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In the thirtieth disputation of the Leiden Synopsis (1622), Johannes Polyander elucidates what he considers to be the Reformed doctrine of vocatio. In his explanation of this doctrine, Polyander makes surprising statements concerning the internal call. He teaches that not only the external call, but also the internal call can come to the reprobate. It does not do so all the time, but it does so sometimes, especially in the sphere of the covenant. Yet, when it does, that internal call is ineffectual. This doctrine of an ineffectual internal call is not found in the Canons of Dordt (1618–19), nor in disputations held before the cycle of disputations that became the Leiden Synopsis. Was Polyander's view a compromise with Arminianism? Or was Polyander actually defending Dordt's doctrine? This article builds on Henk van Den Belt's cursory conclusion to this question by providing proof that Polyander was in fact defending Dordt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest between the Germanic Cherusci chieftain Arminius, or Hermann, and the Roman armies under Varus (9 AD) had served as an analogy for German–French hereditary enmity since the Thirty Years' War (1618–48). This analogy was particularly popular during the Napoleonic Wars as it symbolized the unity, independence, and identity of German lands that were previously united during the Holy Roman Empire (dissolved 1806). Little is known about the reception of the Hermann narrative in the Austrian Hereditary Lands (more or less present-day Austria) of the Habsburg Empire during the Napoleonic Wars. In Austria, Hermann also served as a symbol of the Austrian lands belonging to the German nation and as an expression of Habsburg hegemony over German lands. This article examines this specific narrative by analyzing its reception in Austrian newspapers, belles lettres, and paintings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to recall the figure of a Warsaw-based scholar who engaged with ancient history in its many aspects, exploring the language and literature as well as history in the broad sense, approached in the light of the ancient military and Roman law; a teacher of classics and an active contributor to Polish social and political life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Johanna Franul von Weissenthurn’s Herrmann (1817) takes up a topic fraught with significance for the portrayal of gender roles and national identity: the figure of Hermann, or Arminius, the first-century leader of the Germanic Cherusci tribe. Weissenthurn is writing in the early nineteenth century, a period in which conceptions of gender roles and conceptions of national identity are in flux. Her text places itself in dialogue with a long tradition of dramatic production surrounding this important historical figure, stretching backt to Johann Elias Schlegel’s Herrmann (1743). An examination of Weissenthurn’s historical drama within the context of the literary tradition on Arminius, particularly in connection with Schlegel’s play, will bring to light the ways in with her text articulates conceptions of gender and national identity. It will be shown that each of these two Herrmann dramas are products of their own time. While Schlegel had portrayed strong female characters and admirable Germanic figures as part of his project to use national history as literary material, Weissenthurn’s play, seventy-four years later, promotes Pan-German nationalism and subscribes to the medical- biological concept of gender dimorphism, depicting the genders as complementary but very different in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article covers one of the moments of Roman-Germanic relations in the era of the early principality - the battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD, where the forces of the governor of the province “Magna Germania” Quintilius Varus clashed with the Cherusci leader Arminius. The battle for many centuries ahead determined Roman-Germanic relations and put an end to Roman encroachments on the land of Magna Germania. Also, on the basis of the study, an attempt was made to combine the data of ancient sources with modern archaeological finds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uprising led by Arminius in 9 CE, otherwise known as the clades Variana, resulted in the destruction of three crack Roman legions in the Teutoburg Forest and changed Roman foreign policy beyond the Rhine. The event demonstrates the maximum res Arminult an insurgency can accomplish with few resources. Even in an age of limited communications, without explosives or modern weapons, an insurgent group could still have a dramatic effect on a world power. Now that archaeologists have excavated the actual battle site, we are in a position to see how Arminius executed one of the most successful insurgencies in the ancient world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The doctrinal system of Protestantism has its roots in the religious movements which stirred controversies during the Papal schism (14th15th centuries). A fundamental change of perspective viewed in relation to the traditional Catholic system has begun in the British Isles and was initiated by the rector of Lutterworth, John Wycliffe. The present paper outlines similarities / differences between Wycliffe's theology and the conceptual frame of Calvinism (the so called TULIP). Wycliffe's doctrine has echoes in Calvin's and Arminius' doctrine and, through their mediation, Wycliffe, known as the "Morning Star of the Reformation" exerted a wider influence on the Protestant movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The clades Variana was a major Roman defeat, occurring over three days of fighting in AD 9. Three Roman legions and several units of auxiliaries were destroyed, and their commander, Publius Quinctilius Varus, died at the climax of the fighting. Suetonius said that the army paid the price for its general's temeritas and neglegentia , and many other commentators, both ancient and modern, have condemned Varus as a general ever since. This paper re-evaluates Varus' competence as a general by re-examining the extensive literary and archaeological evidence for the clades, with reference to comparative literary evidence that shows how Roman generals usually reacted in comparable situations. It will be argued that Varus' aggressive march towards a rumoured rebellion with a large baggage train, his re-organisation of the baggage train, his change of course westwards, and even his fatal advance into the defile at Kalkriese, were logical decisions in the context of standard Roman military responses to crisis. It is shown that Varus was hamstrung by intelligence and logistical limitations that were not peculiar to him but were systemic to the Roman army at the time. Varus' generalship is thus contextualised as relatively competent, although uninspired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the centuries, the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest became one of the most dramatic events of Antiquity, inspiring many founding myths, and a series of nationalistic and patriotic emotions. Today, however, we know the German victory over Rome can be understood in at least two ways: first, from a historical point of view; and second, from a mythical one. By examining the relationship between historical and imagined past --and the latter's importance for the formation of modern nation states--,this paper seeks to analyze the reception of the Battle of Teutoburg during the German Unification period, in order to understand the mythification processes of the German victory over the Roman Empire, and Arminius' image as a national hero. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to comprehend how much Augustine of Hippo's doctrine influenced the reformers Calvin and Arminius in the construction of their convictions regarding the role of the human will in the relationship of human beings with the Supreme Good. I employed the most important texts of the abovementioned thinkers in my research. In the end, I demonstrated that Calvin took to, in part, the teachings of Augustine; while Arminius followed a different course, developing a contrary view, without, however, attacking the Augustinian conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Desde 1987 se vienen realizando investigaciones arqueológicas en la colina de Kalkriese, en Alemania septentrional. El hallazgo de monedas y equipo militar romanos refleja una batalla entre romanos y germanos, probablemente la de Varo en el año 9 d.C. El propósito de nuestro proyecto de investigación es reconstruir el curso de la batalla. Se hace evidente que no se puede deducir la intensidad de la lucha por el número de hallazgos. Por el contrario, hemos de tener muy en cuenta los procesos posteriores a la batalla sobre el registro arqueológico, como el rescate de soldados heridos, la captura de botín por parte de los vencedores y el saqueo de los cadáveres. Este trabajo ilustra los hallazgos y las caractertísticas del yacimiento de Kalkriese, especialmente en el núcleo del ‘Oberesch’, donde se ha hallado la mayor parte de los artefactos romanos, además de una empalizada construida por los germanos para emboscar a los romanos, y una serie de hoyos que contenían los huesos de los soldados romanos caídos. Además, se presentan nuevas aproximaciones metodológicas para la interpretación de los antiguos campos de batalla. [fr] Différentes campagnes archéologiques ont été menées dans la montagne de Kalkriese, au nord de l’Allemagne, depuis 1987. Des monnaies romaines et des pièces d’équipement militaire y attestent le déroulement d’une bataille entre Romains et Germains, probablement celle de Varus en 9 p.C. L’objectif de notre projet de recherche consiste à reconstruire le déroulement de la bataille. Désormais, il est devenu clair qu’il n’est pas possible de déterminer l’intensité des combats à partir des concentrations de vestiges. Il faut en effet tenir compte de l’impact sur le registre archéologique des interventions immédiatement postérieures à la bataille elle-même, telles que la mise à l’écart des soldats blessés ou le pillage des dépouilles par les vainqueurs. Cet article présente les trouvailles et les caractéristiques du site de Kalkriese, en particulier de la zone principale de l’«Oberesch», où ont été retrouvés la plupart des objets romains ainsi que le rempart construit par les Germains pour tendre leur embuscade à l’armée romaine et une série de fosses contenant les ossements des soldats romains tués. Enfin, sont proposées de nouvelles approches méthodologiques pour l’interprétation des champs de bataille antiques.

Man proposes but God disposes? In discussion with Adrio König’s eschatological, covenantal doctrine of providence In this article the author attempts to describe and evaluate Adrio König’s new draft on the providence of God. In the first place the author gives a description of what König rejects: a deterministic approach to providence as found in the thoughts of Calvin and Arminius. This overview is followed by an exposition of what König recommends: an eschatological, covenantal explanation of God’s providence. In the last section an attempt is made to evaluate König’s proposal – an evaluation in which both appreciation as well as criticism is expressed. It is very clear that this new proposal of König will precipitate an intense theological debate.

This short methodological rebuttal points out that church history is not an attempt to prove Arminius or any other historical person to be right or wrong, but a scientific effort to represent them without negative bias or prejudice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much attention has been drawn to Jacob Arminius's (1560-1609) views on predestination, especially given the eventual rejection of those views by the Synod of Dort (1618-1619). However what some may not realize is that Arminius's doctrine of justification, especially as it relates to the role and function of faith, was also a source of contention. Historically Reformed theologians viewed faith as purely instrumental in justification, whereas Arminius construed it as foundational. The difference between the two positions can be illustrated in the difference between two prepositions: justification per (through or by) faith vs. justification propter (on account of) faith. Arminius's views were subsequently rejected by three Reformed confessions, the Canons of Dort, the Irish Articles (1615), and the Westminster Confession (1647). This essay therefore argues, pace much of the recent literature on the subject, that Arminius's doctrine of justification is Protestant, in that it is not Roman Catholic, but it is not Reformed according to the definitions set forth by its historic confessions--this is a historical judgment, not a dogmatic one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the phenomenon of reformed Scholasticism (of about 1550-1700), as it occurred at the Synod of Dort (1618-1619) and its Canons. More specifically, it focuses on the central problem at the Synod, viz. the relationship between God and human beings, as expressed in the ideas contained in the Canon regarding divine election and reprobation. As illustration the positions of two leading figures in the clash between the Calvinists and the Remonstrants, namely that of Gomarus (1563-1641) and Arminius (1560-1609), are philosophically analysed. In spite of the fact that neither viewpoint was eventually accepted by the Synod, their theologies clearly reflect the dominant scholastic philosophy of the time. This analysis is carried out in the context of the problemhistorical method of historiography developed by D.H. Th.Vollenhoven (1892-1978), one of the fathers of Christian philosophy.

The author of responds to criticisms of his book review of "Duplex amor Dei. Contextuele karakteristiek van de theologie van Jacobus Arminius (1559-1609)," published in English as "God’s Twofold Love. The Theology of Jacob Arminius (1559-1609)," by Willem Arie den Boer. Some of the topics considered include Dutch Reformed theologian Jacobus Arminius (1560-1609), the historiography of studies of Arminius and Reformed Protestantism, historical theology, and history methodology. Other subjects explored include The Hague Conference of 1611 which responded to Arminius' beliefs, the problem of evil, and the nature of God's twofold love.

The author of the book "Duplex amor Dei. Contextuele karakteristiek van de theologie van Jacobus Arminius (1559-1609)," published in English as "God’s Twofold Love. The Theology of Jacob Arminius (1559-1609)," responds to a review of his book written by Keith Stanglin. Some of the topics considered include Dutch Reformed theologian Jacobus Arminius (1560-1609), the historiography of studies of Arminius, historical theology, and history methodology. Doctrinal questions explored include the doctrine of God, doctrines of the Reformed Churches during Arminius' career, and Christology.

Over the last three decades, a new perspective has been emerging in the study of the Dutch theologian, Jacob Arminius. This article describes various older narratives of Arminius the theologian that are driven by dogmatic concerns and decontextualized depictions. These older perspectives are then contrasted with the new perspective, and the superiority of the latter is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When viewed through the ideological prism of the Roman/French imperial forces, the indigenous German population in Kleist's Die Hermannsschlacht is regarded as a primitive Other essentially in awe of the dominant power's apparent 'sophistication'. But as the play shows, it is precisely the failure of the latter to acknowledge the operations of self-interest that lie concealed within these discursive systems of its own making that constitutes a fatal weakness and leads, in time, to their eventual demise. By including the execution of Aristan — the only character besides Hermann to embrace a genuinely radical concept of freedom — Kleist invites the reader/spectator to take a critical view of the central protagonist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RESUMO Ao longo dos séculos, a Batalha de Teutoburgo tornou-se um dos eventos mais dramáticos da Antiguidade, inspirando diversos mitos fundadores e uma série de sentimentos de caráter nacionalista e patriótico. Hoje, contudo, sabemos que a vitória dos germanos sobre Roma pode ser compreendida pelo menos de duas formas: a primeira, do ponto de vista histórico; e a segunda, do ponto de vista mítico. Visando a compreender a relação entre o passado histórico e o passado imaginado - e a importância deste para a formação dos Estados nacionais modernos -, buscamos neste artigo analisar a recepção da Batalha de Teutoburgo durante o período de Unificação Alemã, no intuito de compreender os processos de mitificação tanto da vitória germânica sobre o Império Romano, quanto da imagem de Arminius como herói nacional.