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Hot Jupiters present a unique opportunity for measuring how planet formation history shapes present-day atmospheric composition. However, due to the myriad pathways influencing composition, a well-constructed sample of planets is needed to determine whether formation history can be accurately traced back from atmospheric composition. To this end, the BOWIE-ALIGN survey (A spectral Light Investigation into hot gas Giant origiNs by the collaboration of Bristol, Oxford, Warwick, Imperial, Exeter,  +) will compare the compositions of eight hot Jupiters around F stars, four with orbits aligned with the stellar rotation axis, and four misaligned. Using the alignment as an indicator for planets that underwent disc migration or high-eccentricity migration, one can determine whether migration history produces notable differences in composition between the two samples of planets. This paper describes the planet formation model that motivates our observing programme. Our model traces the accretion of chemical components from the gas and dust in the disc over a broad parameter space to create a full, unbiased model sample from which we can estimate the range of final atmospheric compositions. For high metallicity atmospheres (⁠|$\mathrm{ O}\mathrm{ /H}\ge 10 \times$|  solar), the C/O ratios of aligned and misaligned planets diverge, with aligned planets having lower C/O (⁠|$\lt 0.25$|⁠) due to the accretion of oxygen-rich silicates from the inner disc. However, silicates may rain out instead of releasing their oxygen into the atmosphere. This would significantly increase the C/O of aligned planets (C/O |$\gt 0.6$|⁠), inverting the trend between the aligned and misaligned planets. Nevertheless, by comparing statistically significant samples of aligned and misaligned planets, we expect atmospheric composition to constrain how planets form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition of a planet's atmosphere is intricately linked to the chemical makeup of the protoplanetary disc in which it formed. Determining the elemental abundances from key volatiles within discs is therefore essential for establishing connections between the composition of discs and planets. The disc around the Herbig Ae star HD 169142 is a compelling target for such a study due to its molecule-rich nature and the presence of a newly forming planet between two prominent dust rings. In this work, we probe the chemistry of the HD 169142 disc at small spatial scales, drawing links between the composition of the disc and the planet-accreted gas. Using thermochemical models and archival data, we constrain the elemental abundances of volatile carbon, oxygen, and sulfur. Carbon and oxygen are only moderately depleted from the gas phase relative to their interstellar abundances, with the inner ~60 au appearing enriched in volatile oxygen. The carbon-to-oxygen ratio is approximately solar within the inner disc (~0.5) and rises above this in the outer disc (>0.5), as expected across the H |$_2$| O snowline. The gas-phase sulfur abundance is depleted by a factor of ~1000, consistent with a number of other protoplanetary discs. Interestingly, the observed SiS emission near the HD 169142 b protoplanet vastly exceeds chemical model predictions, supporting previous hypotheses suggesting its origin in shocked gas or a localized outflow. We contextualize our findings in terms of the potential atmospheric composition of the embedded planet, and highlight the utility of sulfur-bearing molecules as probes of protoplanetary disc chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), onboard the Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) satellite launched in October 2017, is dedicated to monitoring the atmospheric composition associated with air quality and climate change. This paper presents the global retrieval of TROPOMI tropospheric formaldehyde (HCHO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)vertical columns using an updated version of the Peking University OMI NO2 (POMINO) algorithm, which focuses on improving the calculation of air mass factors (AMFs). The algorithm features explicit corrections for the surface reflectance anisotropy and aerosol optical effects, and uses daily high-resolution (0.25°×0.25°) a priori HCHO and NO2 profiles from the Global Earth Observing System Composition Forecast (GEOS-CF) dataset. For cloud correction, a consistent approach is used for both HCHO and NO2 retrievals, where (1) the cloud fraction is re-calculated at 440 nm using the same ancillary parameters as those used in the NO2 AMF calculation, and (2) the cloud top pressure is taken from the operational FRESCO-S cloud product. The comparison between POMINO and reprocessed (RPRO) operational products in April, July, October 2021 and January 2022 exhibits high spatial agreement, but RPRO tropospheric HCHO and NO2 columns are lower by 10 % to 20 % over polluted regions. Sensitivity tests with POMINO show that the HCHO retrieval differences are mainly caused by different aerosol correction methods (implicit versus explicit), prior information of vertical profile shapes and background corrections; while the NO2 retrieval discrepancies result from different aerosol corrections, surface reflectances and a priori vertical profile shapes as well as their non-linear interactions. With explicit aerosol corrections, the HCHO structural uncertainty due to the cloud correction using different cloud parameters is within ± 20 %, mainly caused by cloud height differences. Validation against ground-based measurements from global Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations and the Pandonia Global Network (PGN) shows that in April, July, October 2021 and January 2022, POMINO retrievals present a comparable day-to-day correlation but a reduced bias compared to the RPRO products (HCHO: R = 0.62, NMB = −30.8 % versus R = 0.68, NMB = −35.0 %; NO2: R = 0.84, NMB = −9.5 % versus R = 0.85, NMB = −19.4 %). An improved agreement of HCHO/NO2 ratio (FNR) with PGN measurements based on POMINO retrievals is also found (R = 0.83, NMB = −18.4 % versus R = 0.82, NMB = −24.1 %). Our POMINO retrieval provides a useful source of information particularly for studies combining HCHO and NO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most exoplanets with a few Earth radii are more inflated than bare-rock planets with the same mass, indicating a substantial volatile amount. Neither the origin of the volatiles nor the planet's bulk composition can be constrained from the mass–radius relation alone, and the spectral characterization of their atmospheres is needed to solve this degeneracy. Previous studies showed that chemical interaction between accreted volatile and possible molten rocky surface (i.e., magma ocean) can greatly affect the atmospheric composition. However, a variety in the atmospheric compositions of such planets with different properties remains elusive. In this work, we examine the dependence of atmospheric H, O, and C on planetary parameters (atmospheric thickness, planetary mass, equilibrium temperature, and magma properties such as redox state) assuming nebula gas accretion on an Earth-like core, using an atmosphere-magma chemical equilibrium model. Consistent with previous work, we show that atmospheric H2O fraction on a fully molten rocky interior with an Earth-like redox state is on the order of 10−2–10−1 regardless of other planetary parameters. Despite the solubility difference between H- and C-bearing species, C/H increases only a few times above the nebula value except for atmospheric pressure ≲1000 bar and H2O fraction ≳10%. This results in a negative O/H–C/O trend and depleted C/O below one-tenth of the nebula gas value under an oxidized atmosphere, which could provide a piece of evidence of rocky interior and endogenic water. We also highlight the importance of constraints on the high-pressure material properties for interpreting the magma–atmospheric interaction of inflated planets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present top-down global gridded emissions of NOx for the year 2022. This dataset is constructed from retrievals of tropospheric vertical column densities of NO2 by the TROPOMI spaceborne instrument associated with winds and atmospheric composition data from ECMWF reanalyses, using an improved version of a mass-balance atmospheric inversion. The emissions are provided with a spatial resolution of 0.0625°×0.0625° and deliver a detailed overview of the distribution of emissions. They allow the identification of intense area sources and isolated emitters, and the quantification of their associated emissions. At global level, the emissions obtained are consistent with the EDGARv6.1 bottom-up inventory, although there are differences at regional level, particularly in emerging countries and countries with low observation densities. The three largest emitting countries, China, the United States and India, are 11, 16 and 6 % lower than EDGAR estimates. Uncertainties remain high, and a quantitative analysis of emissions over several averaging periods indicates that averaging emissions uniformly across the year may be sufficient to obtain estimates consistent with annual averages, in regions of the world with high retrieval densities. This dataset is designed to be updated with a low latency to help policymakers monitor emissions and implement energy savings and clean air quality policies. The data can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13957837 as monthly files (Rey-Pommier et al., 2024). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic emissions alter atmospheric composition and therefore the climate, with implications for air pollution- and climate-related human health. Mortality attributable to air pollution and non-optimal temperature is a major concern, expected to shift under future climate change and socioeconomic scenarios. In this work, results from numerical simulations are used to assess future changes in mortality attributable to long-term exposure to both non-optimal temperature and air pollution simultaneously. Here we show that under a realistic scenario, end-of-century mortality could quadruple from present-day values to around 30 (95% confidence level:12-53) million people/year. While pollution-related mortality is projected to increase five-fold, temperature-related mortality will experience a seven-fold rise, making it a more important health risk factor than air pollution for at least 20% of the world's population. These findings highlight the urgent need to implement stronger climate policies to prevent future loss of life, outweighing the benefits of air quality improvements alone. For different future scenarios, end-of-century mortality could quadruple from present day values. Importantly, the non-optimal temperature attributable mortality will increase at faster rate than the air pollution one, making it a more important health risk factor than air pollution for at least 20% of the world's population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The elemental and isotopic abundances of volatiles like carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen may trace a planet's formation location relative to H2O, CO2, CO, NH3, and N2 "snowlines," or the distance from the star at which these volatile elements sublimate. By comparing the C/O and 12C/13C ratios measured in giant exoplanet atmospheres to complementary measurements of their host stars, we can determine whether the planet inherited stellar abundances from formation inside the volatile snowlines, or nonstellar C/O and 13C enrichment characteristic of formation beyond the snowlines. To date, there are still only a handful of exoplanet systems where we can make a direct comparison of elemental and isotopic CNO abundances between an exoplanet and its host star. Here, we present a 12C/13C abundance analysis for host star WASP-77A (whose hot Jupiter's 12C/13C abundance was recently measured). We use MARCS stellar atmosphere models and the radiative transfer code TurboSpectrum to generate synthetic stellar spectra for isotopic abundance calculations. We find a 12C/13C ratio of 51 ± 6 for WASP-77A, which is subsolar (∼91) but may still indicate 13C enrichment in its companion planet WASP-77A b (12C/13C = 26 ± 16, previously reported). Together with the inventory of carbon and oxygen abundances in both the host and companion planet, these chemical constraints point to WASP-77A b's formation beyond the H2O and CO2 snowlines and provide chemical evidence for the planet's migration to its current location ∼0.024 au from its host star. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fe2O3 produced in a deep magma ocean in equilibrium with core-destined alloy sets the early redox budget and atmospheric composition of terrestrial planets. Previous experiments (≤28 gigapascals) and first-principles calculations indicate that a deep terrestrial magma ocean produces appreciable Fe3+ but predict Fe3+/ΣFe ratios that conflict by an order of magnitude. We present Fe3+/ΣFe of glasses quenched from melts equilibrated with Fe alloy at 38 to 71 gigapascals, 3600 to 4400 kelvin, analyzed by synchrotron Mössbauer spectroscopy. These indicate Fe3+/ΣFe of 0.056 to 0.112 in a terrestrial magma ocean with mean alloy-silicate equilibration pressures of 28 to 53 gigapascals, producing sufficient Fe2O3 to account for the modern bulk silicate Earth redox budget and surficial conditions near or more oxidizing than the iron-wüstite buffer, which would stabilize a primitive CO-and H2O-rich atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pyrenean Platform for Observation of the Atmosphere (P2OA) is a coupled plain–mountain instrumented platform in southwestern France. It is composed of two physical sites: the "Pic du Midi" mountaintop observatory (2877 m a.s.l.) and the "Centre de Recherches Atmosphériques" (600 m a.s.l). Both sites are complementarily instrumented for the monitoring of climate-relevant variables and the study of meteorological processes in a mountainous region. The scientific topics covered by P2OA include surface–atmosphere interactions in heterogeneous landscapes and complex terrain, the physics and chemistry of atmospheric trace species at a large scale, the influence of local- and regional-scale emissions and transport on the atmospheric composition, and transient luminous events above thunderstorms. With a large number of instruments and a high hosting capacity, P2OA contributes to atmospheric sciences through (i) building long-term series of atmospheric observations, (ii) hosting experimental field campaigns and instrumental tests, and (iii) educational training in atmospheric observation techniques. In this context, P2OA is part of the French component of the Aerosol, Clouds and Trace Gases Research Infrastructure (ACTRIS-Fr) and also contributes to the Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) research infrastructure and to several European or international networks. Here, we present the complete instrumentation of P2OA and the associated datasets, give a meteorological characterization of the platform, and illustrate the potential of P2OA and its dataset with past or ongoing studies and projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GHOST (Globally Harmonised Observations in Space and Time) represents one of the biggest collections of harmonised measurements of atmospheric composition at the surface. In total, 7 275 148 646 measurements from 1970 to 2023, of 227 different components from 38 reporting networks, are compiled, parsed, and standardised. The components processed include gaseous species, total and speciated particulate matter, and aerosol optical properties. The main goal of GHOST is to provide a dataset that can serve as a basis for the reproducibility of model evaluation efforts across the community. Exhaustive efforts have been made towards standardising almost every facet of the information provided by major public reporting networks, which is saved in 21 data variables and 163 metadata variables. Extensive effort in particular is made towards the standardisation of measurement process information and station classifications. Extra complementary information is also associated with measurements, such as metadata from various popular gridded datasets (e.g. land use) and temporal classifications per measurement (e.g. day or night). A range of standardised network quality assurance flags is associated with each individual measurement. GHOST's own quality assurance is also performed and associated with measurements. Measurements pre-filtered by the default GHOST quality assurance are also provided. In this paper, we outline all steps undertaken to create the GHOST dataset and give insights and recommendations for data providers based on the experiences gleaned through our efforts. The GHOST dataset is made freely available via the following repository: 10.5281/zenodo.10637449. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global modeling of aerosol‐particle number and size is important for understanding aerosol effects on Earth's climate and air quality. Fine‐resolution global models are desirable for representing nonlinear aerosol‐microphysical processes, their nonlinear interactions with dynamics and chemistry, and spatial heterogeneity. However, aerosol‐microphysical simulations are computationally demanding, which can limit the achievable global horizontal resolution. Here, we present the first coupling of the TwO‐Moment Aerosol Sectional (TOMAS) microphysics scheme with the High‐Performance configuration of the GEOS‐Chem model of atmospheric composition (GCHP), a coupling termed GCHP‐TOMAS. GCHP's architecture allows massively parallel GCHP‐TOMAS simulations including on the cloud, using hundreds of computing cores, faster runtimes, more memory, and finer global horizontal resolution (e.g., 25 km × 25 km, 7.8 × 105 model columns) versus the previous single‐node capability of GEOS‐Chem‐TOMAS (tens of cores, 200 km × 250 km, 1.3 × 104 model columns). GCHP‐TOMAS runtimes have near‐ideal scalability with computing‐core number. Simulated global‐mean number concentrations increase (dominated by free‐tropospheric over‐ocean sub‐10‐nm‐diameter particles) toward finer GCHP‐TOMAS horizontal resolution. Increasing the horizontal resolution from 200 km × 200–50 km × 50 km increases the global monthly mean free‐tropospheric total particle number by 18.5%, and over‐ocean sub‐10‐nm‐diameter particles by 39.8% at 4‐km altitude. With a cascade of contributing factors, free‐tropospheric particle‐precursor concentrations increase (32.6% at 4‐km altitude) with resolution, promoting new‐particle formation and growth that outweigh coagulation changes. These nonlinear effects have the potential to revise current understanding of processes controlling global aerosol number and aerosol impacts on Earth's climate and air quality. Plain Language Summary: Small particles in the air have important effects on Earth's climate and air quality. Representing the number and size of these particles in global models is challenging because their processes are complex. This factor has often limited global‐model horizontal resolution because fine global resolution models (e.g., 25 km × 25 km or smaller) generally ran too slowly but would be useful for representing details missed at traditional coarse resolution (e.g., 200 km × 250 km). We start with a detailed particle scheme that previously only ran at coarse global resolution because fine resolution would take too long. We present the initial use of this scheme in an updated model version, with a structure allowing a fast‐running, high‐memory model with fine resolution, by using hundreds to thousands of computer cores. In the updated structure, model speed increases with the number of cores used. We find that the total number of particles in the model is more with fine compared to coarse model resolution. These increases are most in Earth's remote regions and for particles which come from gas. Using fine model resolution globally when representing particles could change our understanding of how they impact Earth's climate and air quality. Key Points: We couple aerosol microphysics with GEOS‐Chem's High‐Performance configuration for fine (25 km × 25 km) global‐resolution capabilityGlobal‐mean aerosol number increases with model resolution, dominated by particles smaller than 10 nm in the over‐ocean free troposphereToward finer horizontal resolution, enhanced particle precursor loading in the free troposphere promotes particle formation and growth [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rock metamorphism releases substantial CO2 over geologic timescales (>1 My), potentially driving long-term planetary climate trends. The nature of carbonate sediments and crustal thermal regimes exert a strong control on the efficiency of metamorphic CO2 release; thus, it is likely that metamorphic CO2 degassing has not been constant throughout time. The Proterozoic Earth was characterized by a high proportion of dolomite-bearing mixed carbonate-silicate rocks and hotter crustal regimes, both of which would be expected to enhance metamorphic decarbonation. Thermodynamic phase equilibria modeling predicts that the metamorphic carbon flux was likely ~1.7 times greater in the Mesoproterozoic Era compared to the modern Earth. Analytical and numerical approaches (the carbon cycle model PreCOSCIOUS) are used to estimate the impact this would have on Proterozoic carbon cycling and global atmospheric compositions. This enhanced metamorphic CO2 release alone could increase pCO2 by a factor of four or more when compared to modern degassing rates, contributing to a stronger greenhouse effect and warmer global temperatures during the expansion of life on the early Earth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a payload of Tianwen-1 (TW-1), the Mars Mineral Spectrometer (MMS) is tasked with acquiring hyperspectral data of the Martian surface to detect material composition. Microdeformations in optical, mechanical, and thermal components result in the MMS experiencing spectral response distortion in orbit, leading to systematic changes in pixel central wavelengths and full width at half maximum (FWHM). Known as the spectral smile, this distortion compromises the accuracy of reflectance inversion and material composition detection. This study introduces a method for detecting the spectral smile through the Martian atmospheric absorption channel, capitalizing on the distinct characteristics of the atmospheric composition and absorption patterns of Mars. A suitable technical route for in-orbit spectral smile detection was established and tested using simulation experiments and MMS-acquired hyperspectral data. Results suggest that the proposed method can attain central wavelength shifts with a maximum error of 0.32 nm and FWHM variations with a maximum error of 1.95 nm. Employing in-orbit spectral smile detection markedly enhances the correction of Martian atmospheric absorption and provides technical support for Martian surface reflectance inversion. https://github.com/wubingnote/MMS-Spectral-Smile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 6 February 2023, the destructive earthquakes (EQs) occurred in Kahramanmaras Turkey with the maximum magnitude 7.8. In this paper, based on multi-source satellite observations, we investigated the pre-seismic anomalies of infrared radiation and ionosphere, and analyzed the coupling features of multi-parameter anomalies in temporal evolution and spatial distribution. Analysis results indicated that in the vicinity of the epicenter, the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) anomalies observed from NOAA-18 satellite were very obvious in January 2023, and the ionospheric plasma anomalies observed from CSES and SWARM satellites were significantly detected on 30 January 2023, which were probably the precursor signals of the impending main shock. Combined with the analysis results of crustal deformation and atmospheric compositions for the Turkey EQs in published articles, we believed that crustal stress changes and rock ruptures in the boundaries between the Arabian and African plates and the Anatolian block were more likely to cause the pre-seismic anomalies in infrared radiation, atmosphere and ionosphere. The observed anomalies had a clear coupling relationship, and represented the stage changes of seismogenic process for the Turkey EQs. In addition, the satellite remote sensing technology is very helpful for us to monitor the multi-parameter variations in lithosphere, atmosphere and ionosphere, better verify the correlation of pre-seismic anomalies in Earth's multi-sphere structures, and further promote the research on the multi-sphere anomaly coupling mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dataset presents a 43 year-long reanalysis of pollen seasons for three major allergenic genera of trees in Europe: alder (Alnus), birch (Betula), and olive (Olea). Driven by the meteorological reanalysis ERA5, the atmospheric composition model SILAM predicted the flowering period and calculated the Europe-wide dispersion pattern of pollen for the years 1980–2022. The model applied an extended 4-dimensional variational data assimilation of in-situ observations of aerobiological networks in 34 European countries to reproduce the inter-annual variability and trends of pollen production and distribution. The control variable of the assimilation procedure was the total pollen release during each flowering season, implemented as an annual correction factor to the mean pollen production. The dataset was designed as an input to studies on climate-induced and anthropogenically driven changes in the European vegetation, biodiversity monitoring, bioaerosol modelling and assessment, as well as, in combination with intra-seasonal observations, for health-related applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land surface changes can have substantial impacts on biosphere–atmosphere interactions. In South America, rainforests abundantly emit biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), which, when coupled with pyrogenic emissions from deforestation fires, can have substantial impacts on regional air quality. We use novel and long-term satellite records of five trace gases, namely isoprene (C 5 H 8), formaldehyde (HCHO), methanol (CH 3 OH), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), in addition to aerosol optical depth (AOD), vegetation (land cover and leaf area index), and burned area. We characterise the impacts of biogenic and pyrogenic emissions on atmospheric composition for the period 2001 to 2019 in the southern Amazon, a region of substantial deforestation. The seasonal cycle for all of the atmospheric constituents peaks in the dry season (August–October), and the year-to-year variability in CO, HCHO, NO 2 , and AOD is strongly linked to the burned area. We find a robust relationship between the broadleaf forest cover and total column C 5 H 8 (R2 = 0.59), while the burned area exhibits an approximate fifth root power law relationship with tropospheric column NO 2 (R2 = 0.32) in the dry season. Vegetation and burned area together show a relationship with HCHO (R2 = 0.23). Wet-season AOD and CO follow the forest cover distribution. The land surface variables are very weakly correlated with CH 3 OH, suggesting that other factors drive its spatial distribution. Overall, we provide a detailed observational quantification of biospheric process influences on southern Amazon regional atmospheric composition, which in future studies can be used to help constrain the underpinning processes in Earth system models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many super‐Earths are on very short orbits around their host star and, therefore, more likely to be tidally locked. Because this locking can lead to a strong contrast between the dayside and nightside surface temperatures, these super‐Earths could exhibit mantle convection patterns and tectonics that could differ significantly from those observed in the present‐day solar system. The presence of an atmosphere, however, would allow transport of heat from the dayside toward the nightside and thereby reduce the surface temperature contrast between the two hemispheres. On rocky planets, atmospheric and geodynamic regimes are closely linked, which directly connects the question of atmospheric thickness to the potential interior dynamics of the planet. Here, we study the interior dynamics of super‐Earth GJ 486b (R=1.34 $R=1.34$R⊕ ${R}_{\oplus }$, M=3.0 $M=3.0$M⊕ ${M}_{\oplus }$, Teq≈700 ${\mathrm{T}}_{\text{eq}}\approx 700$ K), which is one of the most suitable M‐dwarf super‐Earth candidates for retaining an atmosphere produced by degassing from the mantle and magma ocean. We investigate how the geodynamic regime of GJ 486b is influenced by different surface temperature contrasts by varying possible atmospheric circulation regimes. We also investigate how the strength of the lithosphere affects the convection pattern. We find that hemispheric tectonics, the surface expression of degree‐1 convection with downwellings forming on one hemisphere and upwelling material rising on the opposite hemisphere, is a consequence of the strong lithosphere rather than surface temperature contrast. Anchored hemispheric tectonics, where downwellings und upwellings have a preferred (day/night) hemisphere, is favored for strong temperature contrasts between the dayside and nightside and higher surface temperatures. Plain Language Summary: The tectonic processes occurring on super‐Earths, which are rocky exoplanets with masses exceeding that of Earth, may differ significantly from those observed on the terrestrial planets in our solar system. Many super‐Earths are also expected to be tidally locked to their host star, so that always the same hemisphere faces the star. Tidal locking can lead to a strong temperature contrast between the dayside and nightside surface. Here, we investigate the influence of such strong surface temperature contrasts on the interior dynamics and tectonic behavior of super‐Earth GJ 486b, which is one of the best characterized Earth‐mass planets to date. We determined the surface temperature contrast between the dayside and nightside by assuming different efficiencies of atmospheric heat transport and ran global climate models for a set of different atmospheric compositions. Our 2D mantle convection simulations reveal that hemispheric tectonics, where cold material sinks on one hemisphere and hot material rises on the other side, emerges regardless of the surface temperature contrast if the planet has a strong lithosphere. However, a significant surface temperature contrast and an overall higher surface temperature tend to anchor the sinking cold material and rising hot material to the dayside and nightside respectively. Key Points: The mantle dynamics of super‐Earth GJ 486b are governed by the strength of the lithosphere and the day‐night surface temperature contrastDegree‐1 convection is a consequence of the strong lithosphere, rather than the temperature contrast between the dayside and nightsideA strong surface temperature contrast between the dayside and nightside can anchor downwellings to one hemisphere [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mercury's exosphere is an important target for understanding the dynamics of coupled systems in space environments, tenuous planetary atmospheres, and planetary surfaces. Magnesium (Mg) is especially crucial for establishing methods for estimating the surface chemical composition distribution through observations of the exosphere because its distribution in the exosphere and on the surface is strongly correlated. However, owing to its low radiance, the Hermean Mg exosphere has only been detected by the Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer (MASCS) onboard the Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft. Thus, we have few observation data for areas other than low latitude regions in addition to few detection cases of short‐term or sporadic fluctuations, resulting in a poor understanding of ejection and transportation mechanisms of the Mg exosphere. In this study, we analyzed the distribution of the Hermean Mg exosphere by the Probing of Hermean Exosphere by Ultraviolet Spectroscopy (PHEBUS) onboard the Mercury Planetary Orbiter of the BepiColombo mission during its second and third Mercury swing‐bys (MSBs). First, we constructed a calibration method including background subtraction and calibration using stellar observations. Mg light curves at two true anomaly angles were obtained, which were in agreement with the Chamberlain model and a three‐dimensional numerical calculation. Comparing the Mg and calcium (Ca) radiances obtained by PHEBUS during the MSBs, the exospheric Mg atoms have a lower energy than the exospheric Ca atoms. This is consistent with the lower energy necessary for producing the Mg atoms produced by molecular photodissociation than for Ca atoms. Plain Language Summary: The tenuous atmosphere of Mercury helps us to understand how space environments, thin planetary atmospheres, and planetary surfaces interact. Magnesium is particularly important because its presence in Mercury's atmosphere can tell us a lot about the planetary surface composition. However, studying the magnesium atmosphere in Mercury is challenging because of its poor visibility. In this study, we used a new ultraviolet spectrometer installed on the BepiColombo spacecraft. Analyzing solar light scattered by magnesium atoms when the spacecraft was close to Mercury, we derived distributions of Mercury's magnesium atmosphere, which are aligned well with theoretical models. Furthermore, we compared the energies of magnesium and calcium in the atmosphere, both of which were measured by the same instrument. We found that magnesium has a lower energy than calcium in Mercury's atmosphere, which is consistent with our understanding that less energy is necessary for magnesium than calcium to break apart their original molecules in photodissociation. This study also demonstrates how to improve the quality of data obtained from the BepiColombo spacecraft. Key Points: We established the calibration and background subtraction methods of the FUV channel of BepiColombo MPO/PHEBUSWe analyzed the swing‐by data and successfully obtained Mg exosphere distributions consistent with two theoretical modelsThe lower energy of the Mg exosphere than that of Ca reflects the lower energy required for photodissociation from their parent molecules [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The atmospheric environment is formed under the influence of local and distant sources as a result of horizontal and vertical transport. In the present work, microbiological analysis of 604 samples of atmospheric aerosol collected in the period from September 2020 to September 2023 at four sites differing in anthropogenic load, located in Novosibirsk and the region, was carried out. Day and night aerosol samples were collected during 12 h every two weeks by filtration using Sartorius reinforced Teflon membranes, then sown on a set of nutrient media. The taxonomic affiliation of the isolated microbial isolates was determined based on phenotypic characteristics and analysis of 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequences. Changes in the composition and concentration of culturable microorganisms depending on the season, time of day, and site of aerosol sampling were observed. In winter, lower fungi and bacteria of the genera Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Micrococcus dominated with an average concentration from zero to 12.5 CFU/m3 of aerosol. In the warm period, the concentration and diversity of cocci, spore-forming and non-spore-forming bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi (up to 1970 CFU/m3), among which pathogenic microorganisms were found, increased sharply in aerosols. The use of 16S metabarcoding techniques has greatly expanded the range of aerosols' microbial diversity detectable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantification of wildfire emissions is essential for comprehending and simulating the effects of wildfires on atmospheric chemical composition. Sub-orbital measurements of vertical column nitrous acid (HONO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were made during the Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality (FIREX-AQ) field campaign using the GeoCAPE Airborne Simulator (GCAS) instrument aboard the NASA ER-2 aircraft. Emission rates and lifetimes of HONO and NO2 from the Sheridan Fire were estimated by fitting exponentially modified Gaussians (EMGs) to line densities, a technique previously used to estimate urban and point source NO2 emissions. As the EMG approach does not capture temporal changes in emissions and lifetimes due to time-varying fire behavior, we developed a Monte Carlo implementation of the Python Editable Chemical Atmospheric Numeric Solver (PECANS) model that includes diurnal fire radiative power (FRP) behavior. We assess the validity of a range of emission rate and lifetime combinations for both HONO and NO2 as the fire evolves by comparing the resulting line density predictions to the observations. We find that our method results in emissions that are lower than top-down biomass burning emissions inventories and higher than bottom-up inventories. Our approach is applicable to interpreting time-resolved remotely sensed measurements of atmospheric trace gases such as those now becoming available with instruments aboard geo-stationary satellites such as the Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) and the Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS) instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) and the Infrared Working Group of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC-IRWG) are two ground-based networks that provide the retrieved concentrations of up to 30 atmospheric trace gases, using solar absorption spectrometry. Both networks provide reference measurements for the validation of satellites and models. TCCON concentrates on long-lived greenhouse gases (GHGs) for carbon cycle studies and validation. The number of sites is limited, and the geographical coverage is uneven, covering mainly Europe and the USA. A better distribution of stations is desired to improve the representativeness of the data for various atmospheric conditions and surface conditions and to cover a large latitudinal distribution. The two successive Fiducial Reference Measurements for Greenhouse Gases European Space Agency projects (FRM4GHG and FRM4GHG2) aim at the assessment of several low-cost portable instruments for precise measurements of GHGs to complement the existing ground-based sites. Several types of low spectral resolution Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers manufactured by Bruker, namely an EM27/SUN, a Vertex70, a fiber-coupled IRCube, and a Laser Heterodyne spectro-Radiometer (LHR) developed by UK Rutherford Appleton Laboratory are the participating instruments to achieve the Fiducial Reference Measurements (FRMs) status. Intensive side-by-side measurements were performed using all four instruments next to the Bruker IFS 125HR high spectral resolution FTIR, performing measurements in the NIR (TCCON configuration) and MIR (NDACC configuration) spectral range. The remote sensing measurements were complemented by AirCore launches, which provided in situ vertical profiles of target gases traceable to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) reference scale. The results of the intercomparisons are shown and discussed. Except for the EM27/SUN, all other instruments, including the reference TCCON spectrometer, needed modifications during the campaign period. The EM27/SUN and the Vertex70 provided stable and precise measurements of the target gases during the campaign with quantified small biases. As part of the FRM4GHG project, one EM27/SUN is now used as a travel standard for the verification of column-integrated GHG measurements. The extension of the Vertex70 to the MIR provides the opportunity to retrieve additional concentrations of N2O, CH4, HCHO, and OCS. These MIR data products are comparable to the retrieval results from the high-resolution IFS 125HR spectrometer as operated by the NDACC. Our studies show the potential for such types of spectrometers to be used as a travel standard for the MIR species. An enclosure system with a compact solar tracker and meteorological station has been developed to house the low spectral resolution portable FTIR systems for performing solar absorption measurements. This helps the spectrometers to be mobile and enables autonomous operation, which will help to complement the TCCON and NDACC networks by extending the observational capabilities at new sites for the observation of GHGs and additional air quality gases. The development of the retrieval software allows comparable processing of the Vertex70 type of spectra as the EM27/SUN ones, therefore bringing them under the umbrella of the COllaborative Carbon Column Observing Network (COCCON). A self-assessment following the CEOS-FRM Maturity Matrix shows that the COCCON is able to provide GHG data products of FRM quality and can be used for either short-term campaigns or long-term measurements to complement the high-resolution FTIR networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mars has experienced drastic environmental evolution in terms of pH, redox, and desiccation. NASA's Curiosity rover discovered that the sediments of the Pahrump Hills member of the Murray formation in Gale Crater contained different redox states of Fe oxides. To interpret the observations, understanding the factors that control iron redox states within early Gale lakes on Mars is needed. Here, we present the results of a one-dimensional geochemical model of a closed-basin lake that considers the Fe(II) photo-oxidation reaction. Depending on the source of Fe(II) (groundwater vs. river flow), lake pH, advection rate, and atmospheric composition, we defined four types of chemical profiles in the lake; namely, Fe(II) dominated, Fe(III) dominated, carbonate precipitating, and redox-stratified profiles. The Fe(III) dominated profile corresponds to the end member case in which photo-oxidation effectively oxidizes the supplied Fe(II). The redox-stratified profile, interpreted as an intermediate condition between Fe(III) dominated profile and Fe(II) dominated profile, appears in broad parameter set when Fe(II) is supplied from the groundwater, typically with a low to moderate Fe(II) input flux at acidic to alkaline pH (pH 5–9) conditions; however, the low water flux due to the nature of the groundwater may be unable to explain the measured abundance of Fe oxides in the sediments. Another endmember case, the Fe(II) dominated profile, which would also be expected to generate mixed valence Fe oxides, occurs when the pH is acidic (pH 4–5); nevertheless, the acidic pH is inconsistent with the mineral assemblages of the sediments. Carbonate precipitating profiles were limited to the case in which Fe(II) is supplied by groundwater with high Fe input flux and alkaline pH of 8–9. These results may imply either the Fe(II) input flux was high enough for the redox-stratified case or Fe(II) photo-oxidation was suppressed by turbidity or by dusty/cloudy atmosphere, or possibly that Fe(II) oxides found in the Pahrump Hills member are, at least partly, of detrital origin. Although numerous other factors (ex., effect of lake depth, variable pH throughout the lake water, detailed chemical speciation) remain unconsidered, the diverse profiles in Fe redox resulting from Fe(II) photo-oxidation reaction sheds light on interpreting the variety and the evolution of redox condition on early Mars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of state-of-the-art space-borne telescopes, high-resolution ground-based observation has emerged as a crucial method for characterizing exoplanets, providing essential insights into their atmospheric compositions. In the optical and near-infrared regions, high-resolution spectroscopy has been powerful for hot Jupiters (HJs) and ultrahot Jupiters (UHJs) during their primary transits, as it can probe molecules with better sensitivity. Here, we focus on a comparative simulation study of WASP-76 b (UHJ) and WASP-77 A b (HJ) for different numbers of transits, utilizing three ground-based spectrographs, GIANO-B (Telescopio Nazionale Galileo), CARMENES (Centro Astronomico Hispano Alemán), and ANDES (European Extremely Large Telescope or E-ELT), with varying instrumental parameters, spectral coverages, and resolutions. We aim to evaluate the feasibility of using the upcoming ground-based E-ELT to probe molecules from planet atmospheres and to show how it surpasses other ground-based observatories in terms of detectability. With the 1D model petitCODE, we have self-consistently simulated the atmospheric pressure–temperature profiles, which are subsequently integrated into the 1D chemical kinetics model, VULCAN, to evolve the atmospheric chemistry. High-resolution spectra are obtained by performing line-by-line radiative transfer using petitRADTRANS. Finally, we use the resulting spectra to assess the detectability ( σ det ) of molecular bands, employing the ground-based noise simulator SPECTR. Utilizing cross-correlation spectroscopy, we have successfully demonstrated the robust consistency between our simulation study and real-time observations for both planets. ANDES excels overall in molecular detection, due to its enhanced instrumental architecture, reinforcing E-ELT's importance for studying exoplanet atmospheres. Additionally, our theoretical simulations predict the detection of CO, NH3, and H2S in the WASP-76 b atmosphere with σ det > 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Remote Sensing is the property of Editorial Office of Journal of Remote Sensing & Science Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Jupiter is the biggest and fastest-rotating planet in our solar system. As a gas giant without land–sea distribution or topography, Jupiter is an ideal natural laboratory for studying atmospheric dynamics. Jupiter's atmospheric composition, atmospheric circulation, and internal structure are all topics of scientific significance. On December 4, 1973, Pioneer 10 achieved its closest approach to Jupiter, marking the first successful exploration mission to the Jovian system. Since then, Jupiter exploration has gathered more than 50 years of experience with 10 missions, including 7 flyby missions, 2 orbiting missions, Galileo and Juno, and the still en route mission Jupiter Icy moons Explorer (JUICE). This review takes a brief look-back to these 10 Jupiter missions and their science results, especially the progress on Jupiter's atmospheric composition, waves and zonal jet streams, the Great Red Spot, and polar vortices, as well as the unsolved scientific problems. China plans to launch Tianwen-4 by 2030, targeting the Jovian system. To shed some light on the scientific payloads and target design of Tianwen-4, reviewing the past Jupiter missions has certain significance.

Copyright of Reviews of Geophysics & Planetary Physics is the property of Editorial Office of Reviews of Geophysics & Planetary Physics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The biases generated by state-of-the-art climate models in simulating dust optical depth (DOD) remain to be detailed. Here, a site-scale DOD dataset in March–August over northern China (NC) during 1980–2001 was reconstructed using the empirical relationship between MODIS-retrieved DOD and dust-event frequencies during 2001–21. Then, through the combined use of MODIS-based and reconstructed DOD, we evaluated the reproducibility of DOD from 10 models participating in phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) for the historical period (1980–2001 and 2002–14) and under different Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) during 2015–21. The results demonstrate that CMIP6 models and multimodel ensemble mean (MEM) are capable of capturing the spatial pattern of DOD, but with considerable uncertainty and intermodel variability in magnitude. Regionally averaged DOD is underestimated by 56.09% during 1980–2001 and overestimated by 30.97% during 2002–14 in MEM over NC. Simultaneously, the intermodel standard deviations are greater than MEM during 2002–14, suggesting large discrepancies among individual models. Very few models accurately capture the trends in DOD, which can mainly be attributed to the different trends in simulated wind speed (WS), soil moisture, and vegetation cover, and their contributions to dust evolution. Under four SSPs, despite the best correlation between SSP1-2.6-modeled and MODIS DOD over Gobi Desert (GD), overestimation of DOD is still observed. More models under SSP1-2.6 capture the positive DOD trend, mainly attributable to positive changes in simulated WS over GD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aviation-induced particulate matter directly affects the climate, the atmospheric composition at flight altitudes, and local air quality near airports. Meeting environmental regulations is a key challenge for the future development of air transportation. To enhance the understanding of secondary aerosol formation in aircraft plumes, an innovative methodology combining flow dynamics in aircraft engine plumes with a particle-based microphysical model is proposed. To this end, 2D axisymmetric unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes simulations were conducted behind a realistic aircraft engine geometry. The CFD model was coupled with a tabulated chemistry and a detailed microphysical model accounting for soot surface activation, condensation of organic vapors and sulfur species (H2SO4, SO3), as well as scavenging of sulfuric acid-water droplets on soot surfaces. The model's predictive capacity was validated against experimental data from APEX 1–2, encompassing plume aerothermodynamics properties and the evolution of gaseous species from low-idle (4%) to take-off (100%) power settings of the CFM56-2C1 aircraft engine. The predicted size distributions of total and nonvolatile particles matched reasonably well with measurements from APEX-1 within the near field (≤30 m). The model reveals the engine power dependency of soot and the chemical composition of volatile particles, predominantly influenced by organic compounds downstream of the engine. Adsorption of gaseous species of organic compounds and sulfuric acid were identified as the most dominant mechanism for soot particle coatings in the near field, regardless of operating conditions. Copyright © 2024 American Association for Aerosol Research [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing local air quality using traditional methods, such as analyzing precipitation composition, is often difficult due to the complex data, which is influenced by a variety of chemical elements from distant atmospheric sources and cyclone formation areas. This study presents a new approach to overcome these challenges: a multi-elevation sampling method that improves the accuracy of local air quality measurements. By collecting precipitation samples at different ground elevations, the technique takes advantage of the natural process where raindrops and snowflakes collect more elements as they fall through the air. This method helps to distinguish local air quality from background levels found at higher, non-industrial elevations. The primary goal was to isolate and identify the elemental fingerprints of marine influences, while excluding contributions from cyclones. In February 2023, 51 meltwater samples were collected from 17 observation points in the city of Sochi under southeast wind conditions. These samples revealed a spectrum of chemical elements, predominantly of marine origin (Mg > Na > Sr > Ca > K > Ce > Mn). The results showed significant differences in elemental concentrations between upland and coastal areas. The Geochemical Indicator of Marine Origin (GIM) ranged from 22 to 3235, confirming the strong influence of marine aerosols in the area. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the multi-elevation sampling method in providing robust environmental assessments. This approach, combined with the GIM index, offers valuable insights for improving environmental policies and public health, particularly in coastal regions affected by marine aerosols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ice sheet feedbacks are underrepresented in model assessments of climate sensitivity and their magnitudes are still poorly constrained. We combine a recently published record of Earth's Energy Imbalance (EEI) with existing reconstructions of temperature, atmospheric composition, and sea level to estimate both the magnitude and timescale of the ice sheet‐albedo feedback since the Last Glacial Maximum. This facilitates the first opportunity to quantify this feedback over the most recent deglaciation using a proxy data‐driven approach. We find the ice sheet‐albedo feedback to be amplifying, increasing the total climate feedback parameter by 42% and reaching an equilibrium magnitude of 0.55 Wm−2K−1, with a 66% confidence interval of 0.45–0.63 Wm−2K−1. The timescale to equilibrium is estimated as 3.6 ka (66% confidence: 1.9–5.5 ka). These results provide new evidence for the timescale and magnitude of the amplifying ice sheet‐albedo feedback that will drive anthropogenic warming for millennia to come. Plain Language Summary: During a deglacial transition, ice sheets melt and retreat, decreasing the reflectivity of the land surface and increasing the surface temperature, leading to further melting. It is agreed that this feedback amplifies global warming on millennial timescales, but the exact magnitude and timescale are still very uncertain. This is important because the stronger the feedback, the more sensitive Earth's climate is to carbon dioxide on long timescales. We use proxy data records of the past 25,000 years to quantify the ice sheet‐albedo feedback since the Last Glacial Maximum and estimate the time taken for the feedback to reach equilibrium and stabilize. We find that the ice sheet‐albedo feedback strongly amplifies warming over thousands of years, increasing our understanding of how human activity today will continue to influence our climate for generations into the future. Key Points: Novel proxy data‐driven assessment of the ice sheet‐albedo feedback for the last deglaciation is presentedIce sheet‐albedo feedback is amplifying during a deglacial transition with a best estimate of 0.55 Wm−2K−1 (0.45–0.63 Wm−2K−1)Ice sheet‐albedo feedback reaches equilibrium after approximately 3.6 ka (1.9–5.5 ka) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is increasingly recognized that light-absorbing impurities (LAI) deposited on snow and ice affect their albedo and facilitate melting processes leading to various feedback loops, such as the ice albedo feedback mechanism. Black carbon (BC) is often considered the most important LAI, but some areas can be more impacted by high dust emissions. Iceland is one of the most important high latitude sources for the Arctic due to high emissions and the volcanic nature of the dust. We studied optical properties of volcanic dust from Iceland and Chile to understand how it interacts with the Sun's radiation and affects areas of deposition as LAI. Optical properties of dust samples were measured at the laboratory of the Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI) using the latest setup of the FGI's goniospectrometer. We found that, depending on the particle size, the albedo of dry volcanic dust on the visible spectrum is as low as 0.03, similar to that of BC, and the albedo decreases with increasing particle size. Wet dust reduces its albedo by 66% compared to dry sample. This supports the comparability of their albedo reducing effects to BC as LAIs, and highlights their significant role in albedo reduction of snow and ice areas. The potential use of the results from our measurements is diverse, including their use as a ground truth reference for Earth Observation and remote sensing studies, estimating climate change over time, as well as measuring other ecological effects caused by changes in atmospheric composition or land cover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White dwarf atmospheres are frequently polluted by material from their own planetary systems. Absorption features from Ca, Mg, Fe, and other elements can provide unique insights into the provenance of this exoplanetary material, with their relative abundances being used to infer accretion of material with core- or mantle-like composition. Across the population of white dwarfs, the distribution of compositions reveals the prevalence of geological and collisional processing across exoplanetary systems. By predicting the distribution of compositions in three evolutionary scenarios, this work assesses whether they can explain current observations. We consider evolution in an asteroid belt analogue, in which collisions between planetary bodies that formed an iron core lead to core- or mantle-rich fragments. We also consider layer-by-layer accretion of individual bodies, such that the apparent composition of atmospheric pollution changes during the accretion of a single body. Finally, we consider that compositional spread is due to random noise. We find that the distribution of Ca, Fe, and Mg in a sample of 202 cool DZs is consistent with the random noise scenario, although 7 individual systems show strong evidence of core-mantle differentiation from additional elements and/or low noise levels. Future surveys that detect multiple elements in each of a few hundred white dwarfs, with well-understood biases, have the potential to confidently distinguish between the three models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS) over Asia is the first geostationary Earth orbit instrument in the virtual constellation of sensors for atmospheric chemistry and composition air quality research and applications. For the first time, the hourly observations enable studies of diurnal variation in several important trace gas and aerosol pollutants including nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which is the focus of this work. NO2 is a regulated pollutant and an indicator of anthropogenic emissions in addition to being involved in tropospheric ozone chemistry and particulate matter formation. We present new quantitative measures of NO2 tropospheric column diurnal variation which can be greater than 50 % of the column amount, especially in polluted environments. The NO2 distribution is seen to change hourly and can be quite different from what would be seen by a once-a-day low-Earth-orbit satellite observation. We use GEMS data in combination with TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) satellite and Pandora ground-based remote sensing measurements and Multi-Scale Infrastructure for Chemistry and Aerosols (Version 0, MUSICAv0) 3D chemical transport model analysis to examine the NO2 diurnal variation in January and June 2023 over Northeast Asia and Seoul, South Korea, study regions to distinguish the different emissions, chemistry, and meteorological processes that drive the variation. Understanding the relative importance of these processes will be key to including pollutant diurnal variation in models aimed at determining true pollutant exposure levels for air quality studies. The work presented here also provides a path for investigating similar NO2 diurnal cycles in the new Earth Venture Instrument-1 Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring Pollution (TEMPO) data over North America, and later over Europe with Sentinel-4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in the marine atmosphere have been studied extensively due to their important roles in regulating atmospheric chemistry and climate. However, very little is known about the distribution and sources of NMHCs in the lower atmosphere over the marginal seas of China. Herein, we characterized the atmospheric NMHCs (C2–C5) in both the coastal cities and the marginal seas of China in the spring of 2021, with a focus on identifying the sources of NMHCs in the coastal atmosphere. The NMHCs in urban atmospheres, especially alkanes, were significantly higher compared to those in the marine atmosphere, suggesting that terrestrial NMHCs may be an important reservoir/source in the marine atmosphere. A significant correlation was observed between the alkane concentrations and the distances from sampling sites to the nearest land or retention of air mass over land, indicating that alkanes in the marine atmosphere are largely influenced by terrestrial inputs through air mass transport. For alkenes, a greater impact from oceanic emissions was determined due to the lower terrestrial concentrations, short atmospheric lifetime, and substantial sea-to-air fluxes of alkenes compared to alkanes (489 ± 454 vs. 129 ± 106 nmol m -2 d -1). As suggested by the positive matrix factorization, terrestrial inputs contributed to 89 % of alkanes and 69.6 % of alkenes in Chinese marginal seas, subsequently contributing to 84 % of the ozone formation potential associated with C2–C5 NMHCs. These findings underscore the significance of terrestrial outflow in controlling the distribution and composition of atmospheric NMHCs in the marginal seas of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Remote Sensing is the property of Editorial Office of Journal of Remote Sensing & Science Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Spectroscopic phase curves of hot Jupiters measure their emission spectra at multiple orbital phases, thus enabling detailed characterization of their atmospheres. Precise constraints on the atmospheric composition of these exoplanets offer insights into their formation and evolution. We analyse four phase-resolved emission spectra of the hot Jupiter WASP-43b, generated from a phase curve observed with the Mid-Infrared Instrument/Low Resolution Spectrometer onboard the JWST , to retrieve its atmospheric properties. Using a parametric 2D temperature model and assuming a chemically homogeneous atmosphere within the observed pressure region, we simultaneously fit the four spectra to constrain the abundances of atmospheric constituents, thereby yielding more precise constraints than previous work that analysed each spectrum independently. Our analysis reveals statistically significant evidence of NH |$_3$| (4 |$\sigma$|⁠) in a hot Jupiter's emission spectra for the first time, along with evidence of H |$_2$| O (6.5 |$\sigma$|⁠), CO (3.1 |$\sigma$|⁠), and a non-detection of CH |$_4$|⁠. With our abundance constraints, we tentatively estimate the metallicity of WASP-43b at 0.6 |$-6.5\times$| solar and its C/O ratio at 0.6 |$-$| 0.9. Our findings offer vital insights into the atmospheric conditions and formation history of WASP-43b by simultaneously constraining the abundances of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen-bearing species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methane (CH4) is a primarily biogenic greenhouse gas. As such, it represents an essential biosignature to search for life on exoplanets. Atmospheric CH4 abundance on Earth-like inhabited exoplanets is likely controlled by marine biogenic production and atmospheric photochemical consumption. Such interactions have been previously examined for the case of the early Earth where primitive marine ecosystems supplied CH4 to the atmosphere, showing that the atmospheric CH4 response to biogenic CH4 flux variations is nonlinear, a critical property when assessing CH4 reliability as a biosignature. However, the contributions of atmospheric photochemistry, metabolic reactions, or solar irradiance to this nonlinear response are not well understood. Using an atmospheric photochemical model and a marine microbial ecosystem model, we show that the production of hydroxyl radicals from water vapor photodissociation is a critical factor controlling the atmospheric CH4 abundance. Consequently, atmospheric CH4 partial pressure (p CH4) on inhabited Earth-like exoplanets orbiting Sun-like stars (F-, G-, and K-type stars) would be controlled primarily by stellar irradiance. Specifically, irradiance at wavelengths of approximately 200–210 nm is a major controlling factor for atmospheric p CH4 when the carbon dioxide partial pressure is sufficiently high to absorb most stellar irradiance at 170–200 nm. Finally, we also demonstrated that inhabited exoplanets orbiting near the outer edge of K-type stars' habitable zones are better suited for atmospheric p CH4 buildup. Such properties will provide valuable support for future detection of life signatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent JWST eclipse spectra of the high-density hot Saturn HD 149026b between 2.35 and 5.08 μ m have allowed for in-depth study of its atmosphere. To understand its atmospheric properties, we have created a grid of 1D radiative-convective–thermochemical–equilibrium atmosphere models and spectra with PICASO 3.0. In agreement with previous work, we find that the presence of gaseous TiO creates a thermal inversion, which is inconsistent with the data. The presence of gaseous VO, however, which condenses at temperatures 200 K cooler, does not cause such inversions but alters the temperature–pressure profile of the atmosphere. We estimate an atmospheric metallicity of 14 − 8 + 12 × solar without VO and 20 − 8 + 11 × solar with VO, a factor of ∼10 times smaller than previous work from Bean et al., who relied on atmosphere retrievals. We attribute this significant difference in metallicity to a larger temperature gradient at low pressures in radiative equilibrium models. Such models with lower metallicities readily fit the strong CO2 feature at 4.3 μ m. Our lower estimated metallicity makes HD 149026b more consistent with the mass–metallicity relationship for other giant planets. We find a C/O ratio of 0.67 − 0.27 + 0.06 with and without VO. The best-fit heat redistribution factor without VO is 1.17, a very high value suggesting very little dayside energy transport and no energy transport to the nightside. The heat redistribution factor shrinks to a more plausible value of 0.91 − 0.05 + 0.05 , with VO, which we regard as circumstantial evidence for the molecule in the atmosphere of HD 149026b. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reveals a new acclimation mechanism of the eukaryotic unicellular green alga Chlorella vulgaris in terms of the effect of varying atmospheric pressures on the structure and function of its photosynthetic apparatus using fluorescence induction measurements (JIP-test). The results indicate that low (400 mbar) and extreme low (<10 mbar) atmospheric pressure decreases the density and thus increases the fluidity of the thylakoid membrane, possibly facilitating plastoquinone (PQ) movement within the membrane and resulting in enhanced photosynthetic electron flow and photochemical quenching. Molecular dynamic simulations of different light harvesting complexes within thylakoid membrane models confirm this mechanism and reveal the associated atomic scale details. The exposure of microalga to an extremely low pressure (<10 mbar) in a 100% CO2 atmosphere (simulating the Mars atmosphere), reveals that the impact of extremely low atmospheric pressure on PQ mobility within the photosynthetic membrane, coupled with the low density of an almost 100% CO2 Mars-like atmosphere, results to a similar photosynthetic efficiency to that on Earth. These findings pave the way for the identification of novel functional acclimation mechanisms of microalgae to extreme environments that are vastly distinct from those found on Earth. This study reveals a new acclimation mechanism of microalgae in low atmospheric pressure. Experimental results and molecular dynamic simulations indicate that low atmospheric pressure reduces the density and enhances the fluidity of photosynthetic thylakoid membranes, leading to enhanced photochemical quenching. Particularly, extremely low pressure (<10 mbar) in a 100% CO2 atmosphere (Mars-like atmosphere) yields a photosynthetic efficiency comparable to that of Earth, shedding light on new astrobiological perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various fire emission estimates for southern Africa during 2019, derived with multiple burned area data sets with resolutions ranging from 500 to 20 m, are evaluated using satellite carbon monoxide (CO) observations. Southern African emissions derived from burned area generated by 20 m Sentinel‐2 satellite imagery are up to 120% higher than other estimates because small fires are better detected with a higher‐resolution satellite instrument. A comprehensive comparison between simulated and observed atmospheric CO indicates that the Sentinel‐2 burned area data significantly improves emission estimates, with up to 15% reduction in CO concentration biases in comparison to emissions based on coarser resolution burned area data. We also found that the temporal lag between emissions and atmospheric CO concentrations during the peak fire month was related to atmospheric transport. These findings emphasize the importance of utilizing higher‐resolution satellite instruments in accurately estimating emissions and understanding the impact of small fires on global climate. Plain Language Summary: We studied how much carbon monoxide (CO) was released into the air in southern Africa due to fires. To derive CO emissions we used different remotely sensed data of area burned, with varying levels of detail, from 500 to 20 m, and used these emissions in a model to mimic atmospheric transport and chemistry of CO. We found that emissions derived from the very detailed 20‐m satellite images from Sentinel‐2 produced a similar large amount of CO in the atmosphere over southern Africa as seen by CO satellite observations. This is because the smaller fires, which are harder to spot, were detected with the 20‐m burned area satellite observations. We also found that the air movement and inflow of polluted air from outside Africa impacted the peak of air pollution. Key Points: Sentinel‐2 burned area detects small fires, resulting in up to 120% higher fire emissions compared to conventional resolution estimatesImproved fuel load modeling and new emission factors yield more trustworthy fire emissions that can be evaluated with top‐down constraintsAtmospheric modeling and TROPOMI CO observations indicate a 15% bias reduction using Sentinel‐2 burned area compared with coarser fire data [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Satellite retrievals of carbon monoxide (CO) are routinely assimilated in atmospheric chemistry models to improve air quality forecasts, produce reanalyzes and to estimate emissions. This study applies the quantile‐conserving ensemble filter framework, a novel assimilation algorithm that can deal with non‐Gaussian and modestly nonlinear distributions. Instead of assuming normal distributions like the Ensemble Adjustments Kalman Filter (EAKF), we now apply a bounded normal rank histogram (BNRH) distribution for the prior. The goal is to efficiently estimate bounded quantities such as CO atmospheric mixing ratios and emission fluxes while maintaining the good performance achieved by the EAKF. We contrast assimilating meteorological and MOPITT (Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere) observations for May 2018. We evaluate the results with the fourth deployment of the NASA Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom‐4) airborne field campaign. We also compare simulations with CO tropospheric columns from the network for the detection of atmospheric composition change and surface in‐situ observations from NOAA carbon cycle greenhouse gases. While the differences remain small, the BNRH approach clearly works better than the EAKF in comparison to all observation data sets. Plain Language Summary: The MOPITT instrument on the NASA/Terra satellite can detect carbon monoxide (CO) pollution in the lower and mid‐tropospheric atmosphere but cannot accurately differentiate small changes in the altitude of pollution plumes. Such satellite observations are assimilated in numerical model predictions to improve the spatial and temporal distribution of CO in the atmosphere and to estimate emission fluxes. We present a novel method that does not require assumptions about the model and the observations, leading to a more efficient and accurate assimilation of the satellite observations. Key Points: A novel non Gaussian and nonlinear ensemble data assimilation (DA) framework is applied to MOPITT joint state/flux optimizationThe new method performs better than the Ensemble Adjustment Kalman Filter in comparison to independent observationsMOPITT observations indicate that CAMS‐GLOB‐ANT_v5.3 emission fluxes are underestimated across the mid‐latitudes in May 2018 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question of stratospheric aerosol type following the Raikoke eruption is revisited. Raman lidar measurements suggest the aerosols are predominately smoke, while Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier transform spectrometer (ACE‐FTS) results indicate the aerosols are predominately sulfate aerosols. The suggested mechanism of smoke particles self‐lofting into the stratosphere is inconsistent with observations in 2020, when more severe Siberian fires failed to invoke a response even vaguely similar to 2019. A side‐by side comparison of the Sarychev and Raikoke eruptions invalidates model calculations that suggest sulfate aerosols should be at levels too low to explain the observed aerosol loading. Structure in infrared absorption spectra provides conclusive evidence of composition, a unique fingerprint for identifying aerosol type. Such information cannot be misinterpreted so long as there is sufficient resolution and spectral coverage. ACE‐FTS infrared aerosol spectra often have an order of magnitude stronger absorption than that of background sulfate aerosols. These spectra can be accurately reproduced by laboratory measured sulfate aerosol spectroscopic information, providing unambiguous identification of the aerosols as sulfate. Visual inspection of thousands of infrared aerosol spectra from the period following the Raikoke eruption indicates the aerosols in the lower stratosphere are predominately sulfate, with no indication of smoke. The lidar study's identification of the aerosols as smoke was based primarily on observed lidar ratios that were more consistent with a material that absorbed significantly at the lidar wavelengths, inconsistent with expectations for sulfate aerosols. However, this could indicate the presence of a substance dissolved in the sulfate aerosols absorbing at those wavelengths rather than smoke particles. Plain Language Summary: There is a disagreement regarding the type of aerosol observed at high northern latitudes during winter 2019/2020. One group, measuring the atmosphere from the ground with lidars, identifies the aerosols as smoke particles. Another group, measuring atmospheric absorption of sunlight from a satellite, identifies the same aerosols as sulfate (a mixture of water and sulfuric acid). The argument for smoke is inconsistent with the fact that significantly more severe fires the following year did not produce an effect that was even remotely similar. A comparison of measurements from two different volcanic eruptions shows that model calculations of sulfate aerosols for the given conditions appear to be inaccurate. Spectroscopy is used to definitively determine the aerosol type as sulfate because the shape of the spectrum is unique to that aerosol type. There is no flexibility to interpret the measured spectrum as resulting from smoke, because the shape of the observed spectrum would be wrong. An extensive inspection of the measurements, covering many different conditions, revealed no evidence of smoke near altitude 11 km at high latitudes during winter 2019/2020. A substance dissolved in the liquid droplet sulfate aerosol that absorbed at the lidar wavelengths could account for the lidar observations. Key Points: From the infrared aerosol spectra, there is no flexibility to interpret composition as anything but sulfateThere was no significant enhancement in stratospheric aerosols in 2020, when Siberian fires produced 35% greater emissions than 2019Aerosols from the Sarychev and Raikoke eruptions followed a very similar pattern [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on satellite observations in the Arctic stratosphere at latitudes from 61° to 66°N in the second half of 2019, Boone et al. (2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022jd036600) provide the impression that the aerosol in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) over the entire Arctic consisted of sulfate aerosol originating from the Raikoke volcanic eruption in the summer of 2019. Here, we show that this was most probably not the case and the aerosol layering conditions were much more complex. By combining the stratospheric aerosol typing results of Boone et al. (2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022jd036600) with lidar observations at 85°–86°N of Ohneiser et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp‐21‐15783‐2021) of a dominating wildfire smoke layer in the UTLS height range, we demonstrate that the Arctic UTLS aerosol most likely consisted of Siberian wildfire smoke in the lower part and sulfate aerosol in the upper part of the aerosol layer which extended from 7 to 19 km height and was well observable until May 2020. The smoke‐ and sulfate‐related aerosol optical thickness (AOT) fractions were about 0.7–0.8 and 0.2–0.3, respectively, according to our analysis. The sulfate AOT is in good agreement with model‐based predictions of the Raikoke sulfate AOT. Plain Language Summary: In the summer of 2019, the Raikoke volcano erupted. A stratospheric aerosol layer formed from the SO2 emitted into the lower stratosphere. At the same time, intense and long‐lasting Siberian wildfires occurred in July and August 2019 and led to an extremely high level of smoke pollution in the Arctic. The smoke filled the entire troposphere. Boone et al. (2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022jd036600) analyzed satellite observation between 61° and 66°N in the second half of 2019 and suggested that the aerosol in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) over the entire Arctic consisted of volcanic sulfate aerosol, while Ohneiser et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp‐21‐15783‐2021) showed, based on lidar observations at latitudes of 85°–86°N in the fall of 2019, that wildfire smoke dominated in the UTLS aerosol layer, at least up to 12 km height in the central Arctic. In this commentary, we show that the UTLS aerosol over the Arctic most probably consisted of both, smoke particles in the lower part and sulfate aerosol in the upper part of the layer extending from 7 to 19 km height. The smoke and sulfate particles contributed to the overall Arctic UTLS aerosol optical thickness by about 70%–80% and 20%–30%, respectively. Key Points: The impression given by Boone et al. that the 2019 Arctic upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) aerosol was composed of sulfate only was not supported by lidar dataThe UTLS aerosol layer most likely contained Siberian wildfire smoke in the lower part and Raikoke sulfate aerosol in the upper part in the autumn of 2019UTLS aerosol optical thickness fractions were about 0.7–0.8 (smoke) and 0.2–0.3 (sulfate) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerosols exert a significant influence on the brightness temperature observed in the thermal infrared (IR) channels, yet the specific contributions of various aerosol types remain underexplored. This study integrated the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) atmospheric composition reanalysis data into the Radiative Transfer for TOVS (RTTOV) model to quantify the aerosol effects on brightness temperature (BT) simulations for the Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) aboard the Himawari-8 geostationary satellite. Two distinct experiments were conducted: the aerosol-aware experiment (AER), which accounted for aerosol radiative effects, and the control experiment (CTL), in which aerosol radiative effects were omitted. The CTL experiment results reveal uniform negative bias (observation minus background (O-B)) across all six IR channels of the AHI, with a maximum deviation of approximately −1 K. Conversely, the AER experiment showed a pronounced reduction in innovation, which was especially notable in the 10.4 μm channel, where the bias decreased by 0.7 K. The study evaluated the radiative effects of eleven aerosol species, all of which demonstrated cooling effects in the AHI's six IR channels, with dust aerosols contributing the most significantly (approximately 86%). In scenarios dominated by dust, incorporating the radiative effect of dust aerosols could correct the brightness temperature bias by up to 2 K, underscoring the substantial enhancement in the BT simulation for the 10.4 μm channel during dust events. Jacobians were calculated to further examine the RTTOV simulations' sensitivity to aerosol presence. A clear temporal and spatial correlation between the dust concentration and BT simulation bias corroborated the critical role of the infrared channel data assimilation on geostationary satellites in capturing small-scale, rapidly developing pollution processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to assess observational evidence for potential atmospheric biosignatures on exoplanets, it will be essential to test whether spectral fingerprints from multiple gases can be explained by abiotic or biotic-only processes. Here, we develop and apply a coupled 1D atmosphere-ocean-ecosystem model to understand how primitive biospheres, which exploit abiotic sources of H |$_2$|⁠ , CO, and O |$_2$|⁠ , could influence the atmospheric composition of rocky terrestrial exoplanets. We apply this to the Earth at 3.8 Ga and to TRAPPIST-1e. We focus on metabolisms that evolved before the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis, which consume H |$_2$| and CO and produce potentially detectable levels of CH |$_4$|⁠. O |$_2$| -consuming metabolisms are also considered for TRAPPIST-1e, as abiotic O |$_2$| production is predicted on M-dwarf orbiting planets. We show that these biospheres can lead to high levels of surface O |$_2$| (approximately 1–5 per cent) as a result of CO consumption, which could allow high O |$_2$| scenarios, by removing the main loss mechanisms of atomic oxygen. Increasing stratospheric temperatures, which increases atmospheric OH can reduce the likelihood of such a state forming. O |$_2$| -consuming metabolisms could also lower O |$_2$| levels to around 10 ppm and support a productive biosphere at low reductant inputs. Using predicted transmission spectral features from CH |$_4$|⁠ , CO, O |$_2$| /O |$_3$|⁠ , and CO |$_2$| across the hypothesis space for tectonic reductant input, we show that biotically produced CH |$_4$| may only be detectable at high reductant inputs. CO is also likely to be a dominant feature in transmission spectra for planets orbiting M-dwarfs, which could reduce the confidence in any potential biosignature observations linked to these biospheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NOx is an important primary air pollutant of major environmental concern which is predominantly produced by anthropogenic combustion activities. NOx needs to be accounted for in national emission inventories, according to international treaties. Constructing accurate inventories requires substantial time and effort, resulting in reporting delays of 1 to 5 years. In addition to this, difficulties can arise from temporal and country-specific legislative and protocol differences. To address these issues, satellite-based atmospheric composition measurements offer a unique opportunity for the independent and large-scale estimation of emissions in a consistent, transparent, and comprehensible manner. Here we test the multi-source plume method (MSPM) to assess the NOx emissions over Germany in the COVID-19 period from 2019–2021. For the years where reporting is available, the differences between satellite estimates and inventory totals were within 75–100 kt (NO2) NOx (<10 % of inventory values). The large reduction in the NOx emissions (∼15 %) concurrent with the COVID-19 lockdowns was observed in both the inventory and satellite-derived emissions. The recent projections for the inventory emissions of 2021 pointed to a recovery of the 2021 emissions towards pre-COVID-19 levels. In the satellite-derived emissions, however, such an increase was not observed. While emissions from the larger power plants did rebound to pre-COVID-19 levels, other sectors such as road transport did not, and the change in emissions is likely due to a reduction in the number of heavier transport trucks compared to the pre-COVID-19 numbers. This again illustrates the value of having a consistent satellite-based methodology for faster emission estimates to guide and check the conventional emission inventory reporting. The method described in this work also meets the demand for independent verification of the official emission inventories, which will enable inventory compilers to detect potentially problematic reporting issues, bolstering transparency and comparability, which are two key values for emission reporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical composition of individual particles can be revealed by single-particle mass spectrometers (SPMSs). With higher accuracy in the ratio of mass to charge (m/z), more detailed chemical information could be obtained. In SPMSs, the conventional standard-based calibration methods (internal/external) are constrained by the inhomogeneity of ionization lasers and the finite focusing ability of the inlet system, etc.; therefore, the mass accuracy is restricted. In this study, we obtained the detailed and reliable chemical composition of single particles utilizing a standard-free mass calibration algorithm. In the algorithm, the characteristic distributions of hundreds of ions were concluded and collected in a database denoted as prototype. Each single-particle mass spectrum was initially calibrated by a function with specific coefficients. The range of coefficients was constrained by the magnitude of mass deviation to a finite vector space. To find the optimal coefficient vector, the conformity of each initially calibrated spectrum to the prototype dataset was assessed. The optimum calibrated spectrum was obtained with maximum conformity. For more than 98 % ambient particles, a 20-fold improvement in mass accuracy, from ∼ 10 000 ppm (integer) to ∼ 500 ppm (two decimal places), was achieved. The improved mass accuracy validated the determination of adjacent ions with a m/z difference ∼ 0.05 Th. Furthermore, atmospheric particulate trace elements that were poorly studied before are specified. The obtained detailed single-particle-level chemical information could help explain the source apportionment, reaction mechanism, and mixing state of atmospheric particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate long-term marine-derived biogenic sulfur aerosol concentrations at high spatial and temporal resolutions are critical for a wide range of studies, including climatology, trend analysis, and model evaluation; this information is also imperative for the accurate investigation of the contribution of marine-derived biogenic sulfur aerosol concentrations to the aerosol burden, for the elucidation of their radiative impacts, and to provide boundary conditions for regional models. By applying machine learning algorithms, we constructed the first publicly available daily gridded dataset of in situ-produced biogenic methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and non-sea-salt sulfate (nss-SO 4=) concentrations covering the North Atlantic. The dataset is of high spatial resolution (0.25° × 0.25°) and spans 25 years (1998–2022), far exceeding what observations alone could achieve both spatially and temporally. The machine learning models were generated by combining in situ observations of sulfur aerosol data from Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station, located on the west coast of Ireland, and from the North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine Ecosystems Study (NAAMES) cruises in the northwestern Atlantic with the constructed sea-to-air dimethylsulfide flux (FDMS) and ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis datasets. To determine the optimal method for regression, we employed five machine learning model types: support vector machines, decision tree, regression ensemble, Gaussian process regression, and artificial neural networks. A comparison of the mean absolute error (MAE), root-mean-square error (RMSE), and coefficient of determination (R2) revealed that Gaussian process regression (GPR) was the most effective algorithm, outperforming the other models with respect to simulating the biogenic MSA and nss-SO 4= concentrations. For predicting daily MSA (nss-SO 4=), GPR displayed the highest R2 value of 0.86 (0.72) and the lowest MAE of 0.014 (0.10) µ g m -3. GPR partial dependence analysis suggests that the relationships between predictors and MSA and nss-SO 4= concentrations are complex rather than linear. Using the GPR algorithm, we produced a high-resolution daily dataset of in situ-produced biogenic MSA and nss-SO 4= sea-level concentrations over the North Atlantic, which we named "In-situ Produced Biogenic Methanesulfonic Acid and Sulfate over the North Atlantic" (IPB-MSA&SO 4). The obtained IPB-MSA&SO 4 data allowed us to analyze the spatiotemporal patterns of MSA and nss-SO 4= as well as the ratio between them (MSA:nss-SO4=). A comparison with the existing Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service ECMWF Atmospheric Composition Reanalysis 4 (CAMS-EAC4) reanalysis suggested that our high-resolution dataset reproduces the spatial and temporal patterns of the biogenic sulfur aerosol concentration with high accuracy and has high consistency with independent measurements in the Atlantic Ocean. IPB-MSA&SO 4 is publicly available at https://doi.org/10.17632/j8bzd5dvpx.1 (Mansour et al., 2023b). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used an analytical computational model to evaluate safe zones in contaminated areas that may result from a hypothetical significant off-site release from a nuclear power plant. The model, considering local atmospheric stability, wind direction, and location, calculates the expected total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) and potential safety zones. This research, focused on an area near a nuclear facility affected by an accidental release, used SCALE and HotSpot Health Physics codes to simulate the reactor's core inventory content and off-site release. This study's findings underscore that the risk of developing solid cancer (testing morbidity) is influenced by both local atmospheric stability and the composition of the potentially affected population (primarily age and sex). These findings, backed by an analytical approach, can significantly influence logistical and operational planning. The utilization of computer simulations can also aid in creating flexible response scenarios to real events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]