Search

Antonymy is the lexical relation of opposition. The nature of the oppositeness may differ – e.g., contradictory ('true'–'false') or gradable ('tall'–'short') – and there may be variation as to the relationship in their formal encoding, whether the antonyms are expressed as distinct lexical forms (e.g., true vs. false) or if one form is derived from the other (e.g., true vs. untrue). We investigate the relationship between the two members of 37 antonym pairs across 55 spoken languages in order to see whether there are patterns in how antonymy is expressed and which of the two antonym members is more likely to be derived from the other. We find great variation in the extent to which languages use derivation (labeled "neg-constructed forms") as an antonym-formation strategy. However, when we do find a derived form, this tends to target the member of the pair that is either lower in valence (positive vs. negative) or magnitude (more vs. less), in line with our hypotheses. We also find that antonyms that belong to a core set of property concepts are more likely to encode antonyms as distinct lexical forms, whereas peripheral property concepts are relatively more likely to encode the antonyms with derived forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article attempts to explicate the stylistic figure of the oxymoron as a phenomenon that shows the representation in the sphere of language of a specific property of human consciousness and the picture of the world structured by it – the presumption of the unsubstantial nature of opposites and the possibility, on this basis, of their discursive actualization in the formulas of semantic synthesis. It is shown that the contact arrangement of coreferent antonyms in a single syntagmatic construction is not enough to form an oxymoron (black-and-white movie). This figure of speech arises as a result of the presence of the subject of speech and their evaluative-characterizing intention in the semantic space of the text (sad-happy eyes). Evaluation individualizes the mode of reception and the resulting picture of the world. Thus, the oxymoron comes into play as a way of organizing the cognitive model of non-linguistic reality, as an individual experience of perceiving and semantizing objects and phenomena. On the basis of representative communicative and speech material, the author demonstrates the universal nature of the application and actualization of the oxymoron in the entire range of the main socially relevant types of discourse. It is important to note that each speechgenre area differs in its specificity in the interpretation of the text-forming and pragmatic potential of the oxymoron. In poetry, it can act as a structural-compositional model of the whole work, totally determining the possibility of the appearance and functionality of all other elements of the text. In official business discourse, the oxymoron is present implicitly, as an unarticulated and fundamentally rejected pragmatic antithesis to the technique of textual construction, focused on the exclusive and only relevance of denotative semantics for the organization of the message. The author believes that the constructively significant role of the oxymoron in the processes of reception and verbal representation of the world is proven.

Negation typically has a contradictory effect on interpretation. At the same time, negated statements are often underinformative, which leaves room for pragmatic effects such as negative strengthening, where negated adjectives are pragmatically strengthened to convey their antonym (e.g. not large |$\leadsto $| 'small'). Here, we investigate a theoretical controversy relating to the mechanism deriving negative strengthening effects. According to Horn's (1989) account negative strengthening arises on the basis of social considerations, whereas on Krifka's (2007) account it arises via complexity-based considerations, yielding distinct interpretation patterns. We applied Horn's (1989) and Krifka's (2007) accounts to three distinct cases of negated antonymic adjectives: informationally weak relative adjectives, informationally weak absolute adjectives, and informationally strong gradable adjectives. Our experimental results demonstrate different interpretation patterns for weak relative (large/small) and weak absolute gradable adjectives (clean/dirty) under negation. These results confirm the predictions stemming from Horn's (1989) account of negative strengthening effects and highlight the importance of a semantic extension gap between antonymic predicates for the occurrence of negative strengthening. In contrast, our experimental findings concerning strong antonymic adjectives (e.g. not gigantic/not tiny) prima facie present challenges for Horn's (1989) analysis, while they do not endorse any alternative account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

В исследовании рассматривается феномен транспрефиксации – способа заменительной деривации, при котором антонимичные лексемы образуются путем замены префиксов с противоположным значением (на примере префиксов де- и ре-). В ходе изучения префиксов было отмечено, что де- и ре- часто образуют коррелирующую пару антонимов в связи с одной и той же производящей основой. Исследование таких префиксальных образований поможет описать парадигматические отношения антонимии между префиксальными лексемами, появившимися в результате заменительной деривации. Эти заимствованные префиксы могут вступать в морфемную корреляцию, формируя антонимичные пары на базе одной и той же производящей основы за счет наличия противоположных компонентов значения 'уничтожение' – 'воссоздание', 'разрушение' – 'переделывание', а также за счет сочетания с одними и теми же глагольными основами и основами отглагольных существительных. Материалом являются слова с названными префиксами, а также контексты сети Интернет. В работе также приводится классификация типов антонимии, возникающей при транспрефиксации (на основании классификации В.В. Пазынина), обсуждаются разные мнения о продуктивности этого способа (И.Г. Милославский, А.Н. Тихонов, И.С. Улуханов, М.А. Михайлов, А.Ф. Журавлёв, О.В. Почтарёва, С.Н. Цейтлин и Л.И. Пьяных) словообразования в русском языке, делается вывод, подтверждающий существование заменительной деривации и ее варианта транспрефиксации как малопродуктивного, однако существующего, способа словообразования в русском языке.

Copyright of Taiwan Journal of Linguistics is the property of Graduate Institute of Linguistics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An oxymoron is a linguistic phenomenon in which a pair of opposite or antonymous words are combined to convey a new meaning. Sometimes, it is used to express figurative, irony, or rhetoric within the text. This issue has received relatively less attention in the realms of linguistics and computational disciplines. Oxymorons play a significant role in various language-processing applications. This study represents a pioneering effort in the exploration of oxymorons in the Bengali language. A corpus-based study of oxymoron is a fundamental issue that has not been explored so far. A system has been proposed for the automated recognition of oxymorons from a given corpus. Frequency analysis, semantic similarity, and an antonym dictionary have been employed to discern oxymorons within the corpus. The system achieved promising results when tested on a Bengali corpus, and found 308 distinct oxymorons. A corpus-based descriptive statistics is measured in two different corpora. The most common oxymorons are ranked based on their frequency. Their notable presence underscores the importance of the Bengali language. This study aimed to explore fundamental questions concerning oxymorons, such as the automated detection of oxymorons within a corpus, descriptive statistics regarding oxymorons across languages, and the process of their construction and creation. Additionally, efforts were made to extract oxymorons from large language models using zero-shot prompts, but the results were not as promising compared to our proposed system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Firat University Faculty of Theology / Fırat Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Firat University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Oxymorons combine two opposite terms in a paradoxical manner. They are closely intertwined with antonymy, since the union of antonymous items creates the paradoxical effect of the oxymoron and generates a new meaning. Compared to other forms of figurative language, oxymorons are largely underinvestigated. We explored what makes good oxymorons through a crowdsourcing task in which we asked participants to judge the acceptability, comprehensibility, effectiveness/aptness, commonness, pleasantness, and humoristic connotation of Italian adjective–noun oxymorons. We hypothesized that oxymorons featuring morphologically related antonyms (felice infelicità ‘happy unhappiness’) may be perceived to be better than oxymorons featuring morphologically unrelated antonyms (felice tristezza ‘happy sadness’) and that oxymorons constructed by complementaries (esatta inesattezza ‘exact inexactness’) may be perceived to be better than oxymorons constructed by contraries (bella bruttezza ‘beautiful ugliness’). The results confirmed only partially our hypotheses: oxymorons with complementaries were perceived as more acceptable, comprehensible, effective/apt, common, whereas no strong trend was found for the other two dimensions. Surprisingly, our analyses revealed that oxymoronic constructions containing morphologically unrelated words were perceived as more acceptable, comprehensible, effective/apt, common, pleasant, contradicting our initial expectations.

Oxymorons combine two opposite terms in a paradoxical manner. They are closely intertwined with antonymy, since the union of antonymous items creates the paradoxical effect of the oxymoron and generates a new meaning. Compared to other forms of figurative language, oxymorons are largely underinvestigated. We explored what makes good oxymorons through a crowdsourcing task in which we asked participants to judge the acceptability, comprehensibility, effectiveness/aptness, commonness, pleasantness, and humoristic connotation of Italian adjective–noun oxymorons. We hypothesized that oxymorons featuring morphologically related antonyms (felice infelicità 'happy unhappiness') may be perceived to be better than oxymorons featuring morphologically unrelated antonyms (felice tristezza 'happy sadness') and that oxymorons constructed by complementaries (esatta inesattezza 'exact inexactness') may be perceived to be better than oxymorons constructed by contraries (bella bruttezza 'beautiful ugliness'). The results confirmed only partially our hypotheses: oxymorons with complementaries were perceived as more acceptable, comprehensible, effective/apt, common, whereas no strong trend was found for the other two dimensions. Surprisingly, our analyses revealed that oxymoronic constructions containing morphologically unrelated words were perceived as more acceptable, comprehensible, effective/apt, common, pleasant, contradicting our initial expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adjectives that are used to describe sensory experiences are often used to express more than one modality. The adjective sweet , for instance, may primarily be associated with taste (i.e., taste is the dominant modality of sweet), but it can also be used for smell, sound or sight, and possibly even for touch. It has also been shown that some sensory modalities combine more easily than others. Many adjectives that are used to describe taste, for instance, can also be used for smell, but, less likely, for sound. These associations between sensory modalities as they are expressed in language are the topic of this study. We looked at the distribution of the combinations of dominant modalities in pairs of antonymic sensory adjectives (e.g., sweet–sour), and how the dominant modality of the adjectives in these pairs differed from that of the adjectives in isolation. In our dataset, there was a sizeable number of pairs consisting of adjectives with differing dominant modalities. Within those pairs, we observed that adjectives with the dominant modality sight can also be used for touch and vice versa. Similarly, adjectives with the dominant modality of smell can also be used for taste and vice versa. Finally, adjectives with the dominant modalities sight and touch can both also be used for hearing and for taste, but not the other way around. These results contribute to our understanding of how language is used to describe sensory experiences, and, with that, how sensory experiences may be shaped by the words that we use to describe them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is devoted to the study of the Kalmyk branch of Tibetan medicine — a practically little-studied object of research. This topic was usually considered from a historical and cultural perspective. Meanwhile, the terminology of this subject area is of particular research interest, deserving a holistic description of its various components. The main task is to pose the problem of constructing a Tibetan-Kalmyk-Russian thesaurus of traditional medical terminology, which requires a comprehensive study and systematization of key terms denoting generic objects of research, as well as sections and related disciplines of the subject area “Buddhist Medicine”. Terms are considered through the prism of cluster field approaches, lexical-semantic classification (groups and subgroups) and the linguistic worldview. Research into Buddhist medical vocabulary and terminology is untenable without a deep study of Buddhism itself as a multidimensional phenomenon and a medical fragment of the linguistic picture of the world as the intersection point of two most important sign systems — religion and the language that serves it. The author briefly presents the history of the spread of Tibetan medicine among the Kalmyks, shows the role of the expert on Tibetan medicine Dambo Ulyanov in its study, and his activities in translating the medical treatise “Zhud-shi” into Russian.

The object of the contribution is the action-type-related, synonymous and antonymous variance of the idioms of the type “in der Klemme sein”, which is thematized against the background of the traditional phraseological and construction-grammatical approaches in phraseology. The idioms are compiled in their macroparadigms and examined with regard to the formation mechanisms (construction patterns/templates) of the action type related variants, synonymous and antonymous pairs. The goal of the paper is to identify the design patterns (construction patterns, templates) present within the macro paradigms. The conceptualizations and descriptive entities of traditional phraseology underlying the paper: micro- and macroparadigms, character fields, model formations/phraseotemplates, synonymous and antonymous pairs, synonymous phraseological series appear compatible with the tools of construction grammar, in particular with the entities of construction and construction pattern and the mechanism of coining. Thanks to the consideration of the language as a whole (language system in its entirety) and the orientation towards cross-level (lexis-syntax-semantics) and at the same time systematic changes, construction grammar provides a favorable theoretical framework for the description of the paradigmatically conditioned variance of idioms.

Gradable adjectives have recently drawn a lot of attention in experimental semantics/pragmatics regarding the different interpretations they trigger depending on scale structure, polarity, extremeness, and presence of negation (e.g., Gotzner et al. 2018b; a; Leffel et al. 2019). The current study investigates the interpretation of relative and absolute gradable adjectives in the scope of negation (e.g., not large and not clean, respectively) capitalizing on the role of competition between alternative expressions in adjective interpretation. Our experimental results show that contextual competition between adjective expressions affects the interpretative asymmetry characteristic of positive and negative relative adjectives in the scope of negation (not large vs. not small; see Horn 1989). However, we do not find evidence that contextual competition affects the symmetric interpretation patterns of positive (not clean) and negative absolute adjectives (not dirty) under negation, or that potential relative-like interpretations of negated absolute adjectives hinge on the availability of overt contextual competition. The attested polarity asymmetry of negated relative adjectives is captured by Horn’s pragmatic theory. The apparent availability of relative-like interpretations of negated absolute adjectives are hypothesized to result from a reasoning akin to Horn’s division of pragmatic labor.

Copyright of Adab Al-Kufa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Adab Al-Kufa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article investigates the discourse functions of antonymy in Amma Darko’s Faceless. It also explores the principles that govern the order of antonymous pairs in Faceless. The study is motivated by an observation, based on corpus data, that certain antonymous pairs co-occur in written data, and that they perform various discourse functions. There is also the argument that certain antonymous pairs tend to be used in a preferred sequence in the sentence. Data was collected from Amma Darko’s Faceless, a novel about the plight of street children in Ghana. The authors argue that in Faceless, antonymous pairs often co-occur within one word class and that these antonym pairs function differently to highlight some of the themes of the novel. The authors also argue that in the novel, antonym sequence is influenced by the following principles: idiomaticity and non-gender, chronology and positivity.

We address the interaction of various interpretations of lexical items, which leads to a change in the correlation between signifieds and signifiers and the formation of new signs. Addressing the polysemic slogan ‘ОМОН-И-МЫ — АНТОНИМЫ’, we explicate the mechanism of semiotic Perpetuum mobile, that is, the cyclic recursions that allow simultane­ous actualization of various interpretations of this utterance. We demonstrate that the analy­sis of semantic relations in their dynamics requires the introduction of new theoretical con­cepts. The general principle of dynamic semiosis is demonstrated — that is the recursive rela­tions when a signified of one sign through intermediate operations (homonymy and synony­my) becomes a signifier of another and vice versa. In this semantic Perpetuum mobile, no single interpretation reaches the final point. It goes back to the previous state without produc­ing new meanings and signs but repeating the already passed cycle. Each of the co-existing interpretations returns to itself, demonstrating — in a paradoxical and tautological way — Luhman’s concept of paradox and tautology as two only possible states of a self-describing system. The same process, but being considered from the starting point demonstrates the par­adoxicality and tautology of the process of signification.

Based on the novel «Catch-22» by J. Heller the study implements a discursively oriented approach to the category of negation, supplemented by the theory of the textual world developed by P. Werth. The purpose of the study is to analyze this category as a sub-world of the textual space of the novel, in the format of which information about current events and the characters’ emotional-volitional state is blocked or redirected in the opposite direction, the reader’s expectations and assumptions about the subsequent unfolding of the narrator’s discourse are refuted. To study the humorous effect produced by negative structures, methods of cognitive poetics are used, which are aimed at identifying how the author’s choice of means of influencing the reader’s imagination determines the semantic structure and holistic interpretation of the text. It is established that the author implements this illocutionary installation as a result of intentional modeling of such processes as: (a) reproduction of two contradictory concepts as compatible entities; (b) manipulation of readers’ knowledge about objective and imaginary reality. It is proved that these processes underlie the coherent perception of the narrative, since the combination of contrasting phenomena on the syntagmatic axis of the text implies deep meanings. It is emphasized that the frequency functioning of the category of negation in «Catch-22» sheds light on the specifics of the author’s vision of the surrounding reality and, as a consequence, the key themes of the novel. By putting this category in the strong position of the text, the author focuses the reader’s attention on the inaction of the characters, their contradictory nature. It is revealed that the inactivity and «non-existence» of the main and secondary actors of the narrative becomes an epistemological principle justifying their behavior in extreme situations. It is concluded that as the narrative structure of the novel text unfolds, the absurdist humorous effect begins to prevail, which is realized in the contrasting juxtaposition of such conflicting frames as prudence and madness. As a result, the reader is confronted with a cognitive illusion, gets such an experience of perception of everyday objectivity, according to which strange, logically absurd and unusual situations become strikingly typical and not surprising.

The study of speech from a communicative point of view, namely its communicatively significant qualities, the implementation of the functions of communication and influence, is important primarily in the cultural and speech aspect. Specialists have developed criteria for good speech and requirements for it (informativeness, correctness, accuracy, consistency, relevance, purity, intelligibility, richness, ethics, expressiveness). The purpose of this study is to analyze the specifics of ideas about the qualities of speech in a naive linguistic consciousness. The material of the study is the data obtained in the process of working on the project “Universal Thesaurus of the Russian Language”, which is currently being developed by specialists from the Ural Semantic School under the guidance of prof. L. G. Babenko. Materials from other explanatory and ideographic dictionaries are also used. Among the identified lexemes with the meaning of speech characteristics, first of all, those that are connected by synonymous relations, i.e. are responsible for detailing, concretizing these characteristics. In addition, both compliance and non-compliance with the requirements for good speech, i.e., both its qualities and “anti-qualities”, are marked by linguistic means, which indicates the importance of these opposing characteristics; therefore, attention is also paid to antonymic pairs and groups of words.

Copyright of Studies about Language / Kalbu Studijos is the property of Studies about Language / Kalbu Studijos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article introduces the principles and structure of the "Latvian WordNet", specifically highlighting the paradigmatic semantic relationships between its word meanings, namely, synonymy, hyponymy, meronymy, antonymy and gradation. Since the basic unit of the "Latvian WordNet" is a synset, different definitions and types of synonyms, as well as the criteria for delimiting synsets have been described. Other paradigmatic semantic relationships in the wordnet are formed between synsets. The article discusses the characteristics of these relationships, outlines the main problems related to their identification and inclusion in the wordnet, and pinpoints the possibilities of differentiating semantic relationships by dividing hyponymy and antonymy into further subtypes. Unlike most of the other wordnets, the "Latvian WordNet" also contains gradation sets, which are specifically remarkable, as they can include synonymous, antonymous, as well as hyponymous relationships. The last chapter of the article details the types of interlingual semantic relations and the methods of their distinction. The fixation of inter-lingual synonymy and hyponymy in the wordnet determines its importance in language acquisition, as well as translation and the studies of semantics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the phenomenon of enantiosemy in linguistics – its nature, appearance and belonging to one of the following groups: polysemy, homonymy or antonymy. The enantiosemy theme has been in the scope of linguists for more than century and a half. At the beginning it was believed that this phenomenon could be examined only in Slavic languages, because some of the first findings for it were in Russian, Chech and Bulgarian. Nowadays enantiosemy examples are excerpted in French, German, English and other non – Slavic languages. It is an attempt to classify different research approaches and to describe a new type of enantiosemy, from a contrastive perspective, which in this paper is called affixal enantiosemy. In accordance with a certain context, the affixal enantiosemy clarifies the semantics of the affix which is part of a lexeme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the extent to which comprehending negated antonyms in Persian involves the mitigation effect, whereby a negated word means less than its antonym. In two mouse-tracking experiments, participants rated sentences containing negated/non-negated scalar (e.g., tall-short) and complementary (e.g., dead-alive) antonymous adjectives on a continuous scale. Their reaction times and mouse movements were recorded by MouseTracker. The analysis of reaction times shows that negated adjectives are processed slower than their affirmative counterparts. Moreover, the analysis of mouse trajectories shows that complementary adjectives are rated further apart, closer to the endpoints of the scale than scalar adjectives. We also found that both complementary and scalar adjectives are mitigated under negation, but the mitigation effect is greater in scalar, rather than complementary, adjectives. The results speak in favor of a particular kind of mitigation effect, so-called negative strengthening, which causes negated antonyms to receive a strong pragmatic interpretation towards the opposite member of the pair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Prilozi Proucavanju Jezika is the property of Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studii şi Cercetări de Onomastică şi Lexicologie is the property of University of Craiova, Faculty of Letters and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Respectus Philologicus is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this research is to identify and describe synonyms and antonyms in Even, aspects of the language that have been previously unexplored. This work aims to illustrate the semantic development of word synonymy in the Even language, covering individual words, morphological categories, and semantic divisions. Previously, only a few articles and superficial investigations in a number of textbooks have been dedicated to this topic. Various methodologies are used in this study, including traditional linguistic methods (language description through observation) and comparative and statistical research methods. Research into synonyms and antonyms in Even can provide valuable material for understanding the lexical-semantic and structural development of the language. Furthermore, this study can contribute to a wider investigation into the development of the stylistic resources of this language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Usage-based cognitive semantics studies are an important field of study as they give a good overview of a specific part of a particular language. With the present study, the researchers aspire to investigate the aspects of semantic relation containing antonymy, synonymy, and polysemy being presented in usage-based cognitive semantics rather than the traditional use of semantics affecting the interactions of people. It is found that cognitive semantics is seen to be the launch of cognitive linguistics movement. It also indicated that language learners face challenges when they deal with semantic relations e.g., synonymy, antonymy, and polysemy. Additionally, cognitive linguistics is considered a usage-based approach to language, it must account for the language's complexities that arise during interaction as language is a social phenomenon. This means that a cognitive semantic approach should consider extra-linguistic parameters when dealing with semantic relations including synonymy, antonymy, and polysemy. This study recommends paying further attention to semantic relations, especially, when learning a language. Accordingly, an experimental study is required to compare the effective way of teaching the aspects of semantic relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the notional nature and peculiarities of genus-species relations between the phenomena of opposition and oppositivity ; it also deals with the lexical-and-grammatica ways of expressing the latter in an English literary text. The study establishes that, besides the logical component, an opposition also expresses a subjective one, manifesting a communicants unique view on the communicative situation and thus displaying semantics of oppositivity. Unlike spatial, logical and grammatical oppositions, generally characterized by a symmetrical structure, the subjective (oppositive) opposition is asymmetrical. It is revealed that due to the structural asymmetry this kind of opposition is marked by greater semantic potential compared to logical and grammatical oppositions. It is proved that the complication of subjective oppositions with antonymous pairs, lexical and syntactical repetitions, antithetic units, oxymorons etc. extends the scope of meanings implied by them; and the use of subjective (oppositive) oppositions in a literary text themselves becomes an effective tool of contrast-building both on the lexical-grammatical and textual levels.

Copyright of Językoznawstwo is the property of Akademii Humanistyczno-Ekonomicznej and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research is based on the recent Hebrew translations of the Holy Quran: Al-Adawi and Al-Basul's translations. In this research, I critically analyze these two translations in light of three phenomena of the Arabic rhetorics; specifically, antonymy, synonymy, and polysemy. Based on this research, I conclude that both translators did not consider the above mentioned phenomena for various reasons. First, it is because of the inability to convey the intended meanings on the part of the translators. Second, it is because of the inadequacy of the Hebrew language compared with Arabic since the latter has more lexical items with a wide variety of meanings. However, it should be noted that both translators put a significant effort in translating the Holy Quran to Hebrew. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research on the associative relations of adjectives is not unanimous in terms of whether participants more often respond by using nouns or adjectives in free association tests. On the other hand, when it comes to paradigmatic associative relationships, researchers agree that native speakers respond to adjective stimuli mostly by associations of opposite meaning, but generally do not state the percentage, since conclusions are often made on the basis of the dominant associate, and not upon the entire associative field. Therefore, 45 associative fields of adjectives of the Serbian language are analyzed based on the material obtained from two associative dictionaries, prepared on the basis of the responses of 800 participants (ranging from 18 to 25 years of age) and 1,200 participants of different ages (groups of 5, 9, 13 and 17 years of age, each of which comprised 300 participants). The aim of this study is to examine the ratio of syntagmatic and paradigmatic associations of adjectives, as well as the paradigmatic type of relation between the adjective-type stimuli and their associates (the closeness and the oppositeness of meaning and other types of associative relations). The material was annotated according to parts of speech, as well as according to the types of associative relations. The quantitative results showed that the associations of examined adjectives are slightly more frequently syntagmatic (52%) than paradigmatic (44%), while the oppositeness of meaning proved to be the most common as well as the strongest associative relation of commonly used adjectives of the Serbian language.

Foreign language acquisition is notoriously constrained by learners’ lack of awareness of the systemic relations that are obtained among stable multiple-unit lexical items. This results in learners’ inability to variegate their performance (both written and oral) with idioms that stand in complementary (synonymy) or contrastive (antonymy) distribution to one another. Nor are learners typically able to distinguish between the multiple senses of English idioms. Given these impedimenta, the present research investigates the degree of entrenchment of idiomatic synonymy, antonymy, and polysemy and, on the back of it, sets the agenda for partial revision of the practice of exposing learners to English idioms. Data were collected to investigate the knowledge of idiomatic synonymy, antonymy, and polysemy amongst Russian EFL learners. The results of the ANOVA analysis revealed that the degree of awareness of the major types of idiomatic paradigmatic relations significantly differed between the groups, with learners being more aware of synonymy and polysemy than antonymy. The findings suggest that current EFL materials and dictionaries need to be updated and revisited with a view to exposing foreign learners to an extended network of paradigmatic idiomatic relations.

The analysis of the semantics and semantic oppositions of terminological units is one of the most productive ways to understand the systemic nature of terminological phenomena. The article is devoted to the study of semantic features of English- and Russian-language musical terminological units, namely, to the identification of the semantic structure of terms and semantic oppositions that arise between them. Within the semantic structure of musical terms, in the aggregate of their connections and relationships that form the musical terminological system, the core, semantic periphery and additional semantic area are distinguished and classified according to the presence of these components into uninuclear proper, uninuclear with the periphery and uninuclear with the periphery and additional semantic area. At the first stage, a selection of musical terms in modern English and Russian has been compiled, at the second stage, the semantic structure of terminological units has been analyzed, and at the third stage, the key aspects of nomination have been identified, according to which explicit and implicit oppositions are being formed. The material for the study comprises a selection of the English- and Russian-language musical terminological units with the total volume of 1000 units (500 units of each language), selected by the method of continuous selection from electronic and printed sources, including dictionaries and glossaries, musical notations, monographs, textbooks and manuals, web portals on music topics. The research methods of the English- and Russian-language musical terminological units include the method of continuous selection, methods of component and definition analysis, the method of linguacognitive modelling, as well as techniques of quantitative analysis. Within the framework of the study, three groups of musical terms have been identified depending on their semantic structure: the first group includes uninuclear terminological units with the semantic periphery, the second group includes uninuclear terms proper, and the third group is formed by uninuclear terms with the periphery and additional area of semantics. The first group is predominant in terms of quantity, the number of terms in which is almost 2.5 times more than in the second one, and the third group is represented by a small number of terminological units. There are at least 6 frequent and 12 less frequent key aspects of nomination within the musical terminology. The frequent key aspects of nomination with the help of which explicit oppositions are formed are: «Minor / major», «Volume / pitch», «Direction», «Location (locus)», «Singularity / Multiplicity», «Quantity». Less frequent aspects of nomination are: «Weakness / strength», «Perfection / imperfection», «Colour», «Presence / absence of sound», «Structure», «Quantity / Completeness / Size», «Genre of music», «Material», «Recommendations for performing a piece of music», «Role», «Style of playing an instrument», «Type of musical instrument».

This study aims to describe the cohesiveness of the discourse in terms of the lexical cohesion aspects of the use of antonymy in an animated story about "KKN di Desa Penari" from the Rizky Riplay Youtube channel. The object of this research is the antonymy found in the animated story about "KKN di Desa Penari" on Rizky Riplay's Youtube channel. The method used in the provision of data is the observing method by watching the animated story with an advanced technique using the "Simak Libat Bebas Cakap" technique (Uninvolved Conversation Observation Technique), and a second advanced technique using the note-taking technique by sorting the required lingual units as data. The method used in analyzing the data is the distributional method. The distribution method is a data analysis method in which the determinant tool is part of the language concerned. The methods used to present the results of data analysis in this study were the formal and informal methods. The results of the analysis of data, in general, showed that the antonymies that appear in the animation from the Rizky Riplay Youtube channel are in the form of polar opposition, plural opposition, relationship opposition, hierarchical opposition, and absolute opposition. This research only focuses on the lexical cohesion aspect of the antonymy usage in the animated story to find out the opposing forms of meaning that are either very opposite or just contrasting meanings.

The paper presents the results of the corpus and lexicographical analysis of two Modern Greek constructional phrasemes (a class of phraseologisms distinguished by A. N. Baranov and D. O. Dobrovol’skij) with antonymous verbs in their fixed part — Χ τον ανεβάζει, Χ / Y τον κατεβά- ζει and Χ μπαίνει, Χ βγαίνει. It is noted that though these constructional phrasemes have different meanings and dissimilar functions in the sentence there is structural and semantic similarity between them. The two phrasemes represent a rhyming two-part structure, whose main lexical “anchors” are antonymous locative verbs expressing a counter-directional movement of a subject or an object in space. It is shown that the pairs of the antonymous verbs become desemanticized and the relation of antonymy between them becomes lost as they form the fixed part of the constructional phrasemes. It is emphasized that at the same time the original locative meaning of the verbs adds it imagery to the semantic content of these phrasemes, becoming the basis of their inner form, and determines some part of their meaning — the meaning of multitude of repeating situations. The paper also takes into consideration some idiomatical constructions of other languages that have similar meanings to those of the Greek constructional phrasemes. It is demonstrated that many of these constructions are also formed by means of locative antonyms, which provides evidence to suggest that this type of inner form is frequent among phraseologisms denoting multitude of repeating situations.

The article focuses on a relevant issue of the cognitive discourse study of mental integration of the identity and opposition relations in synonym-antonym complexes (hereinafter referred to as SACs). SACs are lexical sets that have not been considered in lexicology previously. The results of the research are presented in the Great Explanatory Ideographic Dictionary of SACs, a new format in lexicography whose usage also makes the research in question relevant. The title of the article reflects the approaches applied in studying antonymy. The subject matter of the article is joint analysis of antonymy and synonymy considered from different angles, i. e. denotative and ideographic, cognitive discourse, derivational and semantic, and structural and semantic. The purpose of the research is to work out a system of principles of lexicographic description of antonymy and their realization in the new ideographic dictionary. The source of the research material is the electronic database of the Laboratory of Computer Lexicography. For the purpose of the research, the author relies on a number of linguistic methods. As a result of the research, the author singles out some principles for studying and lexicographizing SACs, i. e. 1) the study of antonymy in the context of synonymy and in its interaction with it; 2) the interpretation of SACs as a completely new lexical set characterized by a specific structural and sematic organization; 3) singling out types of SACs; 4) the detection of regular derivational and grammatical variations of the basic antonymic oppositions in the structure of SACs; 5) the study of the mechanism underlying the realization of mental integration of the identity and opposition relations as the key factor in the formation of SACs; 6) singling out the main models for the realization of mental integration in the structure of SACs belonging to different denotative spheres; 7) the analysis of the place of SACs in the denotative and ideographic space of the Russian language; 8) detecting the nucleus and periphery of the linguistic synonymic and antonymic worldview in the Russian language and semantic distances in the structure of its semantic space. The results of the research may be used both for theoretical studies, i. e. in fundamental research in cognitive semantics, the theory of lexical sets, theoretic lexicography, and applied practically as lexicographic material in teaching practice both in schools and universities.

Building on novel categories of antonymy in English semantics, this study undertakes a fresh typological analysis of the Qur’anic ṭibāq by categorizing its textual functions in the Qur’anic discourse and developing eleven lexicosyntactic categories thereof. It was found that the discourse functions of antonymy developed in previous studies of English, Swedish, Japanese, Serbian, Romanian, and Chinese are replicable in Qur’anic Arabic, but with nuances in the syntactic frames and subcategories. The coordinated ṭibāq is preponderant, proving to be particularly useful for patterning the Qur’anic text and guiding its exegesis. It was also shown that the syntactic frames act as triggers for canonical antonyms and binary oppositions between (non)human, (in)animate, and (in)concrete entities, the proper understanding of which can lead to an orthodox interpretation of the Qur’an. The provisional typology proposed in this study may serve as an analytical tool kit and a linguistic guideline for Qur’anic interpretation and translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Anbar University for Languages & Literature / Magallat Gami'at Al-Anbar Li-Lugat Wa-al-Adabl is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Amme Idaresi Dergisi is the property of Public Administration Institute for Turkey & the Middle East (TODAIE) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Social Sciences / Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Afyon Kocatepe University (AKU) Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Negated gradable adjectives often convey an interpretation that is stronger than their literal meaning, which is referred to as ‘negative strengthening.’ For example, a sentence like ‘John is not kind’ may give rise to the inference that John is rather mean. Crucially, negation is more likely to be pragmatically strengthened in the case of positive adjectives (‘not kind’ to mean rather mean) than negative adjectives (‘not mean’ to mean rather kind). A classical explanation of this polarity asymmetry is based on politeness, specifically on the potential face threat of bare negative adjectives (Horn, 1989; Brown and Levinson, 1987). This paper presents the results of two experiments investigating the role of face management in negative strengthening. We show that negative strengthening of positive and negative adjectives interacts differently with the social variables of power, social distance, and gender.

This article discusses some of the meanings of the affixes of forming adjectives with a nominal stem, or rather, one of the most productive affixes -ly//-li in the Karakalpak language and their role in the creation of new adjectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Negated gradable adjectives often convey an interpretation that is stronger than their literal meaning, which is referred to as 'negative strengthening.' For example, a sentence like 'John is not kind' may give rise to the inference that John is rather mean. Crucially, negation is more likely to be pragmatically strengthened in the case of positive adjectives ('not kind' to mean rather mean) than negative adjectives ('not mean' to mean rather kind). A classical explanation of this polarity asymmetry is based on politeness, specifically on the potential face threat of bare negative adjectives (Horn, 1989; Brown and Levinson, 1987). This paper presents the results of two experiments investigating the role of face management in negative strengthening. We show that negative strengthening of positive and negative adjectives interacts differently with the social variables of power, social distance, and gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of RumeliDE Journal of Language & Literature Research / RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of RumeliDE Uluslararasi Hakemli Dil & Edebiyat Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article deals with paradigmatic relations in the English terminology of the biotechnology sphere. The aim of this work is to study such paradigmatic relations in biotechnological terminology as synonymy and antonymy. The author focuses on the generalization of theoretical views on the essence of the phenomena of synonymy and antonymy in terminology in general. Using the example of terminological units in the sphere of biotechnology, the features of the use of synonymous and antonymic units in English for the purpose of differential nomination of a fragment of the linguistic picture of the world are shown. The author identified and analyzed the main types of synonyms and antonyms and their structural features in the studied term system. Synonymy and antonymy are typical phenomena in terminology. The frequency of use of synonyms in the language is higher than that of antonyms. This testifies to the existing flexibility of terminology, which allows, in the case of synonymy, to interchange terms, in the case of antonymy, to structure concepts based on the opposition of their meanings. Both synonyms and antonyms in the terminology of the English language are characterized by sufficient consistency and orderliness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]