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Vision is central to success in nearly all sports, and there is an emerging body of research investigating the links between visual abilities and athletic performance. This preregistered scoping review seeks to clarify the topics of study, methodologies used, populations under investigation, researchers, and disciplines driving this field. Systematic searches of English-language articles were conducted in PubMed and Web of Science, with additional literature identified through bibliographic searches. Six hundred sixty-seven articles published between 1976 and 2023 were identified with 547 empirical studies, 58 review articles, 20 commentaries, and 4 meta-analyses, among others. Among the empirical papers, 411 reported on visual assessments and 98 on vision training interventions. The most represented sports included baseball, soccer, basketball, and cricket, with over 150 articles reporting on professional, elite, or Olympic athletes. This scoping review describes the breadth of this emerging field, identifies its strengths and weaknesses, and provides recommendations for future improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In sport, there is extensive evidence that supports the benefits associated with a mastery climate. However, limited studies have explored how physical tools could be used to promote mastery climates in youth sport contexts. Using an action research approach, we sought to understand the benefits and drawbacks of applying tools grounded in goal setting to promote a mastery environment: (a) an "arm sleeve" to be worn by athletes during training and matches and (b) a "reflection sheet" for use pre- and posttraining/-matches. These tools were implemented for a 3-week period with a U13 academy team (18 players and two coaches). Based on observation notes, focus groups, and one-on-one interviews, the analysis showed that the arm sleeves were helpful reminders for process goals, whereas the coaches had abandoned the use of reflection sheets due to lack of time. The benefits and drawbacks of the tools are discussed while pedagogical and practical implications are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competitive sport involves physical and psychological stressors, such as training load and stress perceptions, that athletes must adapt to in order to maintain health and performance. Psychological resilience, one's capacity to equilibrate or adapt affective and behavioral responses to adverse physical or emotional experiences, is an important topic in athlete training and performance. The study purpose was to investigate associations of training load and perceived sport stress with athlete psychological resilience trajectories. Sixty-one collegiate club athletes (30 females and 31 males) completed self-reported surveys over 6 weeks of training. Athletes significantly differed in resilience at the beginning of competitive training. Baseline resilience differences were associated with resilience trajectories. Perceived stress and training load were negatively associated with resilience. Physical and psychological stressors had a small but statistically significant impact on resilience across weeks of competitive training, indicating that both types of stressors should be monitored to maintain athlete resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The elite sport movement for athletes with hearing impairments, namely Deaflympics, differs from the Paralympic and Olympic sport movements because it exhibits a variety of distinct sociocultural and organisational characteristics. Yet, mental training with Deaflympic athletes receives little to no attention from the scientific community. Little is known about sport psychology consultants' (SPCs) work with Deaflympic athletes. In this study, we explored SPCs' exposure to so called Deaf sport as well as their experiences, attitudes, and assumptions regarding the utility of psychological skills training (PST) with Deaflympic athletes. A self-constructed questionnaire with closed and semi-open questions was completed by 93 (58.8% female) SPCs in European German-speaking countries. Analyses revealed SPCs had limited exposure to Deaflympic sport but indicated readiness to work with Deaflympic athletes. SPCs shared no reasons as to why PST skills and techniques would not be effective with Deaflympic athletes. However, SPCs regarded communication challenges as a major obstacle. We conclude that the integration of elite Deaf sport in SPCs' training programmes is vital, considering SPCs' lack of exposure and experience with Deaflympic athletes as well as their communication insecurities. In addition, further empirical research on PST effectiveness in Deaflympics athletes should provide the foundation for evidence-based utility of applied sport psychology in Deaflympic sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to avoid the influence of external environmental factors on athletes' physical fitness and technical tactics, the author proposes the design and research of an integrated simulation training system for athletes' physical fitness and technical tactics based on virtual reality. The hardware unit of the design system includes a 3D scanner module, VR glasses module, locator module, tracker module, and wireless transceiver device. The software module introduces virtual reality technology and designs a visual simulation module, trained object detection module, trained object tracking module, and overall control module. The simulation experiment results show that compared with existing systems, the training scene output clarity and frame rate of the designed system are better, and the thread switching time and signal mixing time are shorter, which fully proves that the designed system has higher operating efficiency and better application performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This narrative review assesses the effects of repeated sprint training (RST) in hypoxia (RSH) and blood flow restriction (BFR) methods on skeletal muscle adaptations and performance. Current literature suggests that RSH promotes metabolic modifications in muscle cells, especially driven by reactive oxygen species production, HIF-1α stabilization, and changes in metabolism. Training with BFR promotes metabolite accumulation in working muscles due to limited blood flow, however, cellular mechanisms affected by BFR during RST are less explored. Data highlight that RSH improves repeated sprint ability (RSA) in several sport disciplines (e.g. rugby, tennis, soccer, cross-country skiing). However, recent studies showed that addition of hypoxia or BFR during RST did not promote supplementary benefits on aerobic performance, force-velocity power profile, and ${\dot{\rm V}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}} \rm max$V˙O2max. Nonetheless, gains in ${\dot{\rm V}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}$V˙O2max were observed during sprint interval training protocols when BFR was applied during recovery between sets. Finally, recent studies highlighted that RSH can improve RSA in a short period. Thus, RSH and sprint training with BFR may be useful for sports disciplines requiring high glycolytic demand and can promote gains in RSA in a short window. Further studies must be encouraged to better understand the biological consequences of adding such stimuli to exercise, especially BFR, on long-term adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sanda, a martial art that primarily involves punching, kicking, and throwing techniques, requires athletes to maintain high levels of concentration during combat. Sanda principally involves striking the opponent to secure victory, with trauma frequently occurring to the head; however, it remains unclear whether prolonged training enhances or impairs the athletes' attentional capacities. This study aimed to investigate the impact of Sanda training on athletes' attention by employing attention network tests. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 37 professional Sanda athletes from a certain sports academy; 38 college students from the same institution majoring in physical education were recruited as the control group. Control participants had no prior experience in Sanda training, and the Sanda and control groups were matched in terms of sex, age, and education level. The Attention Network Test (ANT) was administered to both groups to compare differences in efficiency across the alerting, orienting, and executive control networks. Results: Compared to the control group, the Sanda athletes exhibited significantly higher executive control network efficiency values and executive control network efficiency ratios (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the Sanda group and the control group regarding the efficiency values of the alerting and orienting networks (P > 0.05). Additionally, total accuracy and total reaction time between the Sanda athletes and control participants showed no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Sanda practice has detrimental effects on attention, including a decrease in the efficiency of the executive control network and a prolongation of the total reaction time. Therefore, athletes should improve attention training and use head protection to prevent frequent head impacts during training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between athletes' training satisfaction and competitive state anxiety, by examining the mediating roles of psychological resilience and coping strategies. The findings provide a theoretical foundation and practical recommendations for enhancing athletes' training and mental health services. Methods: A questionnaire was utilized to assess training satisfaction, psychological resilience, coping strategies, and Competitive State Anxiety among a sample of 447 athletes. The data was examined through descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and structural equation modeling, employing SPSS and the Process 3.5 plug-in. Results: Training satisfaction had a significant positive effect on psychological resilience (β = 0.726, p<0.001), while training satisfaction (β = 0.178, p<0.001) and psychological resilience (β = 1.138, p<0.001) were found to have a significant positive effect on strategy. Additionally, training satisfaction, psychological resilience, and coping strategies all demonstrated a significant negative effect on competitive state anxiety (p<0.001). Training satisfaction indirectly influenced competitive state anxiety through psychological resilience (indirect effect 1), coping strategies (indirect effect 2), and the combined mediating effect of psychological resilience and coping strategies (indirect effect 3), resulting in a total indirect effect of -0.385 [95% CI = (-0.433, -0.337)]. Discussion: In conclusion, enhancing athletes' training satisfaction can help reduce competitive state anxiety by improving psychological resilience and fostering positive coping mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hammer throwing is a motorically demanding sport in which the execution of the movement significantly influences the result, that is the throwing distance. There are many approaches for supporting technical training that are based on measurement technology and image capturing. The accelerations and locus curves of the athlete and hammer are recorded and compared. In this article, these methods are supplemented by a multi‐body simulation (MBS) of the hammer throw. The kinematics of the hand movement is described using a parameterized synthetic trajectory. Scalar parameters in the approach allow the trajectory to be modified. With a MBS model of the wire cable and the hammer, the movement of the hammer can be determined by numerical time integration from the hand's trajectory. As a result the final throwing distance after free flight phase can be analyzed. Due to the complex spatial motion of the hammer during the acceleration phase only heuristic methods can be used to optimize the maximum throwing distance. In a final step the optimized movement can be used to improve the athlete's training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review reports on the use of sensors in wheelchair sports to monitor and analyze performance during match and training time. With rapid advancements in electronics and related technologies, understanding performance metrics in wheelchair sports is essential. We reviewed nine studies using various sensor types, including electric motors, inertial measurement units, miniaturized data loggers with magnetic reed switches, and smartphones with inbuilt accelerometers and gyroscopes, operating at frequencies from 8 Hz to 1200 Hz. These studies measured parameters such as angular and translational velocities, distance, number of starts/pushes, and other performance indicators in sports such as basketball, rugby, tennis, and racing. Despite differences in sport types and methodologies, most studies found sensor-derived data effective for assessment of performance. Future developments and research in this field should focus on multi-sensor systems that could provide real-time match analysis and deeper insights into performance metrics. Overall, sensor technologies show significant potential for improving wheelchair sport performance diagnostics, contributing to better athlete training and future wheelchair design, and enhancing competitive outcomes. This review emphasizes the need for continued innovation and standardization in applying sensor technologies in wheelchair sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In training for many sports, balls of different masses are thrown. This study examined how ball mass influences distance thrown. Based on geometric scaling principles a relationship was derived between ball mass and throw distance: throw distance was inversely proportional to ball mass. This relationship was tested in two ways. The first approach was using athlete shot put throw distances with different shot masses, and hammer throws performed with different mass hammers. These experimental data were better represented by the non-linear relationship, derived from geometric scaling principles, than assuming a simple linear relationship. The second approach was to use a simulation model to predict throw distance for balls of different masses. The model contained realistic segmental inertial properties, activation dynamics, moment-joint angle properties, and moment-joint angular velocity properties. The non-linear relationship provided a better fit to the results of the simulations compared with a linear model. The experimental and modeling results support the theoretical relationship derived between distance thrown and ball mass. The relationship has utility for coaches monitoring and planning the training of athletes which incorporates throwing different mass balls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although external (EXT) verbal cues have been shown to improve jump performance, limited research has been conducted in youth athletes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate how different EXT verbal cue types influenced countermovement jump (CMJ) performance in youth athletes. Ten young trained female athletes (16.80 ± 0.60 years) performed the CMJ using four different EXT verbal cues including external-distal (DIST), external-proximal (PROX), analogy (ANA) and holistic (HOL) as well as a neutral cue (CON). Jump height, reactive strength index modified (RSIMOD), countermovement depth, jump time and force-time measures from eccentric and concentric CMJ subphases were measured. No significant differences between cue types were found for RSIMOD. ANA resulted in significantly higher jump height compared to CON (g = 0.37). PROX significantly increased jump time (g = 0.60), concentric time (g = 0.47) and braking time (g = 0.52), as well as significantly decreasing eccentric braking mean force (g = 0.43) and eccentric braking rate of force development (g = 0.59) compared to CON. Countermovement depth significantly increased when using PROX (g = 0.60), HOL (g = 0.46) and ANA (g = 0.51) compared to CON. These results suggest that compared to a neutral cue, EXT verbal cues result in similar CMJ performance in trained youth athletes. However, PROX verbal cues appear to result in reduced performance in many CMJ force-time measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study assessed the impact of integrated neuromuscular training (INT) on athletes' jumping performance and lower limb injury prevention. A thorough search across multiple databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and the Cochrane Library, identified a sample of 19,805 athletes aged between 8.5 and 27.7 years. Results showed that INT led to a significant improvement in jumping ability (SMD = 0.45, 95% CI 0.30–0.60, P = 0.000) and a reduction in lower limb injuries (SMD = 0.68, 95% CI 0.62–0.74, P = 0.000). The most effective interventions lasted at least 25 minutes, conducted 2-5 times per week, for a minimum of 9 weeks. This approach was particularly beneficial for children and adolescents, as it enhanced their countermovement jump (CMJ) ability and helped in the prevention of injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Exercise offers significant health benefits, promoting normal body system functioning, healthy growth, development, and overall well-being. Aims and Objectives: Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the effect of short-term high-intensity exercise (HIE) on hematological biomarkers and acute responses in athletes, as well as changes in these biomarkers immediately after 10 and 20 min of HIE. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physical Education, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (UP). A total of 20 healthy male athletes with an age range of 22 to 26 years were randomly selected. All participants performed HIE for 5 min with maximal effort. Blood samples for selected hematological biomarkers were collected before exercise, immediately after exercise, and 10 and 20 min after the HIE. Results: A repeated measures analysis of variance with a Greenhouse-Geisser correction revealed that red blood corpuscles (F = 58.447; P < 0.05.), white blood cells (F = 59.778; P < 0.05), platelets (F = 23.794; P < 0.05), and hemoglobin (F = 46.853; P < 0.05) responses differed statistically significantly between time points. Post hoc analysis with a Bonferroni adjustment revealed that their response was significantly increased immediately after the HIE, reduced 10 min after the exercise, and closely returned to baseline levels after 20 min of exercise. Conclusion: HIE causes an inflammatory response in the blood by elevating the hematological biomarkers. These findings can be taken into consideration to develop high-intensity training programs for athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to integrate the training of athletes with information technology, this paper proposes a method for evaluating the performance of athletes using training technology. HR, O2, and hemoglobin were selected as input vectors of SVM, and the corresponding values were used as outputs to generate the training model. Adjust the support vector machine to minimize measurement error based on the learning objective. Support vector machines are used to study training patterns and develop models to evaluate athletes' performance. College athletes were taken as research subjects and the effects of training were examined in five sports: football, basketball, basketball, swimming, and running. The results show that the relative error of this type is less than 1 when measuring the performance of various sports subjects; Relative errors in measuring the academic performance of athletes in various sports using physical fitness standards and sport-specific skills 1. The proposed model proves that the athlete's training index is incorrect and has a useful application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multidisciplinary sports like triathlons require combining training for three different sports, and it is unclear how triathlon coaches manage this. During a 10-week period, we provided four age-group triathlon coaches with summary reports of the training completed by their athletes (n = 10) in the previous week. Coaches were then asked if the information provided to them was used to inform training prescription for the following week. The information provided to coaches included relative acute training load (rATL) and training stress scores (TSSs). Weekly fluctuations in rATL of >10% (spikes) were 83% (swim), 74% (bike) and 87% (run). Coaches adapted training loads for the upcoming week in 25% of all rATLs reported, and only 5% (swim), 33% (bike) and 9% (run) of the adjusted loads avoided spikes. Consequently, there were 22 single-discipline acute training load spikes vs. 14 spikes when combining all three disciplines. Only 1.5% of training was lost to injury, mostly after a large running-based training load spike (>30%). Coaches largely overlooked the information provided in the report when prescribing exercise for the following week, and when adjusted, it failed to bring weekly load variability <10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prescribing correct training loads in strength- and power-based sports is essential to eliciting performance improvements for athletes. Concurrently, testing strength for the prescription of training loads should be accurate and safe with minimal disruption or fatigue inducement to the athlete. The purpose of this study was to develop a prediction equation in female athletes for the three-repetition maximum (3RM) squat using the isometric mid-thigh pull and basic anthropometric assessments that could be practically applied to support training prescriptions. Female athletes (n = 34) were recruited from netball, volleyball, basketball, and soccer across a spectrum of competitive standards. Each athlete's weight, standing height, seated height, arm span, and biacromial breadth were recorded, and then, on separate occasions separated by at least 48 h, each athlete completed a 3RM squat test and an isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) assessment. IMTP variables of peak force and time-dependent force at 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 ms, as well as anthropometric measures, were used to develop a prediction equation. Squat strength was low-to-moderately correlated with peak force (r = 0.386); force at 100 ms (r = −0.128), 150 ms (r = −0.040), and 200 ms (r = −0.034); standing height (r = 0.294); and biacromial breadth (r = −0.410). Stepwise multiple regression significantly (p < 0.05) explained 26% of the 3RM squat strength variation using peak force and force at 100 ms, resulting in the following equation: Predicted 3RM squat (kg) = [6.102 + (Peak Force × 0.002) − (Force@100 ms × 0.001)]2. The reported equation's predictive accuracy was tested using the same testing protocols following 6–8 weeks of training in a sub-cohort of athletes (n = 14). The predicted and actual recorded 3RM values were not significantly (p = 0.313) different, supporting the use of the IMTP as a test that contributes informative values for use in a predictive equation for training prescription and thus reducing the testing and fatigue-inducing impost on female athletes. However, the 95% CI (−4.18–12.09) indicated predicted values could differ in excess of 10 kg. This difference could lead to an excessive load prescription for an athlete's training program, indicating caution should be taken if using the described method to predict 3RM squat values for programming purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite its rich history and widespread participation, the research surrounding injuries and illness in judo remains relatively limited compared to other sports. The primary aim of this research was to investigate injuries and illness within a previous year in Japanese collegiate judo athletes and analyze possible factors associated with these. This was a cross-sectional observational study using a web-based survey to collect data on the 1-year prevalence of injuries and illness. This study involved 564 judo athletes (67% males), aged between 18 and 25 years. Of these, 344 athletes (61%) reported one or more injuries within the previous year, and 49 reported illness (9%). The more judo experiences the athlete acquired, the less likely they were to sustain an injury (OR: 0.9; 95% CI: 0.56–1.10; p-value < 0.05) or illness (OR: 0.9; 95% CI: 0.81–1.00; p-value < 0.05). Support of an athletic trainer was associated with 1.7 times increased odds of sustaining an injury (95% CI: 1.19–2.49; p-value < 0.05). Athletes with obese BMI status (BMI > 30) had 3.1 times higher odds of becoming ill (95% CI: 1.41–6.95; p-value = 0.005), and athletes training more than 5 days per week had the odds of becoming ill increased by 5.1 times (95% CI: 1.11–23.21; p-value = 0.036). Judokas with fewer years of experience and with obese status should be targeted in efforts to prevent injury and illness. Moreover, the support of an athletic trainer and the impact of weekly training days should be targeted in research efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A novel lactate biosensor based on a yttrium oxide/boron nitride (Y2O3/BN) nanocomposite modified electrode was developed. The BN nanosheets provided a supporting matrix for the Y2O3 nanoparticles, combining their synergistic properties for electrochemical biosensing. The Y2O3/BN nanocomposite provided high surface area and excellent electrocatalytic effects, promoting the oxidation of hydrogen peroxide generated from lactate oxidase catalyzed lactate oxidation. The Y2O3/BN modified biosensor showed wide linear range from 0.005 to 500 μM, low detection limit of 2 nM, high sensitivity of 1.23 μA/μM, good reproducibility with 3.2 % RSD, and long-term stability over 56 days. The biosensor could detect lactate levels in athlete sweat samples with high accuracy and correlation to standard methods, distinguishing changes in sweat lactate corresponding to different exercise intensities. The nanocomposite modified biosensor showed potential for non-invasive, real-time monitoring of exercise levels and fatigue status based on sweat lactate detection in athletic training applications.

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Mind wandering (MW) among athletes during training and competition can lead to poor performance. However, MW has also been found to have positive effects. This study aims to clarify the causes of the bidirectional (negative and positive) effects of MW in the sports context, specifically focusing on whether these effects are related to the content of MW. Methods: A total of 846 Chinese athletes completed the Chinese version of the MW scales. The survey data were tested for common method biases. Subsequently, Pearson correlation analysis and structural equation modeling were performed using SPSS 25.0 and Mplus 7.0. Results: The frequency of MWcan positively predict its bidirectional effects. MW content plays an important role in the relationships between MW frequency and its negative and positive effects, but the direction of influence varies depending on the content. Conclusion: MW in sports is not always harmful, and its content plays an important role. These findings suggest that managing MW content may be a promising MW intervention method for improving performance in sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study investigated the relationships between job pressure, occupational burnout, organizational support and coping strategies among competitive sports coaches in Sichuan Province, China. It also assesses the impact of job pressure on occupational burnout and the mediating roles of organizational support and coping strategies. Methods: A survey was conducted with 207 competitive sports coaches from Sichuan Province, China. Basic information and data on job pressure, occupational burnout, organizational support and coping strategies were collected. Correlations between variables were analyzed, and a theoretical model for hypothesizing the mediating effects was established. A multiple regression model was used to predict the relationships between occupational burnout and job pressure, organizational support and coping strategies. Results: (1) Job pressure was significantly positively correlated with occupational burnout (R = 0.436, p < 0.001) and negative coping (R = 0.389, p < 0.001) but significantly negatively correlated with organizational support (R = -0.503, p < 0.001). Occupational burnout was significantly negatively correlated with academic title (R = -0.158, p = 0.023) and organizational support (R = -0.349, p < 0.001) but significantly positively correlated with negative coping (R = 0.440, p < 0.001). Organisational support was significantly positively correlated with positive coping (R = 0.222, p = 0.001) but significantly negatively correlated with negative coping (R = -0.207, p = 0.003). (2) Mediating effects: Job pressure indirectly affects occupational burnout via organizational support and negative coping strategies. (3) Multiple regression: Y1 (Job Pressure) = 69.262 + 1.172 × Emotional Exhaustion -2.231 × Emotional Support +1.041 × Negative Coping -6.554 × Academic Title (from high to low). Y2 (Occupational Burnout) = 25.609 + 0.141 × Job Pressure - 0.306 × Organisational Support +0.620 × Negative Coping -2.097 × Academic Title. Conclusion: Job pressure is a significant factor leading to occupational burnout among competitive sports coaches in Sichuan Province, China, and factors such as role, interpersonal relationships and career development are closely related to occupational burnout. The sense of organizational support and negative coping strategies play a mediating role between job pressure and occupational burnout. Reducing emotional exhaustion and negative coping, enhancing emotional support and improving the academic titles of coaches can help to reduce job pressure and occupational burnout among competitive sports coaches in Sichuan Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the assessment of the Taekwondo training program in the division Alaminos City for the School Year 2022-2023. It used a descriptive research design. The total respondents consist of ninety-six (96) taekwondo athletes from Public and Private Secondary Schools in the School Division of Alaminos City with four yearsexperience as a taekwondo athlete. The study found out that in the status of taekwondo training program, the athletes are moderately satisfied with their training on basic movements (kibondongjak), and sparring (kyorugi); and very satisfied with their training on form (poomsae). For the effect of the implementation of taekwondo training program, the athletes found the training on physical fitness, mental health, and emotional development to be effective. In the level of satisfaction in the implementation of taekwondo training program, the athletes are very highly satisfied with their pre-training and training proper; while they are very highly satisfied with their post training. And, with the challenges encountered by the athletes in the taekwondo training program, the athletes have a high encounter. The study recommends that in the status of taekwondo training program, there should be a review and revision to be made to suit the training needs of the athletes particularly on basic movements (kibondongjak), and sparring (kyorugi) since they found it moderately satisfying. Likewise, in the implementation of taekwondo training program, the sports officials, coaches and trainers should focus more on the training of athletes particularly on physical fitness, mental health, and emotional development. Also, in the level of satisfaction in the implementation of taekwondo training program, sports officials, coaches and trainers should strengthen the pre-training and proper training activities of the athletes. Further, on the challenges encountered by the athletes, the SDO personnel concern, coaches and trainers should always attend to the needs of the athletes to enhance their performance and be always on guard of their welfare. Finally, an innovative training design is being proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare acute physiological responses and perceived training stress between one long and two short time- and intensity-matched sessions of moderate-intensity training in endurance athletes. Methods: Fourteen male endurance athletes (VO2max: 69.2 ± 4.2 mL·min-1·kg-1) performed one 6 × 10-min interval session (SINGLE) and two 3 × 10-min interval sessions interspersed with 6.5 h recovery (DOUBLE) of moderate-intensity training on two separate days, while running in the laboratory, using a counterbalanced cross-over trial. The two training days were separated into a first part/session (interval stage 1-3) and second part/session (interval stage 4-6). Respiratory variables, heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentrations (BLa), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were collected during sessions, whereas supine heart rate (HR) was assessed in a 60-min recovery period following sessions. Measures of perceived training stress (1-10) were assessed in the morning of the subsequent day. Results: HR, Bla, and RPE increased in the second compared to first part of SINGLE (168 ± 7 vs. 173 ± 7 bpm, 2.60 ± 0.75 vs. 3.01 ± 0.81 mmol·L-1, and 13.4 ± 1.0 vs. 14.8 ± 1.1-point, respectively, all p < 0.05). HR and Bla decreased in the second compared to first session of DOUBLE (171 ± 9 vs. 166 ± 9 bpm and 2.72 ± 0.96 vs. 2.14 ± 0.65 mmol·L-1, respectively, both p < 0.05). SINGLE revealed higher supine HR in the recovery period following sessions (65.4 ± 2.5 vs. 60.7 ± 2.5 bpm p < 0.05), session RPE (sRPE, 7.0 ± 1.0 vs. 6.0 ± 1.3-point, p = .001) and sRPE training load (929 ± 112 vs. 743 ± 98, p < 0.001) compared to DOUBLE. In the subsequent morning, increased levels of perceived fatigue and muscle soreness were observed following SINGLE compared to DOUBLE (7.0 ± 2.5 vs. 8.0 ± 1.0-point, p = .049 and 6.0 ± 2.5 vs. 7.0 ± 2.5-point, p = .002, respectively). Conclusion: One long moderate-intensity training session was associated with a duration-dependent "drift" in physiological responses compared to two short time- and intensity-matched sessions, thereby suggesting a higher overall training stimulus. Simultaneously, the lower cost of the two shorter sessions indicates that such organization could allow more accumulated time at this intensity. Overall, these findings serve as a starting point to better understand the pros and cons of organizing moderate-intensity training as one long versus shorter sessions performed more frequently (e.g., as "double threshold training") in endurance athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of the study: The research goal of the study was to determine the relationship between coping with stressful situations and the level of aerobic capacity and post-workout restitution, as well as the changes that occur between these variables through the period of training camp preceding international men's championship competitions in age cadet. Two research hypotheses were verified. The athletes will maintain or improve the results obtained in the performance test and the post-workout restitution coefficient during the immediate preparation period for the European Championships (H1), and the style of coping with stressful situations significantly affects changes in aerobic capacity and the post-workout restitution coefficient during the immediate preparation period for the European Championships (H2). Materials and methods: The athletes of the National Men's Team of Poland in classical style wrestling (n = 16). Coping with stressful situations was examined using the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS). Aerobic capacity was analyzed using the Maximal Multistage 20-m Shuttle Run Test. The level of post-exercise restitution was calculated using the Klonowicz coefficient of restitution. Results: There was a significant increase in aerobic capacity levels (p < 0.001), a decrease in resting HR (p < 0.002), HR 1' after the test (p < 0.0031), and HR 5' after the test (p < 0.007). There was a significant correlation between emotional coping style and avoidant style focused on looking for social contacts vs. HR 3' after the test and (r = 0.60; p < 0.015) and HR 5' after the test (r = 0.57; p < 0.020). In addition, a correlation was noted between avoidant style and maximum aerobic speed (r = -0.64; p < 0.008), and avoidant style focused on substitute activities vs. distance and maximum aerobic speed (r = -0.72; p < 0.002). Conclusion: It is reasonable to implement psychological training and regular monitoring of mental preparation in the national men's team training program for athletes competing in wrestling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The long-term monitoring of internal and external training load is crucial for the training effectiveness of athletes. This study aims to quantify the internal and external training loads of collegiate male volleyball players during the competitive season. The internal and external training load variables were analyzed across mesocycles and playing positions. Methods: Fourteen participants with age of 20.2 ± 1.3 years, height of 1.81 ± 0.05 m, and body weight of 70.8 ± 5.9 kg were recruited. The data were collected over a 29-week period that was divided into four mesocycles: preparation 1 (P1, weeks 1–7), competition 1 (C1, weeks 8–14, including a 5-day tournament in week 14), preparation 2 (P2, weeks 15–23), and competition 2 (C2, weeks 24–29, including a 6-day tournament in week 29). Each participant wore an inertial measurement unit and reported the rating of perceived exertion in each training session. The internal training load variables included weekly session rating of perceived exertion, acute: chronic workload ratio, and training monotony and strain. The external training load variables included jump count and height and the percentage of jumps exceeding 80% of maximal height. Results: C2 had the highest average weekly internal training load (3022 ± 849 AU), whereas P2 had the highest average weekly acute: chronic workload ratio (1.46 ± 0.13 AU). The number of weekly jumps in C1 (466.0 ± 176.8) was significantly higher than in other mesocycles. Weekly jump height was significantly higher in C1, P2, and C2. Internal training load was positively correlated with jump count (ρ = 0.477, p < 0.001). Jump count was negatively correlated with jump height (ρ = −0.089, p = 0.006) and the percentage of jumps exceeding 80% of maximal height (ρ = −0.388, p < 0.001). The internal and external training load variables were similar among different playing positions. Conclusion: The participants exhibited significantly higher internal training load in C2 and higher jump height after P1. A high jump count was associated with higher internal training load and lower jump height. Excessive jumps may result in fatigue and reduce height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neural efficiency refers to the brain's ability to function with reduced resource expenditure while maintaining high performance levels. Previous research has demonstrated that table tennis athletes have greater neural efficiency at the conscious level. However, it is unknown whether they exhibit greater neural efficiency at the unconscious level. Therefore, this study aims to investigate unconscious perceptual processing and neural efficiency in elite table tennis athletes through tasks involving the judgment of spin serves. Methods: Fifty healthy, right-handed individuals participated in this study, including 25 elite table tennis athletes and 25 control participants without professional training experience. To evaluate the unconscious perceptual characteristics of both groups, we used a combination of masked priming paradigm and event-related potential techniques. Results: The behavioral results reveal that, compared to the control group, the table tennis athletes displayed reduced reaction times (p < 0.001) and increased priming effects (p < 0.001) under unconscious conditions. The electrophysiological findings indicated that both groups elicited N1, N2, and P2 components. Notably, compared to the control group, the table tennis athletes exhibited significantly lower amplitude responses at the occipital lobe electrodes PO3, POz, PO4, O1, Oz, and O2 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: These results further support the neural efficiency hypothesis, indicating that prolonged professional training enhances athletes' capacities for specialized unconscious cognitive processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To systematically evaluate and meta-analyze the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on athletes of aerobic endurance performance parameters. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched. The assessment of quality was conducted employing The Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool, while heterogeneity examination and subgroup analysis were performed. Moreover, regression and sensitivity analyses were executed. Results: There was no significant difference between the effects of HIIT and MICT on the enhancement of athletes' running economy (RE) (P > 0.05); 1–3 weeks and 4–9 weeks of HIIT were more effective in improving athletes' maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) (P < 0.05), and 10 weeks and above were not significant (P > 0.05); 1–3 weeks of HIIT was more effective in improving athletes' anaerobic threshold (AT) (P < 0.05), and 4–10 weeks was not significant (P > 0.05); 3 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) did not significantly enhance athletes' minute ventilation (VE) (P > 0.05), whereas a duration of 6–10 weeks yielded superior results (P < 0.05); 8 weeks of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) did not significantly enhance athletes' hemoglobin (Hb) level (P > 0.05), whereas a duration of 2–3 weeks yielded superior results (P < 0.05). Conclusions: (1) HIIT and MICT have similar effects on enhancing athletes' RE. (2) 6–9 weeks' HIIT was more effective in improving athletes' VO2max and VE, and 3 weeks' HIIT was more effective in improving athletes' AT. (3) Within 3 weeks, MICT was more effective in improving the Hb level of athletes. Registration number on PROSPERO: CRD42024499039. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyzed plasma melatonin levels in different groups of preterm newborns without hypoxia and their relationship with several perinatal variables like gestational age or neonatal pain. Prospective cohort study of preterm newborns (PTNB) without perinatal hypoxia, Apgar > 6 at 5 min, and oxygen needs on the third day of life. We compared melatonin levels at day 3 of life in different groups of non-hypoxic preterm infants (Student's t-tests, Mann-Whitney U, and chi2) and analyzed the relationship of melatonin with GA, birth weight, neonatal pain (Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) scale), caffeine treatment, parenteral nutrition, or the development of free radical diseases (correlation study, linear regression) and factors associated with moderate/intense pain and free radical diseases (logistic regression analysis). Sixty-one preterm infants with gestational age (GA) of 30.7 ± 2.0 weeks with no oxygen requirements at day 3 of life were studied with plasma melatonin levels of 33.8 ± 12.01 pg/ml. Preterm infants weighing < 1250 g at birth had lower plasma melatonin levels (p = 0.05). Preterm infants with moderate or severe pain (PPIPP > 5) have lower melatonin levels (p = 0.01), and being preterm with PIPP > 5 is associated with lower plasma melatonin levels (p = 0.03). Being very preterm (GA < 32 GS), having low weight for gestational age (LWGA), receiving caffeine treatment, or requiring parenteral nutrition did not modify melatonin levels in non-hypoxic preterm infants (p = NS). Melatonin on day 3 of life in non-hypoxic preterm infants is not associated with later development of free radical diseases (BPD, sepsis, ROP, HIV, NEC). Conclusion: We observed that preterm infants with moderate to severe pain have lower melatonin levels. These findings are relevant because they reinforce the findings of other authors that melatonin supplementation decreases pain and oxidative stress in painful procedures in premature infants. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether melatonin could be used as an analgesic in painful procedures in preterm infants. Trial registration: Trial registration was not required since this was an observational study. What Is Known: • Melatonin is a potent antioxidant and free radical scavenger in newborns under stress conditions: hypoxia, acidosis, hypotension, painful procedures, or parenteral nutrition. • Pain stimulates the production of melatonin. • Various studies conclude that melatonin administration decreases pain during the neonatal period. What Is New: • Non-hypoxic preterm infants with moderate to severe pain (PIPP>5) have lower levels of melatonin. • Administration of caffeine and treatment with parenteral nutrition do not modify melatonin levels in non-hypoxic preterm infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The equine foot evolved to provide an effective interface between the distal limb and the ground for weight‐bearing, shock absorption and providing traction. The use of horseshoes became necessary when horses performed a lot of work on abrasive surfaces. These days, however, most equine athletes train and compete on soft, manufactured surfaces that are conducive to having the horses barefooted, especially if they have good‐quality hooves and can be taken out of work for a short period of time while the hoof goes through the adaptive process. Being barefoot for a period of time is often useful in treating horses with chronic foot lameness, hoof capsule distortions with compromised heel structures, sheared heels or frogs that are either recessed or prolapsed relative to the ground surface of the foot. The benefits of being barefooted include superior shock absorption, better energy damping and improved weight‐bearing ability. Without shoes, the foot undergoes greater expansion and vertical movement at the heels and foot shape is maintained by friction and wear between the entire solar surface of the foot and the ground. Shaping the barefoot hoof involves removing excessive hoof wall using hoof nippers at an angle of 45° dorsal to the sole‐wall junction (white line) to create a bevel in the bearing surface of the hoof wall. The heels are rasped horizontally to the same horizontal plane as the frog which makes the palmar foot 'load sharing'. Starting at the heel quarter, the rasp is used around the circumference of the foot at a 45° angle and then a rounding motion from proximal to distal is used to produce a thick rounded perimeter to the distal hoof wall. It is important to leave all the horn/mass on the solar surface of the foot for protection. Adaptation to being barefoot requires a period of time to allow the structures of the foot to strengthen along with reshaping of the foot at 3–4‐week intervals. A version of this manuscript was presented at the American Association of Equine Practitioners Scientific Program in 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the reliability, validity, and usefulness of the My Jump 2 application compared to an infrared platform photoelectric cell system in young and adult professional athletes. Twenty-one junior athletes (16.0 ± 1.8 years old) and nineteen professional adults (20.7 ± 7.7 years old) performed six countermovement jumps (CMJ) and six squat jumps (SJ) measured simultaneously by the optical jump device (infrared platform) and the My Jump 2 application. The results revealed very high correlations between the My Jump 2 application and the infrared platform photoelectric cell system for both SJ (r = 0.99, P < 0.001) and CMJ (r = 0.99, P < 0.001). Furthermore, high reproducibility (ICC > 0.86) and low coefficients of variation (CV < 5%) were observed for all measurements. My Jump 2 application presents excellent validity, reliability, and applicability for SJ and CMJ jump assessments in both young male athletes and professional adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is a determining indicator for cardiorespiratory capacity in endurance athletes, and epigenetics is crucial in its levels and variability. This initial study examined a broad plasma miRNA profile of twenty-three trained elite endurance athletes with similar training volumes but different VO2max in response to an acute maximal graded endurance test. Six were clustered as higher/lower levels based on their VO2max (75.4 ± 0.9 and 60.1 ± 5.0 mL.kg−1.min−1). Plasma was obtained from athletes before and after the test and 15 ng of total RNA was extracted and detected using an SYBR-based 1113 miRNA RT-qPCR panel. A total of 51 miRNAs were differentially expressed among group comparisons. Relative amounts of miRNA showed a clustering behavior among groups regarding distinct performance/time points. Significantly expressed miRNAs were used to perform functional bioinformatic analysis (DIANA tools). Fatty acid metabolism pathways were strongly targeted for the significantly different miRNAs in all performance groups and time points (p < 0.001). Although this pathway does not solely determine endurance performance, their significant contribution is certainly achieved through the involvement of miRNAs. A highly genetically dependent gold standard variable for performance evaluation in a homogeneous group of elite athletes allowed genetic/epigenetic aspects related to fatty acid pathways to emerge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To review the effectiveness of isokinetic training as an alternative method to traditional isotonic resistance training. Researchers examined data from PubMed, CENTRAL, MEDLINE COMPLETE, and Web of Science until February 2023. A total of 365 entries were obtained from databases, including studies that analyzed the effects of isokinetic vs. isotonic-based rehabilitation in athletes (16–50 years) after a surgical knee intervention. Return to sport (RTS), strength of the flex/extensor compartment of the thigh, muscle mass of the thigh, and knee function were screened as main outcomes. Two reviewers independently screened the studies for eligibility and assessed the risk of bias of the included ones. Six studies involving 181 athletes were included. Isokinetic training demonstrated significant benefits in peak torque for knee flexor-extensor muscles in four studies. Two studies favored isokinetic training over isotonic for strength. Muscle mass findings were mixed, with one study favoring isokinetic significantly and two showing no significant differences. In terms of returning to sport, the isotonic group displayed slightly better limb symmetry index values, but without significance. Isokinetic training outperformed isotonic in two functionality questionnaire studies, while two others showed no significant differences. Isokinetic training appears equally, if not more effective than isotonic, for restoring strength balance between hamstrings and quadriceps. This could lead to more favorable muscle mass changes. Isokinetic training also parallels isotonic rehabilitation for functional outcomes and meeting return-to-sport criteria. Therefore, isokinetic training should be included as one of the main strength restoration strategies after knee surgery, especially in early and middle rehabilitation stages. The present systematic review was registered on PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42022370398). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Athletes use hypoxic living and training to increase hemoglobin mass (Hbmass), but Hbmass declines rapidly upon return to sea level. We investigated whether intermittent hypoxic exposure (IHE) + continuous hypoxic training (CHT) after return to sea level maintained elevated Hbmass, and if changes in Hbmass were transferred to changes in maximal oxygen uptake (V̇ o 2max) and exercise performance. Hbmass was measured in 58 endurance athletes before (PRE), after (POST1), and 30 days after (POST2) a 27 ± 4-day training camp in hypoxia (n = 44, HYP) or at sea level (n = 14, SL). After returning to sea level, 22 athletes included IHE (2 h rest) + CHT (1 h training) in their training every third day for 1 mo (HYPIHE + CHT), whereas the other 22 HYP athletes were not exposed to IHE or CHT (HYPSL). Hbmass increased from PRE to POST1 in both HYPIHE + CHT (4.4 ± 0.7%, means ± SE) and HYPSL (4.1 ± 0.6%) (both P < 0.001). Compared with PRE, Hbmass at POST2 remained 4.2 ± 0.8% higher in HYPIHE + CHT (P < 0.001) and 1.9 ± 0.5% higher in HYPSL (P = 0.023), indicating a significant difference between the groups (P = 0.002). In SL, no significant changes were observed in Hbmass with mean alterations between −0.5% and 0.4%. V̇ o 2max and time to exhaustion during an incremental treadmill test (n = 35) were elevated from PRE to POST2 only in HYPIHE + CHT (5.8 ± 1.2% and 5.4 ± 1.4%, respectively, both P < 0.001). IHE + CHT possesses the potential to mitigate the typical decline in Hbmass commonly observed during the initial weeks after return to sea level. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: Sets of 2-h intermittent hypoxic exposure + 1-h continuous hypoxic training, every third day, possess the potential to mitigate the typical decline in Hbmass that is commonly observed during the initial weeks after return to sea level from an altitude camp. Inclusion of IHE + CHT in the training regimen was also accompanied by improvements in V̇ o 2max and exercise performance in most but not all Tier 3–Tier 5 level endurance athletes during the training season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Menstrual function is an integral component of the overall health and well-being of cyclically menstruating athletes, impacted by and affecting their participation in sport and athletic training. This review used the coach–athlete relationship to examine the sport environment for factors that facilitate or hinder healthy sport participation for cyclically menstruating athletes with respect to their menstrual cycles. Four databases were searched until June 30, 2023, for studies that explored the experiences, perceptions and knowledge related to the menstrual cycle among athletes training under a coach and coaches of cyclically menstruating athletes. The search produced 2511 studies, which, following screening for relevance and eligibility, resulted in 34 studies of moderate-to-high quality. Thematic synthesis and integration of qualitative and quantitative data from 7558 athletes and coaches from elite to amateur level uncovered 4 main themes pertaining to the coach–athlete relationship and the menstrual cycle that constituted barriers (menstruation taboo, lack of knowledge and awareness, and lack of communication among stakeholders) and facilitators (presence of female coaches, positive experiences of communicating about the menstrual cycle, and trust) to healthy sport participation. A final theme summarised the needs of athletes and coaches related to the menstrual cycle. Greater education, representation of females in sporting roles, and improved collaboration among the various stakeholders emerged as the primary factors for driving a culture-shift in the sporting environment, in order to abolish the taboo against menstruation and promote healthy sport participation for cyclically menstruating athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self‐powered pressure detection using smart wearable devices is the subject of intense research attention, which is intended to address the critical need for prolonged and uninterrupted operations. Current piezoelectric and triboelectric sensors well respond to dynamic stimuli while overlooking static stimuli. This study proposes a dual‐response potentiometric pressure sensor that responds to both dynamic and static stimuli. The proposed sensor utilizes interdigital electrodes with MnO2/carbon/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the cathode and conductive silver paste as the anode. The electrolyte layer incorporates a mixed hydrogel of PVA and phosphoric acid. The optimized interdigital electrodes and sandpaper‐like microstructured surface of the hydrogel electrolyte contribute to enhanced performance by facilitating an increased contact area between the electrolyte and electrodes. The sensor features an open‐circuit voltage of 0.927 V, a short‐circuit current of 6 µA, a higher sensitivity of 14 mV/kPa, and outstanding cycling performance (>5000 cycles). It can accurately recognize letter writing and enable capacitor charging and LED lighting. Additionally, a data acquisition and display system employing the proposed sensor, which facilitates the monitoring of athletes' rehabilitation training, and machine learning algorithms that effectively guide rehabilitation actions are presented. This study offers novel solutions for the future development of smart wearable devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Correctly performed Strength & Conditioning (S&C) training is important in terms of improving sports performance. This survey was to check S&C habits among amateur runners in Poland. Materials and Methods: The questionnaire dealt with 1) personal and anthropometric data, 2) advancement / fitness level and 3) training habits, which was correctly filled in by 923 people. The participants were matched to five fitness levels (LG1–LG5) depending on sex (W/M) and the selected distance (5K/10K/Half-Marathon). Results: More than half of the respondents (n = 467, 50.6%) considered S&C as very important. The most frequently used S&C activities were uphill runs (n = 608, 65.9%) and bodyweight exercises (n = 596, 64.6%). Some of respondents (n = 418, 45.3% and n = 152, 16.5%) performed resistance training (RT) and plyometric training (PT), respectively. Runners with a higher level of advancement (LG5) performed S&C twice a week (p ≤ 0.05), while athletes from less advanced groups (LG1, LG2) showed a tendency to perform once a week (p = 0.192, p = 0.317), respectively. The respondents also more often chose a low range of repetitions when performing S&C. Conclusions: It is known that the performed S&C should be based on existing scientific evidence. Thus, coaches and practitioners should consider the usefulness of certain activities in the context of implementing them in their athletes' training plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sports image classification has gained increasing significance in various domains, including athlete training, event management, and broadcasting. Nonetheless, accurately classifying these images remains a formidable challenge due to factors such as variations in lighting conditions, pose, and attire. This paper proposes an advanced deep learning approach to address this issue. The proposed method uses a modified Inception-V4 (IV4) architecture, which has exhibited remarkable success in image classification tasks. To further enhance the performance of the IV4 model, an advanced version of the seasons optimizer (ASO), a potent optimization algorithm, has been introduced, which adjusts the learning rate during training. This modified optimizer enables the IV4 model to converge more rapidly and achieve higher accuracy. An evaluation of the proposed method has been conducted using a comprehensive dataset comprising Olympic sports images. The experimental results demonstrate significant enhancements over existing approaches, attaining superior performance across multiple evaluation metrics. These findings underscore the potential of combining cutting-edge deep neural networks with advanced optimization techniques for the precise and efficient classification of sports images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Study Aim Vitamin D deficiency is a critical issue for athletes, and the major cause of Vitamin D deficiency is the involvement of athletes in indoor sports activities. Indoor training of athletes has similar risk factors for vitamin D deficiency as compared to the rest of the population. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the influence of Vitamin D on BMI among football athletes in Pakistan. Material and Methods Twelve football athletes (n=6 Experimental Group, n=6 Control Group) from Mian Kalay were recruited through a convenient sample with the average age of the participants being 19.08 ± 2.35 years. Weight, height, and body mass index were measured using a standard stadiometer (ZT-120, China) and analyzed using SPSS version 26. The Experimental Group was kept in games with sunlight exposure for a period of 120 days while the Control Group was restricted. Blood samples were collected by an Agha Khan Lab expert using a 3cc syringe, then transferred into a 3cc gel tube, and 1ml of serum was obtained after centrifugation from all participants. Results The Experimental Group showed significant increases in Vitamin D levels (17.58 vs 43.36, p-value 0.003) and decreases in weight (p=0.001) and BMI (24.00 vs 22.32, p-value <0.001). Meanwhile, the Control Group experienced decreases in Vitamin D levels (20.85 vs 10.86, p-value 0.036) and increases in weight (p<0.001) and BMI (21.11 vs 21.60, p-value 0.023) due to restriction from sunlight. Conclusions Training in sunlight significantly increased the Vitamin D levels of athletes and decreased their weight and BMI. Moreover, indoor sports activities significantly decreased Vitamin D levels and increased the weight and BMI levels of athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Study Aim Sprinting performance is crucial in many sports, and even marginal improvements in sprint mechanics can provide significant competitive advantages. The aim of this study is to examine the influence of step distance, contact time, and flight time on sprint speed. Material and Methods The study was conducted on 26 athletes (20 males and 6 females). Body composition was measured using a bioimpedance analysis device. Sprint kinematics (step distance, contact time, and flight time) and sprint speed parameters were assessed using an optical measurement system during a 30-meter sprint test. Multiple linear regression analysis was employed to determine the effects of sprint kinematic parameters on sprint speed, as well as the effects of body composition parameters on sprint kinematics and speed. The linear regression models included one dependent variable and three independent variables. Results Linear regression analysis revealed that step distance, contact time, and flight time were significant predictors of sprint speed, with the exception of the first step of sprint running (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the effects of body composition parameters (age, body weight, and height) on sprint kinematics and speed were found to be significant (p < 0.05). The proportions of variance explained by body composition parameters were highest for step distance and sprint speed, with R2 values of 0.719 and 0.686, respectively. Conclusions This study confirms that step distance, contact time, and flight time are significant predictors of sprint speed. Additionally, the results underscore the substantial influence of body composition parameters such as age, body weight, and height on sprint kinematics and speed. These findings highlight the importance of considering both kinematic and physiological factors in the training and development of athletes for optimized sprint performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]