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This paper examines the previous theoretical interfaces of Indigenous oral tradition and archaeology in Oceania, specifically in Aotearoa (New Zealand). Historical processes of writing down kōrero, or oral histories, by amateur historians and ethnologists in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, culminated in the romanticised traditions of the early Polynesian society and influenced contemporary archaeological scholarship. In response to criticisms, archaeologists attempted to validate kōrero using Western research methodologies. However, attempts often fell short and processual archaeologists of the mid‐late‐20th century considered oral tradition and archaeology as incapable of cross‐validation. Parallel ethnological scholarship focused on the symbolism in oral histories as indicators of their function in contemporary society or as legitimate forms of recounting actual historical events after critical evaluation. More recent archaeologists use kōrero about the last few centuries like any other historical source. Māori scholars have taken inspiration from previous theoretical arcs to position kōrero in a postmodern space of relative truths or to critically analyse its historical and functional values. The review concludes with how the interface of oral history and archaeology might follow Kaupapa Māori research methodologies and current materialist critiques of dominant settlement pattern theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tok stori, a Melanesian pidgin term meaning "conversate or share stories", has emerged over the last decade as a Melanesian research methodology in the fields of education, pedagogy and leadership. This paper contributes to this scholarship by exploring the value of its application to the conceptualisation and practice of archaeological research in Solomon Islands. From our perspectives as Solomon Islander archaeologists, we reflect on our experiences engaging in tok stori with two communities from Santa Isabel and Lauru (Choiseul) while undertaking field work. We use these examples to demonstrate the highly dynamic nature of tok stori in research, serving as a mechanism to build trust and reciprocal relationships centred upon shared social values, but also to facilitate more transactional partnerships fixated on negotiating financial "benefits". Drawing from our experiences, we also discuss key challenges facing archaeological practice in Solomon Islands. These are a lack of awareness of the purpose and values of archaeological research, and a legacy of monetary enticement we refer to as a "handout mentality" generated by extractive industries. Tok stori, we contend, can aid in navigating these challenges and serves as a valuable research tool for archaeologists due to its adaptability and the cultural bearing it holds for Melanesian peoples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the central themes of indigenous Polynesian historical narratives involves voyaging, navigation and patterns of inter‐island cultural connection. One of the ways archaeologists have long looked at these questions through the lens of material culture studies—distributions of artefact and assemblage traits in time and space. Here we examine patterns of historical interaction inferred from the application of the commensal model with those derived from more traditional archaeological approaches. We suggest that the most reliable and nuanced models of past cultural interaction in Eastern Polynesia will result from a creative synthesis of molecular zooarchaeology and traditional archaeological and zooarchaeological methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Social Psychology / Psihologie Socială is the property of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Burkina Faso, the mapping of iron metallurgy by Jean-Baptiste Kiethega makes it possible to identify four metallurgical provinces. Gonsé, located in the centre of the country, is part of the large metallurgical province of Boose characterised by a diversity of techniques and types of furnaces. To improve understanding of these activities and obtain complete coverage of the Burkinabe territory, fieldwork was carried out in Gonsé, a village located in the eastern outskirts of Ouagadougou, the capital of Burkina Faso. Drawing on a combination of archaeological excavation, oral tradition and historical sources, the questions raised by this research concern the nature of the vestiges of iron metallurgy found there, their dates and their links with existing data. Ironworking is evidenced on the surface by the presence of furnace bases, slags, the remains of nozzles and fragments of furnace walls. Circular in shape, the air supply system for the stoves probably took the form of natural ventilation. The remains have characteristics close to the technical traditions known as KRS 3 (fourteenth to sixteenth centuries AD) from Korsimoro (Sanmatenga) and B3 (sixteenth to twentieth centuries AD) from Bam. Excavation of the furnace bases (F1 and F3) at workshop 1 shows that the main construction material used was clay. Furnace 1 is dated between the third and fifth centuries AD while F3 dates to between the fifth and sixth centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article traces how medieval texts written in English and French adopt the link between human language and bear roaring to inscribe bears into the poetic landscape. I place this discussion in the context of archaeological evidence, which reveals a steady increase in the presence of ursids in England after the Norman conquest, before which they were extinct, and culminating in the bear fighting arenas of early modern England. I show that works such as the Femina, the Roman de Renart and the Ovide moralisé depict ursids in ways that reflect a foundational interest in the ties that bind the act of writing with a zoopoetical reflection on animality. In this way, bears in literary texts are not limited by their extinction from a landscape, or conversely by their presence as commodities. Rather, literary bears may be read in dialogue with a complex and evolving historical and archaeological record. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compte rendu du livre de 2022 par Yann Ardagna et Anne Chaillou, Les restes humains : législation, intérêt scientifique et enjeu éthique des ensembles anthropobiologiques.

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In 2018 a sunken structure was discovered on the LiDAR map of the Netherlands in a meadow near Edam, on the shore of the former Purmermeer. Due to its rectangular shape, the structure was interpreted as an unknown castle or walled encampment of Count Floris v of Holland. Until about 1322, the site was located in an undyked area, owned by the residents. In 1282, Floris v bought the Waterland region and the Zeevang north of Amsterdam from the Kennemer family Persijn, who were based in Monnickendam in the castrum (castle) 'Swaensborch'. At that time, the inhabitants wrested themselves from the medieval feudal power structures and resisted the Count's claims to the common lands. The structure may have been a 14th-century farmer's rampart to protect cattle. Another possibility is a water canal around a green area, which can also be found in the drained Purmermeer (1612). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Heathlands are unique cultural landscapes that once existed across vast stretches of northern Europe. Their deep-time persistence has formed an intrinsic part of economic and cultural practices. Such a complex interaction requires interdisciplinary approaches, including archaeology, across multiple regions to fully grasp all its aspects. The authors of this article review how research has been conducted in prehistoric heathlands across six nations in north-western Europe and outline the heaths' general characteristics. They discuss the major issues in that research, namely recurring narratives derived from history, an overall absence of consideration of the cultural aspects of heathlands, and a paucity of cross-regional initiatives. They suggest a series of theoretical and methodological approaches to improve this situation across expanded geographical and temporal scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Czech Journal of Historical Heritage Preservation / Zpravy Pamatkove Pece is the property of Narodni Pamatkovy Ustav and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The prohibition of fermented beverages in Muslim societies was the result of an interpretative process that developed over time. The Qurʾān serves as a witness to the prohibition of wine (khamr), but is silent about other types of beverages. Documentary sources show that Egyptian authorities in the first century AH stimulated the production and drinking of fermented beverages by requisitioning wine for Arab-Muslim troops, who especially appreciated ṭilāʾ , the Arabic name for a cooked wine known in Greek as hepsēma. Under the influence of jurists (mainly from the Hijaz) who condemned the drinking of fermented beverages, the caliph ʿUmar II b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz decreed, at the turn of the second century, the prohibition of ṭilāʾ and related drinks. Early debates over the lawfulness of fermented beverages discuss pitched and glazed jars whose impermeability permits fermentation. Based on a comparison between pre-canonical hadith collections and archaeological evidence, we identify the main Egyptian amphorae that were controversial. Whereas in the second/eighth century, legal debates focused primarily on pitched and glazed jars, the extension of the prohibition to all fermented beverages in the third/ninth century led to the rejection of all amphorae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerrannée is the property of Edisud and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[fr] La multiplication des découvertes archéologiques dans la péninsule Ibérique et, dans une moindre mesure, au Maghreb Extrême, est l’occasion de réaliser un premier bilan actualisé des indices matériels de l’utilisation de l’arbalète en Occident musulman durant le Moyen Âge. Il s’avère nécessaire de croiser les données issues de sources variées pour dépasser les nombreuses limites inhérentes à l’étude des vestiges archéologiques, souvent fragmentaires et dans un mauvais état de conservation au moment de leur découverte.

Copyright of Czech Journal of Historical Heritage Preservation / Zpravy Pamatkove Pece is the property of Narodni Pamatkovy Ustav and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Czech Journal of Historical Heritage Preservation / Zpravy Pamatkove Pece is the property of Narodni Pamatkovy Ustav and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Sāmoa Archaeology and Cultural Heritage Database was begun in 2016 as an ongoing means of encouraging and assisting more archaeological research in Sāmoa. It is also building a stronger engagement between the Archaeology and Cultural Heritage research and teaching programme at the Centre for Sāmoan Studies at the National University with government agencies here, and is contributing to the still incomplete processes of preparing heritage protection legislation. Known as "Utu" (meaning "a container for treasures"). The Sāmoa Archaeology and Cultural Heritage Database maps known archaeological sites and previously undocumented sites identified by surveys and analysis of LiDAR images using a global information system (GIS) program. Mapped sites are linked to information about them, including archaeological analysis, historical sources, and oral traditions and any other available information. The work so far has provided new evidence for Sāmoa's prehistory in relation to population size and distribution, settlement patterns and land use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The present study examines the burial customs of the late Iron Age in southwestern Switzerland. Two necropolises in the Valais region are being investigated from a multidisciplinary perspective in order to improve the socio-cultural understanding of this period. The results indicate a regional particularism in the burial rites of the late Iron Age in southwestern Switzerland, but also show cultural influences from neighboring regions. The study provides insights into the functioning of Celtic communities in this region. [Extracted from the article]

L’enseignement supérieur français connaît à la fin du 19e siècle une profonde mutation. S’appuyant sur des modèles étrangers, elle permet de repenser la science française en quête de réaffirmation. Pour l’archéologie, l’adoption du système allemand semble la meilleure option, encouragée par les missions pédagogiques françaises en Allemagne et les discours portés par les universitaires français sur la scène publique. La formation de collections d’étude, en particulier les musées de moulages, s’inscrit dans ce processus de transfert culturel.

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In this article we propose an original approach designed by archaeologists and a computer scientist for knowledge creation in studies of movement. Using case studies, we analyze how researchers have identified, conceptualized, and linked the material traces describing various movement processes in a given region. Then, we explain how we construct ontologies that enable us to explicitly relate material elements, identified in the observed landscape, to the knowledge or theory that explains their role and relationships within the movement process. Combining formal pathway systems, so-called « Path framework systems » and informal movement systems, so-called « Pathway systems », through these case studies, we argue that these systems are not hierarchically integrated, but rather intertwined. We introduce a new heuristic tool, named the "track graph", that records observed material features in a thematically neutral form. The « track graph » can then be employed to reconstruct the trajectories ofjourneys which follow different movement logics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2018, an agreement on a mutual course of actions and cooperation was signed by the University of South Bohemia and the town of Hluboká nad Vltavou on the restoration, presentation and further development of the immovable cultural monument Karlův hrádek u Purkarce. The management of the University entrusted the arrangement and implementation of the agreement to the Institute of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, which submitted a project proposal called 'Karlův hrádek - a research and educational centre of archaeology at the University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice' in 2019. In accordance with the performance of archaeological monument care and the scientific/educational purpose of the University, regular archaeological excavations - in addition to other activities (field education, terrain prospecting and documentation, specialized material and spatial analyses, registering, preservation and documentation of finds, etc.) - should be carried out at the site. It could, at the level of both basic and applied research, become a permanent research-educational particularity of the Institute in the field of medieval archaeology. In 2019, detailed geodetic documentation of the castle was initiated and the first archaeological excavation was carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An enduring interest of the benedictine Fr. Francisco de S. Luís, later Cardinal Saraiva (1766-1845) was the documentation and study of archaeological remains, namely epigraphs. Departing from the evidence supplied by a personal scrapbook of historical and archeological notes, as well as some correspondence in private hands, the present article aims to interrogate Saraiva's dedication to this type of heritage, a scarcely-considered aspect of his activity, and its bearing on the historian's relation with the past. It is our purpose, simultaneously, to signal the recent digitisation of this material by the Municipal Archive of Ponte de Lima, and to stimulate its continued study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Cet essai propose une première investigation sur l’amitié entre Gianni Celati et le peintre bolonais Antonio Faeti pendant les années 1968-1972. C’est justement en 1972 que les éditions Einaudi publient le livre à succès de Faeti Guardare le figure, que Celati qualifie d’« énorme travail archéologique sur l’illustration du livre pour l’enfance ». À travers des « fouilles » dans les écrits et les dessins publiés au cours de ces années, nous souhaitons apporter une petite contribution à la reconstitution de la vie intellectuelle de Bologne à cette époque, ainsi que mettre en lumière des éléments moins connus de la culture visuelle du jeune Celati.

This paper questions archaeology as a practice that, by unearthing and interpreting the signs of the past, leaves its own traces on the present of a site, a district, a community. Archaeology can be used to do so by different stakeholders, through the creation of discontinuity both in a region’s landscape – i.e. by choosing to attract visitors towards an archaeological site/museum rather than towards others – and in the history of a community – by implicitly (but also explicitly) giving the status of historical apex of a civilization to a specific period/event/monument according to which every other age is adjusted. This creates an unbalanced picture made of centres and peripheries. The few key archaeological ‘centres’ spread around the world and the uncountable neglected ‘peripheries’ that derive from this practice have an impact on our understanding of humanity. Bearing in mind this inevitable capacity of archaeology to leave material and cultural traces on us, this paper asks if and how archaeology can be used to have a positive impact on present societies answering current social questions. Does such practice just generate an indiscriminate accumulation of objects that will never be either studied by specialists or exhibited to the public tending to make museums’ storages collapse? Or does it help local and global communities to reflect upon themselves bearing an historically deeper viewpoint on humanity? Is archaeology used to justify actions taken in the present, to look for signs of prestigious ancestry, or as a medium towards accepting and dignifying otherness? Answers to such questions vary sensibly depending on the semiotic stand that specific archaeologists, as actors within the discipline, take on archaeology as a practice, whether they see it, in synthesis, as a discipline of things or as a discipline of traces. Reflecting on a few case studies such as Koudelka’s “Walking Through Outdoors Ruins” project for Magnum, the archaeology or Bronze Age Sardinia, and the dominant paradigm of communicating archaeology to the public, this paper exposes the social roles that archaeological interpretation has had so far, attempting a prediction of its future paths until some of its possible extreme – Funes el-memorioso driven – consequences.

En arqueológia es común encontrar conjuntos de objetos en variadas posiciones, y procedentes de diferentes actividades. Ahora bien, la arqueosemiótica tiene un especial interés por los objetos, los cuales se han analizado de distintas formas, a la vez como objetos aislados y en contexto. Sin embargo, las actividades humanas evidenciadas por las excavaciones revelan un nivel de significación que muchas veces se da por sentado o bien escapa a las reflexiones. Este estudio pretende señalar la importancia de las relaciones de significación entre objetos que poseen sus propias expresiones y contenidos. La intención es avanzar en el entendimiento de estas relaciones, principalmente en situaciones donde dos o más objetos (con significados individuales) son la expresión de otra magnitud, permaneciendo sin embargo en el campo de estudio de los objetos; es decir, el estudio de las relaciones solidarias de objetos como un macro-objeto.

A generation has passed since the publication of the article “classes de préhistoire” (Gouletquer 1993). During all these years, digital techniques have exploded, offering surprising possibilities in all fields of archaeological research, from the recording of basic data to the presentation of results and their popularization. However, a certain naivety remains in the conception and philosophy of scientific diffusion, sweetening what makes the originality and grandeur of our profession, the rooting in the reality of our most archaic curiosity, the pleasure of discovering in the mud the materials with which we build worlds in constant evolution. It is this primary reality that we must transmit at the same time as the relativity of our certitudes, because such anchors in reality and the creativity they generate will be increasingly necessary for future generations bathed in stereotyped responses and ready-made ideas.

Background: The Sungbo Eredo Monument is an ancient public work with a system of defensive walls and ditches located in Eredo Local Council Development Area of Epe, Lagos State, southwest Nigeria. A huge section of the monument cuts through the Augustine University campus, forming two-sided vertical walls with a deep ridge inbetween. The objective of this investigative study is to determine the microbial profile of soil samples from the monument in the University campus. Methodology: Soil samples were collected from the topsoil at a depth of 7.5cm from four randomly selected points along the edge of the monument. The samples were transported to the microbiology laboratory of the Department of Biological Sciences of Augustine University for analysis. Samples were cultured on Nutrient agar (NA) and incubated aerobically for 24-48 hours for bacteria isolation and on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar (SDA) for 72 hours for fungi isolation. Bacterial colonies on NA were preliminarily identified to genus level by Gram reaction and conventional biochemical test scheme for Gram-positive (catalase, coagulase, starch hydrolysis) and Gram-negative isolates (oxidase, urease test, indole, methyl red, Voges Proskauer and sugar fermentation tests). Fungi colonies on SDA were identified using conventional macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Antibiotic susceptibility test of the bacterial isolates to selected antibiotics was done using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: A total of twenty-three bacterial isolates in four genera; Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Cellobiococcus and Micrococcus and nine fungal isolates in three genera; Saccharomyces, Aspergillus and Botrytis were identified from the cultures. The bacterial isolates were sensitive (>50% sensitivity) to only gentamicin and ofloxacin, with 65.2% and 78.3% sensitivity rates respectively, while they were largely resistant to all other antibiotics such as ceftriaxone, erythromycin, cefuroxime, cloxacillin, ceftazidime and augmentin, with resistance rates of 65.2%, 65.2%, 73.9%, 82.6%, 86.9%, 91.3% respectively. Conclusion: The results of this investigative study revealed the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (mainly Gram-positive) and fungi on the archaeological monument of Augustine University, adding to the existing data on microbial spectrum of archaeological monuments that could be useful for unraveling human cultural habits and microbe-related human diseases. However, further studies on molecular identification of these microbial spectrum will be required to ascertain their genetic relatedness and ancestral phylogeny, which will be useful for archaeologists in their study of the Sungbo-Eredo ancestral monument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Nous espérons, à travers cette contribution, souligner l’état des recherches archéologiques à Tanger et dans son territoire durant la période où elle disposer du statut de ville internationale. Nous nous intéressons particulièrement aux activités d’une Société civile qui réunissaient des membres de différentes nationalités et tendances politiques, mais qui avaient tous le goût et la vocation pour l’Histoire et l’Archéologie. Resumen Esperamos, a través de esta contribución, resaltar el estado de la investigación arqueológica en Tánger y su territorio durante el tiempo en que tuvo el estatus de ciudad internacional. Nos centramos más específicamente en las actividades de una asociación civil que ruenió a miembros de diferentes nacionalidades y tendencias políticas, pero que todos tenían el gusto y la vocación a la Historia y la Arqueología.

Faute de travaux scientifiques, Constantine, capitale de l’Est algérien, a quelque peu disparu de la bibliographie archéologique ces dernières décennies. Il est vrai que l’étude archéologique en milieu urbain n’est pas aisée. Pour pallier cette absence, cet exposé propose un état des lieux des travaux anciens sur le sujet, avant d’aborder très succinctement, l’approche d’une recherche sur la topographie urbaine de la ville, dans l’Antiquité. Le point de départ de ce travail correspond à une prise de conscience de l’éparpillement des sources et de la difficulté à les consulter. Ainsi, regrouper les sources anciennes et plus récentes était nécessaire pour créer un outil de base à toutes futures recherches sur le patrimoine archéologique de la ville. - Due to lack of scientific work, Constantine, the capital of eastern Algeria, has disappeared from the archaeological bibliography in recent decades. It is true that archaeological study in urban areas is not easy. To make up for this absence, this presentation proposes an inventory of the ancient works on the subject, before approaching very briefly, the approach of a research on the urban topography of the city, in Antiquity. The starting point of this work is an awareness of the scattering of sources and the difficulty of consulting them. Thus, gathering old and more recent sources was necessary to create a basic tool for all future research on the archaeological heritage of the city.

Ram Janmbhoomi (birth place of Lord Rama) is the most controversial dispute of the independent India. The dispute was existing in pre-independence era but after independence dispute has changed the direction and condition of Indian political system. There was claim that mosque was built after the demolition of Ram temple. This dispute was so intense that it brought the incident of demolition of mosque in 1992. After demolition suit was filed from both the side: Muslim and Hindu. The decision of apex court on civil suit came after 27 years. The apex court took the cognizance of Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) report to decide the claim of parties. This paper aims to give a brief background of Ramjanmbhoomi dispute; explore evidentiary value of expert opinion; whether archaeology is science or art; to evaluate the evidentiary value of archaeological report prepared by ASI through evacuation in the judgement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present three unreported U/Th dates on coral abraders recovered from Lapita occupations at the 'Otea and Vuna sites, in Vava'u, Kingdom of Tonga. Integrated with existing radiocarbon and U/Th dates for Vava'u, we also provide a single‐phase Bayesian model for Lapita chronology in these islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article quantifies the rate at which women archaeologists are present and retained in university departments. Drawing on publicly available data, we examine gender representation in (1) doctorates earned between 2002-2003 and 2016-2017; (2) Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) grant applications and awards at the doctoral to senior levels between 2003 and 2017; (3) tenure-stream faculty at Canadian universities in 2019; and (4) placement of Canadian PhDs in the United States. These data demonstrate that women today represent two-thirds of all Canadian doctorates in archaeology, but only one-third of Canadian tenure-stream faculty, although not all archaeologists choose an academic career. In the last 15 years, women with Canadian PhDs have been hired into tenure-track positions in Canada at rates statistically lower than men, but at higher rates in the United States. Women apply for SSHRC archaeology grants in equal proportion to their presence, but men are awarded at a slightly higher rate. We end by discussing the possible reasons for this gendered attrition, including a "chilly climate"--that is, subtle practices that stereotype, exclude, and devalue women, as well as inhospitable working environments, particularly for primary caregivers. We warn that the current COVID-19 pandemic is likely to exacerbate these existing inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dutch geologists and archaeologists disagree about the time the Flevo-lakes in the Wet Heart of the Netherlands were connected with the western part of the Waddenzee. Geologists hold the strong view that this connection originated in the centuries bc. Archaeological research revealed, however, that the pre-urban development of the city of Amsterdam did not start until the last quarter of the 12th century ad. This urban development has been considered as an indication that the shipping route between the mouth of the river Amstel and the Waddenzee had improved shortly before. Therefore, archaeologists are convinced that the improvement of this shipping route was forced by the All Saint's flood of 1170. To the west of Schagen, the sea is considered to have broken up the coastal barrier which led to the development of the Zuiderzee. Because of the etymological relation between the names Flevo and Vlie, the Flevo-lakes must have been already connected with the Waddenzee in the Roman period. Near Medemblik, however, the water did not become brackish before the 8th century ad and more to the south not earlier than the 9th century. Therefore, drainage must have been the main function of the connection between the Flevo-lakes and the Waddenzee for centuries. From historical documents it is known that somewhere around Stavoren a large amount of land was lost to the sea in 1170. Together with the swift development of Amsterdam it is likely that the Zuiderzee came into being after 1170. A breakthrough of the coastal barrier to the west of Schagen at that time, however, is unlikely. In 1170 there was some damage in the northern part of the province of Holland caused by a storm surge, but the loss of land was limited due to the building of several dikes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]