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At present, the architecture modeling method of fluvial reservoirs are still developing. Traditional methods usually use grids to characterize architecture interbeds within the reservoir. Due to the thin thickness of this type of the interlayers, the number of the model grids must be greatly expanded. The number of grids in the tens of millions often makes an expensive computation; however, upscaling the model will generate a misleading model. The above confusion is the major reason that restricts the largescale industrialization of fluvial reservoir architecture models in oilfield development and production. Therefore, this paper explores an intelligent architecture modeling method for multilevel fluvial reservoirs based on architecture interface and element. Based on the superpositional relationship of different architectural elements within the fluvial reservoir, this method uses a combination of multilevel interface constraints and non-uniform grid techniques to build a high-resolution 3D geological model for reservoir architecture. Through the grid upscaling technology of heterogeneous architecture elements, different upscaling densities are given to the lateral-accretion bedding and lateral-accretion bodies to simplify the model gridding. This new method greatly reduces the number of model grids while ensuring the accuracy of lateral-accretion bedding models, laying a foundation for large-scale numerical simulation of the subsequent industrialization of the architecture model. This method has been validated in A layer of X oilfield with meandering fluvial channel sands as reservoirs and B layer of Y oilfield with braided river sands as reservoirs. The simulation results show that it has a higher accuracy of production history matching and remaining oil distribution forecast of the targeted sand body. The numerical simulation results show that in the actual development process of oilfield, the injected water will not displace oil in a uniform diffusive manner as traditionally assumed, but in a more complex pattern with oil in upper part of sand body being left behind as residual oil due to the influences of different levels of architecture interfaces. This investigation is important to guiding reservoir evaluation, remaining oil analysis, profile control and potential tapping and well pattern adjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geological outcrop is usually the first-hand evidence to cognize the probable geometry, lateral extent, and other properties of conglomeratic channels. If there is no exposure of formation, however, it is hard to recognize elaborate architectural elements just based on poor coverage cores and low-resolution conventional logs vertically. In order to understand vertical distributions of conglomeratic channel architectural elements in the Lower Triassic Baikouquan Formation in southern slope of Mahu Sag, ultrahigh-resolution microresistivity image logs are used to recognize elements under the concept of conglomeratic channel architectures in this article. The microresistivity images were calibrated with cores in different grain-sizes and sedimentary structures. According to microresistivity image fabric, subaerial channel-fills consisted of granules to cobbles; subaqueous channel-fills were composed of well-sorted sandstones to granules. Subaerial channel-margins comprised sandstones to pebbles; subaqueous channel-margins were granules and sandstones. Bypass drapes, deposited from the tail of bypassing flows, were commonly eroded by overlying channel-fills. Convergent drapes, accumulated on top surfaces of channel-margins, preserved well without reworking. Overbank drapes, formed outside the channel, were thick-bedded. Combined with dipmeter pattern of microresistivity image log, six channel story sets were recognized depending on abrupt changes in dip azimuths. In each channel story set, per unit thickness of mud drapes ranged from 0.1 to 0.6 m. Mud drapes in channel story set 1 could be correlated horizontally. In channel story sets 3, 4, and 5, thickness of mud drapes ranged from 0.05 to 2.59 m and averaged at 0.59 m, and channel conglomerates and mud drapes alternated frequently. These understandings would provide important insights on the production potential of petroleum.

River sedimentology provides significant basic data for river engineering projects (sediment transport and channel stabilit. (Most of these data are collected after careful study of bedform, texture and facies analysis along with architectural elements (Hey et al., 2015). Downstream grain size changes are complex in a gravelly bed river and often do not follow a simple sediment graft model. The processes affecting the sediment degradation process in rivers are selective sorting, wear and sedimentation rate of lithological units of the catchment (Ruset, 1978). Mianroud river is located in the southeast of Iran, which is one of the very low rainfall areas with an average annual rainfall of 63.6 mm and has a dry climate. Severe and short-term showers play a very important role in the occurrence of large floods in the Mianrud catchment area. In this area, factors such as diversity of different faults, geomorphic controls (river flow, basin slope, ...), hydraulics (water discharge), and sedimentology (sediment production, transfer and re-sedimentation) control the main parameters of the river (Sin Ciana and Pasternak, 2017. (This paper presents the textural changes of sediments, rock facies and architectural elements and sediment model in a rugged mountain river. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant gas discoveries have been made in the southern offshore basin of Tanzania continental margin while no gas accumulation has been found in the northern part of the basin. This study was aimed at finding out the reasons behind absence of gas discoveries in the northern offshore Tanzania continental margin despite the presence of potential gas flow indicators. 2D seismic interpretation and well logs analysis allowed assessment of depositional architectural elements and structural features across the basin. These aspects revealed architectural variations that have been used to account for the current non-discovery status in the northern part of the basin. Results of this work have shown that basin topography, influence of tectonics, sediment supply and depositional and post-depositional processes varied significantly over the whole offshore Tanzania during the Cretaceous-Holocene period. For example, the available 2D seismic profiles show that the Quaternary extensional tectonics created a N-S to NE-SW trending fault controlled sub-basin in the northern part of the study area, but similar feature could not be seen in the southern part of the basin. The variations of key factors controlling sedimentary development also caused dissimilarities in deposit types and dominance of sandy and muddy successions. The northern part of the study area is dominated by complex channel-levee systems containing sandstone bodies while the southern part contains hybrid turbidite-contourite (HTC) deposits and their respective thick drift successions that are stepping southward onto the HTCs. Deposit types play important role in accumulation of hydrocarbons. The HTCs for example contain clean sandstones with high net-to-gross ratio, and may be used to explaining why the existing commercial gas discoveries are found in the southern offshore Tanzania and not in the northern part of the basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Sedimentologica Sinica is the property of Acta Sedimentologica Sinica Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Kasepuhan Ciptagelar is a kasepuhan who still holds the ngalalakon tradition. Based on the traces of the movement, the artifacts left are not only settlements or houses but also artifacts that are outside the settlements in the form of astana (tomb). Physically, this astana has differences from other tombs because the astana adapts to environmental conditions. This study aims to identify the architectural elements of Astana Sunda Kasepuhan Ciptagelar, to determine its characteristics. The research method is a qualitative research with descriptive analysis. The results show that the architectural elements of Astana Sunda Kasepuhan Ciptagelar are influenced by Sundanese culture, nature and the environment, with the main character is the use of natural materials around the. The basic form of plan is rectangle, with or without pangkemit. All astana have woven bamboo walls, rectangle windows and doors in several variants, roof in the form of parahu kumureb and Suhunan Jolopon. The original roof are made of palm-fibers, and the ceiling under the roof are using woven bamboo.

Lithofacies, bounding surfaces and sedimentary architectural elements exposed in two ridges at Uturu being quarried for construction sands were analysed to determine the paleoenvironment of deposition and the factors that control the deposition of sand units. Mainly outcropped is Ajali Formation overlying locally exposed Mamu Formation in Western Afikpo basin. Lithofacies identified include: Trough cross bedded medium- to coarse-grained (St), Planar cross bedded fine- to coarse-grained sandstone (Sp), Small scale planar cross bedded sandstone (SSp), Lenticular mudstone (Fm), Heterolithic sandstone/mudstone (Fsm), Horizontal stratified sandstone (Sh), Cross ripple laminated sandstone (Sr), Reddish muddy sand (Fl), Siltstone (SSm) and Shale (Fsh). The associations of lithofacies and bounding surfaces gave four fluvial and one marine architectural element. The fluvial elements which mainly characterized the Ajali Formation include: Channel-fill (CH), Macroforms Accretion (MA). Flood-Plain Fines (FF) and Channel Abandonment Fines (CAF). Offshore-shoreface fines (OSF) element defined marine Mamu Formation. The profiles of the ridges show dominance of MA followed by CH while FF is limited in occurrence and in some zones pinch-out to lenticular inter-bar mudstone. The MA is characterized by planar cross beddings, reactivation surfaces, internal grading, steep dipping ferruginized accretion surfaces and abrupt flat top which indicate mid-channel bars deposition in typical sandy braided fluvial depositional system. Generally, there is vertical aggradation/amalgamation of channel deposits and dominance of sheet alluvial architecture. Low rate of channel avulsion, moderate rate of lateral migration and aggradation, variable discharge rate and high rate of sediment supply and subsidence were considered as factors that controlled the deposition and preservations of sand units. This study provided an understanding of mesoscopic heterogeneities and compartmentalization style inherent in hydrocarbon bearing sandy braided reservoirs which can be used as analog model for its development.

As is well known, the realization of a zero-waste society is strongly desired in a sustainable society. In particular, architectural elements that provide an energy-neutral living environment are attractive. This article presents the novel environmentally friendly architectural elements that generate hydrogen energy by the photosystem II (PSII) solution extracted from waste vegetables. In the present work, as an architectural element, the window (PSII window panel) and roof (PSII roof panel) were fabricated by injecting a PSII solution into a transparent double-layer panel, and the aging properties of the power generation and the appearance of these PSII panels are investigated. It was found that the PSII roof can generate energy for 18 days under the sun shining and can actually drive the electronic device. In addition, the PSII window, for which light intensity is weaker than that for the PSII roof, can maintain power generation for 40 days. These results indicate that the PSII roof and PSII window become the architectural elements generating energy, although the lifespan depends on the total light intensity. Furthermore, as an additional advantage, the roof and window panels composed of the semitransparent PSII panel yield an interior space with the natural color of the leaf, which gradually changes over time from green to yellow. Further, it was also found that the thermal fluctuation of the PSII window is smaller than that of the typical glass window. These results indicate that the roof and window panels composed of the PSII solution extracted from waste vegetables can be used as the actual architectural elements to produce not only the electrical energy but also the beautiful, transparent natural green/yellow spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Art-Sanat Journal / Art-Sanat is the property of Art-Sanat and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The glaciation-induced base-level fall and basin physiography straightforward controls fluvial style in any coastal setting. An alternate climatic influence including warm and cold (glacial) conditions may result in marine onlap with interception by unconformity formation and fluvial incursion in a coastal stratigraphic record. Unconformably overlying the marine sediments, the fluvial sandstone in the upper part of Pliocene Sandhan Formation is studied herein for documentation of architectural element and variability in the fluvial sedimentation motif, if any, in space-time framework. The identified architectural elements include channel (CH), gravel bar and bedforms (GB), sandy bedforms (SB), downstream accretion (DA), sediment gravity flow (SG), compound bar (CB) overbank fines (OF) and paleosol (P). From dominance of coarse-grained, granular pebbly sandstone with SB, GB, SG and DA elements, and incidence of 6–12 m thick fining-upward cycles, it is inferred that the Sandhan fluvial system was of Donjek-type braided in character. Only at the Nagmati River section in the south-east, a change in fluvial character is recorded as Platte-type. A role of basin physiography involving median-high across the depositional profile is identified from (i) decrease in thickness of fluvial deposit from north-west to south-southeast, and (ii) reduction in topographic-gradient in the south-southeast. Considering the Pliocene time frame, the fluvial incursion onto the marine system within Sandhan depositional history is identified as a result of base-level fall under influence of global glaciation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The terrestrial sequence stratigraphy in proximal terrestrial environments is different from its counterpart in distal terrestrial and marine environments. The Southern Junggar Basin in NW China has preserved well‐exposed proximal terrestrial outcrops and its Jurassic–Cretaceous sequence boundary remains contentious. The goal of this paper is to (a) establish a model of allogenic‐controlling mechanisms of a proximal terrestrial sequence, (b) investigate the Jurassic–Cretaceous sequence boundary, (c) the Jurassic climate, and (d) tectonic movements in Central Asia. The sequence stratigraphic framework was established assisted by the determination of the accommodation space/sediment supply (A/S) ratio, including two second‐order sequences (SS) and six third‐order sequences (SQ) in the Jurassic, as well as a second‐order sequence in the Cretaceous. SS1 was mainly controlled by a warm and humid climate and lake level fluctuations in a weak extensional tectonic setting; SS2 was mainly controlled by an arid climate and compressional tectonic movements; SS3 was mainly controlled by a semi‐humid climate and lake transgression in a stable tectonic setting. Additionally, the Jurassic–Cretaceous sequence boundary was distinguished within the Kalazha Formation based on its sedimentary characteristics, sedimentary evolution, and different allogenic controls. It is concluded that the proximal terrestrial sequences exhibit rapid sedimentary facies change, thick coarse‐grained sediments, and multiple provenances. Climate, tectonic movements, and lake level fluctuation dominate in different stages of basin evolution. Moreover, the sediment supply is more emphasized, and the accommodation space/sediment supply ratio, which corresponds to different channel geometry types, plays a critical role in identifying system tracts and sequence stratigraphic surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research describes an image-based algorithm for a shape recognition of an architectural element from an image. Given an orthophoto of a particular element such as a window, and a query image of the object facade, the algorithm estimates the level of matching to the shape of an observed window. In order to test and evaluate the algorithm, images of two church facades, containing windows distinguished by their specific shape of a long opening with pointed arches, have been used. The proposed algorithm for shape recognition is semi-automatic and it relies on geometric shape representation.

As is well known, the realization of a zero-waste society is strongly desired in a sustainable society. In particular, architectural elements that provide an energy-neutral living environment are attractive. This article presents the novel environmentally friendly architectural elements that generate hydrogen energy by the photosystem II (PSII) solution extracted from waste vegetables. In the present work, as an architectural element, the window (PSII window panel) and roof (PSII roof panel) were fabricated by injecting a PSII solution into a transparent double-layer panel, and the aging properties of the power generation and the appearance of these PSII panels are investigated. It was found that the PSII roof can generate energy for 18 days under the sun shining and can actually drive the electronic device. In addition, the PSII window, for which light intensity is weaker than that for the PSII roof, can maintain power generation for 40 days. These results indicate that the PSII roof and PSII window become the architectural elements generating energy, although the lifespan depends on the total light intensity. Furthermore, as an additional advantage, the roof and window panels composed of the semitransparent PSII panel yield an interior space with the natural color of the leaf, which gradually changes over time from green to yellow. Further, it was also found that the thermal fluctuation of the PSII window is smaller than that of the typical glass window. These results indicate that the roof and window panels composed of the PSII solution extracted from waste vegetables can be used as the actual architectural elements to produce not only the electrical energy but also the beautiful, transparent natural green/yellow spaces.

Modern sedimentation plays a crucial role for understanding ancient sedimentation in the stratigraphic record. This study reveals 3D architecture and evolution of a modern braided fluvial system. The Weihe River is the largest tributary of the Yellow River in northern China. Recent archaeological excavations revealed sets of ancient bridges in the Xi'an segment over this waterway, which provided an opportunity to understand the inner architecture and evolution of this river. Excavated pits and adjacent natural gullies were analysed using the architectural elements methods, revealing nine lithofacies types, and seven distinct architectural elements. Architectural elements typical of braided fluvial deposits including downstream accretion, lateral accretion, and channel fill elements can be identified in the studied sections. The results suggest that the Xi'an segment of the Weihe River was deposited as a braided fluvial system during the Western Han Dynasty (ca. 2,000 years ago). The sandy sediments which filled in the abandoned riverbed were mainly transported by the main stream from the west, whereas the gravel lithofacies packages were supplied by near‐source tributaries that originated from the southern Qinling Mountains. Calculations based on empirical equations suggest that at the time of the Western Han Dynasty, the width of the river course was between 400 m and 500 m, and the river depth was between 2.7 and 3.4 m, similar to the dimensions recorded in historic documents. The Weihe River has migrated approximately 4.3 km to the north since the time of the Western Han Dynasty. Considering the regional geological setting, the data suggest that this northward migration was controlled by the continuous uplift of the Qinling Mountains as well as movement of syn‐sedimentary normal faults to the south of the Weihe Basin. These tectonic movements controlled the evolution of the basin and maintained the geomorphologic characteristics of such higher topography in the south and lower in the north over a long period of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the consecutive discovery of several gas fields from 2004 to present, the Rakhine Basin has been an active area for petroleum exploration in the Bay of Bengal. High-resolution 3D seismic data and well data from blocks AD1, AD6 and AD8 offshore northwest Myanmar are used to study the Miocene–Pleistocene depositional architecture and sedimentary evolution in the Rakhine Basin. Analysis of seismic facies and seismic attributes indicates that deep-water architectural elements include submarine canyons, confined slope channel complex systems, aggradational channel–levee complexes, isolated channels, frontal splays and mass-transport complexes, which have variable characters (shape, dimension, sedimentary architecture) within predominantly background deep-water slope-basin floor facies. Most of the sediments are interpreted to be sourced from the Ganges–Brahmaputra fluvio-deltaic system to the north with only minor lateral input from the Indo-Myanmar Ranges to the east. Investigation of the depositional evolution and architectural elements transformation during the filling history of the Rakhine Basin suggests the Rakhine Basin experienced rapid progradation during the Oligocene–Middle/Upper Miocene, gradual retrogradation during the Middle/Upper Miocene–Early Pliocene and gradual progradation during the Early Pliocene–Pleistocene. Published exploration results indicate that the main reservoirs of the discoveries in blocks A1 and A3 are Pliocene frontal splays and channel–levee fills, dominated by fine and very fine-grained sandstones, in structural and structural–stratigraphic traps. Analytic results from seismic characters and several exploration wells indicate that channel complexes and associated overbanks and frontal splays with fine-grained sandstones and siltstones trapped by the four-way closures are primary reservoir targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deep lacustrine turbidite sandstone widely develops in Chang-1 interval of Triassic Yanchang Formation, and well exposes in Zichang area of the central Ordos Basin. Based on outcrop observation, the deep lacustrine turbidite sandstone was finely analyzed to study the sedimentary architectural elements of the lacustrine turbidite sandstone. 7 different types of lithofacies, including massive sandstone facies(Sm), massive sandstone facies with teared intraclasts(Smt), parallel bedding sandstone facies(Sh), ripple cross bedding siltstone facies(Fr), contemporaneous deformed structural siltstone facies(Fd), horizontal lamination siltstone facies(Fl)and mudstone facies(Fm), were summarized in Chang-1 interval of Zichang area; and 3 kinds of architectural elements, including channel(CH), levee(LV)and lobe(LB), were recognized. The channel architectural elements can be further divided into 4 types according to their vertical association of lithofacies and spatial distribution characteristics, which correspond to different parts of turbidite fan. In the upper fan area, channel I(Smt-Fm-Sm)is developed, and the lateral extensibility of sand body is limited. The middle fan area is mainly composed of channel II(Sm-Sh-Fr-Fl-Fm)and channel III(Sm-Fr-Fl-Fm); the two types of sandbodies have very large extensibility and are the main components of deep-water sandbodies of Chang-1 interval in Zichang area. In the lower fan area, channel IV(Sm-Fl-Fm)with poor lateral extensibility is developed. According to the distinction of different types of channels, the depositional model for deep water sandstones of Chang-1 interval in Zichang area was preliminarily proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]