kakor jih svetujejo priročniki v Združenih državah Amerike, ter slovenski priročnik »Navodila projektantom za izdelavo tehnične dokumentacije – odvodnjavanje meteornih voda iz avtocestnih površin«. Predstavljena so teoretična izhodišča in enačbe za dimenzioniranje čistilnih in zadrževalnih objektov po slovenskih in ameriških priročnikih. V drugem delu so najprej zbrani vsi podatki, ki so uporabljeni pri nadaljnjem hidravličnem dimenzioniranju objektov. Izračuni so narejeni v programu Excel, na koncu pa so primerjani rezultati hidravličnega izračuna, ki so predstavljeni tekstovno in v preglednicah. Primerjave so narejene med Slovenijo in ZDA ter tudi med rezultati pri različnih podatkih v Sloveniji. The first part of the diploma thesis presents basic concepts we come across when dimensioning the works for meteoric water treatment on public roads. A summary of the Slovenian and American legislation related to this field has been provided. Moreover, a review of the works for wastewater management is provided according to reference books of the United States of America and the Slovenian manual »Project Engineering Manual for the Composition of Technical Documentation – Meteoric Water Drainage on Public Roads«. Theoretical principles and the equations for wastewater treatment plant are presented according to Slovene and American manuals. The second part of the thesis contains the data which have been used with the ongoing hydraulic dimensioning of the works. The calculations have been made in the Excel programme. The conclusion includes a comparison of the results of the hydraulic calculation presented textual and in tables. The comparison has been made between Slovenia and USA as well as between the results of various data collected in Slovenia.

V magistrski nalogi je predstavljena ena od možnih metodologij za vzpostavitev sekcijskega merjenja hitrosti na avtocestah in hitrih cestah v Republiki Sloveniji. Na začetku so predstavljeni sistemi merjenja hitrosti in sekcijskega merjenja hitrosti v drugih državah, prikazana je analiza dejavnikov, ki vplivajo na prometno varnost na omrežju AC in HC RS, predstavili smo dosedanje raziskave na področju določitve nevarnega odseka, izdelali metodologijo za določitev območja sekcijskega merjenja hitrosti na omrežju AC in HC RS in na koncu preverili še ustreznost metodologije. Magistrska naloga je zasnovana tako, da spoznamo prednosti in slabosti različnih sistemov merjenja hitrosti, dosedanje metodologije za določitev nevarnih odsekov, ter da se na podlagi teh predhodno izdelanih metodologij, izdela metodologijo za določitev kriterijev s pomočjo katerih se lahko preveri posamezni odsek, za opravičenost vzpostavitve sekcijskega merjenja hitrosti na AC in HC omrežju RS. The master thesis presents one of the possible methodologies for establishing section speed control on motorways and highways in Slovenia. At the beginning are presented speed measurements systems and speed section measurement in other countries, shown as analysis of factors which affect on the traffic safety on the network of motorways and highways in Slovenia. We present the current research in the area determining of the dangerous sections, created a methodology for area determining speed section measurement on the network of motorways and highways in Slovenia and finally verify the suitability of the methodology. The master thesis has been designed to realize the advantages and disadvantages of different speed measurement systems, current methodology for determination of dangerous sections and that is based of these previously prepared methodologies. We produce also a methodology for determining of criteria, which can be checked for each section of the entitlement of these establishment section speed measurement on the network of motorways and highways in Slovenia.

This paper deals with the car accessibility of the Slovenian municipalities to the nearest motorway or expressway access point. To this end, we review the accessibility measures used in transport planning strategies and highlight important factors in modelling transport accessibility. Further, an overview of the studies of transport accessibility modelling in Slovenia is presented. The suggested raster model upgrades the current practice of modelling transport accessibility in Slovenia by considering the influence of average traffic volume (congestion), road gradient, and land use density on travel speed. The model results reveal a large disparity in the accessibility among Slovenian municipalities. The paper also compares the proposed model results with the earlier model results. In general, average transport accessibility in Slovenian municipalities did not change in 2009–2013; our model suggested the list of problematic municipalities in border areas similar to the one identified in the earlier models.

V diplomskem delu je predstavljen slovenski avtocestni prostor in ukrepi, s katerimi lahko zmanjšamo pojav nepravilne smeri vožnje. Ker je posledica takšnih nesreč velikokrat materialna škoda in izguba življenj, lahko s predstavljenimi protiukrepi in pravilno postavitvijo vplivamo na zmanjšanje nesreč in voženj v nasprotno smer na avtocesti. Na avtocestnem odseku Fram – Sl. Bistrica (0636 in 0036) med priključkoma Sl. Bistrica sever (0461) in Sl. Bistrica jug (0135) smo naredili analizo trenutnega stanja in pripravili predloge, s katerimi bi lahko preprečili oziroma zmanjšali število nepravilnih uvozov in izvozov. Hkrati pa bomo s tem zmanjšali število težkih prometnih nesreč s smrtnim izidom ter povečali prometno varnost na slovenskih avtocestah. In diploma work are introduced the whole Slovenian highway system and preventive measures, which will reduce the wrong-way driving. The results of accidents which happened because of wrong-way driving are material damage and lost lives. We have the influence to reduce this kind of accidents with presented and well installed preventive countermeasures. We made the analysis of the current state on highway section Fram - Sl. Bistrica (0636 and 0036) between Sl. Bistrica north (0461) and Sl. Bistrica south (0135) and prepared propositions to reduce the number of wrong highway entries and exits. With those preventive measures we will decrease the number of fatal accidents and also improve the traffic safety on highways.

Diplomska naloga temelji na analizi poškodb na opremi naprav in cestišču avtocestnega odseka A5 in H7 v upravljanju ACB Murska Sobota. Analizo v uvodu spremlja teoretični del predstavitve pojma in vrst nesreče, opis analizirane trase in opreme na avtocestah ter predstavitev zakonodaje in pravilnikov, ki obravnavajo avtoceste, nesreče, reševanja in sanacije, zapor, varnostne ograje ter opremo. Analiza je sestavljena iz dveh delov, in sicer iz prvega dela analize, ki obravnava vzrok, okoliščine, odsek in povzročitelja nesreče, ter iz drugega dela, ki obravnava poškodovano opremo, sanacijska dela na poškodbah in čas saniranja poškodb. The thesis is based on the analysis of damage on equipment, devices and roadway of the highway sections A5 and H7, which are under management of the ABC Murska Sobota. The analysis is accompanied by a theoretical part, which presents the meaning and types of accidents, the description of the analyzed route, the equipment on highways, legislation and regulations concerning highways, accidents, rescuing and reconstructions, imprisonment, safety fences and equipment. The analysis is composed from two parts. The first part analyses the causes, circumstances, the highway section and the instigators of accidents. The second part on the other hand analyses the damaged equipment, reconstruction work on damages and the time needed for such reconstruction work.

V diplomskem delu je v prvem delu obravnavano vozišče, ki je namenjeno potovanju z motornimi vozili. Vozna površina je izpostavljena različnim prometnim oz. klimatskim obremenitvam, kar povzroča preoblikovanje in poslabšanje stanja vozišča. Poškodbe vplivajo na kvaliteto vožnje in stroške uporabnikov. Zato se uveljavlja pojem in dejavnost gospodarjenja z voznimi površinami. To je aktivnost, kjer upravljalec zbira podatke o stanju vozišča in z optimalnim finančnim vlaganjem smotrno vzdržuje vozišče, kar za uporabnike le-tega pomeni varno, udobno in gospodarno vožnjo. V drugem delu pa je prikazana raziskava avtocestnega odseka z vizualno metodo. Pridobljeni podatki so bili ocenjeni z modificiranim švicarskim indeksom in prilagojeni tako, da so bili primerljivi s podatki upravljalca cestišča. In the first part of the diploma work is discussed the roadway, which is intended for traveling with motor vehicles. The driving surface is exposed to various traffic and climatic burdens, which leads to transformation and deterioration of the roadway. Injuries affect driving quality and costs of users. Therefore are the term and activity management of the driving surfaces coming forward. This is an activity where the operator collects data about the state of the roadway and systematic maintains the roadway with optimal financial investments, which means for the user thereof a safe, comfortable and economical drive. In the second part of the work is shown a research of the motorway section with the visual method. The obtained data were evaluated by a modified Swiss index and adjusted so that they were comparable with the data of the operator of the roadway.

Intenzivna gradnja cest in avtocest ima lahko zelo negativne vplive na okolje, ki so še posebej veliki v času njihove gradnje, ko so motnje naravnih razmer velike tudi na širšem pasu okoli cest. Še posebej so v tem primeru negativnim vplivom podvržene večje vrste prostoživečih živali, predvsem divjad. Za omilitev negativnih učinkov novih cest in avtocest na življenjski prostor živali je predvidena izgradnja posebnih prehodov za prostoživeče živali v obliki nadvozov, podvozov, razširitev vzdolž potokov in rek. Da bi ugotovili ali živali te prehode uporabljajo in kje so najprimernejše lokacije, Družba za avtoceste Republike Slovenije financira projekte, ki vključujejo spremljanje prehajanj prostoživečih živali prek avtocest. Namen diplomske naloge je bil, da naredimo raziskavo, kako pogosto in katere živali največ uporabljajo prehod na območju pod viaduktom Mrtvica na odseku avtoceste Krška vas – Obrežje, v obdobju treh mesecev od 30.12.2009 do 30.3.2010. Raziskali smo tudi kateri so moteči dejavniki, ki preprečujejo živalim prehod, v katerem delu dneva ga največ uporabljajo in ali vreme in stanje lune vplivata na prečkanje viadukta. Za spremljanje prehodov živali smo uporabili digitalno snemalno napravo, ki omogoča snemanje migracij živali na avtocestnih prehodih namenjenim živalim in je sestavljena iz več podsistemov. Posnetke smo pregledali in jih analizirali. Rezultati monitoringa nakazujejo določen negativen vpliv avtoceste na tamkajšnje prostoživeče živali. Živali prehod uporabljajo, vendar menimo, da bi se frekventnost prehodov živali preko viadukta Mrtvica na odseku Krška vas – Obrežje povečala, če bi omejili prehod viadukta le na lastnike tamkajšnjih zemljišč in ribičev. Intensive road and highway construction can have significant negative impacts on the environment, which are particularly large at the time of their construction, when there is a big disturbance of natural conditions in a wide zone around the road. Especially are in this case subject to the negative impacts large species of wildlife animals, especially deer. To mitigate the negative effects of new roads and highways in the animal habitat there are special corridors for wild animals in the form of overpasses, underpasses, extending along the streams and rivers. To determine whether animals are using these transitions and where are the most appropriate locations for them, company DARS funded projects for wildlife animals monitoring through highways. The purpose of this diploma paper was to do a research on how often and which animals are most commonly using the corridor under viaduct Mrtvica on the section of highway Krška vas – Obrežje in a period of three months from 30.12.2009 to 30.3.2010. We also studied which are disturbing factors that prevent animal crossings, in which part of the day it is mostly used and whether the state of the weather and moon affects the crossing of the viaduct. For monitoring the wildlife corridors, we were using a digital video recording device that can record the migration of animals, and is composed of several subsystems. We have later reviewed and analyzed these recordings. Monitoring results indicate a certain negative impact of the highway to the local wildlife. Animals are using corridor, but we believe that the frequency of wildlife crossings under the viaduct Mrtvica on the section of highway Krška vas – Obrežje would increase, if we would limit the viaduct crossing only to the owners of local land and fishermen.

Diplomsko delo obravnava tehnologijo izgradnje voziščne konstrukcije. Predstavljena je zgodovina izgradnje in struktura voziščne konstrukcije. Poudarek je na praktičnem primeru izgradnje voziščne konstrukcije na avtocestnem programu. Na podlagi pridobljenih izkušenj s tehnologijo je izdelana vrednostna analiza. Delo zaključuje opisana problematika posameznih faz izgradnje. My diploma thesis deals with pavement construction technology. Presented are a short history of the construction and the pavement structure. Emphasis is placed on the practical example of the construction of the pavement system used with the motorway programme. A value analysis has been made on the basis of the experience acquired in the field of technology. The thesis concludes with a description of the issues facing the individual construction phases.

Sodobno avtocestno omrežje je pogoj za uspešno gospodarsko razvitost določene regije oz. države. Slovenija je začela graditi avtocestno omrežje v 70-ih letih prejšnjega stoletja, leta 2009 pa naj bi bil dokončan slovenski avtocestni križ, ki poteka v dveh smereh (v smeri severozahod – jugovzhod oz. v smeri X. panevropskega koridorja ter v smeri severovzhod - jugozahod oz. v smeri V. panevropskega prometnega koridorja) in povezuje zahodno oz. osrednjo Evropo z Balkanom ter Jadransko morje z vzhodno Evropo. Za Slovenijo sta ključnega pomena V. in X. panevropski koridor, ki omogočata povezanost Slovenije z ostalimi evropskimi državami ter vstop na skupen evropski trg. Cestni promet danes močno vpliva na okolje, saj prihaja zaradi njega do krčenja gozdov, uničevanja kmetijskih površin, onesnaževanja zraka, tal in vode. Z namenom zmanjšati negativne učinke prometa postaja vedno bolj aktualen trajnostni promet, ki postavlja v ospredje železniški in vodni promet, krepitev javnih prevozov, vzpostavitev mreže kolesarskih poti itd. Že pri načrtovanju tras novih cest je potrebno izdelati poročilo o vplivih na okolje ter negativne vplive zmanjšati na najmanjšo možno mero. Dolenjski avtocestni odsek poteka od Ljubljane (razcep Malence) do mejnega prehoda Obrežje in predstavlja del slovenskega avtocestnega odseka, ki poteka od Karavank do meje s Hrvaško. Ta smer predstavlja del X. panevropskega koridorja. Dokončanje dolenjske avtoceste (predvidoma leta 2009) bo omogočilo ustrezne regionalne povezave znotraj Slovenije ter povezave s sosednjimi državami, ključnega pomena pa bo za jugovzhodno Slovenijo, ki bo z dobrimi prometnimi povezavami pridobila na pomenu. Ob slovenskem avtocestnem križu prihaja do koncentracije prebivalstva in različnih gospodarskih dejavnosti, na območjih v širšem zaledju mest ter na obrobju pa je mogoče opaziti pojav razpršene poselitve oz. celo praznjenje nekaterih predelov. Zaradi tega se je pojavila potreba po novih razvojnih smereh, ki bi tudi tem območjem omogočila boljšo prometno povezanost, s tem pa tudi boljši razvoj celotne regije. Za jugovzhodno Slovenijo je ključnega pomena tretja razvojna os, ki naj bi potekala od Dravograda do Metlike in povezala večja središča v Avstriji, Sloveniji in na Hrvaškem (npr. Gradec, Celje, Novo mesto, Reka, Karlovec). Novo mesto, ki predstavlja center jugovzhodne Slovenije, bo z izgradnjo nove avtoceste pridobilo kvalitetnejšo prometno povezavo proti severu in jugu, znašlo pa se bo tudi na presečišču dveh slovenskih razvojnih osi, kar bo celotnemu območju prineslo dodatne prednosti. A contemporary highway network is a condition for a successful economy development of a certain region or country. Slovenia began building its highway network in the 1970s, and in the year of 2009 the so-called highway cross, going in two directions, should be finished (in North-West – South-East direction or in the direction of the X Pan-European corridor, and in North-East – South-West direction or in the direction of the V Pan-European transport corridor) and will connect Western or Middle Europe to the Balkans and the Adriatic Sea to Eastern Europe. The V and the X Pan-European corridor are extremely important to Slovenia as they enable its connection with the rest of European countries and an entrance to the collective European market. Today, the road traffic strongly affects the environment because it causes deforestation, farm area destruction, as well as air, ground and water pollution. With the intention of reducing the negative effects of traffic, sustainable traffic is becoming more and more up-to-date, as it puts forward the railway, water traffic, improved public transport, the establishment of a cycling track network etc. Already when planning new roads, it is necessary to prepare a report of its effects on the environment and to reduce the effects to the minimum. The Dolenjska section of the highway starts at Ljubljana (Malence cross) and finishes at the border crossing Obrežje and presents the part of the Slovene highway section from Karavanke to the border with Croatia. This direction presents a part of the X Pan-European corridor. The finishing of the Dolenjska highway (probably in the year 2009) will enable a suitable regional connection within Slovenia and the connections with neighbouring countries. It will also be extremely important to southeastern Slovenia, which will gain importance through good traffic connections. Population and various economical activities are concentrating at the Slovene highway cross, and in areas of broader town hinterlands and at the outskirts, there is a phenomenon of dispersed settlements or even vacated areas. Because of that a requirement for new directions of development appeared which would enable these areas a better traffic connection and a better development of the entire region along with it. For southeastern Slovenia the third development axle is extremely important and it should go from Dravograd to Metlika and connect bigger centres in Austria, Slovenia and Croatia (for example Graz, Celje, Novo mesto, Rijeka, Karlovac). Novo mesto, which presents the centre of southeastern Slovenia, will gain a traffic connection of a better quality with the construction of the new highway, and it will also be on the crossing of two Slovene development axles, which will bring additional advantages to the whole area.

Zagotavljanja ustrezne prometne varnosti v avtocestnih predorih je med drugim odvisno tudi od poteka prometnega toka na širšem območju pred predorom. V primeru, da že v fazi izdelave idejnih projektov izgradnje avtocestnih predorov ustrezno preučimo potek predvidene oblike prometnega toka pred predorom, lahko prispevamo h kvalitetnejši pripravi projektne dokumentacije (gradbeni in prometni del) za posamezen avtocestni predor, kar pomeni kvalitetnejša izvedba samega predora z vsemi pripadajočimi elementi. Naloga predstavlja možnost, da je mogoče z uporabo predlagane metodologije, ki obravnava predvsem motnje prometnega toka širšega območja pred avtocestnim predorom, izboljšati nivo prometne varnosti v avtocestnih predorih. Ensuring appropriate traffic safety in motorway tunnels depends among other things also on a traffic flow course on a greater area before a tunnel. If we can adequately study a traffic flow course before a tunnel already in the formulation phase of preliminary design documents for a motorway tunnel construction, we can contribute to a better preparation of a project documentation (construction and traffic part) for an individual motorway tunnel meaning a better completion of a tunnel with all pertaining elements. This paper presents a possibility that with the use of a proposed technology dealing mostly with traffic flow interruptions on greater areas before motorway tunnels it is possible to improve traffic safety level in motorway tunnels.

Čas je v svetu pomembna vrednota. Ker ljudje na cestah preživimo veliko časa, smo se v diplomski nalogi odločili analizirati in vizualno prikazati vpliv menjave voznih pasov na avtocesti na čas potovanja vozil. V ta namen smo izdelali simulacijo smernega vozišča dvopasovne avtoceste in s pomočjo si-mu-lacije pridobili podatke o časih vožnje za tipične dnevne sestave prometa. Izkazalo se je, da pravilna uporaba voznega pasu pozitivno vpliva na čas potovanja vozil. Vpliv se razlikuje glede na hitrost vozil in gostoto prometa. Čas potovanja se krajša z redčenjem prometa in z višanjem hitrosti vozil, naj-krajši je pri najredkejši sestavi prometa in pri najhitrejši skupini vozil. Do optimalnih oziroma najkrajših časov potovanja pride, ko se počasnejša vozila zadržujejo pretežno na osnovnem pasu, hitrejša vozila pa na prehitevalnem voznem pasu. Poleg tega se morajo vozila učinkovito razvrščati po hitrosti. Da povzamemo, upoštevanje prometnega predpisa o menjavah pasov je priporočljivo, saj poleg varnosti in drugih prednosti, omogoča tudi krajši čas potovanja. In nowadays fast world time is of great importance. Since people spend large amounts of time on road, we decided to analize and visualy present influence of correct lane changing on motorway on travel time. For diploma we made simulation of carriageway of two-lane motorway, with which we gained data about travel time for units of typical daily traffic. The results show that correct lane changing is relevant, moreover it decreases travel time. Impact depends on traffic density and vechile speed. Highest decreasement is noticeable at lowest traffic density unit and at group of fastest vechiles. To reach optimal (shortest) travel time most slow vechiles must be situated on default lane and most faster vechiles on over-taking lane. Furthermore, also good sorting according to speed decreases time. To sum up, it is recomended to abide line changing rule. Beside in saftey and other advantages we benefit also in smaller time consumption.