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In sheltered employment centres, staff planning and scheduling activities are critical for operations managers. A generic framework is not easy to set up not only because legal issues are diverse and differ among these service organization types, but one worker may not fit in anywhere at any time. This complexity is greater when workers with specific needs perform work activities in many labour enclaves and different sectors. In this paper, a mixed-integer linear model to solve workers' shift assignments to other workplaces and various activities to form teams is proposed. The novelty of the proposed model lies in considering specific features, such as the skills matrix and the affinity matrix, between the different actors in a labour enclave. The model is validated using real instances from a case study, and several objectives are tested and discussed. The decision support system that sustains the model is introduced and managerial issues are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed phyloBARCODER (https://github.com/jun-inoue/phyloBARCODER), a new web tool that can identify short DNA sequences to the species level using metabarcoding. phyloBARCODER estimates phylogenetic trees based on the uploaded anonymous DNA sequences and reference sequences from databases. Without such phylogenetic contexts, alternative, similarity-based methods independently identify species names and anonymous sequences of the same group by pairwise comparisons between queries and database sequences, with the caveat that they must match exactly or very closely. By putting metabarcoding sequences into a phylogenetic context, phyloBARCODER accurately identifies (i) species or classification of query sequences and (ii) anonymous sequences associated with the same species or even with populations of query sequences, with clear and accurate explanations. Version 1 of phyloBARCODER stores a database comprising all eukaryotic mitochondrial gene sequences. Moreover, by uploading their own databases, phyloBARCODER users can conduct species identification specialized for sequences obtained from a local geographic region or those of nonmitochondrial genes, e.g. ITS or rbcL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the literature on reviewer assignment problem (RAP) considers fitness or efficiency as the evaluation criterion of an assignment, e.g., the degree of matching between reviewers and proposals. In this study, we consider fairness of an assignment and establish two multi-objective linear integer programming models for proposal assignment. We introduce a definition of fairness based on the closeness of social relationships between scholars. The closeness of social relationships is quantified based on social networks among reviewers and serves as part of objective functions. An improved space-partitioning algorithm is designed to solve the multi-objective models with integer objectives. When the problem size is large, two meta-heuristic algorithms are applied. Experiments on real and randomly generated cases are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed models and algorithms.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are biotherapeutics that have achieved outstanding success in treating many life-threatening and chronic diseases. The recognition of an antigen is mediated by the fragment antigen binding (Fab) regions composed by four different disulfide bridge-linked immunoglobulin domains. NMR is a powerful method to assess the integrity, the structure and interaction of Fabs, but site specific analysis has been so far hampered by the size of the Fabs and the lack of approaches to produce isotopically labeled samples. We proposed here an efficient in vitro method to produce [15N, 13C, 2H]-labeled Fabs enabling high resolution NMR investigations of these powerful therapeutics. As an open system, the cell-free expression mode enables fine-tuned control of the redox potential in presence of disulfide bond isomerase to enhance the formation of native disulfide bonds. Moreover, inhibition of transaminases in the S30 cell-free extract offers the opportunity to produce perdeuterated Fab samples directly in 1H2O medium, without the need for a time-consuming and inefficient refolding process. This specific protocol was applied to produce an optimally labeled sample of a therapeutic Fab, enabling the sequential assignment of 1HN, 15N, 13C′, 13Cα, 13Cβ resonances of a full-length Fab. 90% of the backbone resonances of a Fab domain directed against the human LAMP1 glycoprotein were assigned successfully, opening new opportunities to study, at atomic resolution, Fabs' higher order structures, dynamics and interactions, using solution-state NMR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) sorting models are highly relevant for solving real-world problems. Thus, in the literature, the great majority of MCDM methods tackled the choice or ranking problems unlike the sorting approaches although assigning alternatives to predefined homogeneous categories (classes) presents a complex problem. Thus, in this paper, we tackled the sorting problematic using the EDAS "Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution" method. It is used for ranking alternatives, in a decreasing order, according to their Appraisal Scores (AS). Nevertheless, the current version of EDAS method cannot deal with sorting problems. Since a great majority of real-world decision-making problems are modeled as sorting ones, we proposed a new sorting MCDM method called EDAS-Sort to cope with decision problems requiring assigning alternatives to predefined and ordered classes. Given that we dealt with classes defined by their boundary profiles, the proposed method is called EDASSort-B. To demonstrate and underline it, we presented a case study on a bank agency located in Sfax, Tunisia which aims to assign clients requesting loans to three predefined and ordered categories: very solvent, solvent, and doubtful according to various criteria. Therefore, the head of the bank agency (decision maker) will gain insight on the client's profile and whether he is trustful or not to repay the loan. Thus, the EDAS-Sort-B is effective for solving problems requiring assigning alternatives to predefined and ordered categories. Thereupon, the main advantage of EDAS-Sort-B is to help the DM "Decision Maker" to take a real-time decision related to alternatives' assignment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing accessibility in transportation systems is an escalating interest among researchers, fueled by the rising issues with traffic congestion and technological innovations. Accessibility significantly contributes to improving the quality of life, thereby necessitating an examination of how route guidance systems impact it. This study explores the influence of system optimum (SO) and user equilibrium (UE) route guidance systems on accessibility, particularly in the context of connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs) embedded in the network. We employ a hybrid assignment model that enables the concurrent allocation of SO and UE assignments, along with the Gravity model to compute accessibility. The Sioux Falls network, previously leveraged in prior research, was chosen for numerical simulations to permit insightful comparisons. Our study scrutinizes three scenarios: the first scenario examines the repercussions of route guidance systems on human-driven vehicles, while the second and third assess their effects on CAVs. The difference between the second and third scenario is in the way of increasing the capacity in the assignment. Our findings reveal that at lower penetration rates of route guidance systems, accessibility initially dips, and then ascends. When all human-driven users adopt route guidance systems, accessibility increases by 12.75% compared to the initial state (without any intervention). Remarkably, should all users employ autonomous vehicles, accessibility would surge by 220% compared to the initial state (without any intervention). These insights highlight the importance of integrating CAVs and route guidance systems into transportation planning to enhance accessibility and improve the quality of life.

The effectiveness and success of a company's operations always significantly depend on the quality its employees' management of the organization's liabilities. In the context of the current challenging conditions in the global and Russian economy, the issue of complete and timely debt collection becomes even more important. The level of proficiency, thoroughness, and completeness of debt-related management accounting in an organization often determines not only the efficiency of that organization's business operations, but sometimes its very survival in a competitive environment. Issues related to companies' inability to meet their debt obligations have become especially relevant in Russia in recent years. That situation has, in turn, encouraged the process of intensifying debt collection activities, with assignment of claims gaining notably increased significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One established way to motivate students is through choice. Despite the theoretical and research evidence of the importance of choice, little is known about how many choices college students have in terms of assignments. This descriptive study was conducted to determine the frequency and nature of choice related to assignments and if the frequency of choice has changed over time. I reviewed 129 exemplary syllabi from undergraduate and graduate psychology courses that were posted on the Society for the Teaching of Psychology's (n.d.) Project Syllabus website, 63 from 1999-2005 and 66 from 2016-2022. Although most syllabi reviewed (70%) gave students some type of choice with assignments, the type of choice was mostly related to choosing a topic (56%). Choice related to assignment product (e.g., paper, presentation, multimedia project) was only evident in 25% of the reviewed syllabi. There was no relationship between choice and year. Faculty are encouraged to incorporate more assignment choices into their courses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contract cheating is a challenging problem facing higher and further education providers (HE and FE) worldwide. In the UK, contract cheating has been identified as a growing problem by the HEA and, more recently, the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education and the Department for Education. The high rate of contact cheating among students suggests that 8–9% of degrees awarded in the UK are unsafe. To address this issue, the current study with a new approach seeks to investigate student's motivations, experiences, and rationale for using contract cheating from their point of view. Collected data has been subjected to content analysis and the findings show different phases and drivers in this process. This study will help increase awareness among UK academics and education providers about the processes involved in contract cheating and propose a set of recommendations for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, U-shaped production cells play an important role in manufacturing, as their flexibility allows for highly efficient production with a small number of operators. Since the cost of human resources has a significant impact on the total cost of the overall production process and the assignment of operators to tasks can have a major impact on the efficiency of the production process, it is important to develop design methods that allow the assignment of resources to tasks in a way that maximizes the efficiency of the U-cell manufacturing system. In this paper, the authors present a mathematical model for assigning operators to task sets using different objective functions. Calculations based on the presented mathematical model demonstrate that, given a suitable choice of objective functions, it is possible to determine an optimal operator-task assignment that can improve the efficiency of the manufacturing system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents frameworks for auction‐based and posted price mechanisms for exchanging requests between carriers operating in the same geographical areas. Similar mechanisms have been studied before in a rather isolated manner. In this work, all mechanisms are tested within the same scenario and by comparing their results; the aim is to obtain insights regarding the efficiency gains they offer to the network and the required information for their application. Moreover, this comparison provides a clear idea of what is needed to implement each mechanism and the results to expect if one invests in the mentioned implementation, i.e., how much would the net profit be affected. The mechanisms' main objective is to give carriers the chance to improve their original sets of requests in order to increase their overall efficiency. Due to the nature of routing problems, requests usually have different costs for different carriers, depending on the location of the depots as well as on the requests that have to be serviced. The exchange mechanism should find a new allocation such that carriers obtain requests with higher value (i.e., lower cost) for them. Results obtained here show that individual auction‐based mechanisms provide similar results, on average, to centralized auction‐based mechanisms, both outperforming posted price mechanisms. Nevertheless, this improvement difference comes at the cost of providing more information (included in the carriers' bids). Readers can use the presented comparison and results to improve decisions taken prior to collaboration, specifically deciding which mechanism is the best option for a specific situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the increasing popularity of Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT, students from various fields now commonly rely on AI-powered text generation tools to complete their assignments. This poses a challenge for course instructors who struggle to identify the authenticity of submitted work. Several AI detection tools for differentiating human-generated text from AI-generated text exist for domains like medical and coding, and available generic tools do not perform well on domain-specific tasks. Those AI detection tools depend on LLM, and to train the LLM, an instruction dataset is needed that helps the LLM to learn the differences between patterns of human-generated text and AI-generated text. To help with the creation of a tool for Applied Statistics, we have created a dataset containing 4231 question-and-answer combinations. To create the dataset, first, we collected 116 questions covering a wide range of topics from Applied Statistics selected by domain experts. Second, we created a framework to randomly distribute and collect answers to the questions from students. Third, we collected answers to fifty assigned questions from each of the 100 students participating in the work. Fourth, we generated an equal number of AI-generated answers using ChatGPT. The prepared dataset will be useful for creating AI-detector tools for the Applied Statistics domain as well as benchmarking AI-detector tools, and the proposed data preparation framework will be useful for collecting data for other domains.

A single server queueing system with working vacation operating in a multi-level environment controlled by a random switch is considered. The environment has N levels and the random switch puts the server in one of the N levels to perform a service. The server resides in a level and reports to the random switch immediately after completing the service of the last customer in the queue. The random switch initiates an assignment process immediately at the arrival of a customer. The assignment process takes a random time and immediately at the end of the assignment interval, the server is put to operate in any one of the N levels with a positive probability. In each level r of the environment, the queueing system behaves like an M(λr,1)/M(μr,1)/1 queue and switches to a working vacation at a random time and serves with a lesser rate μr,2. During the working vacation, all newly arriving customers are lost. When the server is with the control switch, customers are permitted to join in the queue. For this model, time-dependent state probabilities are explicitly found and the corresponding steady-state probabilities are deduced. Some key performance measures are also obtained. A numerical study is also made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an optimization model has been developed to plan the restoration works envisaged to be done in historical buildings. There are very few studies in the literature on modeling the restoration works of historical monuments and cultural heritages, and most of these studies are based on multi-criteria decision-making models that aim to prioritize the works to be done. Restoration of historical monuments is an expensive and long process. Considering the cultural, social and economic importance of the buildings under the assumption that the works under restoration will be closed to visitors, the importance of optimizing the restoration works is understood. However, no study has been found in the operations research literature that deals with this problem in the scope mentioned. Where the minimum set of actions required to correct defects in a building is termed a 'work', it can be assumed that there may be more than one 'work' due to different defects in a building. Restoration works need to be assigned to work packages and scheduled according to the limited budget allocated for the restoration of the works. Since the budget is limited, the entire budget allocated for a certain period is reserved for only one work package. That is, work packages cannot be executed in parallel, a new work package cannot be started before a work package is completed. It is conceivable that similar types of work could be done by the same teams. There are economic advantages for similar works to be done by the same teams for different historical buildings located at close distances to each other. Under the assumption that the building will remain closed to use/visit before all the restoration works on a work are completed, it can be aimed to complete the restoration works of the buildings as early as possible. In this context, with the developed mathematical model, it is aimed to assign the works to the work packages by taking into account their similarity and geographical proximity, thus making optimal assignment and scheduling under limited budget conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptin is an adipose tissue-expressed 16-kDa hormone encoded by the ob/ob gene. It serves a crucial role in regulating diverse physiological processes, including body weight control, energy homeostasis regulation, promotion of cell proliferation, and more. Emerging research has also revealed potential implications of leptin in various aging-related diseases, suggesting multifaceted physiological roles of leptin. Structural investigation of wild-type leptin in apo form is of particular importance to understand its conformational plasticity for receptor interaction and recognition. Here, we report backbone and side-chain resonance assignments of wild-type human leptin as a basis for structural and functional studies on leptin-mediated signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An order picker performs repetitive tasks, which may result in fatigue, body pain, and injuries. Therefore, it is essential to approach the storage location assignment from an ergonomic standpoint as well. This study presents an energy consumption based optimization model for storage location assignment in an industrial warehouse that stores metal bars. Through a full factorial experiment, we study how product-location parameters like diameter, weight and location height influence time elements like pull and lift/lower time. Using this information, we predict the energy expenditure of pickers for each product-location combination. Then, we formulate an optimization model to decide the storage location assignment that effectively minimizes the total energy expenditure of pickers. The full factorial experiment shows that all the primary factors are significant. Moreover, computational experiments show that storage assignment based on energy optimization is significantly beneficial as compared to distance-based optimization. The energy expenditure decreases with increase in number of vertical levels. The model can predict the energy expenditure of order picker for different warehouse layout designs and help warehouse manager to decide slot height, number of storage locations, blocks and vertical levels. Finally, we derive insights for future research and practical applications based on our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Humanities & Educational Sciences Journal is the property of Humanities & Educational Sciences Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cainiao collaborates with thousands of logistics partners to provide the most cost- and time-efficient delivery services. In this work, we develop a decision support system to select good fulfillment routes consisting of partners for newly created parcels. The system's core optimization component contains a proportion algorithm based on solving an offline integer programming problem and an online algorithm based on dual values of the associated linear programming relaxation. The company has implemented the system to transport numerous parcels from China to other countries and regions, thus saving millions of dollars annually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Review of Private Law / Revista Română de Drept Privat is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article reveals the peculiarities of concluding an agreement on the transfer of property rights to a software, the analysis of current legislation in the field of disposal of rights to the results of intellectual activity, as well as the formulation of conclusions and proposals aimed at improving civil legislation in the specified field. It is noted that in recent years a lot of research has been carried out on contracts in the field of intellectual property law. However, many issues remain debatable and unsettled in the legislation of Ukraine. The essence and content of the contract regarding the transfer (assignment) of the exclusive (property) right to the software has been analyzed and determined as a set of essential conditions duly agreed upon by the parties to the contract. The essential conditions of the contract regarding the transfer (assignment) of the exclusive (property) right to a software in accordance with the Civil Code of Ukraine and the special copyright legislation of Ukraine have been formulated. It is noted that the essential conditions of the contract regarding the transfer (assignment) of the exclusive (property) right to the software are 1) the subject of the contract; 2) the amount of property rights to the software transferred under the contract; 3) characteristic features of a software that allow it to be identified as such; 4) the form of the contract; 5) the amount and method of payment (remuneration) under the contract, or an indication of the gratuitous nature of the contract and 6) other essential conditions defined by the legislation of Ukraine. It is established that the subject of the contract on the transfer (assignment) of the exclusive (property) right to the software is actions aimed at the transfer (assignment) of the exclusive (property) rights to the software in whole or in part, which must be specified in the contract. In fact, under this contract, property (exclusive) rights to the software are transferred from the subject of copyright to the acquirer. The difference between the subject and the object of the contract regarding the transfer (assignment) of the exclusive (property) right to the software has been determined. The characteristic features of a software that allow it to be identified as such have been separately defined. The forms of objective expression of the software have been analyzed. Such a feature of the contract on the transfer of property rights to a software as the term has also been indicated. This is because property copyrights have an expiry date. Therefore, when concluding this contract, the validity period of property rights must be taken into account. If the parties have not agreed on the term of validity of the contract, then the term of validity of the contract cannot exceed the maximum term of validity of copyrights for a software. It is noted that the moment of transfer of property rights is difficult to clearly define and is usually associated with a certain legal fact. It is suggested to consider two factors. First, when a software is registered, the validity of the contract must be linked to the date of its registration, i.e. the property right to the software passes to the acquirer at the time of state registration of the contract. However, when the program is not registered, the exclusive right to it passes from the right holder to the assignee at the time of concluding the contract, unless otherwise established by the contract or law. It is argued that it is necessary to further amend the legislation in the field of intellectual property in order to unify the terminology used in the regulation of relations related to the transfer of property rights to an object of intellectual property.

The concept of online has become a vital part of today’s students’ lives. This study studied the academic development of students at a private international school in Iraq in connection to the online assignment component of the Learning Management System (LMS). A pre-test conducted to the students at the beginning of the study revealed that their levels were comparable. 14 girls and 14 boys, respectively, were assigned to the control and experimental groups. The duration of the trial was six weeks. In the fifth week of the study, the questionnaire was administered to the students using Google Forms. On the sixth and final week of the study, students were interviewed face-to-face and given a post-test. Based on the collected data and the 13% post-test difference, it was found that students preferred the online assignment technique and, as a result, were more successful. When the results to the student poll were reviewed, the students highlighted that the traditional method was more secure than the internet system. In general, research indicates that contemporary pupils are more open to online tasks.

The members of the legislative authority are entrusted with public service, and therefore the amended Public Retirement Law No. 5 of 2014 applies to them when referring them to retirement. Referring members of the legislative authority to retirement signifies the conclusion of their work within the legislative authority and their transition into retirement. This process is facilitated through the issuance of a presidential decree. It is essential to highlight the significance of studying the procedures and regulations pertaining to the retirement of members of parliament, as it sheds light on the legal provisions governing their referral. When members of parliament are referred to retirement, they may be entitled to financial rights or have concerns regarding the specific decision impacting their retirement. In terms of financial rights, individuals may request adjustments to their retirement salary or even the calculation of an end-of-service gratuity if they believe they are eligible. Initially, a request should be submitted to the Unified Retirement Authority (URA), which is responsible for calculating the retirement salary. If the request is rejected, an appeal can be made to the Retired Cases Audit Committee (RCAC). If this appeal is also unsuccessful, the deputy can further challenge the decision before the Federal Cassation Court (FCC). It's important to note that the decision of the FCC is considered final and binding, and cannot be appealed. Regarding objections to the referral decision itself, the appropriate course of action is to file an appeal with the Administrative Judiciary Court (AJC), which holds jurisdiction over administrative decisions issued by the President of the Republic. The presidential decree that refers members of parliament to retirement is considered an administrative decision. Any decision made by the AJC can be appealed before the Supreme Administrative Court, whose ruling is considered final, binding, and not subject to further appeal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scheduling is an important activity to allocate existing resources so that a company can be more optimal. With good scheduling a company can do work effectively and can even make efficiency. Contact center is the central point or center of interaction between the company and customers managed by a company. The contact center plays a role in recognizing opportunities by collecting as much customer information as possible, making sales, and retaining customers. However, the contact center can only play an active role if it is complemented by the role of IT support which functions to choose the right technology, implement it correctly, and then maximize it from day to day. The success of the IT support division determines the success of the contact center as a whole. In this research, a procedure algorithm was developed to model staffing policies, cross-training, tour scheduling, and assignment of IT support contact centers by considering skill sets. This procedure algorithm starts by identifying demand needs for each skill, existing personnel capabilities, and preparing work schedules according to the efficiency of each personnel. The planning horizon used in this research is 1 week. Based on the PT XYZ case study, this algorithm provides benefits in terms of cost and fairness of schedule distribution for employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is one of the dominating technologies with high-capacity back bone networks. The cost associated with the high-capacity networks given more importance. The major issue is allocating and managing the available resources. To achieve this most efficient algorithms has to be used. We are considering the routing of lightpath and wavelength assignment problem, called as the routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) problem. The optimization of wavelength fragmentation in the WDM network is very much important in resource utilization. Wavelength fragmentation is one of the most important challenges in the area of the WDM network. Where it leads to some serious issues for the operators, such as the rejection of new requests. We are using integer linear program (ILP), here the problem is based on the node link formation. It is based on the multilayer concept and the original WDM network consists of several layers. We propose an efficient heuristic approach to solve this problem of finding the shortest path and assigning a wavelength without wavelength conversion. The model achieves better performance with fragmentation aware wavelength allocation strategy that minimizes fragmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the complex dynamics of financial innovation in early modern times, challenging linear models of temporal and spatial divisions that tend to shape our understanding of the evolution of financial systems. It supports the idea that innovation should be viewed as a non-linear and contextual process, involving diverse stakeholders and characterised by interactions and unexpected occurrences. The study focuses on the dissemination and trajectories of financial innovations, specifically the bill of exchange and its variation, the ricorsa , as well as the transferability and negotiability of commercial paper. It does so by investigating the interactions and exchanges between merchants and bankers from diverse backgrounds during the sixteenth-century Lyon fairs, using the archival records of one of the first Italian banks in Lyon (Salviati). The study reveals the mutual influence and acculturation among these agents and challenges the compartmentalisation of financial expertise. Through an analysis of transactions recorded in the Salviati bank's ledgers, the article highlights previously unknown uses of commercial paper by Southern merchant communities and discusses the factors that may have hindered the full-scale development of endorsement and discount in the Lyon trading networks, despite their potential benefits. The results provide insights into the intricate nature of financial innovation and the influence of structural and cultural factors on its development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impostor syndrome, also known as the impostor phenomenon, is the belief or feeling of an individual that other people consider them more capable than they actually perceive themselves to be. Although mainly studied in relation to the professional environment and not linked to an officially acknowledged clinical diagnosis, the scientifically documented impostor syndrome brings to light the self-perceptions of individuals suffering from this syndrome and the negative consequences of these perceptions on their quality of life. This article is based on research aimed at providing a better understanding of the impostor syndrome. Its results can contribute to raising awareness of the importance of this syndrome and its triggers. The article ends with a presentation of possible interventions targeted at changing the negative perceptions associated with the impostor syndrome, overcoming feelings of fraud and reaching the full potential of one's abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores how the transfer of contracts has evolved in Hungarian law. Even though the Civil Code of 1959 did not include rules on the transfer of contracts, the courts acknowledged that legal succession in the position of a contracting party is possible by way of a trilateral contract, where all rights under the original contract are assigned and all debts are assumed. The new Civil Code of 2013 incorporated some rules that developed in the case-law of the courts, but these rules have led to uncertainties. These can all be traced back to the fundamental question of how the transfer of contract can be described, whether it is a novation, an assignment together with an assumption of debt or whether it is a sui generis legal institution. This paper argues that the transfer of contract can be described as a transfer of all rights and the assumption of all debts under a contract. A law based on this interpretation can fulfil the needs of all parties involved and can fit into the system of the Hungarian Civil Code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Middle East Journal of Legal & Jurisprudence Studies / Mağallaẗ al-Šarq al-Awsaṭ li-l-ʿulūm al-Qānūniyyaẗ wa-al-Fiqhiyyaẗ is the property of Manar Elsharq for Studies & Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background & Objectives Considering the extent of rangeland areas as well as the limited capabilities of the government in managing these areas, the issue of using potentials outside of the government management system to protect national areas has been raised by some experts. One of these abilities is the presence of people who are continuously present in the rangelands. The key question is this, whether rangeland utilizers optimally managed these fields as in the past? The answer to the question required an investigation of the phenomenon under the prevailing conditions. For this purpose, the issue of the "feasibility of reassigning range management to nomads and investigating its effects" in the pilot areas was recognized as reasonable. Methodology After holding several meetings, the summer rangelands of Dasht Lar, Tehran's Hadavand tribe were chosen as a pilot, and a memorandum of understanding was concluded between the representatives of the nomads and some related government bodies regarding the transfer of the management of the selected rangelands to the representatives of the nomads and the government's support for them. The implementation of the 4-year project started in 2014 with "action research" studies. Evaluations were done using two standard research methods, quantitative and qualitative. Qualitative evaluation of the performance of nomadic representatives in the management of nomads and rangelands. This evaluation quantitatively also included the impact of this management method on vegetation cover indicators. To carry out the last phase after rangeland typing, considering the rangeland area, vegetation changes, accuracy, and study time, 20 plots of 1 square meter were established along two transects of 500 meters. By the random-systematic sampling method, rangeland capacity indicators were calculated by cutting and weighing method, condition trend with trend scale, and exploitation percentage using production difference before the nomads entered and after they left the rangeland. Results The qualitative part of the study revealed that this management method had an average success rate of 40% in the region. The lack of serious volition of the custodian organization in transferring management to the nomads, the lack of allocation of government funds for the implementation of the programs and projects predicted by the nomad representatives, and the protection of the region were analyzed as influential reasons for the complete failure of the management decisions of the nomad representatives. The results of quantitative evaluations also showed that the status of the systems during the research period, the average, and the trend of the situation remained the same. Except for the customary central Kammerdasht (which was negative), all other systems were positive. In each year, the exploitation percentage was higher than the allowed limit (50%), ranging from 0.72 to 1.26. The variance analysis also demonstrated the effect of year on most of the investigated indicators at two levels of 5% and 1% significance. Comparing the averages also showed that, except for utilization percentage, other indicators had an increasing trend. Conclusion In general, the management of nomadic representatives was evaluated as successful in improving the conditions of summer rangelands in the Ghoshkhaneh basin of the Lar Plain, so it seems that establishing the official presence of natural and legal representatives of nomads in the management of rangelands can be effective in improving the coverage of the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the transition period of the Republic of Moldova from the planned economy to the one based on free trade, fair competition, etc., including from the public property of the Soviet state to the private property of individuals, the need to establish a clear regime for acquiring and exercising the right to land ownership had become a strict one. In parallel, with the adoption of the Land Code, in addition to the appropriation of agricultural land, it was also decided to assign land to newly formed families in order to help them develop a family, ensure decent living conditions, demographic growth and prevent emigration. Since then, when the legislative framework in the field was developed in a hurry, with many shortcomings and ambiguities, and up to the date of writing this article, the legislator has not taken any measures to rectify the legal situation regarding the acquisition of land ownership by families newly formed. Thus, against the background of the respective problem, we are determined to investigate the problem as a whole, trying to offer solutions, but also suggestions to the legislator to change the attitude of the public authorities responsible for assigning these lands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem statement . The author analyzes LMS Moodle tools “Book”, “Lesson”, “Quiz”, and “Assignment” to form and develop grammar skills, and also shares the experience in realizing, creating and implementing into educational e-courses some interactive grammar tasks and exercises for non-linguistic university students. Methodology . The stages of grammar skills formation and development are indicated. The potential capabilities of LMS Moodle tools “Book”, “Lesson”, “Assignment”, “Quiz” to create interactive tasks and grammar exercises are analyzed. Results . Online tasks and exercises of various types - imitation, transformation, and substitution, based on “Book”, “Lesson”, “Assignment”, “Quiz” to form the grammar skills of students, are described in detail, and their examples are given. The algorithms to introduce interactive tasks and exercises into electronic courses are carefully shown. Conclusion . The author concludes about the effectiveness of using online grammar tasks and exercises created using LMS Moodle tools “Book”, “Lesson”, “Assignment”, “Quiz” for the formation and development of grammar skills for non-linguistic university students.