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The productivity of the soybean crop (Glycine max) can be limited by several factors, including diseases. In the integrated management of diseases, one of the strategies used is chemical control. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the influence of spray nozzle types on the chemical control of fungal diseases in soybean plants. The experimental design was randomised blocks, with six treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of control (without fungicide application on soybean plants) and application of fungicides with different spray nozzles: hollow cone jet, double flat jet, extended range flat jet, wide angle flat jet and air induction flat jet. The sprayer used was the backpack pressurised by carbon dioxide CO2. The experiment was installed in the Campos Gerais region (Paraná, Brazil); during three cropping seasons. The evaluated variables were incidence and severity, spray quality (covered area, droplet density, and relative amplitude) and yield components. It was concluded that the chemical control of fungal diseases in soybean plants reduced the proliferation of pathogens and losses in crop yield. There were significant changes in spraying quality in all analysed variables. There were no differences among the spray nozzle types regarding the analysis of incidence, severity and soybean yield components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus leprosis mite [Brevipalpus yothersi Baker (Acari: Tenuipalpidae)] is traditionally controlled with acaricide applications using a high volume of spray solution (> 2000 L.ha-1). However, high spray solution volumes can generate water waste and environmental contamination. An experiment was set up in a sweet orange orchard located in the municipality of Taquaral, São Paulo, Brazil, aiming to optimize the spray solution volume required for more efficient control of the leprosis mite. The experiment was conducted from December 2020 to July 2022. Two spray solution volumes were evaluated: 100 and 180 mL m–3 of plant canopy. In total, seven acaricide applications were performed. During the experiment, we assessed the incidence and infestation of the leprosis mite. Additionally, at the end of the experiment, we counted the number of plants and fallen fruits exhibiting leprosis symptoms. The treatment with a spray volume of 180 mL m–3 was more effective in controlling mites, as the incidence and infestation of B. yothersi were lower in this treatment. Moreover, this treatment resulted in fewer plants with fallen fruits and a reduced number of fallen fruits showing leprosis symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remotely piloted aircraft (RPAs) have been increasingly used for crop protection in coffee plantations. However, the applications can result in low spray deposition on leaves and higher product losses between rows compared to ground airblast sprayers. This study aimed to evaluate the spray deposition on the coffee canopy and potential losses to the soil during application with an RPA and an airblast sprayer at varying spray volumes. The experiment comprised four spray treatments: RPA at 10 L ha−1 and 20 L ha−1, and airblast sprayer at 200 L ha−1 and 300 L ha−1. Leaf deposition was quantified by measuring a tracer on leaves from the lower and upper parts of the coffee canopy using spectrophotometry. Spray losses to the soil were measured by analyzing tracer residues on Petri dishes positioned within the inter-rows and beneath the coffee canopy. Statistical process control was used to analyze spray deposition quality in the study area. Ground-based airblast spraying resulted in the highest overall canopy deposition, while RPA spraying led to greater losses within the inter-rows. No significant difference was observed in spray runoff beneath the canopy between ground-based and aerial applications. Leaf deposition exhibited random variability across all application methods. Therefore, application stability, control, and spray quality standards were maintained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in pesticide regulations, diminished pesticide options due to resistance concerns, and narrowing grower profit margins require each application to be optimised to reduce spray drift and enhance coverage. However, alternative strategies outside of increasing droplet size are needed as reductions in pest control have been observed. This research explored the potential of a magnetic-assisted sprayer (MAS) to aid in spray coverage and determine its impact on spray droplet size and velocity. The MAS minimally impacted spray droplet size characteristics across the four nozzle types tested (only five of twenty F-tests were statistically significant) and did not impact average or maximum droplet velocities when measured 51-cm from the nozzle compared to the conventional sprayer. Although statistically, the MAS increased droplet size by only 4.6 and 12.5% in two of 12 parameter instances compared to the conventional sprayer, there were indications it may reduce spray drift potential as the driftable fines (% of individual droplets measured with diameters less than 200 μm) were numerically less across all nozzle types tested. Across the five experiments, an improvement in spray coverage and deposition by the MAS compared to the conventional sprayer was only observed in one treatment from one experiment. Overall, the MAS minimally to negatively impacted the measured coverage and calculated deposition from water-sensitive paper. Future research is needed to measure actual spray drift from a MAS as well as to evaluate other potentially influential variables such as water quality, pesticide active ingredient, and plant species. • Magnetic-assist increased droplet size in 2 of 12 comparisons with a stock sprayer. • Slight drift reduction potential (reduced fines in 1 of 4 comparisons) observed. • Droplet velocity was not altered by a magnetic-assisted sprayer. • Coverage and deposition improved in 1 of 58 treatments compared to a stock sprayer. • Future research should evaluate more spray variables combined with magnetic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remotely piloted aircraft (RPAs) have been increasingly used for crop protection in coffee plantations. However, the applications can result in low spray deposition on leaves and higher product losses between rows compared to ground airblast sprayers. This study aimed to evaluate the spray deposition on the coffee canopy and potential losses to the soil during application with an RPA and an airblast sprayer at varying spray volumes. The experiment comprised four spray treatments: RPA at 10 L ha−1 and 20 L ha−1, and airblast sprayer at 200 L ha−1 and 300 L ha−1. Leaf deposition was quantified by measuring a tracer on leaves from the lower and upper parts of the coffee canopy using spectrophotometry. Spray losses to the soil were measured by analyzing tracer residues on Petri dishes positioned within the inter-rows and beneath the coffee canopy. Statistical process control was used to analyze spray deposition quality in the study area. Ground-based airblast spraying resulted in the highest overall canopy deposition, while RPA spraying led to greater losses within the inter-rows. No significant difference was observed in spray runoff beneath the canopy between ground-based and aerial applications. Leaf deposition exhibited random variability across all application methods. Therefore, application stability, control, and spray quality standards were maintained.

With the increase of service time，the increasing number of structural and sporadic failures in old helicopters has brought more challenges to maintenance quality，and the maintenance personnel cannot detect and eliminate hidden faults in time. In this article，the application of aviation non-destructive testing in the field of aviation maintenance and the characteristics and maintenance status of old helicopters are introduced，the key parts and key components of non-destructive testing for old helicopters based on the structural characteristics and usage of helicopters are explored and determined. The specific application methods for testing key parts of helicopters based on the characteristics of different non-destructive testing technologies are elaborated，and the timing of using non-destructive testing technology in the maintenance practice of old helicopters is studied. Finally，the application prospect of non-destructive testing technology in the maintenance of old helicopters is discussed.

The application of pesticides using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has grown, but there is a lack of information to support more efficient applications. Using a DJI AGRAS-MG-1P octocopter equipped with different spray tips, this study sought to explore spray deposition (leaves and fruit) and efficacy of chlorpyrifos on control of coffee berry borer at different spray volumes and flight heights. The study was conducted in an Arabica coffee plantation. The study consisted of eight treatments and four replications in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial scheme: two flight heights (1.5 and 3.0 m), two spray tips (hollow cone and flat fan), and two spray volumes (10 and 15 L ha−1). Deposition was assessed by detecting a tracer in the coffee leaves and fruit using spectrophotometry. The coffee berry borer-control efficacy trial was conducted in two areas by evaluating the percentage of damaged fruit 60 days after two insecticide applications. The flight height of 1.5 m promoted higher spray deposition on leaves and fruit and a lower incidence of damaged fruit. Flat fan spray tips resulted in higher spray deposition on the leaves, not interfering with the deposition on fruit or the coffee berry borer control. Increasing the spray volume from 10 to 15 L ha−1 did not increase spray deposition on coffee leaves and fruit. Chlorpyrifos applied via UAVs reduced the incidence of coffee berry borer.

The objective of this study was to determine the best method to establish optimal timing of fungicide applications on corn (Zea mays), soybean (Glycine max), and bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris), by comparing results based on the calendar versus agrometeorological data. The experimental design was arranged in randomised blocks with three treatments and eight repetitions. Treatments consisted of control (without application of fungicides), application of fungicides based on the calendar (after establishing the need for chemical control, sprays occurring at intervals of 15 days), or by indication of the AgroDetecta™ programme (based on agrometeorological data). The variables evaluated were: disease incidence and severity, area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), income components, and economic return. Among the integrated disease management tools investigated, it was concluded that chemical control improves crop health and yield for corn, soybean, and bean plants, especially when timing of treatment application is based on the calendar. The programme AgroDetecta™ showed promise as a decision-making tool for the best timing to spray, but requires adjustments for commercial use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Watermelon is one of the most commonly grown vegetable crops worldwide due to the economic and nutritional importance of its fruits. The yield and quality of watermelon fruits are affected by constant attacks from pests, diseases, and weeds throughout all phenological stages of the crop. Labor shortages and unevenness of pesticide applications using backpack and tractor sprayers are significant challenges. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different spray nozzles (XR110015 and MGA60015) and application rates (8, 12, and 16 L ha−1) on droplet distribution on different targets in watermelon plants using an unmanned aerial vehicle. Water-sensitive papers were used as targets to analyze the droplet coverage, deposition, density, and volume median diameter. Data were collected from targets placed on the leaf adaxial and abaxial sides, fruit, apical bud, and stem of each plant. The mean droplet coverage and density increased as the application rate was increased, with no significant interaction between the factors or statistical difference between spray nozzles, except for the leaf abaxial side. No significant differences were found for the variables analyzed at application rates of 12 and 16 L ha−1, whereas significant differences were observed at 8 L ha−1. The use of unmanned aerial vehicles in watermelon crops is efficient; however, further studies should be conducted to evaluate their effectiveness in pest control and compare them with other application methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Plastics / Zhongguo Suliao is the property of Journal Office of CHINA PLASTICS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Remote Sensing is the property of Editorial Office of Journal of Remote Sensing & Science Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The application of pesticides using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has grown, but there is a lack of information to support more efficient applications. Using a DJI AGRAS-MG-1P octocopter equipped with different spray tips, this study sought to explore spray deposition (leaves and fruit) and efficacy of chlorpyrifos on control of coffee berry borer at different spray volumes and flight heights. The study was conducted in an Arabica coffee plantation. The study consisted of eight treatments and four replications in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial scheme: two flight heights (1.5 and 3.0 m), two spray tips (hollow cone and flat fan), and two spray volumes (10 and 15 L ha−1). Deposition was assessed by detecting a tracer in the coffee leaves and fruit using spectrophotometry. The coffee berry borer-control efficacy trial was conducted in two areas by evaluating the percentage of damaged fruit 60 days after two insecticide applications. The flight height of 1.5 m promoted higher spray deposition on leaves and fruit and a lower incidence of damaged fruit. Flat fan spray tips resulted in higher spray deposition on the leaves, not interfering with the deposition on fruit or the coffee berry borer control. Increasing the spray volume from 10 to 15 L ha−1 did not increase spray deposition on coffee leaves and fruit. Chlorpyrifos applied via UAVs reduced the incidence of coffee berry borer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) sprayer has the advantages of high work efficiency, simple operation, and high safety factor, and has broad application prospects UAV sprayer are widely used in the agricultural field, and the application of UAV sprayer spraying technology in agriculture has provided convenience and increased profits for farmers, and has also become a research hotspot in the field of agriculture. In recent years, although research has been conducted on the feasibility and application effects of UAV sprayer spraying crown shaped plants, there have been no experiments or studies in the field of garden plants. This experiment conducted a droplet deposition experiment of UAV sprayer spraying garden plants, exploring the droplet deposition effect of UAV sprayer in the field of garden plants, and conducting experiments on the influence of spray volume and nozzle type on droplet deposition. The experimental results showed that the canopy performance of small and medium-sized garden plants was better at a flight altitude of 1.5m, a spray volume of 180L/hm², and a flight speed of 2m/s. Reducing flight altitude, increasing spray volume, and reducing flight speed can improve the distribution of droplets in the canopy. This experiment lays the foundation for the application of UAV sprayer for the prevention and control of pests and diseases in garden plants, as well as for the application of growth regulators, and provides a basis for further innovative research in the field of garden plant application technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Efforts to evaluate the residual efficacy of new indoor residual spraying (IRS) formulations have identified limitations with the industry standard laboratory sprayer, the Potter Spray Tower (PT). Calibrating the PT can be time-consuming, and the dosing of surfaces may not be as accurate or uniform as previously assumed. Methods To address these limitations, the Micron Horizontal Track Sprayer with Spray Cabinet (TS) was developed to provide higher efficiency, ease of operation and deposition uniformity equal to or better than the PT. A series of studies were performed using a fluorescent tracer and three IRS formulations (Actellic® 300CS, K-Othrine WG250 and Suspend PolyZone) sprayed onto surfaces using either the PT or the TS. Results Deposition volumes could be accurately calibrated for both spray systems. However, the uniformity of spray deposits was higher for the TS compared to the PT. Less than 12% of the volume sprayed using the PT reaches the target surface, with the remaining 88% unaccounted for, presumably vented out of the fume hood or coating the internal surfaces of the tower. In contrast, the TS deposits most of the spray on the floor of the spray chamber, with the rest contained therein. The total sprayed surface area in one run of the TS is 1.2 m2, and the operational zone for spray target placement is 0.7 m2, meaning that 58% of the applied volume deposits onto the targets. The TS can treat multiple surfaces (18 standard 15 × 15 cm tiles) in a single application, whereas the PT treats one surface at a time and a maximum area of around 0.0225 m2. An assessment of the time taken to perform spraying, including the setup, calibration and cleaning, showed that the cost of application using the TS was around 25–35 × less per tile sprayed. Standard operating procedures (SOPs) for calibration and use of both the Potter Tower and Track Sprayer have been developed. Conclusions Overall, the TS represents a significant improvement over the PT in terms of the efficiency and accuracy of IRS formulation applications onto test substrates and offers a useful additional tool for researchers and manufacturers wanting to screen new active ingredients or evaluate the efficacy of IRS or other sprayable formulations for insect control. Graphical Abstract

Background: Efforts to evaluate the residual efficacy of new indoor residual spraying (IRS) formulations have identified limitations with the industry standard laboratory sprayer, the Potter Spray Tower (PT). Calibrating the PT can be time-consuming, and the dosing of surfaces may not be as accurate or uniform as previously assumed. Methods: To address these limitations, the Micron Horizontal Track Sprayer with Spray Cabinet (TS) was developed to provide higher efficiency, ease of operation and deposition uniformity equal to or better than the PT. A series of studies were performed using a fluorescent tracer and three IRS formulations (Actellic® 300CS, K-Othrine WG250 and Suspend PolyZone) sprayed onto surfaces using either the PT or the TS. Results: Deposition volumes could be accurately calibrated for both spray systems. However, the uniformity of spray deposits was higher for the TS compared to the PT. Less than 12% of the volume sprayed using the PT reaches the target surface, with the remaining 88% unaccounted for, presumably vented out of the fume hood or coating the internal surfaces of the tower. In contrast, the TS deposits most of the spray on the floor of the spray chamber, with the rest contained therein. The total sprayed surface area in one run of the TS is 1.2 m2, and the operational zone for spray target placement is 0.7 m2, meaning that 58% of the applied volume deposits onto the targets. The TS can treat multiple surfaces (18 standard 15 × 15 cm tiles) in a single application, whereas the PT treats one surface at a time and a maximum area of around 0.0225 m2. An assessment of the time taken to perform spraying, including the setup, calibration and cleaning, showed that the cost of application using the TS was around 25–35 × less per tile sprayed. Standard operating procedures (SOPs) for calibration and use of both the Potter Tower and Track Sprayer have been developed. Conclusions: Overall, the TS represents a significant improvement over the PT in terms of the efficiency and accuracy of IRS formulation applications onto test substrates and offers a useful additional tool for researchers and manufacturers wanting to screen new active ingredients or evaluate the efficacy of IRS or other sprayable formulations for insect control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantity and quality of spray deposition are fundamental for improving pesticide performance in plant pests. This study evaluated how spray droplet size (1) and spray nozzle type (2) affect the quantity and quality of spray deposition on peanut plants at the vegetative and reproductive growth stages. Two greenhouse experiments were performed on peanut plants at the V1 and R1 growth stages. Experiment 1 treatments included three droplet sizes: medium (flat fan XR 11002), very coarse (TT 11002), and extremely coarse (AIXR 11002). Experiment 2 treatments were five spray nozzles: hollow cone (TXA 8002 VK), twin flat fan (TTJ60 11002), air induction flat fan (AIXR 110025), drift guard twin flat fan (DGTJ60 11002), and extended range flat fan (XR 11003). Spray deposition values were determined using a solution of brilliant blue dye sprayed by a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer. The medium droplet size provided higher spray deposition on peanut plants at the V1 and R1 growth stages. Increasing the droplet size from medium to extremely coarse reduces spray deposition at the V1 growth stage. Spray deposition uniformity increased as droplet size increased at the V1 growth stage. The spray uniformity decreased at the R1 growth stage as the droplet size increased. The flat fan XR 11003 (medium droplet) and hollow cone nozzle TXA 8002 VK (fine droplet) provided a higher spray deposition on peanut plants at both growth stages. The spray nozzles that provide a higher spray deposition did not perform well on spray uniformity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Passive explosion-isolation facilities in underground coal mines, such as explosion-proof water troughs and bags, face challenges aligned with current trends in intelligent and unmanned technologies, due to restricted applicability and structural features. Grounded in the propagation laws and disaster mechanisms of gas explosions, the device in this paper enables accurate identification of explosion flames and pressure information. Utilizing a high-speed processor for rapid logical processing enables judgments within 1 ms. Graded activation of the operating mechanism is enabled by the device. The tunnel flame-proof device's flame-extinguishing agent has a continuous action time of 6075 ms. Experiments on the active flame-proof effect of a 100 m3 gas explosion were conducted using a cross-sectional 7.2 m2 large-tunnel test system. With a dosage of 5.6 kg/m2, the powder flame-extinguishing agent completely extinguished the explosion flame within a 20 m range behind the explosion isolator. Numerical calculations unveiled the gas-phase chemical suppression mechanism of the powder flame-extinguishing agent NH4H2PO4 in suppressing methane explosions. Building upon these findings, application technology for active flame-proofing was developed, offering technical support for intelligent prevention and control of gas explosions in underground coal mines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the Volumetric Median Diameters (VMDs), Relative Span (RS), percentage of droplets with a diameter smaller than 100 µm (V100), and percentage of drift (% drift) of four droplet classes (Fine, Medium, Coarse, and Very Coarse) were analyzedin two spray volumes (77 L.ha-1and 144 L.ha-1) employinga tank-mix of atrazine and nicosulfuron herbicides (2500 + 15 gaiha-1), usingParticle/Droplet Imaging Analyze (PDIA) and wind tunnel techniques. The experiments were performed under Completely Randomized Design, in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme (droplet classes × sprayvolumes). Data underwent analysis of variance and Tukey's test at 5%, and the correlation between variables was computedconsidering Pearson's coefficient at 1% and 5%. The VMD of all droplet classes was considerably distinct in the two spray volumes. In both application spray volumes, the minimum VMD for the Coarsedropletclass classification was not attained. The highest means of RS were detectedin the spray volume of 77 L.ha-1. All treatments demonstratedsignificant differences in the analysis of V100 and % drift, with the highest means observed in the Fine droplet (144 L.ha-1) and Medium (77 L.ha-1). A negative correlation existed between VMD × V100 and VMD × % drift and a positive correlation between V100 × % drift in the two spray volumes. RS was negatively correlated with VMD and positively with V100 and % drift, in the spray volume of 77 L.ha-1. In the spray volume of 144 L.ha-1, the correlation between RSand VMD, V100, and % drift was insignificant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Watermelon is one of the most commonly grown vegetable crops worldwide due to the economic and nutritional importance of its fruits. The yield and quality of watermelon fruits are affected by constant attacks from pests, diseases, and weeds throughout all phenological stages of the crop. Labor shortages and unevenness of pesticide applications using backpack and tractor sprayers are significant challenges. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different spray nozzles (XR110015 and MGA60015) and application rates (8, 12, and 16 L ha−1) on droplet distribution on different targets in watermelon plants using an unmanned aerial vehicle. Water-sensitive papers were used as targets to analyze the droplet coverage, deposition, density, and volume median diameter. Data were collected from targets placed on the leaf adaxial and abaxial sides, fruit, apical bud, and stem of each plant. The mean droplet coverage and density increased as the application rate was increased, with no significant interaction between the factors or statistical difference between spray nozzles, except for the leaf abaxial side. No significant differences were found for the variables analyzed at application rates of 12 and 16 L ha−1, whereas significant differences were observed at 8 L ha−1. The use of unmanned aerial vehicles in watermelon crops is efficient; however, further studies should be conducted to evaluate their effectiveness in pest control and compare them with other application methods.

The rise of intelligent manufacturing has induced many new demands on network technology.The polymorphic network separates the network technology from the support environment, supporting the coexistence as well as flexible loading and operation of various network technologies in the same network support environment, and can provide diversified, customizable, and highly reliable network service capabilities.The network environment requirements of intelligent manufacturing were studied, and smart factories were taken as an example to design efficient technical solutions based on the polymorphic network for various application scenarios.Different network technologies were efficiently adapted to application scenarios such as collaborative research and development design, production line control, machine vision quality inspection, unmanned intelligent inspection, accident emergency response, etc.The study verified the technical advantages of applying polymorphic networks to intelligent manufacturing, which could provide strong support for promoting the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry.

No matter from the perspective of supply chain, industrial chain or value chain, China's current technology is generally at a middle-technology level. The status quo of Chinese technological development has the following three characteristics. First, there is a lack of original technology, which means technological creation from "0 to 1". Second, technological development is mainly applied technology. If we measure China's level of applied technology development from "1 to 10", China is in the position of "4 to 7" on the scale of "1 to 10", but lacks the technical level of "8 to 10". In other words, China's applied technology development has not yet reached the world's top level in many fields, and many core technologies and key components are still highly dependent on foreign countries. Third, China has achieved the world's leading level in some fields of applied technology, but these fields are still in a fragmented state and have not formed a system. Basically, the overall level of China's technology is far from reaching a comprehensive and systematic strength. The Twentieth National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed that the goal of the country in the next stage is to achieve high-quality development of the China's economy. Although the realization of high-quality economic development is driven by many factors, from the experience of world economic history, whether it is the West that first achieved industrialization, or the latecomers that became developed economies, technological upgrading and the resulting industrial upgrading are the key and core for a country to a high-income one. Especially for a large economy like China, it will be difficult to achieve high-quality economic development without technological upgrades. Thus, China not only needs to achieve "8 to 10" technological progress at the level of applied technology, but also need to transform from applied technology to original technology from "0 to 1". In recent years, my research team and I have studied on how China can achieve high-quality development and upgrade to a developed economy. Through the comparative analysis of developed economies including Europe, the United States, Japan, and Asia's four Little Dragons, as well as other economies in Latin America and Asia, we have refined a new concept, namely, middletechnology trap which tells us that if an economy wants to upgrade from middle-income to the level of a developed economy, it must avoid the middle-technology trap. An economy can rely on technology diffusion and learning the technology transferred from developed economies in the early stage of its development. However, to achieve the goal of becoming a high-income economy, China not only needs to rely on cultivating original technological innovation from "0 to 1", but also needs to be able to achieve sustainable technological upgrades in the existing technical field, that is, to continuously move from a level of "4 to 7" or lower on the technical scale to a level "above 8". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Papaya production and export is increasingly expanding in the world market due to the nutritional importance of the fruit. Phytosanitary issues, labor shortages, and unevenness in land-based costal and motorized applications compromise crops, the environment, and humankind. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of droplet distribution using an unmanned aerial vehicle, with different application rates (12.0, 15.0, and 18.0 L ha−1) and spray nozzles (XR110015 and MGA015) in the upper (UL), middle (ML), and lower (LL) layers, and on papaya fruit clusters (BF). Water-sensitive paper labels and artificial targets were used to assess the efficiency. Coverage, density, droplet distribution, and droplet diameter were influenced by the application rates in the following order: 18.0 > 15.0 > 12.0 L ha−1, showing concentrated droplet distribution in the respective layers: UL > ML > LL > BF. The 18.0 L ha−1 rate increased the variables examined, and the droplet coverage on the UL using the XR110015 nozzle was 6.56 times greater than that found on the LL and BF. The MGA015 nozzle presented better results in the LL and BF in all variables analyzed. The UAVs were efficient in applying to the papaya crop and further studies should be carried out in order to confirm the efficacy of plant protection products applied using this technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the conilon coffee tree, the stress caused by high light can reduce the photosynthetic rate, limit the development and also reduce the yield of beans. Considering that the quality of a sunscreen spray can influence photosynthetic performance, the goal was to understand the iterations between the quality of the spray and the variation of the chlorophyll a fluorescence when applying sunscreen on conilon coffee trees. The parameters coverage, volumetric median diameter, density, droplet deposition, and the variation of the chlorophyll a fluorescence were evaluated. The nozzle and application rate factors did not show direct effects in the physiological responses of the plants. Plants with no sunscreen application showed high values of energy dissipation flux. The photosystem II (PSII) performance index and PSII photochemical maximum efficiency indicate that the use of sunscreen for plants promotes better performance of photosynthetic activity and that it provides photoprotection against luminous stress, regardless of the application rate and spraying nozzle; however, we recommend using the application rate of 100 L ha−1 and the cone jet nozzle type because they provide lower risks of product loss due to runoff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Labor‐saving pesticide application technology is eagerly pursued in the planting system of Chinese chives. In this study, we developed a set of application approaches by turning fungicides into smoke to achieve this goal. RESULTS: The fungicides fludioxonil, fluopyram, boscalid, procymidone, and prochloraz could be vaporized into smoke at temperatures below 300 °C. The SFR (smoke formation rate) decreased with the increasing temperature. At 300 °C, the SFR of fludioxonil, fluopyram, boscalid and procymidone were all higher than 80%. At 300 °C and 600 °C, there were no significant differences in the smoke particle state of these five fungicides. However, the inhibition rate of these five fungicides against the growth of Botrytis squamosa generally decreased with the temperature. At 600 °C, only fludioxonil and boscalid had inhibition rates higher than 80%. The deposition uniformity of fungicide smoke increased with the increasing amounts of NH4Cl. When the amount of NH4Cl reached 80% of the total content, the smoke of fungicide was uniformly deposited throughout each glass slide. In the greenhouse experiment, the control efficacy of fungicide application by smoke was significantly better than that of spraying application, whereas its residue was much lower. CONCLUSION: It is feasible to control air‐borne disease through the vaporization of fungicides into smoke by electrical heating. Smoke application would effectively inhibit the spores in the air and would not increase the humidity of the environment. These findings indicate that smoke application is a labor‐saving pesticide application technology viable in production. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passive explosion-isolation facilities in underground coal mines, such as explosion-proof water troughs and bags, face challenges aligned with current trends in intelligent and unmanned technologies, due to restricted applicability and structural features. Grounded in the propagation laws and disaster mechanisms of gas explosions, the device in this paper enables accurate identification of explosion flames and pressure information. Utilizing a high-speed processor for rapid logical processing enables judgments within 1 ms. Graded activation of the operating mechanism is enabled by the device. The tunnel flame-proof device’s flame-extinguishing agent has a continuous action time of 6075 ms. Experiments on the active flame-proof effect of a 100 m3 gas explosion were conducted using a cross-sectional 7.2 m2 large-tunnel test system. With a dosage of 5.6 kg/m2, the powder flame-extinguishing agent completely extinguished the explosion flame within a 20 m range behind the explosion isolator. Numerical calculations unveiled the gas-phase chemical suppression mechanism of the powder flame-extinguishing agent NH4H2PO4 in suppressing methane explosions. Building upon these findings, application technology for active flame-proofing was developed, offering technical support for intelligent prevention and control of gas explosions in underground coal mines.

An efficient application of phytosanitary products depends, among other factors, on a good selection of nozzles and the application volume rate of the solution used. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of different models of hydraulic tips and application volume rates on spray coverage on targets positioned in the upper, middle and lower thirds of corn plants. The application volume rates evaluated were: 50 l · ha−1; 100 l · ha−1; 150 l · ha−1; 200 l · ha−1; 300 l · ha−1 and 400 l · ha−1. The following nozzles were used: TT 11001, TTJ60 11002, TXA 8003, 30HCX 12, GRD120 02 and GAT11002. Applications were carried out in phenological stages V6–V7 of corn plants. There was a directly proportional relationship between an increase in application volume rate and the levels of spray coverage and droplet density in the three thirds of corn plants. The application volume rate evaluated, except for 50 l · ha−1 in the lower third, provided a number of droplets compatible with the literature recommendations for the application of systemic fungicides. All tips evaluated provided a number of droplets compatible with the recommendations in the literature for the application of systemic fungicides, therefore, they can be recommended for use in spraying on corn crops.

Synthetic biology is a new interdisciplinary frontier science, demonstrating broad application prospects in the fields of life science, energy science and technology, medical health, material chemical industry and agricultural science and technology. The research on the development status of synthetic biology is of great significance for government departments, scientific and industrial communities to jointly promote its development. The current situation of synthetic biology policies, scientific research and industry in globe was systematically summarized. Combined with the development status and existing issues of synthetic biology in China, strategic suggestions for its development are put forward. The study showed followings. 1）Synthetic biology has entered a period of rapid development of global consensus, cooperation and competition. Many countries have assisted the scientific research and application innovation of synthetic biology, and produced many new technologies and applications with field characteristics through the top-down research and development system. 2）China is accelerating the improvement of the top-level design of synthetic biology, and a series of original discoveries and innovative achievements in the field has been achieved. However, there are also some shortcomings, such as lagging medium and long-term development planning, insufficient scientific research and innovation ability, the dislocation of application research and development subjects and the limitation of industrial application scenario expansion. 3）It is suggested to promote the development of synthetic biology in China from the aspects of strengthening macro policy guidance, building an efficient research system, cultivating high-quality industrial subjects and expanding the application scenarios of achievements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee production and marketing is one of the main global commercial activities, but crop yields depend on several factors, among which plant health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of spray droplet deposition in coffee crops grown in a mountain region, associated to the efficacy of the control of fungal diseases. The application efficiency, using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and the efficacy of the products applied were tested. Water-sensitive paper tags were used to analyze the application efficiency; agronomic efficiency, vegetative vigor, yield, and physiological parameters were used to determine the fungicide efficacy. Droplet coverage in the upper canopy layer using a pneumatic sprayer (28.70%) was 4.11-fold higher than that found in the same layer for application using a UAV (6.98%) at the rate of 15 L ha−1. The highest droplet depositions by using a UAV were found for the rate of 15 L ha−1: 1.60, 1.04, and 0.43 µL cm−2 in the upper, middle, and lower layers, respectively; the deposition in the upper layer with application using a pneumatic sprayer was 42.67 µL cm−2, and therefore, a 26.7-fold higher deposition. The results denote that the control of fungal diseases through fungicide applications using a UAV is efficient for mountain coffee crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There is an ongoing search for technologies that guarantee soybean productivity. Among them, the application of phytosanitary products stands out, since the sprayer is the most required implement during the agricultural production cycle and each error, in practice, represents a loss in the production process. With this in mind, the objective of this work was to evaluate the volume captured and the characteristics of the application in the dif- ferent thirds of soybean plants with variations in hydraulic nozzles and spray volumes, as well as the use of electrification of the drops. To this end, a field experiment was conducted during the 2018/2019 summer harvest in an experimental area at the University of Rio Verde. The experimental design used was randomized blocks in a factorial scheme (3 × 4), with four repetitions, in which the first factor consisted of three variations of spray nozzles (simple fan, hollow cone and hollow cone with electrification of the drops). The second factor involved four application rates (50, 100, 150 and 200 l · ha–1). The variables evalu- ated were the number of drops per cm–2, percentage of coverage, volume median diameter (VMD) and the captured volume (μl · cm–2). According to the results, for the upper thirds, an increase in the application rate increased the volume of captured syrup. However, for the lower third, the factors evaluated did not interfere in this characteristic. The hydraulic tips influenced the density of droplets in the three thirds and the coverage only in the lower one. The increasing rates of application, increases the density of drops and percentage of cover- age in the different thirds of the plants. The evaluated factors had no effect on the syrup distribution on the median abaxial surface of the leaves.

Recent requirements of the pesticide industry have become much severer, and pesticides (formulated products) are required to satisfy higher safety to both human beings and the environment, higher biological efficacy, lower price, and labor-saving. This review explains the outline of basic pesticide formulation technology, followed by recent advances in developing new formulations and application technologies. Labor-saving formulations and application technologies, environmental load reduction technologies, and user-friendly formulations and application technologies are elucidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the spectrum of droplets produced by three spray tips (JSF 11002, SF 11001, and JD12) using two types of spray solutions (with and without adjuvant). The experiment was conducted in randomized blocks in a 3×2 factorial scheme, with four replications. The targets were scanned after spraying and later analyzed by the free software Conta-Gotas. Values were extracted from the number of droplets, number of diameter, dispersion, volume, density, coverage, DV10, DV50, and DV90. Adjuvant addition increased droplet diameter and coverage, thus being indicated to reduce drift losses. The tips JSF 11002 and JD12 showed a larger droplet size, representing higher risk of runoff and low penetration into the plant canopy. The tip SF 11001 presented better penetration and fixation in the plant, thus being the most recommended for the application of phytosanitary products in pitaya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides, plant protection machinery and application technology are the three pillars of plant chemical protection, of which application technology is the key link between pesticides and plant protection machinery. It is the "last mile" from pesticide research to field application. The scientific use of pesticides is not a simple pharmacological problem of pesticide selection and application dosage, but involves plant protection, agricultural mechanics, meteorology and other disciplines, forming an interdisciplinary combination of systemic engineering. This paper presents a review of pesticide droplet atomization and movement characteristics, deposition and distribution status, loss and drift behavior, and the relationship between pest behavior and pesticide droplet atomization movement and deposition distribution. The purpose of summarizing the theoretical and practical experiences in these areas is to improve the standards and quality of plant protection machinery, pesticide utilization, control effects and food safety, as well as reducing the negative impacts of pesticides. In addition, these theories and practices provide technical methods and equipment support to improve the quality and efficiency of crops and to protect agroecological and human environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Droplet size is one of the most important factors that affect spray deposition and weed control through the use of herbicides. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the droplet size on the spray deposition and control of Euphorbia heterophylla and Urochloa ruziziensis by using glyphosate. The treatments included spraying glyphosate with fine, medium, coarse, very coarse, and ultra-coarse droplet sizes to determine the deposition, uniformity of distribution, visual control, and dry weight reduction (DWR). The treatments were compared with the values of the dose required to achieve 50% DWR or 50% visual control (C50) at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after herbicide application. Fine and medium droplet sizes afforded high deposition values and low distribution uniformities in E. heterophylla . Fine and medium droplet sizes yielded the lowest C50 on visual control and DWR in E. heterophylla, respectively. The droplet size did not affect the spray deposition on U. ruziziensis plants; however, the larger droplets had less uniformity of distribution. In U. ruziziensis plants, spraying glyphosate with coarse and medium droplet sizes yielded the lowest values of C50 to visual control and DWR, respectively.

This study aimed to evaluate the spectrum of droplets produced by three spray tips (JSF 11002, SF 11001, and JD12) using two types of spray solutions (with and without adjuvant). The experiment was conducted in randomized blocks in a 3×2 factorial scheme, with four replications. The targets were scanned after spraying and later analyzed by the free software Conta-Gotas. Values were extracted from the number of droplets, number of diameter, dispersion, volume, density, coverage, DV10, DV50, and DV90. Adjuvant addition increased droplet diameter and coverage, thus being indicated to reduce drift losses. The tips JSF 11002 and JD12 showed a larger droplet size, representing higher risk of runoff and low penetration into the plant canopy. The tip SF 11001 presented better penetration and fixation in the plant, thus being the most recommended for the application of phytosanitary products in pitaya.

ABSTRACT Mobile application development advances, particularly for smartphones and tablets, have allowed farmers to make decisions more assertively in their agrobusiness management. This article addresses the development and evaluation of an app aimed at people who deal with the pesticide application technology in coffee farming, more specifically, adjustment and calibration of sprayers. This mobile app provides the main data necessary for a correct calibration of air-blast sprayers to apply pesticides in coffee planting. Its functionalities include calculation of the application rate for each situation (L ha-1) based on data obtained in the field, such as canopy volume. The app, called SprayCafé, was developed for the Android platform using the Java programming language in the integrated development environment Android Studio. After the development, the application was evaluated, based on a questionnaire answered by 139 users, who ranked the following requirements: ease of use, loading time, adequacy of screen resolution, data relevance, sequence of information, and applicability, among others. The system proved to be simple and robust; it was thus assessed as adequate to the field and to be of great value for coffee planting, especially because it allows safer and more adequate pesticide application. The graphical user interface is interactive and easy to use.

Multisite fungicides are an anti-resistance strategy to control Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Among the protective fungicides, mancozeb is a fungicide that has been highlighted. However, the interaction between the fungicide spray solution and application volume is very complex. Therefore, the goal of this work is to evaluate the effect of the application volume and the combination of fungicides with different modes of action on Asian soybean rust (ASR) control and crop yield. The fungicides mancozeb, and a mix of trifloxystrobin plus prothioconazole, and a combination of mancozeb and the mix were applied over two crop seasons, 2016/2017 and 2017/2018. Every week, the disease severity caused by the fungus P. pachyrhizi was evaluated. Fungicide spraying started with the occurrence of the first pustules of disease. Subsequently, the data were used to calculate the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). All fungicide treatments reduced the AUDPC. The trifloxystrobin plus prothioconazole fungicide mixture was impacted to a greater extent by a reduction in application volume. The fungicide mixture with trifloxystrobin plus prothioconazole and mancozeb resulted in a lower AUDPC. It is possible to control ASR disease only with mancozeb. The effect of the application volume and the spray solution have an impact on disease control under particular crop season conditions. The lower application that provides the maximum control of SAR and greater productivity is dependent on the disease severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: A key tool in the fight against mosquitoes, which transmit malaria, is the application of insecticidal indoor residual spray (IRS) to the internal walls of buildings where mosquitoes alight and rest to digest their blood-meals. When evaluating the effectiveness of IRS formulations for killing mosquitoes when applied to a wall, it is important that the insecticide is applied evenly at the target dose. Traditionally, IRS is applied using a hand-held pump, but this study showed that an automated track sprayer delivered the desired dose to wall surfaces more accurately and more evenly. This was first shown using a fluorescent tracer to measure spray deposit on the wall of a laboratory, and then by spraying different IRS formulations onto the walls of an experimental hut. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) has changed little since its introduction in the 1940s. Manual spraying is still prone to variation in insecticide dose. To improve the application of IRS in experimental hut trials, an automated track sprayer was developed, which regulates the speed of application and the distance of the nozzle from the wall, two key sources of variation. The automated track sprayer was compared to manual spraying, firstly using fluorescein solution in controlled indoor settings, and secondly in experimental huts in Tanzania using several IRS products. Manual spraying produced greater variation with both fluorescein and insecticide applications. Both manual and automated spray methods under-dosed the actual dose sprayed compared to the target dose. Overall, the track sprayer treats surfaces more consistently, offering a potential improvement over manual spraying for experimental hut evaluation of new IRS formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The use of ultra-coarse droplets for herbicide application reduces the risk of drift but may compromise the coverage and efficacy of the treatment. The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of ultra-coarse droplets, in different spray volumes, in the application of dicamba herbicide in association with glyphosate, for the control of weeds in two field trials. The first trial was conducted in a 5 x 2 factorial design, with five spray volumes (58, 72, 96, 144, and 177 L ha-1) and two air induction flat-fan spray tips (MUG 110015 - MagnoJet and TTI 110015 - Teejet). The control efficiency of Commelina benghalensis and the spray deposition on the target were evaluated by detecting a tracer using spectrophotometry. The second was conducted in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme, using two volumes (100 and 125 L ha-1) and two tips (MUG 11002 and TTI 11002). The control efficiency of Conyza spp. and fresh matter were evaluated. The different spray volumes and tips did not differ in relation to the deposition of the tracer. The use of ultra-coarse droplets was adequate for weed control. The TTI and MUG tips gave similar and adequate control performance starting at 96 L ha-1. Increasing the volume above 100 L ha-1 did not result in better control.

This work evaluated physical-chemical properties of spraying syrup formulated with different water types and using or not tank-mixing pesticides. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 4 x 5 factorial scheme (4 water types and 4 pesticide syrups + control, non-sprayed plant) in three sampling times (off-season corn, pre-planting soybean weed control, and soybean season) within one year. Water treatments consisted of deionized, well, river and weir water. Product mixing consisted of herbicide (Glyphosate 925 g a.i. ha-1), herbicide + insecticide (Imidacloprid + beta-cyfluthrin 100+12.5 g a.i. ha-1), herbicide + fungicide (Trifloxystrobin + Prothioconazole 70+60 g a.i. ha-1) and herbicide + insecticide + fungicide. Weir water presented the worst physical quality. Spraying syrup prepared with tank-mixing herbicide, insecticide, and fungicide in various combinations decreased the effectiveness of the pesticide. When associating the three pesticides, less dissolution of the spray syrup and greater risk of syrup incompatibility leads to pesticide ineffectiveness. Highlights: • The water type used in tank-mixing multiple pesticides affects spraying syrup quality. • Water with the worst physical quality decreases pesticide performance. • Less dissolution and greater risk of fungicide ineffectiveness take place when three pesticides are associated. • Spraying syrup prepared with tank-mixing pesticides increased in the successive cultivation of soybean/corn.

ABSTRACT The use of remotely piloted aircrafts (RPAs) to apply plant protection products has grown a lot in agriculture worldwide. However, little research data are available regarding the efficiency and safety of this method, especially in Brazil. Thus, this review aimed to present the current scenario of scientific research involving RPAs in the application of pesticides. Several factors interfere with the quality of this type of application. Among them are height and flight speed, droplet generator elements, application rate, and spray solution properties. In general, applications have been performed between 1.0 m and 3.0 m of height and 1.0 m s-1 and 7.0 m s-1 of speed. As for the droplet generator element, there is still no clarity as to the ideal system. Efficacy studies involving RPA applications demonstrate the potential of this method in replacing applications performed mainly by using knapsack equipment in an effort to reduce occupational risks. However, it is essential to observe the advantages of RPA use, while also taking into account the risk of drift. The aerodynamic effect in the droplets, qualified personnel, appropriate formulations, regulations, and details in labels are challenges that still need to be addressed for this new technology to be successful.

With the advantages of wide coverage, no geographical restrictions and convenient establishment, the spaceintegrated-ground information network can integrate with the existing railway communication network and expand the railway communication service capacity and service scope.Based on the analysis of the application status of railway communication system in China, the application requirements of the space-integrated-ground information network from the aspects of railway business, technical development and intelligent railway construction were discussed.The overall application framework of the space-integrated-ground information network was put forward, the access mode and application mode of the network and satellite terminals were designed, and the typical application requirements in railway survey and construction, emergency rescue, railway operation and security were analyzed.