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Stevia rebaudiana is a plant native to South America known for producing steviol glycosides and fructans used in low-calorie and functional foods. This study aimed to cultivate and isolate inulin from hydroponically grown S. rebaudiana roots. Seedlings were grown hydroponically for 28 days; then, roots were dried and extracted at 121 °C for 20 min. Extracts were centrifuged and lyophilized, yielding supernatant (SSR-H) and precipitate (PSR-H) fractions. Fructan yields were 21.34% (SSR-H) and 2.91% (PSR-H). HPLC, FTIR, and NMR analyses confirmed inulin-like fructans with polymerization degrees of 16 and 31, respectively. The characteristic peaks of a fructan-like-inulin were observed in the FTIR, ¹H, and ¹³C NMR spectra. These results demonstrate effective inulin extraction from hydroponically grown S. rebaudiana roots, highlighting its potential applications in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large amounts of solid wastes such as spent coffee grounds (SCGs) from brewing provide a valuable sugar source to investigate. The effects on the sugar properties of extraction factors were studied. Different solvent extractions using an autoclave showed distinguishable sugar contents and properties. Water extracted the highest total sugar content while alkali extracted the highest total phenolic content (TPC). The ultrasonic-water-bath-assisted extraction with water did not produce any significant content or TPC. Finally, the combination of ultrasonic-autoclave-assisted extraction with water at 40% amplitude for 10 min produced the highest total sugar content and TPC, similar to that found in samples from the autoclave extraction with water. The FT-IR spectra of SCGs sugar revealed both amorphous and crystalline structures. All sugar extracts from SCGs contained phosphorus, potassium and calcium as the main mineral elements. Thus, sugar extracts from SCGs can be considered as an alternative additive with a good TPC for food products.

This study aimed to evaluate the extract of chitosan obtained from pink shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) shell wastes in Balıkesir, the Marmara Sea in Turkey, and to characterize its quality. The physicochemical properties of biopolymer chitosan such as moisture content, solubility, degree of deacetylation (DD), molecular weight (MW), particle size, bulk density, pH, water-binding capacity (WBC), fat-binding capacity (FBC), and color attributes were examined. The obtained chitosan was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spektrofotometer (FT-IR), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Thermogravimetric measurements (TG/DTA/DTG). Results indicated that the yield and moisture content of chitosan was 18.82% and 3.62%, respectively. DD was 81.50% while solubility was 86.79%. MW of chitosan was found to be 310 kDa. The presence of the amino group was confirmed from the FT-IR spectra of the synthesized chitosan. Thermogravimetric measurements showed that chitosan had low thermal stability. SEM analysis revealed that the surface morphologies of chitosan consisted of relatively smooth surface and nanofiber structures. Based on the physicochemical characteristics obtained in the present study, pink shrimp could be a potential source to produce high-quality chitosan for industrial applications.

Meat products are claimed to be a source of carcinogenic nitrosamines (NAs) exposure in food. In this study, dietary exposure of six nitrosamines: N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR), N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP), N-nitrosodipropylamine (NDPA), N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA) were estimated by Gas chromatography method. Four types of processed beef products were collected from different restaurants of Dhaka city, Bangladesh and analyzed by Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after extracting under different methods. Nitrosamines were extracted by three different methods: i) Ultrasonic, ii) Autoclave for 10 min, iii) Autoclave for 20 min, and mean recoveries were 73%, 85% and 62% respectively. The LOD (limit of detection) and the LOQ (limit of quantification) for the six nitrosamines were in the range of 0.05–0.3 μg/kg and 0.85–1.5 μg/kg, respectively. The total nitrosamine content in beef products were Shik kabab (20.87 μg/kg) > Burger patty (20.44 μg/kg) > Steak (15.84 μg/kg) >Chap (14.95 μg/kg). The daily dietary exposure for commonly consumed beef products ranged from 0.029 to 0.056 μg/kg body weight which was less than the limit set by World Health Organization (WHO). Simultaneous determination of six nitrosamines by Gas chromatography can be used for monitoring the content of nitrosamines in meat products to ensure food safety.

Large amounts of solid wastes such as spent coffee grounds (SCGs) from brewing provide a valuable sugar source to investigate. The effects on the sugar properties of extraction factors were studied. Different solvent extractions using an autoclave showed distinguishable sugar contents and properties. Water extracted the highest total sugar content while alkali extracted the highest total phenolic content (TPC). The ultrasonic-water-bath-assisted extraction with water did not produce any significant content or TPC. Finally, the combination of ultrasonic-autoclave-assisted extraction with water at 40% amplitude for 10 min produced the highest total sugar content and TPC, similar to that found in samples from the autoclave extraction with water. The FT-IR spectra of SCGs sugar revealed both amorphous and crystalline structures. All sugar extracts from SCGs contained phosphorus, potassium and calcium as the main mineral elements. Thus, sugar extracts from SCGs can be considered as an alternative additive with a good TPC for food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the extract of chitosan obtained from pink shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) shell wastes in Balıkesir, the Marmara Sea in Turkey, and to characterize its quality. The physicochemical properties of biopolymer chitosan such as moisture content, solubility, degree of deacetylation (DD), molecular weight (MW), particle size, bulk density, pH, water-binding capacity (WBC), fat-binding capacity (FBC), and color attributes were examined. The obtained chitosan was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spektrofotometer (FT-IR), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Thermogravimetric measurements (TG/DTA/DTG). Results indicated that the yield and moisture content of chitosan was 18.82% and 3.62%, respectively. DD was 81.50% while solubility was 86.79%. MW of chitosan was found to be 310 kDa. The presence of the amino group was confirmed from the FT-IR spectra of the synthesized chitosan. Thermogravimetric measurements showed that chitosan had low thermal stability. SEM analysis revealed that the surface morphologies of chitosan consisted of relatively smooth surface and nanofiber structures. Based on the physicochemical characteristics obtained in the present study, pink shrimp could be a potential source to produce high-quality chitosan for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maleic hydrazide has been extensively used as an effective growth regulator in tobacco sucker control. After application, maleic hydrazide distributes itself throughout the tobacco plant where it can exist as free, or forms glucoside conjugates with glucose, or becomes bound with lignin. Among them, free maleic hydrazide and its glucoside conjugates are extractable under conventional solvent extraction, while lignin bound maleic hydrazide is claimed to be non‐extractable. Herein, an autoclave extraction method has been developed to extract maleic hydrazide effectively, in which tobacco samples are extracted in an autoclave at 130°C for 1 h using 4 M hydrochloric acid. Under such pressurized hot acidic water conditions, lignin bound maleic hydrazide can be released. Meanwhile, glucoside conjugates are hydrolyzed. Total maleic hydrazide is detected by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, and the quantitative results coincide well with that obtained from the international standard method. The proposed autoclave extraction with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry method exhibits excellent linearity in the range of 5–200 mg/kg (R2 = 0.9998), the matrix matched limit of detection and limit of quantification is 0.68 and 2.27 mg/kg, respectively. This method is simple and improves sample capacity, providing an effective approach to monitoring maleic hydrazide residues in tobacco. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A SFC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for NNK and NNN analysis. • Peak splitting resulted from E / Z isomerism was fully eliminated. • Autoclave extraction was employed to extract matrix bound NNK. • The method was successfully applied to analyze NNK and NNN in tobaccos. • Fractions of matrix bound NNK in 3 typical tobacco types were determined. 4-(methylintrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N' -nitrosonornicotine (NNN) are the most prevalent and toxic tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNAs). Due to their carcinogenicity, knowledge of the composition of NNK and NNN in tobacco is necessary. Herein, a sensitive and rapid method, which employs autoclave extraction-supercritical fluid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (SFC-MS/MS), has been developed for the analysis of NNK and NNN in tobacco. Both water-soluble and matrix-bound NNK and NNN were extracted with 100 mM ammonium acetate in an autoclave (130 °C, 4 h), and the aqueous extract was subjected to solvent replacement prior to SFC-MS/MS analysis. NNK and NNN were effectively separated within 5 min by using supercritical CO 2 as the main mobile phase coupled with a co-solvent of methanol. Excellent linearity was obtained with coefficients of determination (R2) greater than 0.9997 in the range of 1–160 ng/mL and 5–800 ng/mL for NNK and NNN, respectively. The recoveries were in the range of 92.5–110.0% at different spiked levels of real samples. 12 tobacco samples which include 3 typical tobacco varieties of burley, flue-cured, and oriental tobaccos had been analyzed, and the fraction of matrix-bound NNK was determined as well. In addition, a comparison between the proposed SFC-MS/MS method and a validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) internal standard method was conducted. Both techniques exhibit comparable analysis results, but peak splitting of NNN was observed by LC-MSMS due to the existence of E / Z isomers, while SFC-MS/MS offers great improvement through elution condition optimization, demonstrating the applicability of SFC-MS/MS as an alternative tool for NNK and NNN analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The current study was carried out to evaluate the phytochemical, antioxidant, and In-vitro antidiarrheal properties of Euphorbia hirta Methods: Extracts were obtained using cold extraction, hot extraction and autoclave extraction methods using Methanol, Chloroform, Petroleum ether and distilled water as solvents. Crude extracts were screened for different phytochemical constituents like sugars, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and glycosides etc. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using spectrophotometric method. The in-vitro antidiarrheal activity was elucidated by the antimicrobial activity using agar diffusion method. Results: Methanol proved to be a good solvent for extraction. In-vitro antidiarrheal activity was shown by all extracts on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhi bacteria which are mainly responsible for diarrhea. Conclusion: From the phytochemical screening it shows presence of phytochemicals like alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, and saponins. The plant also shows antioxidant activity, methnolic extracts shows higher activity and it shows In-vitro antidiarrhoeal activity which clearly indicates that the plant can be used for the treatment of diarrhea. Further studies should be done to isolate the compound responsible for activity in the experimental animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inulin is a polymer of d -fructose, characterized by the presence of a terminal glucose, and are a major component of Stevia rebaudiana roots. This type of polymer has nutritional properties and technological applications, such as fat substitutes in low-calorie foods and as the coating of pharmaceuticals. The aim of this study was to evaluate an alternative method for inulin extraction, in terms of extraction time and yield, since the traditional method of extraction under reflux is both time and energy consuming. Using the response surface methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken design it was observed that the alternative extraction method using autoclave presented similar yields to the reflux-based method, but with a shorter extraction time, 121 °C by 17.41 min 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF-MS) analysis showed that inulin crude extract from S. rebaudiana roots obtained by autoclave extraction had a higher degree of polymerization when compared to those obtained by the traditional method. Thus, it is concluded that the proposed method using an autoclave is a faster alternative for the extraction of inulin. [Display omitted] • Stevia rebaudiana (SrR) roots are an emerging agricultural waste. • SrR showed to be a good source of inulin-rich extracts. • Conventional and autoclave assisted extraction were used. • Autoclave assisted extraction followed higher DP inulin obtention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quality deterioration caused by ice formation and growth is a prevailing problem in frozen food, therefore, exploration of natural cryoprotectants has been attracting more attention. In this study, Flammulina velutipes mycelium polysaccharides (FVP) were obtained by autoclave extraction and their effect on freeze-thaw stability of surimi gels were investigated. The results showed that FVP consisted mainly (59.02%) of high-molecular-weight polysaccharides (>450 kDa), and were composed of Glu, Xyl, Man, Gal, and Fuc in a molar ratio of 33.4: 28.72: 26.31: 8.01: 3.55. FVP (1.0 mg/mL) showed superior Ice Recrystallization Inhibition (IRI) activity. Freeze-thaw stability tests demonstrated that frozen-thawed surimi gels with FVP addition exhibited a more uniform and continuous matrices than the control ones. FVP could significantly improve the water holding capacity, the hardness, springiness and cohesiveness of surimi gels during the repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Studies on water state and properties showed that FVP could decrease the freezable water content, restrict water mobility, and inhibit water migration in frozen surimi gels. These results suggest the potential of FVP as a promising cryoprotectant candidate in the frozen food industry. [Display omitted] • Flammulina velutipes polysaccharides (FVP) extracted in autoclave showed IRI activity. • 0.1% FVP preserved the quality of surimi gels during freeze-thaw cycles. • FVP decreased freezable water content, water mobility and migration of surimi gels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) are wood species largely present in the European forest area. The composition and relative variation of the secondary metabolites of chestnut and European beech wood under thermal effect is a little-explored area. The wood material was thermally modified at 170 °C for 3 h using a thermo-vacuum technology. Raw and modified wood extracts were obtained with aqueous extraction techniques in an autoclave, subsequently lyophilized, solubilized in ethyl acetate, and determined by Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Analyses (GC-MS). In addition, the volatile compounds were determined by Solid-Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) analyses. As a general statement, the extraction in an autoclave produced a higher number of compounds in the modified chestnut and beech wood compared to unmodified wood material. Beech wood showed low degradation in the compounds after modification. Notably, squalene and ar-tumerone were the main bioactive compounds present in beech wood extractives. Chestnut, conversely, showed a greater degradation after thermo-modification. However, a reduction in chemical compounds in the modified samples was also observed. In this case, the main biologically active compounds detected only in the chestnut control samples were apocynin and ar-tumerone. The recovery of this residual wood material, before energy consumption, could provide a sustainable and environmentally friendly means of obtaining natural chemicals suitable for various industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]