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Background. Detailed knowledge of the splenic arterial vasculature is essential for the minimally invasive surgery. A promising area of research in this regard is the quantitative analysis of the vasculatures of parenchymatous organs as a fractal or quasi-fractal system." Purpose. to determine the morphometric features in different groups of dichotomies (‘optimal’/’non-optimal’) of the splenic arterial vasculature in individuals of different sex and age. Materials and methods. The morphometric features of ‘optimal’ and ‘non-optimal’ dichotomies (according to C.D. Murray’s and H.B.M Ulings’ criteria) were studies using corrosion casts of splenic arterial vasculature (67 individuals, 1st and 2nd adulthood period, both sexes). Results. The ‘optimal’ dichotomies equaled 1% according to C.D. Murray’s criteria and 9% by H.B.M. Ulings criteria out of total number of dichotomies investigated in splenic arterial vasculature corrosion casts. The relative amount of ‘optimal’ dichotomies in slightly higher in men than in female. Whereas relative number of ‘optimal’ dichotomies is lower in 1st adulthood period that in 2nd adulthood. ‘Optimal’ dichotomies are mainly located at the proximal generation and division level of splenic arterial vasculature. They are bigger in size, less symmetrical in comprising with ‘non-optimal’ ones. Conclusion. Morphometric parameters vary significantly in different sex and age groups which should be considered for numerical modelling of splenic arterial vasculature.

Syndecans (SDCs) are transmembrane proteins that are present on most cell types where they play a role in multiple physiological processes, including cell–matrix adhesion and inflammation. Growing evidence suggests that elevated levels of both shed SDC1 and SDC4 are associated with hypertension and cardiovascular diseases, but their relationships with cardiovascular risk factors in healthy individuals are unknown. The primary objective of this study was to investigate whether serum levels of SDC4 and SDC1 were associated with body composition, hemodynamic parameters, pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations, and urinary noradrenaline and dopamine levels in healthy women (17 African American and 20 European American) between the ages of 20 and 40 years old. Univariate analyses revealed only a significant (p < 0.05) inverse correlation between serum SDC1 and body fat percentage. On the other hand, serum SDC4 was positively correlated with systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and urinary levels of noradrenaline and dopamine. Serum SDC4 was also a significant predictor of systolic blood pressure in a multivariate regression model that included fat-free mass and urinary dopamine levels as significant independent variables. The result did not change even adjusting for race. Our findings indicate that SDC4 has an important role in the physiological regulation of blood pressure.

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Syndecans (SDCs) are transmembrane proteins that are present on most cell types where they play a role in multiple physiological processes, including cell–matrix adhesion and inflammation. Growing evidence suggests that elevated levels of both shed SDC1 and SDC4 are associated with hypertension and cardiovascular diseases, but their relationships with cardiovascular risk factors in healthy individuals are unknown. The primary objective of this study was to investigate whether serum levels of SDC4 and SDC1 were associated with body composition, hemodynamic parameters, pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations, and urinary noradrenaline and dopamine levels in healthy women (17 African American and 20 European American) between the ages of 20 and 40 years old. Univariate analyses revealed only a significant (p < 0.05) inverse correlation between serum SDC1 and body fat percentage. On the other hand, serum SDC4 was positively correlated with systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and urinary levels of noradrenaline and dopamine. Serum SDC4 was also a significant predictor of systolic blood pressure in a multivariate regression model that included fat-free mass and urinary dopamine levels as significant independent variables. The result did not change even adjusting for race. Our findings indicate that SDC4 has an important role in the physiological regulation of blood pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Placentalia, the fetus depends upon an organized vascular connection with its mother for survival and development. Yet, this connection was, until recently, obscure. Here, we summarize how two unrelated tissues, the primitive streak, or body axis, and extraembryonic visceral endoderm collaborate to create and organize the fetal-placental arterial connection in the mouse gastrula. The primitive streak reaches into the extraembryonic space, where it marks the site of arterial union and creates a progenitor cell pool. Through contact with the streak, associated visceral endoderm undergoes an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, contributing extraembryonic mesoderm to the placental arterial vasculature, and to the allantois, or pre-umbilical tissue. In addition, visceral endoderm bifurcates into the allantois where, with the primitive streak, it organizes the nascent umbilical artery and promotes allantoic elongation to the chorion, the site of fetal-maternal exchange. Brachyury mediates streak extension and vascular patterning, while Hedgehog is involved in visceral endoderm's conversion to mesoderm. A unique CASPASE-3-positive cell separates streak- and non-streak-associated domains in visceral endoderm. Based on these new insights at the posterior embryonic-extraembryonic interface, we conclude by asking whether so-called primordial germ cells are truly antecedents to the germ line that segregate within the allantois, or whether they are placental progenitor cells. Incorporating these new working hypotheses into mutational analyses in which the placentae are affected will aid understanding a spectrum of disorders, including orphan diseases, which often include abnormalities of the umbilical cord, yolk sac, and hindgut, whose developmental relationship to each other has, until now, been poorly understood. This article is categorized under: Birth Defects > Associated with Preimplantation and Gastrulation Early Embryonic Development > Gastrulation and Neurulation., (© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)