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In this paper, we conduct a critical discourse analytical study of asylum interviews in order to contribute to knowledge and awareness of (a) how asymmetrical power relations are discursively (re)produced as well as manoeuvred and negotiated during the interaction and (b) what this means in terms of positioning of the participants. Focusing on a number of metacommunicative sequences characterised by a notably high degree of interpersonal complexity, we examine how participants are positioned and how positioning is discursively realised. We draw on eight observed and recorded asylum interviews conducted in Sweden 2018–2021. Metacommunicative positioning is analysed mainly with a focus on speech functions and modality. We show that metacommunication is used by all participants largely as a means of constructing an asylum narrative within the framework of an institutional discourse. The participants can position each other in (dis)advantageous ways in their attempts to deny, or sometimes claim, responsibility for miscommunication. The applicants generally obey the metacommunicative instructions given by other, more powerful participants. However, we also show an example of an applicant who makes resistance to the institutional discourse. Furthermore, all participants use metacommunication as a tool to guide each other in the conversation, thereby positioning themselves as responsible for the co-construction of the asylum narrative. Finally, we underline the benefits of conducting critical discourse analysis in the study of asylum interviews, although such studies can barely change the fact that the asylum determination process is unequal and asymmetrical in its core.

This study aims to investigate, in dubbed and subtitled versions of the films Madagascar (2005) and Ice Age (2002), how fixed expressions (Moon, 1998) are translated in dubbing and subtitling methods and to examine how employing domestication and foreignisation (Venuti, 1995) can undermine or reinforce the asymmetrical relations, here defined by globalisation as discussed by Venuti (1998) and Cronin (2003, 2009). The analysis is carried out through reference and parallel corpus (Baker, 1995). Final results show that subtitling, rather than dubbing, is more prone to adopt foreignising strategies with regard to the translation of fixed expressions. Additionally, there have been identified, in the subtitled versions of the corpus, translation instances that deliberately move away from target language fixed expressions. Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar, nas versões dubladas e legendadas dos filmes Madagascar (2005) e Era do Gelo (2002), como expressões fixas (Moon, 1998) são traduzidas nos métodos de dublagem e legendagem e examinar como empregar a domesticação e a estrangeirização (Venuti , 1995) podem minar ou reforçar as relações assimétricas, aqui definidas pela globalização, como discutidas por Venuti (1998) e Cronin (2003, 2009). A análise é realizada através de referência e corpus paralelo (Baker, 1995). Os resultados finais mostram que a legendagem, em vez da dublagem, é mais propensa a adotar estratégias estrangeiras no que diz respeito à tradução de expressões fixas. Além disso, foram identificadas, nas versões legendadas do corpus, instâncias de tradução que deliberadamente se afastam das expressões fixas do idioma de destino.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é abordar o tema da orfandade a partir de um estudo com os Bora na região do Caquetá-Putumayo e de possíveis comparações com outros casos etnográficos. Assim, veremos como os órfãos (e, por extensão, os chefes) podem nos ajudar a conhecer algumas relações assimétricas ameríndias encontradas, de maneira bastante abrangente, no domínio do parentesco. Atravessaremos, para isto, questões como a filiação adotiva, a criação de laços de afinidade e as relações de alimentação, de proteção, de controle e de servidão. Ao fazê-lo, paulatinamente colocaremos em xeque a extensão da noção euro-americana de orfandade e sua associação com uma situação irreversível de desamparo. Finalmente, ao conhecermos as transformações dessas relações através do tempo, veremos como os órfãos, ao invés de ocuparem posições sociais rígidas, formam com os chefes os polos de um gradiente relacional que dispõe, cria, organiza e dissolve um sem-número de relações. Abstract This article discusses orphanhood through an ethnography of the Bora, an Indigenous people of the Caquetá-Putumayo region, with comparative incursions into other regions. It shows how orphans (and, by extension, chiefs) can reveal asymmetrical relations that in Amazonia are usually found within the domain of kinship. The article investigates adoptive filiation, the creation of bonds of affinity, and relations of feeding, protection, control, and servitude. In this way, the article questions the Euro-American notion of orphanhood and its association with irreversible helplessness. Finally, by tracing the transformations of these relationships over time, it will show how, far from occupying rigid social positions orphans constitute, with their chiefs, the poles of a relational gradient that creates, organizes, and dissolves a large number of relationships. Resúmen El presente artículo tiene como objetivo discutir la cuestión de la orfandad a partir de la investigación con los Bora, un pueblo indígena de la región de Caquetá-Putumayo, y sus posibles conexiones con otros casos etnográficos. Así, veremos cómo los huérfanos (y, en cierta medida, los jefes) pueden ayudarnos a conocer algunas relaciones asimétricas amerindias que se encuentran habitualmente en el ámbito del parentesco. Para eso, revisaremos cuestiones como la filiación adoptiva, la creación de lazos de afinidad y las relaciones de alimentación, protección, control y servidumbre. Al hacerlo, gradualmente cuestionaremos la extensión de la noción euroamericana de orfandad y su asociación con una situación de desamparo irreversible. Por último, conociendo las transformaciones de estas relaciones a lo largo del tiempo, plantearemos la hipótesis de que los huérfanos, en lugar de ocupar posiciones sociales rígidas, forman con sus jefes los polos de un gradiente relacional que crea, organiza y disuelve un gran número de relaciones.

CHARLES UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Institute of Political Studies Department of Geopolitical Studies Master's Thesis Unconventional power of small states: a comparative case study of Lithuania and Taiwan (ROC) Abstract: The hypotheses of the leading international relations theories, especially realism, face fundamental criticism for not explaining the behavior of some small states, who lack material power but play an effective and influential role in the international arena. To fill in this oversight, the contemporary discourse of small states challenges the resource-based understandings of power and seeks new avenues to explain how some small states succeed in "punching above their weight." Most recently, Dr. Tom Long (2017) synthesized previous academic researches and proposed that the small state's power can be best understood as originating in three categories: derivative, collective, and particular-intrinsic. This thesis aims to contribute to the argument that small states can possess unconventional power to advance their influence and achieve their national interests. It uses Dr. Tom Long's three categories of unconventional power, as a basis for the comparative case study of Taiwan and Lithuania - two small states that have notoriously challenge the notion of "how a small state should...

The article explains the Argentine-Chinese economic relations and identifies the interest’s network with the ongoing modernization processes in both countries. It can be observed that harmony is more important than discord when Argentina accepts the new China’s international division of labor, but when Argentina tends to consolidate the process of economic de-primarization, tensions between both countries tend to emerge. The crisis about crude soybean oil in 2010 is the clearest example to illustrate that trade tensions between both countries will be most frequent if Argentine industrialization continues and the process of policy coordination fails. Fil: Oviedo, Eduardo Daniel. Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

With a liberal political culture that is characterized by limited government, internationalism and an open society, Canada stands somewhere between France and the United States in its degree of cultural protectionism and overall intensity of cultural politics. The United States, of course, is the great cultural exception with a regnant popular culture that is able to indemnify its production costs over a populous and prosperous society which is largely immune to cultural expressions that do not project an American sensibility. In effect, the United States can afford to have a “cultural open-door policy” because it has little to fear from foreign competition. For Canada, however, cultural free-trade raises the specter of standing unprotected against the forces of American cultural annexation. This discussion will survey the debate over U.S. cultural imperialism and Canadian concerns for its cultural sovereignty with particular reference to the international trade agreements of the past decade.

Se teoriza que los tratados firmados entre países traen consigo beneficios y costos que están relacionados en aspectos económicos y políticos, esto depende también que en esta relación exista un status de coercionador – coercionado. En ese sentido, dicha relación permite por ejemplo reducir (en muchos casos eliminar) las barreras arancelarias y no arancelarias al comercio; contribuir a mejorar la competitividad de las empresas (dado que es posible disponer de materia prima y maquinaria a menores costos); facilita el incremento del flujo de inversión extranjera, al otorgar certidumbre y estabilidad en el tiempo a los inversionistas; ayudan a competir en igualdad de condiciones con otros países que han logrado ventajas de acceso mediante acuerdos comerciales similares así como a obtener ventajas sobre los países que no han negociado acuerdos comerciales preferenciales, fomentan la creación de empleos derivados de una mayor actividad exportadora, acceder a nuevas tecnologías e innovaciones en materia militar, entre otras. El objetivo de la presente investigación es realizar un análisis comparado de los flujos de comercio entre el grupo tratado (Colombia, Chile y Perú) y el grupo no tratados (Ecuador, Venezuela y Argentina), usando datos trimestrales desde 2007 y 2014, con el fin de validar la hipótesis del imperio explotador representado en la firma del Tratado de Libre Comercio (variable control) y los posibles beneficios que se derivan de esta relación asimétrica. Abstract. It is theorized that agreements between countries bring benefits and costs that are related to economic and political aspects; this also depends on the existence of a status in the relationship coercer - coerced. In that sense, this relationship allows for example to reduce (in many cases eliminate) non-tariff and tariff barriers to trade; contribute to improving the competitiveness of companies (since it is possible to provide raw materials and machinery at lower costs); It facilitates the increased flow of foreign investment, by providing certainty and stability over time investors; They help them compete on equal terms with other countries that have achieved similar benefits through access and to obtain advantages over countries that have preferential trade agreements negotiated trade agreements, foster job creation from increased export activity, access new technologies and innovations in military matters, among others. The objective of this research is to perform a comparative analysis of trade flows between the treaty (Colombia, Chile and Peru) group and the untreated group (Ecuador, Venezuela and Argentina) analysis using quarterly data from 2007 and 2014, with the In order to validate the hypothesis of exploitative empire represented in signing the Free Trade Agreement (control variable) and the potential benefits derived from this asymmetrical relationship. Maestría

El propósito de este documento es llevar a la reflexión y al análisis la experiencia de mediación intercultural en el ámbito sanitario en la ciudad de Valencia, España, con usuarios/as migrantes provenientes de países latinoamericanos. Los principales problemas de salud de esta población migrante registrados en los centros sanitarios de atención primaria se concentran en las áreas de salud sexual y reproductiva, dentro de los que se destacan una alta frecuencia del "madresolterismo", incremento de las interrupciones voluntarias de embarazos (IVE); difícil uso y baja aceptación de métodos anticonceptivos, tanto por parte de las mujeres como de los varones, y por último, la identificación de relaciones asimétricas en las parejas. Estas circunstancias son analizadas desde una perspectiva de géneros para tener un mejor acercamiento a la realidad social. The purpose of this paper is to reflect and analyze the experience of intercultural mediation in the health field in the city of Valencia, Spain, with migrants users from Latin American countries. The main health problems of the migrant population recorded in the primary health care centers are concentrated in the areas of sexual and reproductive health, there is a high frequency of "single mothers", an increased voluntary interruptions of pregnancies (IVE for its acronym in spanish), a difficult usage and low contraceptive acceptance by both women and men, and finally, an identification of asymmetrical relations in couples. These circumstances are analyzed from a gender perspective to have a better approach to social reality. O propósito deste documento é levar à reflexão e análise a experiência de mediação intercultural no âmbito sanitário na cidade de Valencia, Espanha, com usuários/as migrantes provenientes de países latino-americanos. Os principais problemas de saúde desta população migrante registrados nos centros sanitários de atenção primária concentram-se nas áreas de saúde sexual e reprodutiva, dentro dos que destaca uma frequência alta de "mães solteiras", o incremento das interrupções voluntárias de embaraços (IVE); o difícil uso e baixa aceitação de métodos de contracepção, tanto por parte das mulheres quanto dos varões, e por fim, a identificação de relações assimétricas nos casais. Estas circunstâncias são analisadas desde uma perspectiva de géneros para ter melhor acercamento à realidade social.

In Recordações do Escrivão Isaías Caminha the narrator/character describes his painful experience as a young and poor mulatto who dreams of social mobility and moving from his small village to the capital city of the Brazilian Republic where he finds a society ruled by asymmetrical relations, in which social inequalities and prejudice hinder the realization of his plans. This essay examines Isaias Caminha’s trajectory, discussing the social relations that surround him, and tries to understand the impasses that block the possibilities of citizenship to young persons with similar social conditions. Em Recordações do Escrivão Isaías Caminhao narrador/personagem relata sua experiência dolorosa de jovem pobre e mulato que sonha com a ascensão social e se desloca de um lugarejo do interior para a capital da República, onde encontra uma sociedade regida por relações assimétricas, em que as desigualdades sociais e o preconceito inviabilizam a realização dos seus planos. Este ensaio analisa a trajetória de Isaías Caminha, discutindo as relações sociais que o envolvem, e tenta compreender os impasses que bloqueiam as possibilidades de exercício da cidadania aos jovens da sua condição.

Medya çağı olarak nitelendirilen yirmi birinci yüzyılda en etkili kitle iletişim araçlarından biri olan televizyonda çeviri olgusuna yönelik irdelemeler çok sınırlıdır. Oysa günümüzde televizyonları çeviri edimi olmadan düşünmek neredeyse olanaksızdır. Bu çalışmada, televizyonda her gün karşılaştığımız çeviri olgusunun erek kitleyi küreselleşme bağlamında nasıl etkileyebileceği irdelenmektedir. Bu bağlamda, çeviriyi dar anlamda ele alan dilsel aktarım ve dil eşlerinin karşılaştırılması yapılacak, bunun ötesinde çevirinin kültürel bir niteliğe sahip olduğu gösterilecektir. Geniş bir hedef kitleye seslenen televizyonlardaki çeviriler, salt dilimizi değiştirmekte kalmamakta aynı zamanda düşünce ve kültürümüzü de biçimlendirmektedir. Bu biçimlendirmede ülkeler arasındaki ekonomik ve siyasal dengelerin yaratmış olduğu asimetrik ilişkinin ne kadar belirleyici olabileceği üzerinde durulacaktır. Kültür ve bilgi aktarımın tek taraflı olmasına yol açan bu ilişkinin, erek dil ve kültür üzerinde ne gibi sonuçlar yaratabileceği ortaya konulacaktır. Burada özellikle çeviri dili olarak nitelendirilen karma/yapay bir dilin hangi nitelikleriyle dilsel ve kültürel yabancılaşmaya neden olduğu tartışılacaktır. Çevirinin daha çok olumsuz sonuçlarının vurgulandığı bu irdelemede, anadili ve kültürümüzü korumak için devletin üzerine düşen sorumlulukları ve buna bağlı olarak çevirmenlerin yetiştirilmesi, kitle iletişim araçlarının denetlenmesinde televizyonlara ne gibi yaptırımlar uygulanabileceği konusunda önerilerde bulunulacaktır., There’s only a limited number of a profound analysis of translation phenomenon in television as a mass communication tool. It is almost impossible to consider television channels with no stress on television however. It is only available via translation to keep abreast of the developments, to get informed about different subjects and to transfer news in one language across linguistic and geographic borders instantly. This study analyses in what possible ways can translation effect target audiences in terms of globalisation. Within this framework the word translation is not considered as a mere linguistic transfer but as a medium allowing cultural transfer. Today it is highly committed that translation is a phenomenon that shapes culture with its economical and political dimensions. In this sense the translations in televisions not only change our language but shape our thought and culture. It is possible to find numerous examples of misuses due to translations. The major point to be emphasized here is that beyond the superficial perception of these misuses as linguistic fallacies, there is a need to consider their reasons within a wider context of how they change the target language identity and how they affect the audiences intellectually/culturally. Due to the domestication strategies which have a significant importance for the global marketing of international thoughts and goods, the idea that most the programmes on television are actually translations is widely ignored. This causes an illusion of the languages of such programmes as if they were “natural” products created in the mother tongue. Such a perception precludes the questionings of this illusionary naturality. As a consequence of the interplay between language and culture, the omission of one or overemphasize of the other concludes in a lack of an overall consideration. Translation carries over values and thoughts that are foreign to the target language and culture and this carrying over process has both negative and positive effects on the development of languages. The uncontrolled transfer and negligence of mother tongue awareness have detrimental effects on target culture and language. The reasons for these negative consequences are whether caused by institutional problems linked to the lack of policies towards translation and language or by the negligence of translators in these institutions. It is clear that an extensive linguistic knowledge is not a sufficient solution for the mentioned problem. Translators are required to have an extensive knowledge of both cultures besides the languages. Specialization appears to be a very important issue for translators when different languages uses are subject matter in different programmes like sports, arts, culture and economy. Otherwise translators unaware of the features of the programme may cause incomprehensibility. It can be stated that all translated or adapted television programmes are elements of a transfer towards the target culture when translation is considered as a reflection of a foreign culture. A process of acceptance/adjustment of the foreign takes place for the target audiences as the cultural products like movies, cartoons, quiz shows and comedy programmes are transferred with their cultural and ideological baggage via translation. Instead of a generic analysis, translations on television channels can be discussed in various ways owing to the distinctive structures and features of the programmes. Besides the differences in form and context, the different broadcasting policies are reflected in the translations. The programmes on television which is an essential source of information, entertainment and culture for the masses, are translated with different rates and forms. The determinant is not only the negative or positive effects of translation on the mother language but also from which language the translation is made. When these translations are quantitatively analysed, embedded ideological issues like the reception of the source country by target country, the rate of the balance between these two countries can also be analysed. In addition to the mentioned ideological displays, the translations may also point at some prejudices. Different cultures and languages have been damaged by both the homogenizing effect of the global American cultural values and ideas, the dominance of English established by the foreignization in translations. This damage is mainly caused by one way transmission of the knowledge due to the asymmetrical power relations occurred by economical and political imbalances. The asymmetrical communication results in the deformation of unique target culture values and alienation of the self from the mother tongue by paralysing the individuals in terms of language and thought. Although a number of European movies are translated into Turkish, the rate is far below the American movies in comparison. Therefore most of the translational problems are observed in translations from English. These increasing numbers of translations create an artificial/ hybrid language which in time causes cultural alienation. This study approaches translation with its negative dimensions and underlines the importance of governmental regulations for the preservation of our mother tongue and culture. Within this context the final part of the study offers solutions like educating professional translators, controlling mass media and imposing probable sanctions. The governments who favour the public benefits should always prioritize the importance and the responsibility of mass media and control television channels not only in terms of context but language and translations. In order to preclude the increasing number of foreignizing translations which have detrimental effects on mother tongue and culture, the governments should stimulate mass media to interiorize the idea of public service and so to self-control the language on television as well as translations. The assimilation and continual usage of foreign words and concepts in our language, especially by youth will bring forward serious communicative problems and incoherency among the future generations. Only existence of awareness towards mother tongue may ensure raising awareness towards problems that may be caused by interpreting on television at current age which is characterized by globalization and popular culture as within this context, the distinction between appropriate and mislead translation or translated text and local language is lost. “Linguistic Alienation” which is caused by fidelity towards source language or transfer of certain words into mother tongue through borrowing is reflected in culture too. Use of linguistic structures and words peculiar to a foreign language in translation process or in so-called “translation language” towards audience on television harms target language and culture.