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Boron toxicity is an increasingly serious problem leading to soil degradation and vegetation loss in arid and semi-arid environments worldwide. The soils of solonetzic complexes often display this characteristic. This study aimed to investigate the vertical distribution of hot water soluble-boron (hws-B) in the sodic and agricultural soils of Israna block in Haryana, India. The study also examined the influence of various soil variables on hws-B. The samples were collected at six depths to assess the availability of B. Additionally, an assessment was conducted to ascertain the appropriateness of the water sources for irrigation. The findings of our study revealed a notable disparity in the hws-B content between sodic soils and control agricultural soils, with the former exceeding the toxic thresholds. The levels of B available to plants were highest in the upper layers of soil and reduced as the depth increased. A number of variables influenced the water-soluble B content in sodic soils, particularly pH, calcite content, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), and calcium-boron ratio (Ca/B). The results indicated that the boron levels in both surface and groundwater were within acceptable limits for irrigation purposes, suggesting that boron toxicity may not be directly attributed to these sources. Our study suggests that sodic soils contain high levels of boron, which can be toxic, and consequently, proper management of these soils is recommended. It is essential to have a comprehensive understanding of boron levels in surface and sub-surface soils, as well as in irrigation water, in order to effectively manage soil and improve crop productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Inorganic Analytical Chemistry / Zhongguo Wuji Fenxi Huaxue is the property of Beijing Research Institute of Mining & Metallurgy Technology Group and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to ensure the authenticity and reliability of the 3rd National Soil Survey data, the standard detection methods need to be repeatedly verified to optimize the method suitable for nationwide promotion. At present, the sensitivity of NY/T 1121.8--2006 methylimine-H spectrophotometric to test available boron in soil is low, and factors such as color rendering temperature and light are easy to interfere with the test results. In view of this, this paper analyzed the key factors such as leaching time, leaching method and color rendering conditions in the process of detection of soil available boron by boiling water bath leaching-methylenimine-H spectrophotometric, and explored the optimal conditions for the detection of the method. The results showed that with the conditions of leaching time 12 min leaching time, capping leaching and 23 °C dark environment in color rendering process, it could better reduce the error in the detection of available boron and obtained more accurate results. At the same time, the detection of soil available boron by inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was verified. The detection limits of spectrophotometric and ICP-OES were 0. 012 mg/kg and 0. 009 mg/kg, respectively, which met the requirements of analysis and testing. The accuracy and precision verification results showed that both methods could be used for the detection of soil available boron, and there was no significant difference in the test results of actual samples. Among them, the spectrophotometric method was suitable for the determination of high content (>0. 5 mg/kg) samples, and the ICP-OES method was suitable for the detection of medium and low content samples. Based on the experience of the 3rd National Soil Survey pilot work, it is suggested that ICP-OES should be the first choice for the effective boron determination, which provides reference for The 3rd National Soil Survey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND At present, the main methods of soil available boron analysis are spectrophotometry and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The spectrophotometric method has a long process, cumbersome operation, low analysis efficiency and easy environmental pollution, high requirements on the experience of the analyst, and unstable measurement results. The existing ICP-OES method has shortcomings such as long extraction time and high extraction temperature. It has low efficiency in analyzing large quantities of samples, wastes electrical energy and has the risk of scalding during operation. OBJECTIVES In order to improve the ICP-OES method with water bath extraction for determination of available boron in soil. METHODS The polyethylene stoppered plastic bottle was used instead of a quartz conical flask and a reflux device. Ultrapure hot water was added as the extractant. After leaching in a hot water bath, the ICP-OES method was used to determine the available boron content. RESULTS The optimal extraction conditions were determined through experiments: using 85℃ ultrapure hot water as the extractant, soil-liquid ratio of 1∶2, water bath extraction temperature of 85℃, extraction time of 6min, using ICP-OES method after hot centrifugation to determine the available boron content. The detection limit of the method was 0.02mg/kg, the precision (RSD, n=12) was less than 3%, and the standard substances NSA-1, NSA-2, NSA-3, NSA-6 and GBW07497 (HTSB-5) and GBW07498 (HTSB-6) were tested, and the relative errors of the measurement results were all less than 4%, which was consistent with the recommended value. CONCLUSIONS This method can be used to determine available boron in soil with quick, efficient, safe and cost-effective potentials.

The aim of this study was to investigate the accumulation of boron (B) in the soils, sediments, and plants in the wastewater (treated and untreated) irrigation farmlands. Twelve sites of soils and four sites of sediments were collected in two wastewater irrigation areas of Tianjin, China. Our results show that the long-term irrigation of wastewater induced B accumulation in the soils (81 − 90 mg kg−1 on average) and sediments (112 − 150 mg kg−1 on average). The readily available B fractions, salt extractable B and water extractable B, accounted for more than half of the extractable B. The plant available B in the soils exceeded toxic levels of most sensitive crops but B in plant leaves did not reach the thresholds. This study indicates that long-term irrigation of wastewater would induce excess accumulation of B in the soils of the farmlands and might pose a toxicity risk to the plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rock & Mineral Analysis is the property of Editorial Board of Rock & Mineral Analysis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research was carried out in order to determine the most suitable method for chemical extraction of available for plant boron content of agriculture soils. According to the results dry matter yield boron content and total boron uptake of canola were increased with the increasing amount of boron applied to the soil. The methods used for predicting plant available boron content of the soils exposed a high degree of correlation with the biological indexes. Sixteen chemical extraction methods were ranked as: DTPA- NH4OAc > 2 mM DTPA > 1 N NH4OAc (pH: 7) > 1 N NH4OAc (pH: 4.8) > 0.01 M Tartaric acid > Hot 0.01 M CaCl2 > 0.05 M Mannitol (pH: 7.5) > 0.05 M Ammonium Oxalate > Hot water > 0.05 M KH2P04 > Total Boron > 0.02 M HN03 + 30 % H202 > 0.05 M Mannitol/ 0.01 M CaCl2 > Cold 0.01 M CaCl2 > 0.01 M Mannitol/ 0.01 M CaCl2 > 5 % Glycerol/ 0.01 M CaCl2. The one of the first six chemical extraction method in this arrange could be proposed as the best method to determine the plant available boron content of the soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Available boron (B) is essential to the normal growth of crops. Previous studies on available B have focused on topsoil; hence, information about available B variation and its relationships with environmental variables (topography, climate, vegetation, soil property and parent material) in subsoil is limited. The current study collected 132, 124, and 87 soil samples, respectively, from A, B, and C horizons of arable land in purple hilly areas of southwestern China. Classical statistics, semivariogram analysis, and boosted regression trees (BRT) were applied to investigate available B variation and its affecting factors in various horizons. Samples of each soil horizon were randomly divided into calibration (80%) and validation (20%) sets. Mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and coefficient of determination (R2) were employed for evaluating model performance. Results indicated that available B content decreased with soil depth and showed the strongest spatial autocorrelation in the A horizon. Approximately 50%, 58%, and 51% of available B variability in the three horizons could be explained by the BRT models. Values of MAE varied between 0.038 (C horizon) and 0.053 mg kg−1 (A horizon), and RMSE changed between 0.048 (C horizon) and 0.069 mg kg−1 (A horizon). The relative importance of environmental variables to available B variability varied with soil horizons. Precipitation, flow path length, and topographical aspect were the most critical factors for the A, B, and C horizons, respectively. The importance of valley depth, elevation, and temperature enhanced, whereas precipitation and normalized difference vegetation index decreased in subsoil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the extractability of available Boron (B) by different extractants was tested in relation to soil properties. Soil samples from different parts of Indo-Gangetic flood plains of West Bengal were collected and available B extracted with various extractant viz. hot calcium chloride (CaCl2) (HCC), Potassium di-hydrogen phosphate (PDP), tartaric acid (TA) and MCC. Plant availability of B was assessed by growing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.cv.K-1006) in such soils through pot experiments. HCC showed the highest available B content as well as highest correlation coefficient value with all plant growth parameters and soil properties. The B extracting efficiency of the tested extractants was found in the order of HCC > PDP > TA > MCC. Results showed that dry matter yield, plant B concentration and uptake was increased significantly after application of Borax. Linear Correlations, Multiple regression analysis using Mallow's Cp statistics proved HCC to be the best extractant for estimating available B in experimental soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deficiency or excess of micronutrients has been determined by analyses of soil and plant tissue. In Brazil, the lack of studies that would define and standardize extraction and determination methods, as well as lack of correlation and calibration studies, makes it difficult to establish limits of concentration classes for analysis interpretation and fertilizer recommendations for crops. A specific extractor for soil analysis is sometimes chosen due to the ease of use in the laboratory and not in view of its efficiency in determining a bioavailable nutrient. The objectives of this study were to: (a) evaluate B concentrations in the soil as related to the fertilizer rate, soil depth and extractor; (b) verify the nutrient movement in the soil profile; (c) evaluate efficiency of Hot Water, Mehlich-1 and Mehlich-3 as available B extractors, using sunflower as test plant. The experimental design consisted of complete randomized blocks with four replications and treatments of five B rates (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 kg ha-1) applied to the soil surface and evaluated at six depths (0-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.15, 0.15-0.20, 0.20-0.30, and 0.30-0.40 m). Boron concentrations in the soil extracted by Hot Water, Mehlich-1 and Mehlich-3 extractors increased linearly in relation to B rates at all depths evaluated, indicating B mobility in the profile. The extractors had different B extraction capacities, but were all efficient to evaluate bioavailability of the nutrient to sunflower. Mehlich-1 and Mehlich-3 can therefore be used to analyze B as well as Hot Water.A deficiência ou o excesso de micronutrientes tem sido observada por meio de análises de solo e de tecido vegetal. No Brasil, a falta de estudos para definição e padronização de método de extração e determinação, assim como a falta de estudos sobre correlação e calibração, dificulta o estabelecimento de limites de classes de teores para a interpretação das análises e recomendações de adubação para as culturas. A opção por determinado extrator para a análise de solos, em algumas situações, ocorre em razão da facilidade de execução no laboratório e não devido à sua eficiência em determinar o nutriente biodisponível. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: avaliar o teor de B no solo em função da dose do fertilizante, da profundidade do solo e do extrator; verificar a movimentação do nutriente no perfil do solo; e avaliar a eficiência da Água Quente, Mehlich-1 e Mehlich-3 como extratores de B disponível, tendo o girassol como planta-teste. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos ao acaso com quatro repetições, e os tratamentos, compostos por cinco doses de B (0, 2, 4, 6 e 8 kg ha-1), aplicadas na superfície do solo e avaliadas em seis profundidades (0 a 0,05, 0,05 a 0,10, 0,10 a 0,15, 0,15 a 0,20, 0,20 a 0,30 e 0,30 a 0,40 m). Os teores de B no solo, extraídos pelos extratores Água Quente, Mehlich-1 e Mehlich-3, aumentaram linearmente em função das doses de B, em todas as profundidades avaliadas, indicando que ele apresenta mobilidade no perfil. Os extratores foram diferentes na capacidade de extração do B, mas eficientes na avaliação da biodisponibilidade do nutriente para o girassol. Portanto, o Mehlich-1 e o Mehlich-3 podem ser utilizados na análise de B, assim como a Água Quente.

为了土壤有效硼的丰缺指标以及对酶学指标影响开展了本项研究 。釆用盆栽试验，设计 6 个梯度的不同有效硼的土壤，每个土壤均设置为施硼和不施硼两个处理，从烤烟烟叶酶学指标的变化来研究土壤中有效硼的丰缺值 。结果显示：① 在不同硼肥 力土壤烤烟烟叶抗氧化酶 SOD，POD 和 CAT 活性均表现为团颗期活性大于打顶期活性 ; ② 团颗期 SOD，POD 活性随土壤有效硼含 量提升呈现先上升后下降趋势， 并在土壤有效硼含量为 0.75 mg/kg 时，达到最大；③ 从酶学指标分析，土壤有效硼的丰缺值约为 0.75 mg/kg 。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In alkaline alluvial soils of Punjab, located in northern India, seven forms of boron (B) were compared using different extractants. The comparison was assessed in relation to soil properties and their contribution to soil available and total B pool. The mean contents of water-soluble (WS-B), hot-water-soluble (HWS-B), hot 0.01Mcalcium chloride (CaCl2)–soluble (HCC-B), acid-soluble (HCl-B), leachable or mannitol-extractable (Mann-B), ammonium bicarbonate diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (AB-DTPA)–extractable, and total B in alluvium-derived soils of Punjab were 0.24, 0.49, 0.50, 0.53, 0.55, 0.19, and 17.04 mg kg−1soil, respectively. All the forms of B were related with soil properties, especially organic carbon (C) content, clay content, texture, and cation exchange capacity. Different forms were correlated significantly with each other. Total B content ranged from 10.25 to 25.42 mg kg−1and was nonsignificantly correlated with other forms of B. All the forms of B were positively and significantly correlated with organic C content, clay content, and cation exchange capacity while negatively correlated with soil pH, electrical conductivity, and sand content. The most commonly used form of B, i.e., hot water-soluble B, was significantly correlated with hot 0.01MCaCl2–extractable B (r = 0.885**). Regression equations showed that 85, 94, 95, 88, 90, and 86% variations in WS-B, HWS-B, HCC-B, HCl-B, Mann-B, and AB DTPA-B contents were governed by various soil properties. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

As a result of the important roles of boron (B) in the growth of plants, the uptake of B by plants is dependent upon the existing form and content of available B in soil, which can bring about the local cycle of B isotope equilibrium. A method using water-heating extraction combined with three-step ion-exchange chromatography was developed for the extraction and isotopic analysis of available B in soil. The extraction efficiency and fractionation of B isotopic composition in the procedure were investigated. The results showed that, in the upper layers of soils, the change of δ 11 B values was opposite that of the mass concentration and a similar variation between δ 11 B and content occurred in the lower layers. The isotope of available B in soil can create a featured isotopic signature to further understand the geochemical details related to the soil properties and molecular mechanism of B uptake in plants.