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The high temperature co‐curing damping composite was investigated by co‐curing technology to improve the mechanical property and damping performance of the traditional fiber reinforced resin matrix composite. Fluororubber with stable chemical properties and high‐temperature resistance was used as the core layer of novel carbon fiber reinforced bismaleimide resin matrix High‐temperature Co‐curing Damping Sandwich Composites (HCDSC). The curing temperature and curing time of fluororubber were consistent with that of bismaleimide resin by adjusting the formula. The viscoelastic damping properties and thermal stability of zinc methacrylate reinforced fluororubber were investigated in detail. Static mechanical tests, modal tests and interfacial shear tests prove that HCDSC display excellent mechanical and damping properties. The interfacial microscopic analysis reveals that viscoelastic sandwich materials are closely bonded with the composites. The dynamic characteristics of damping sandwich composite plate with fixed support on four sides is analyzed theoretically, and the vibration equilibrium equation of composite plate is derived by combining first‐order shear deformation theory, variational principle, and Hamilton principle. The damping performance of the composite plate are discussed through modal tests to verify the accuracy of theoretical derivation. This research is of great significance to solve the problem of structural dynamics, and provides a new idea for the design of structural and functional composite materials. Highlights: A viscoelastic damping material with large damping and high strength was prepared.The dynamic performance of co‐curing sandwich composite structures was studied.The free vibration of composite structures was explored via experiment and theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature uniformity inside the autoclave and in the manufactured thermoset composite part is the key to enhancing curing performance. The present study incorporated experimental setup, multiphysics and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models to provide insight into the gas flow pattern and temperature distribution inside the autoclave besides temperature and curing evolution in composite parts during the manufacturing process. The ultimate goal is to help improve the uniformity of the degree of curing and produce robust composite parts. The used numerical models were validated by experiment and the predicted results were in agreement with experimental efforts with a difference of 5%. A maximum temperature difference of 3 K was observed for panel 1, 1 K for panel 2, and 4 K for panel 3 during the curing stages. The variation was more pronounced during the post-curing stage, especially at the center. Correspondingly, less degree of curing (DOC) occurred at the center. The DOC variation between the center and the sides at the base of the panel is 2.5%. Variation in DOC across the thickness of the composite panels was also observed due to thermal spikes and uneven heat transfer. The DOC variation between upper surface and midplane is about 11%. Regions of high turbulence intensity lead to better heat transfer while regions of low speed such as confined regions under the tooling table had the poorest heat transfer. The study provided some practical implications to reduce the non-uniformity in temperature distribution and improve part curing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights In this study, an optimum process parameter space is proposed by comparing autoclave, oven curing and vacuum infusion process of manufacturing of GFRP composites. The process parameters, such as the degassing time of resin‐hardener mix, single or double vacuum bagging (DVB), fiber volume fraction and condition of the vacuum pump (VP) were considered. The novelty of the study shows that a VP Off and 5 min degassing condition exhibited 27%, 18% and 27% increase in tensile modulus, tensile strength and interlaminar shear strength as compared to the other methods. The normalized tensile strength, on the other hand, was comparable with DVB, oven and autoclave curing. A magnitude of 1.5 MPa of residual stress was measured with the help of x‐ray diffraction (XRD). This was verified by a Raman Spectroscopy, which showed a residual strain of 0.2% at a spectral peak of 1186 cm−1. The proposed methodology would assist the industries in choosing the right combination of process parameters required for a targeted tensile and interlaminar performance. Effect of out‐of‐autoclave and autoclave processes on the performance of GFRP was studied. Degassing time, vacuum bagging and Vacuum pump conditions were investigated. Vacuum pump Off and 5 min degassing time were found to be optimal. Tensile and Interlaminar shear strength were improved by 18% and 27% at optimal condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights One of the main issues in epoxy‐based composite manufacturing is the formation of porosity derived from moisture absorption during storage and layup due to the high hydrophilicity of epoxy matrices. During the curing process, the presence of moisture and other volatile compounds can initiate the nucleation and growth of voids. In this study, the effect of both the initial water content absorbed in the uncured resin and the pressure on the porosity development in an epoxy resin was investigated. In particular, Kardos' and Ledru's models, aimed at predicting void formation in polymers, were applied to study the effect of different hydrostatic pressures in an epoxy resin during curing up to the gel point, after conditioning it at two different relative humidity levels, 50% and 95%. Subsequently, the porosity of the cured resin samples was quantified through density measurements. Comparative analysis of the microscopy images of cured samples and the predictions of both models revealed an overestimation of the final void sizes by both models, with the Kardos' model exhibiting a higher deviation. Additionally, a finite element model was employed to investigate the conditions leading to void formation, aiming to understand the factors influencing the porosity development and properly set the process parameters during composite manufacturing. Evaluation of the conditions leading to void growth in epoxy resin during curing Moisture sorption in uncured epoxy resin Effect of curing pressure on pore development Finite element analysis for void growth during resin curing [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autoclave is the most important equipment in the composite curing process, and its real-time condition has a direct impact on the quality of composite materials. Therefore, rapid and precise fault diagnosis reasoning is of great significance for the autoclave. To address the shortage of signed directed graph (SDG)-based fault diagnosis method, this paper proposes a fault diagnosis method based on digital twin (DT) enhanced SDG for autoclave. Firstly, the SDG model of autoclave temperature control system is constructed, and the model is improved and enhanced by pre-fault transition state identification, fuzzy confirmation of node states, and simplification of potential branch circuits by using DT. The effectiveness of the method in this paper is verified by fault diagnosis based on SDG and DT-SDG methods respectively. The experimental results show that the method proposed in this paper can improve the speed and resolution of fault diagnosis by reducing the number of potential fault propagation paths and the number of inferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this pilot in-vitro study was to assess the effect of sterilization on the intra-implant axis, inter-implant axis, intra-implant distance and inter-implant distance of three implants in a straight line by using laboratory scanner (LBS) versus intra-oral scanner (IOS) with intra-oral scan bodies (ISB). Methods: A printed 3D model with three internal hex analogs in the positions 15#,16#,17# was used. Zirkonzhan (ZZ) intra-oral scan body (ISB), two-piece titanium was used. The ZZ ISBs were scanned by 7 Series dental wings (LBS) and 30 times by Primescan (IOS) pre sterilization and 30 times post sterilization. For each scan (pre and post) stereolithography (STL) file was created and a comparison between all the scans pre sterilization and post sterilization were superimposed on the laboratory scan by using a 3D analyzing software. A Kolmogorov-Smirnov test performed followed by Wilcoxon Signed Ranks tests. (p < 0.05) Results: Post sterilization of the ZZ ISB, the mean errors were significantly increased for the inter-implant distances (p < 0.0005), intra-implant distances 1,2,3 (p < 0.0005), intra-implant axis 1,3 (p < 0.0005) and inter-implant axes 13,23 (p < 0.05). In contrast, the mean errors for intra-implant axis 2 (p < 0.0005) and inter-implant axis 12 (p < 0.0005) were significantly reduced. Conclusions: ZZ ISB showed changes in all four parameters after sterilization. The middle ISB had the largest changes in mean error regarding all four parameters. Sterilization process may affect the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the ZZ ISB after three cycles. There is a lack in the literature in this field and there is a need for further studies to explore the effect of sterilization (multiple cycles) on different ISBs and for creating an approved guidelines regarding the amount of sterilization for each ISB in the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study optimised a novel autoclave-assisted Fe3O4 nanoparticle pre-treatment (NAAP) for the improvement of reducing sugar (RS) recovery from potato peel waste. The optimised NAAP was further assessed for other lignocellulosic substrates, recyclability, animal feed and bioethanol production. Maximum RS yield of 0.324 g/g was obtained with the optimised NAAP conditions. Recyclability resulted in an average RS yield of 0.254 g/g over three pre-treatment cycles. Moreover, the optimised NAAP for the pre-treatment of corn cob (0.021 g/g), cassava peels (0.242 g/g), bamboo stem (0.357 g/g), Amaranthus (0.428 g/g), sorghum leaves (0.867) and banana pseudostem (1.392 g/g) demonstrated its versatility. Furthermore, the potential of the optimised pre-treated biomass for animal feed waste valorisation and bioethanol production (22.82 g/L) was achieved. The present NAAP pre-treatment provides novel insights on the application of nanotechnology in lignocellulosic bioprocessing, which could eliminate chemical and enzyme usage, while reducing the process costs and its associated negative environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The purpose of this pilot in-vitro study was to assess the effect of sterilization on the intra-implant axis, inter-implant axis, intra-implant distance and inter-implant distance of three implants in a straight line by using laboratory scanner (LBS) versus intra-oral scanner (IOS) with intra-oral scan bodies (ISB). Methods: A printed 3D model with three internal hex analogs in the positions 15#,16#,17# was used. Zirkonzhan (ZZ) intra-oral scan body (ISB), two-piece titanium was used. The ZZ ISBs were scanned by 7 Series dental wings (LBS) and 30 times by Primescan (IOS) pre sterilization and 30 times post sterilization. For each scan (pre and post) stereolithography (STL) file was created and a comparison between all the scans pre sterilization and post sterilization were superimposed on the laboratory scan by using a 3D analyzing software. A Kolmogorov-Smirnov test performed followed by Wilcoxon Signed Ranks tests. (p

Extreme environments are habitats for a diverse array of microorganisms, namely extremophiles, that have evolved unique biochemical adaptations to their geological setting. Some examples of extremophiles can be found in the subseafloor or near hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor. Cultivated strains of extremophiles have demonstrated the ability to tolerate temperatures (T) up to 122 °C and pressures (P) up to 125 MPa. Organisms depend on the stability of key metabolites, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), to survive and reproduce under these conditions. In order to maintain their intracellular ATP levels, living cells must compensate for the abiotic hydrolysis of ATP, which occurs at a particularly rapid rate at high temperatures. The role of high pressures and high temperatures in abiotic hydrolysis of ATP has been rarely investigated despite the potential for this phenomenon to contribute to limit the adaptation of microorganisms to simultaneous extreme temperatures and pressures. This study presents new data on the effect of pressure on the abiotic hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) at elevated temperatures. In situ Raman spectra were measured at high pressure and high temperature of the hydrolysis of aqueous disodium ATP solutions in two experimental systems: a hydrothermal diamond anvil cell (HDAC) and a gas-pressurized autoclave. These two systems permitted the determination of hydrolysis rate constants of ATP into ADP up to 1670 MPa at 80 °C, 100 °C, and 120 °C. The data exhibited Arrhenian behavior with a slight decrease in activation energy from 0.5 MPa to 140 MPa. The effect of pressure on ATP hydrolysis rate constants was found to be vanishingly low in the so far known vital range up to 125 MPa. Abiotic hydrolysis rates of ATP showed a pronounced increase at higher pressures. For example, at 100 °C, a rise in pressure from 365 MPa to approximately 1670 MPa results in a nearly tenfold increase in the ATP hydrolysis rate constant. When compared with the typical ATP turnover times reported in living cells, the abiotic ATP hydrolysis rates determined in this study provide insights into the pressure and temperature conditions that could be consistent with living microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the stress corrosion cracking of heterogeneous welded joints. The welded joints were made of austenitic base metal (AISI 321) and ferritic weld metal by arc welding. Two methods were used to analyze the stress corrosion cracking of samples of this type of welded joint. The first method was a slow strain rate test (SSRT) using a tabletop device at a temperature of 60°C with a graded strain rate for three specimens (10−5 , 10−6 , and 10−7 1/s). The second method was exposure in a corrosion autoclave at a temperature of 270°C and pressure of 12.26 N/mm2 , while prestressing devices were used to achieve the prestressing at the level of yield strength and 3% plastic deformation. One specimen was bent to 60°. Boric acid solutions were used as the medium, which was supposed to simulate the environment of the primary circuit of nuclear power plants, a type of water-water energetic reactor. The surface and the presence of corrosion products, cracks, fractures, or pits on specimens were monitored using scanning electron microscopy, stereomicroscopy, confocal microscopy, and light microscopy. A gravimetric analysis was performed, as well, to determine the corrosion rate after exposure to the autoclave.

Microgravity offers an enticing synthetic knob for materials scientists to explore—however, this environment creates major challenges in hardware development that can turn a simple 3-day experiment into a 3-year long nightmare. This paper provides an overview of engineering an autoclave, compatible with NASA's Solidification Using a Baffle in Sealed Ampoules (SUBSA) furnace, to enable microgravity hydrothermal synthesis—an acceleration-sensitive technique that processes aqueous samples above the boiling point of water. Hydrothermal synthesis is a universal chemical transformation technique that is used to produce a range of advanced materials with applications in alternative energy, healthcare, and the food industry. In this work, we use the synthesis of graphene hydrogel as a case study to verify our hardware design on Earth before launching to the International Space Station for microgravity testing. The design addresses pertinent challenges which include enabling thermal expansion while preventing air bubble formation in solution and implementing a pressure fail-safe above the maximum operating temperature. Our goal in presenting this autoclave design is to provide a step forward towards commercial-of-the-shelf microgravity hardware. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the stress corrosion cracking of heterogeneous welded joints. The welded joints were made of austenitic base metal (AISI 321) and ferritic weld metal by arc welding. Two methods were used to analyze the stress corrosion cracking of samples of this type of welded joint. The first method was a slow strain rate test (SSRT) using a tabletop device at a temperature of 60°C with a graded strain rate for three specimens (10-5, 10-6, and 10-7 1/s). The second method was exposure in a corrosion autoclave at a temperature of 270°C and pressure of 12.26 N/mm², while prestressing devices were used to achieve the prestressing at the level of yield strength and 3% plastic deformation. One specimen was bent to 60°. Boric acid solutions were used as the medium, which was supposed to simulate the environment of the primary circuit of nuclear power plants, a type of water-water energetic reactor. The surface and the presence of corrosion products, cracks, fractures, or pits on specimens were monitored using scanning electron microscopy, stereomicroscopy, confocal microscopy, and light microscopy. A gravimetric analysis was performed, as well, to determine the corrosion rate after exposure to the autoclave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Improving the utilisation of alternative protein ingredients in livestock production will reduce feeding costs and improve industry sustainability. Feather meal (FM) is an abundant, alternative protein source with a high protein content but poor amino acid (AA) digestibility. Aim: This study evaluated strategies for improving AA digestibility of FM. Methods: Experiment 1 examined the effects of physical treatment with ultrasound, microwave and autoclaving on FM AA profile and digestibility. Experiment 2 evaluated the dietary addition of a protease (Ronozyme ProAct, 200 and 600 mg/kg; RPA) and a probiotic (BioPlus 400, 1500 mg/kg) on FM AA digestibility. Apparent ileal digestibility was determined by feeding each treatment to four replicate groups of six birds in Experiment 1 and five replicate groups of seven birds in Experiment 2, and then collecting the contents of the lower half of the ileum. Key results: None of the physical treatments improved (P > 0.05) the AA profile or ileal AA digestibility of FM. Dietary supplementation with RPA at 200 mg/kg or BioPlus 400 at 1500 mg/kg did not significantly (P > 0.05) influence the apparent ileal AA digestibility of FM. However, the higher concentration of RPA (600 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.05) increased the apparent ileal AA digestibility of FM. Conclusion: The increased digestibility of FM by the protease and numerical increase (P < 0.1) by the probiotic (1500 mg/kg) presumably reflects keratinase activity of both feed supplements. Implications: The results of this study indicated that there is scope for further improvement in the nutritive value of FM for broilers. Feather meal (FM) is a major by-product of the poultry industry and is potentially a valuable source of crude protein and amino acids. However, the major constraint to its use is the feather protein keratin that reduces FM digestibility. The aim of this study was to explore technologies to improve FM digestibility. This article belongs to the Collection Sustainable Animal Agriculture for Developing Countries 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The method of chemical cleaning of the surface of blades of gas turbine units in a solution of orthophosphoric and sulfuric acids using a purpose-designed closed-type autoclave microwave system "Mars 5" and ultrasonic exposure in distilled water is described. The two-stage cleaning involves the chemical action of the acid solution in the autoclave and ultrasonic cleaning in the stage of washing. The effect of acid solutions of various concentrations on the degree of surface cleaning from metal oxides and microcracks in the gas turbine blades is studied. It is shown that when the samples of gas turbine blades are treated in the "Mars 5" autoclave with a solution of acids and with ultrasound in the washing stage, the residual oxygen content reflecting the presence of oxides on the surface of the samples is less than 1%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pressure steam sterilization is the preferred sterilization method for damp-heat resistant medical devices. This study aims to reveal the risk of sterilization failure by using temperature and pressure detectors to detect changes in the performance of the sterilizer. Six autoclaves in a general hospital were selected as the research objects, and the key sterilization parameters such as sterilization temperature, sterilization time, sterilization pressure, and equilibration time were verified, and the performance of the sterilizer was evaluated. This paper provides a new way to monitor the sterilization process and to detect hidden dangers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying heat treatments using an autoclave and hot air sterilization can alter the proximal composition, technofunctional properties, and antinutrient content of Sacha inchi (P. volubilis) oil press cake. The autoclave and hot air treatments significantly reduced antinutrients compared to the control. The samples treated with autoclave and hot air sterilization exhibited a significant decrease in alkaloids, nitrates, tannins, saponins, and trypsin inhibitors compared to the control sample. However, the 20-min autoclave treatment did not significantly reduce the saponin antinutrients. Phytic acid significantly decreased in the 30-min hot air sample and autoclave 20-min/hot air treatments, respectively. On the other hand, the levels of antinutrients oxalate and thiocyanates did not significant difference between the control and hot air treatments. However, the autoclave treatment resulted in a significant reduction in oxalates. The study found that hydrotreatments at temperatures of 121 °C with humid heat - autoclave showed significant differences in protein content compared to the control sample, with content of 37.75 + 0.2 g/100g. Samples treated with an autoclave for 10, 20, and 30 min showed values of protein 53.19 + 0.28, 66.08 + 2.6, and 70.12 + 0.48 g/100g, respectively. Meanwhile, samples treated with dry heat showed significant differences with the sample treated for 10 min having a protein content of 60.21 + 6.80 g/100g. The techno-functional properties analyzed in the study demonstrated a significant decrease in hydrating properties such as water holding capacity (WHC), water retention capacity (WRC), and swelling capacity (SC) due to changes in the solubility of proteins for the two treatments and the oil holding capacity (OHC) property showed a significant increase. Finally, water's presence during hydrothermal treatments significantly reduces antinutrients, providing guidance for analyzing other study variables.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and sterilization on the nanostructural alteration of nickel titanium (Ni-Ti) rotary file systems in endodontics using the atomic force microscopy (AFM). Materials and Methods: The study was performed on four commercially available rotary Ni-Ti files: group I—Vortex Blue (Dentsply), group II—ProTaper Next (Dentsply), group III—Mtwo (VDW), and group IV—iRaCe (FKG). Each group was divided into four subgroups (n = 4), that is, subgroup A—control (new rotary file), subgroup B—subjected for five cycles of autoclave, subgroup C—immersed in 5.25% NaOCl for 5 minutes, and subgroup D—immersed in 17% EDTA solutions for 5 minutes. All the specimens were evaluated with AFM using roughness average (RA) and root-mean-square (RMS) values for surface roughness. Results: Among control groups, Vortex Blue showed the least RA and RMS values; the highest surface roughness was seen with Mtwo files. All the Ni-Ti rotary files showed a statistically significant (P

Background The mechanical qualities of Ni-Ti is crucial because they give the files their flexibility and enable us to prepare curved and double-curved canals with more ease. It happens frequently for instruments to separate during canal preparation, and cyclic fatigue (metal fatigue) is a frequent cause. This study aimed to assess how irrigation affected the two rotary endodontic instruments’ cyclic fatigue resistance. Methods The Edge File and Fanta File rotary endodontic instrument groups were chosen. Each group (n = 42) was split into 3 subgroups (n = 14 each), one receiving NaOH, one Glycine, and one EDTA treatment. The number of cycles to failure (NCF) was determined after each subgroup underwent testing for cyclic fatigue resistance. Results The result appeared different significant between the two group and sub-group with the different materials that used with it with the length of fractures and time that recorded in each group. Conclusion NaOCl, glycine, and EDTA as chemical materials appeared to have considerably varied cycle fatigue resistance for various lengths of fractures and durations, according to the comparison between the two evaluated instruments.

There is currently increased interest in the use of alternatives to autoclaved culture media, in order to maintain the properties of the media, while saving energy and time. In this study, we assess a new system for culture media preparation, using a conventional microwave with a water bath and a glass bottle with a rubber cap that allows depressurization. Sterilization, using the proposed system (1000 W, 3 to 20 min), was compared with autoclaving for the preparation of tryptone soy agar (TSA), tryptone soy broth (TSB), Sabouraud 4% dextrose agar (SDA), and violet red bile glucose agar (VRBG). Microwave exposure for 7 min yielded sterile TSA plates. The productivity of both sterilization methods was assessed using the pour plate method, and significant increases in the growth of certain micro-organisms after using a microwave were observed for every culture medium, especially those that were sterilized by boiling (VRBG). The kinetics of microbial destruction showed that Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis spores were destroyed after 3 and 7 min in a microwave, respectively, while three decimal reductions were obtained for Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores after 15 min in an autoclave. This new sterilization method could be a feasible, rapid, and economical method to prepare microbiological media, with a quality similar to that obtained through autoclaving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary This study explores enhancing lipid recovery from the lipid‐rich marine microalgae Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1, known for its robust cell wall posing challenges, which necessitates energy‐intensive cell‐disruption for efficient intracellular lipid extraction. Despite advancements in other microalgae, there is lack of reports on efficient cell disruption for Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1 which is vital to reduce the energy costs and minimising the downstream process while maximising lipid yields. Three process intensification technologies (PIT) – microwave treatment, autoclave treatment and ultrasonication were employed on wet Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1 cells to improve the lipid extraction efficiency. Assessing the disruption effectiveness via lipid content, suspension turbidity and particle size distribution, alongside scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for cellular morphology changes post‐PIT treatments, this study indicates all three methods reduced particle size with prolonged treatment time, implying successful cell wall disruption and intracellular component release. Ultrasonication, especially at 50 W power for 10 min, exhibited the highest efficacy, yielding lipid content of 67.76 ± 0.03%. Microscopic analysis unveiled ultrasonication‐induced cell shrinkage and increased membrane permeability, supporting its effectiveness in enhancing solvent penetration for improved lipid recovery. This research underscores PIT techniques' potential as sustainable, energy‐efficient strategies for lipid extraction from Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1 microalgae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorella and Spirulina are the most used microalgae mainly as powder, tablets, or capsules. However, the recent change in lifestyle of modern society encouraged the emergence of liquid food supplements. The current work evaluated the efficiency of several hydrolysis methods (ultrasound-assisted hydrolysis UAH, acid hydrolysis AH, autoclave-assisted hydrolysis AAH, and enzymatic hydrolysis EH) in order to develop liquid dietary supplements from Chlorella and Spirulina biomasses. Results showed that, EH gave the highest proteins content (78% and 31% for Spirulina and Chlorella, respectively) and also increased pigments content (4.5 mg/mL of phycocyanin and 12 µg/mL of carotenoids). Hydrolysates obtained with EH showed the highest scavenging activity (95–91%), allowing us, with the other above features, to propose this method as convenient for liquid food supplements development. Nevertheless, it has been shown that the choice of hydrolysis method depended on the vocation of the product to be prepared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autoclave devices are used to perform high‐temperature sterilization processes under pressure. Autoclaves can be integrated with an absorption refrigeration cycle to utilize the waste heat generated at high temperature during the process. Today, many studies are carried out on the evaluation of energy resources. In this study, it is designed to obtain a cooling load by adding an integrated sub‐cycle to the waste steam heat of the autoclave device in a sterilization unit. In the lower cycle, the ammonia/water absorption refrigeration cycle is used. According to the energy analysis; With the condition that the cooling temperature is 7°C, the generator temperature of 95°C and a cooling load of 130.9 W occurred with 531.7 W of waste heat received by the absorption cooling system. Accordingly, an efficiency of COP 0.246 was obtained. The energy analysis of the absorption refrigeration cycle can improve the energy efficiency of the autoclave and save energy. In addition, the obtained cooling load will be preserved in medical supplies that need to be kept cold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and sterilization on the nanostructural alteration of nickel titanium (Ni-Ti) rotary file systems in endodontics using the atomic force microscopy (AFM). Materials and Methods: The study was performed on four commercially available rotary Ni-Ti files: group I—Vortex Blue (Dentsply), group II—ProTaper Next (Dentsply), group III—Mtwo (VDW), and group IV—iRaCe (FKG). Each group was divided into four subgroups (n = 4), that is, subgroup A—control (new rotary file), subgroup B—subjected for five cycles of autoclave, subgroup C—immersed in 5.25% NaOCl for 5 minutes, and subgroup D—immersed in 17% EDTA solutions for 5 minutes. All the specimens were evaluated with AFM using roughness average (RA) and root-mean-square (RMS) values for surface roughness. Results: Among control groups, Vortex Blue showed the least RA and RMS values; the highest surface roughness was seen with Mtwo files. All the Ni-Ti rotary files showed a statistically significant (P <0.05) increase in surface hardness when subjected to autoclave and treatment with different irrigating solutions. In particular, 17% EDTA caused the highest surface deterioration in all the groups. Conclusion: AFM analysis revealed increased surface roughness values recorded for all the rotary files when treated with irrigating solutions and autoclave cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this study, the influence of the technological parameters of autoclave curing on the resulting mechanical properties of laminates was investigated. The main criterion for optimizing the curing was to extend the processing window with a lower prepreg viscosity. At the same time, the issue of setting the pressure level before the heat ramp to the final cure temperature was also addressed. An experimental method of measuring the indentation viscosity of the prepreg was used to determine the viscosity profile. Despite the experimental nature of the method, the reliability of this method for rapid approximate identification of the processing window of the prepreg was verified by the results of the study. Several laminates with the same ply orientation were produced using the selected cure cycles, from which test specimens were cut with a water jet and inspected by confocal microscopy. The mechanical properties of tension and flexure were measured within the individual curing cycles using tests according to ISO standards. The data reported demonstrate that the experimental method of optimizing the curing parameters has successfully increased the selected mechanical properties. The resulting mechanical properties of the laminates were enhanced by up to 20% compared to the non-optimized cure cycle. The influence of the type of cure cycle on the resulting thickness of the cured laminate was evaluated in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tomato is an economically important crop that grows worldwide. The numerous fungal pathogens attacking tomato crops and causing severe diseases lead to yield loss. A few studies conducted regarding the identification of tomato fungal pathogens in Pakistan. However, no report was found to identify the fungal pathogens of tomato crops grown in Sindh. This study aimed to isolate, identify and characterize the tomato fungal pathogens in District Kamber Shahdadkot. Subsequently, thirty diseased tomato plant samples (leaves & stems) were collected from distinct villages of Taluka Kamber District Kamber Shahdadkot. These samples were collected in polythene bags and marked with symbols like S1, S2 and so on (S=Sample). All samples were brought into Botany Department lab and CBC Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur. PDA media was prepared, sterilized and poured into petri plates. Prior to the inoculation, pieces from samples were soaked in a 1% solution of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for a minute. The petri plates were inoculated separately and incubated at natural room temperature (260C to 280C) for arising and growth. Three days later, the inoculation site manifests signs and symptoms of fungal development. Within a week fungus reached at preferable growth and spores were formed. Two slides from each petriplate were prepared i. e. one from the center of the cultures and other from the margins of the cultures. In order to finish this application, slide-sized scotch tape was cut up and immersed on the surface of cultures gently. The off cuts of the scotch tap introduced the fungal materials (mycelia and spores), which were pressed with love to the glass slides and observed. The fungi identification was made by using applications of morphological characteristics like morphology of the cultures, nature, and type of the mycelium, the shape of spores, and the color of the spores. Following these characters two fungal species were identified i. e. Curvularia lunata and Alternaria alternata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we present a mathematical model applied to the concentration of solar energy. This system is designed to prepare steam to meet the sterilization needs of medical instruments. A conical concentrator coupled to an autoclave in cylindrical form is placed in the conical reflector axis. We present a mathematical model explaining the thermal behaviour of water in a medical autoclave. The validation of the model was well done with the literature results. Our results indicate that the system produces saturated steam and takes 20 to 30 min, depending on climatic conditions and autoclave dimensions. The sufficient time to reach a temperature of more than 121 °C where no organism reproduces after being kept in an autoclave at 126 °C for 6 min or at 121 °C for at least 20 min. The simulation results encourage us to optimize the concentrator device to obtain a useful solar sterilizer, using the theoretical model as a safe guide to achieve this.

Background The mechanical qualities of Ni-Ti is crucial because they give the files their flexibility and enable us to prepare curved and double-curved canals with more ease. It happens frequently for instruments to separate during canal preparation, and cyclic fatigue (metal fatigue) is a frequent cause. This study aimed to assess how irrigation affected the two rotary endodontic instruments’ cyclic fatigue resistance. Methods The Edge File and Fanta File rotary endodontic instrument groups were chosen. Each group (n = 42) was split into 3 subgroups (n = 14 each), one receiving NaOH, one Glycine, and one EDTA treatment. The number of cycles to failure (NCF) was determined after each subgroup underwent testing for cyclic fatigue resistance. Results The result appeared different significant between the two group and sub-group with the different materials that used with it with the length of fractures and time that recorded in each group. Conclusion NaOCl, glycine, and EDTA as chemical materials appeared to have considerably varied cycle fatigue resistance for various lengths of fractures and durations, according to the comparison between the two evaluated instruments.

This research aimed to stabilize rice bran to reduce enzymatic reactions and optimize rice bran oil extraction using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The optimization was performed using response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that rice bran oil has three primary fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, palmitic). Stabilization of rice bran using an autoclave (121 °C) for 10 min was recommended, with oil yield (14.2%), free fatty acid/FFA (0.41%), and gamma oryzanol (16.1 ppm). The storage significantly affected oil yield and gamma oryzanol but not FFA (p>0.05). The untreated and stabilized rice bran FFA during 18-day storage ranged from 1.33 to 5.73% and 0.41 to 1.12%. This confirmed that stabilization could inactivate lipase enzymes by reducing FFA. The optimization showed that the linear model best explained oil yield, total phenol content (TPC), and antioxidant activity (IC50), while the 2FI model was best fitted for gamma oryzanol. The optimal condition was found for UAE extraction at an amplitude of 90% and a time of 30 min. Verifying optimal conditions resulted in oil yield (13.6%), TPC (44.8 mg GAE/g), IC50 (207.2 ppm), and gamma oryzanol (15.8 ppm). Further in-depth studies are required to investigate using green solvents in the UAE and gamma oryzanol purification.

Present investigation evaluated physicochemical and functional properties of Manila tamarind seed flour and seed protein isolate. Seed flour was defatted using petroleum ether (bp 40–60 °C) and used for preparation of protein isolate by alkaline extraction followed by isoelectric precipitation. Protein content in the seed flour was 32.59 ± 2.05% and 85.17 ± 0.31% in seed protein isolate. Protein isolates were treated with ultrasound (180W and 35 kHz) and autoclave (121℃ and 15psi) alone and in combination for 15 and 30 min, respectively. The autoclave treatment resulted in reduction of emulsification properties, protein solubility, and water and oil absorption capacity of the protein isolate but the same properties got enhanced with ultrasound treatment. Bulk density of samples increased with both treatments. The combination of treatments resulted in enhancement of all functional properties studied except bulk density and particle density. The values of protein solubility and water and oil absorption capacity of seed protein isolate increased from 64.11 ± 0.37% (native), 166.66 ± 2.51% (native), and 171.33 ± 1.52% (native) to 78.45 ± 1.04% (modified), 194 ± 1.73%, and 206 ± 4.00%, respectively, after autoclave and ultrasound treatments. Emulsifying activity and emulsion stability ranged between 56.47 ± 0.65% (native) to 78.19 ± 0.72% (modified) and 52.54 ± 0.80% (native) to 68.76 ± 0.81% (modified). SDS-PAGE pattern of the seed protein isolate (native and modified) revealed distinct dark bands between 50 and 90 kDa and certain fragmented bands in some of the modified samples. High molecular weight proteins were found to be stable towards the autoclave and ultrasound treatments, whereas low molecular weight proteins(~ 14–16 kDa and < 10 kDa) were slightly affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the current study was to determine the effects of thermal treatment (autoclaving) of several dietary feed ingredients, including fishmeal, soybean meal, wheat bran, yellow corn, and barley, on the apparent digestibility coefficients ADCs, as well as the growth and feed efficiency of common carp, Cyprinus carpio fingerlings. The feed ingredients were autoclaved for 10 min at 121ºC and 15 psi in a laboratory autoclave. Two experiments were conducted, the first consisted of 11 diets, reference, and 10 experimental diets (reference was mixed with each raw or autoclaved test ingredient in a ratio of 70:30) to determine the digestibility of feed ingredients. The second experiment consisted of 8 diets, a control diet of raw ingredients and seven experimental diets were formulated, five of them in which one of the raw feed ingredients was replaced with the autoclaved one, the sixth in which three raw ingredients (wheat bran, yellow corn, and barley) were replaced together with the autoclaved ones, and the seventh in which all the raw ingredients were replaced with the autoclaved ones. The results of the first experiment presented that autoclaving significantly enhanced ADCs of dry matter, protein, and energy, of all feed ingredients except fishmeal. The results of the second experiment similarly presented that the thermal treatment significantly enhanced ADCs in the diets containing autoclaved soybean meal or wheat bran, yellow corn, and barley or all ingredients compared control diet. The growth and feed efficiency were better significantly in autoclaved soybean meal or all ingredients diets compared control diet. It is advised that plant-based ingredients, especially soybean meal, be thermally-processed to improve their nutritional value and lessen their environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research was to evaluate which medical waste treatment would benefit Brčko Hospital the most by using multicriteria decision-making, combining extended sustainability criteria with technical criteria. Six medical waste treatments were observed using these criteria. The evaluation was conducted through expert group decision-making and linguistic evaluations. These evaluations were converted into fuzzy numbers and assessed using the IMF SWARA (Improved Fuzzy Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis) and fuzzy WASPAS (Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment) methods. The weights of the criteria were determined using the IMF SWARA method, revealing that the ecological criteria carried the greatest weight. Fuzzy WASPAS was employed to rank the treatments, and the results indicated that the microwave and autoclave treatments showed the best indicators. This conclusion was supported by validating the research findings using six additional fuzzy methods and conducting sensitivity analysis. According to the research conducted, it is necessary to first treat medical waste and then dispose of it in the prescribed manner to reduce the impact on the environment and the health of living beings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the potential of α‐HH formation from gypsum originating from activated and hydrated natural anhydrite. For this, gypsum was prepared from natural anhydrite and treated in an autoclave process under hydrothermal conditions (150 mbar and 130 °C). For comparison, fgd‐gypsum was treated accordingly. Succinic acid, maleic acid and additional α‐HH seeds were used as crystallization aids. QXRD results show the transformation of gypsum into hemihydrate after a residence time of 8 h and 4 h. SEM images distinguish the α‐HH and β‐HH modifications. For fgd‐gypsum pellets, the β‐HH modification predominates. Gypsum from natural anhydrite shows α‐HH crystals with succinic acid and without crystallization aid. When maleic acid is present, crystals appear as intermediates between α‐HH and β‐HH. To isolate the effect of the crystallization aids, α‐HH and succinic acid were used separately and simultaneously. SEM images indicate the formation of α‐HH from β‐HH. The shapes of the original β‐HH conglomerates are still visible, yet acicular crystals with smooth surfaces (α‐HH) are visible at a high magnification. Longest crystals appear when α‐HH and succinic acid are used simultaneously indicating a synergetic effect of both crystallization aids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-constituent incorporation into composites has been extensively studied in the literature due to its improvement in static and dynamic mechanical properties, as well as its prevention from interlaminar crack initiation and propagation. This work introduces a detailed manufacturing process of nano-engineered composite laminates, from impregnation to consolidation, without damaging the initial morphology of carbon nanotubes transferred on prepreg interfaces. Based on prepreg and vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) synthesized on an aluminium alloy (Al) substrate, the impregnation step allows for the transfer of VACNTs onto the prepreg surface through partial resin-rising capillarity. The Al alloy substrate is then removed from the VACNTs through a separation step, ensuring highly effective and repeatable transfer with more than 80% VACNTs transferred onto the prepreg surface. This paper provides insight into the impregnation and transfer processes and guides the choice of process parameters to ensure minimal VACNTs buckling during the consolidation of the hybrid composites at high pressure in an autoclave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary fiber (DF) is referred to be the "seventh fundamental nutrient," but the natural availability of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) in fruits and vegetables is minimal. So, the attempt is made to convert insoluble dietary fibers (IDF) into SDF from waste orange peels using micronization, autoclave, and a newly created hybrid approach that combines two technologies (autoclave followed by micronization). The goal of this study is to evaluate and enhance the nutritional, physicochemical, and other properties of DFs using micronization (mechanical comminution), autoclave (hydrothermal treatment), and hybrid approaches. Micronization, autoclave, and hybrid techniques successfully increased SDF from 4.71 to 10.16, 25.44, and 23.69%, respectively. SDF enhancement in micronization is rather low; however, the greatest growth is observed in physicochemical properties such as water and oil retention capacity and water swelling capacity. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to examine the environmental effect by different midpoint indicators of three processes for a lab size life cycle inventory. Global warming potential of the micronization process is relatively low compared to other two processes, i.e., 1.54 kg CO2 equivalent. Aside from that, crystallinity and morphological studies of soluble dietary fiber concentrate (SDFC) were carried out utilizing X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to stabilize rice bran to reduce enzymatic reactions and optimize rice bran oil extraction using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The optimization was performed using response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that rice bran oil has three primary fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, palmitic). Stabilization of rice bran using an autoclave (121 °C) for 10 min was recommended, with oil yield (14.2%), free fatty acid/FFA (0.41%), and gamma oryzanol (16.1 ppm). The storage significantly affected oil yield and gamma oryzanol but not FFA (p>0.05). The untreated and stabilized rice bran FFA during 18-day storage ranged from 1.33 to 5.73% and 0.41 to 1.12%. This confirmed that stabilization could inactivate lipase enzymes by reducing FFA. The optimization showed that the linear model best explained oil yield, total phenol content (TPC), and antioxidant activity (IC50), while the 2FI model was best fitted for gamma oryzanol. The optimal condition was found for UAE extraction at an amplitude of 90% and a time of 30 min. Verifying optimal conditions resulted in oil yield (13.6%), TPC (44.8 mg GAE/g), IC50 (207.2 ppm), and gamma oryzanol (15.8 ppm). Further in-depth studies are required to investigate using green solvents in the UAE and gamma oryzanol purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTThe objective of the current research is to explore the nutritional, structural, and sensorial properties of bulgur prepared from different wheat cultivars. For the purpose, three different wheat cultivars, i.e., Dilkash-2020, Akbar-2019, and Anaj-2017, were procured and evaluated for their physicochemical characteristics using respective methods. In addition, structural properties of product (bulgur) were characterized through Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. Results elucidated that physicochemical characteristics of Dilkash-2020 were significantly (p ≤ .05) higher as compared to Akbar-2019, followed by Anaj-2017. Moreover, autoclave technique retained the nutritional profile of bulgur as compared to traditional cooking methods. It is observed that protein (12.7 ± 0.04%), fibers (12.5 ± 0.07%), minerals contents and antioxidant activity were significantly improved in bulgur (Dilkash-2020) processed through autoclave. Additionally, autoclave method retained the nutritional profile and antioxidant activity of bulgur. The mineral composition of bulgur revealed that calcium content in bulgur ranged from 368 ± 0.02–532 ± 0.00 mg/kg, potassium (745 ± 0.05–948 ± 0.03 mg/kg), iron (30 ± 0.04–53 ± 0.01 mg/kg) and sodium (168 ± 0.03–318 ± 0.11 mg/kg). In FTIR spectra, different phytochemical groups were identified especially alkene, halo, alcohol, organic-nitro, carbon aromatic and thiol groups. Furthermore, sensorial scores of bulgur prepared from autoclave were also higher than traditional method. In addition, overall acceptability of Dilkash-2020 bulgur was higher as compared to other varieties. Conclusively, wheat Dilkash-2020 has significant potential for bulgur production and autoclave is an effective method to retain the nutritional profile of bulgur.