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Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Operation Barkhane began in August 2014 and was a continuation of Operation Serval, targeting Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) structures. The main objective of the French armed presence was to support the local military forces in the fight against terrorism, coordinate the international coalition and support the humanitarian action for the benefit of the local population. The aim of the article is to systematize knowledge and investigate the activities of French entities, also within the EU missions, obliged to fight against terrorism in the Sahel, carrying out the largest antiterrorism operation in Sub-Saharan Africa. France's strategic objective was to help the Sahel countries achieve military self-reliance so that they could provide security and stability in the region without the assistance of foreign forces. Ultimately, France decided to withdraw its soldiers from Mali and Burkina Faso at the beginning of 2022 and had terminated its mission earlier. It was the end of Barkhane and the French antiterrorism involvement on a high scale level in the Sahel. The decision to withdraw has a number of implications for international involvement in the region and will greatly weaken the level of security in the region. This would be very dangerous for Europe, which is not ready for another wave of migration, as well as the international threat of terrorism. It must be indicated that France have maintained a relatively secure situation in the Sahel region.

Copyright of Larq Journal for Philosophy, Linguistics & Social Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines early antiterrorism negotiations within international organisations (IOs) and their outcomes. It assesses how international cooperation emerged in specialised, regional, and global IOs and provides a long-term overview from the 1960s until the late 1980s. Drawing on primary sources and scholarly literature, this article identifies the patterns, trends, and key characteristics of the successfully adopted measures. It demonstrates that early multilateral antiterrorism efforts faced several obstacles (sovereignty, national interests, mistrust, and geopolitics), and, therefore, international negotiations fared better when following a piecemeal approach within specialised or regional organisations, where the focus could be on specific aspects of terrorism (e.g., hostage-takings). A key characteristic of the successfully adopted antiterrorism instruments was the aut dedere aut iudicare principle, which allowed states to maintain perceptions of sovereignty by either extraditing or trying a suspect. The antiterrorism efforts examined here were mostly preventative in design and worked to discourage future terrorists by ensuring that safe havens were closed and that perpetrators faced justice. The shift to suicide terrorism in the 1990s would instead require new international antiterrorism efforts to focus on pre-emptive strategies, depriving terrorists of the means to carry out attacks. The roots of these measures were laid in the 1980s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Historica. Historia Contemporánea is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As we are referred intensively and inevitably to all the contents that are important to us on the Internet, the number of hacker attacks is by the logic of things, more and more frequent. This phenomenon warns that all state security systems are under constant threat from cyber terrorism. This paper analyzez the hacker attack as a phenomenon, as a consequence and cause, but also as an instrument of cyber terrorism. The purpose of this paper is to point out those elements of this type of terrorism that are not adequately represented, and thus not recognized in a way that should be taken seriously and opposed. The paper presents observations that aim to point out the way in which hacker attacks could be suppressed and intercepted.

Legal regulations related to terrorist threats are crucial for undertaking successful actions by institutions tasked with combating terrorism. The antiterrorism law in Poland was introduced in 2016 and is one of the latest sets of legal regulations concerning terrorism in the world. Moreover, it is one of the newest acts in the European Union. Its solutions include a number of measures aimed at maintaining state security that are very effective - so far, there has not been a single terrorist attack in Poland. It is essential to analyse this law, as well as present its key points that constitute its basis. It should also be pointed out that legal solutions should be constantly updated to evolving threats. Thus, the article indicates which parts should be changed in order to improve the antiterrorist system in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After nearly six decades, on May 2, 2018, Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) announced its dissolution. This announcement brought an end to the last ripples of the wave of political violence in Europe that began in the sixties, which coincided with a cycle of protests during the sixties and seventies. In response to serious political conflict and its drift toward armed violence, some liberal-democratic states established an antiterrorism framework involving legislative and practical transformations at every level of the criminal justice system. From a critical criminology perspective, the concept of a 'culture of emergency' was developed in the field of il garantismo in order to analyze the phenomenon. The present article explores the construction of this exceptionalism in two cases: that of Italy ('revolutionary wave') and of Spain (ETA). While attempting to identify a common pattern of emergency, this study also identifies the specificities of each conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decolonizing everyday Islamophobia entails both reflecting on and transforming the epistemology of (structural and interactional) Islamophobia through a radical humanist ontology. A manifestation of this ontology is an antiterrorist ethic of resistance, which involves a nonviolent praxis: a gesture of love. A gesture of love from the oppressed is the transmodern/decolonial corrective to the (counter)terrorism dispositif. This essay is written for scholar–activists, particularly critical psychologists, who desire working within a radical humanist framework in their struggle against everyday Islamophobia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ever-increasing risk of terrorist attacks is a stimulus for seeking new, more effective danger detection methods. The article describes new methods of detecting hazardous materials based on the interaction between neutrons and matter. The status of the design of the device for detecting hazardous materials in water environments based on these methods, currently in development at the Jagiellonian University (Kraków, Poland), will be presented as well.

The paper starts from a definition of terrorism which is widely accepted and frequently used in scientific publications in Serbia, due to its compatibility and accuracy. The paper also explores the reasons for adopting such a definition of counterterrorism (CT), which encompasses a wide spectrum of countermeasures, normative frameworks and institutional architectures. In order to fundament the scientific discourse, the concept of risk was examined, as well as indications about an essential element of risk, i.e. the negative consequences for the entity. In the definition of risk, as one of its key elements, the vulnerability of entities is emphasized, which includes their resistance or, to put it differently, their ability to carry out adequate responses. This aspect is highlighted as it confirms the goal of the model of analysing the concept of counterterrorism, but also the deepest basis for the construction of the CT concept. Additionally, some components of the new intelligence paradigms are also highlighted, which may be of relevance for the research of the CT concepts. The paper concludes that the adaptability of the normative and institutional framework is the main objectives of the CT constructions. Adaptability also pertains to action plans and measures to the current threats and must include timely determination of the directions and instruments for action, as well as the establishment of solutions that involve the anticipation of future risks. It has been previously highlighted that the goal of CT is to achieve the coordination of the strategic, tactical, and operational level of activity and provide an innovative, creative and proactive perspective. The key direction in the field of CT is not only to achieve efficiency, but to be effective as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Knowledge: International Journal is the property of Institute for Knowledge Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper builds confidence in the terror contagion hypothesis that violent radicalization leading to predatory mass violence operates as a system. Within this system, the contingent values of key root causes create channels within which violent ideologies and terrorism emerge. We built a system dynamics simulation model capable of replicating historical reference modes and sophisticated enough to test the contingent values of these propositions. Of 16 propositions, we identified six root-cause propositions that must simultaneously exist, act in concert and explain the dynamics of their interaction which generate a terror contagion. Other propositions can strengthen or weaken an existing contagion but not eliminate it. We use an experiment to demonstrate how changing the contingent values of these propositions creates downward channels. This experiment helps reconcile the swarm vs. fishermen debate over the true root causes of violent radicalization. Within these channels, the contingent values can favor swarm or fishermen manifestations. The simulation and experimentation results enable the future development of the terror contagion hypothesis, provide a testing environment for research on violent radicalization, and provide a pathway to policy development in the combating of terrorism that arises from violent radicalization.

GNSS spoofing works as follows: the GNSS signal generator transmits a signal simulation of several satellites at the GNSS frequency. If the level of the simulated signal exceeds the signal strength of real satellites, the GNSS receiver will “capture”the fake signal and calculate the position based on it. All receivers that fall into the spoofing zone will calculate the same coordinates, while the receivers located in different places will have a slight mismatch in time. The interference can be done away with such interference that simulates the movement of the receiver along the path defined by the spoofer. Receiver of the GNSS signals determines the XYZT coordinates. Suppose that the receiver has a built-in clock, the accuracy of which is comparable to the accuracy of the clock of GNSS, i.e., in the framework of this paper, we abstract from the need for correction of T. For a ship, only the XY coordinates are significant, so we will focus only on the calculations of the XY coordinates, and the Z coordinate is used only to detect a spoofing. This paper proposes three methods of spoofing detection using a single antenna, including measuring the altitude of a victim, measuring the coordinates of a moving victim at two points on the route, and measuring the victim's coordinates in two points of space using a rotating antenna.

In this paper, we provide a maritime counter-piracy framework to represent the strategies put in place and the interaction between a set of actors (patrollers and attackers) in a wide maritime scenario. Specifically, we model the interaction between patrollers and attackers in terms of a Stackelberg leader–follower game. With respect to the previous literature, we provide several innovations, in that we consider moving targets. Moreover, we let the attackers and patrollers ground their decisions not only on the current situation, but also on the expected evolution in the short or medium term. This is done by introducing in the payoff functions some projection terms, i.e., elements able to consider the future evolution of the scenario, up to a specified time window horizon. We conclude this paper with a simulation campaign considering a realistic test bed settled in the Gulf of Aden. Our experiments show that such a prediction is quite effective in generating better decisions allowing the patrollers to dynamically change targets. However, if the time horizon considered in the projection term is too large, we observe that the patrollers tend to patrol the area rather than focusing on specific vessels, and the resulting protection strategy has reduced effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for accuracy, precision, and data registration in underwater positioning and navigation should be viewed as no less stringent than that which exists on the sea surface. In the same way in which GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) receivers rely on the signals from multiple satellites to calculate a precise position, undersea vehicles discern their location by ranging to the acoustic signals originating from several fixed underwater acoustic sources using the Time-of-Arrival algorithm (ToA) through the Ordinary Least Squares method (OLS). In this article, the scope has been limited to only considering underwater positioning systems in which the navigation receiver is acoustically passive. The receiver "listens" to the buoys, receives their messages and solves the problem of finding its own position based on the geographical coordinates of the buoys. Often, such systems are called GNSS-like Underwater Positioning Systems (GNSS-like UPS). It is important to note the distinction between general purpose GNSS-like UPS (mainly civil systems) and special purpose GNSS-like UPS (mainly military systems). In this article, only general purpose GNSS-like UPS systems have been considered. Depending on the scale of system's service areas, GNSS-like UPS are divided into global, regional, zonal and local systems. Only local GNSS-like UPS systems have been considered in this article. The spoofing of acoustic GNSS-like UPS works as follows: the acoustic GNSS signal generator transmits a simulated signal of several satellites. If the level of the simulated signal exceeds the signal strength of the real satellites, the acoustic receiver of an underwater object will "capture" the fake signal and calculate a false position based on it. All receivers that fall into the spoofing zone will calculate the same coordinates, while the receivers located in different places will have a mismatch in the XYZ coordinates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Satellite navigation systems are commonly used to precisely determine the trajectory of transportation equipment. The widespread deployment of GNSS is pushing the current receiver technology to its limits due to the stringent demands for seamless, ubiquitous and secure/reliable positioning information. This fact is further aggravated by the advent of new applications where the miniaturized size, low power consumption and limited computational capabilities of user terminals pose serious risks to the implementation of even the most basic GNSS signal processing tasks. This paper has presented the advantage of Cloud-based GNSS Navigation, which facilitates the possibility of developing innovative applications where their particularities (e.g. massive processing of data, cooperation among users, security-related applications, etc.) make them suitable for implementation using Cloud-based infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ideas promoted by the leaders of the main global powers have a terrible, great influence on public opinion. The American president Donald Trump is such a leader: through the force of his current position and through new media broadcast, he not only influences and leads the public opinion, but also imposes his way within the USA relations on foreign policy, defense security and economy. He might use hard power, negotiation or only the simple expression of his opinion/intention on certain facts/situations. The study of political discourse allows us to observe the American president from multiple perspectives: as a simple person, as an orator (analyzing the used vocabulary and the predilection for a certain style or another), but, more interesting for our readers, as a negotiator and policy maker (describing his specific argumentation and strategy of persuasion). The study of the ideas contained within the discourses can help us identify and follow the evolution of the main directions or changes within those American foreign policy and security which are generated by the current president. Finally, the chapter Conclusions and consequences - a general overview on how the USA interacts with different states/international organizations/important political entities and its impact on the security environment of our area of interest might present importance for our readers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last two decades, terrorism has become a major issue around the world. We analyze a continuous conflict between a terrorist (Terrorist) and a passive defender (Defender). Defender is passive because her actions can influence only the costs (damages) when Terrorist attacks. We focus on high‐trajectory fire attacks and passive responses to them in the conflict between Israel and the various terrorist groups in the Gaza Strip in accordance with scientific principles. We first consider three sources of data on this part of the conflict and based on these data we make several observations on the sustainability of cease fires, the use of technologies, different attacks, and the frequency of attacks, using high‐trajectory fire. To explain these observations, we present several stylized game theoretical models. Specifically, we consider single‐ and multi‐period games. In each period, Terrorist may attack Defender, who may in turn try to prevent damage. We show that given this conflict's political situation, our models are in agreement with the observations from the data. We also present an extension that considers an active defender. This extension also agrees with the observations from the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main problems in modern navigation of both manned and unmanned transport systems is that of transport safety. Differential GNSS technology has been used to improve the accuracy of transport positioning, in which position is calculated relative to a fixed reference station with a known position XYZ. Unfortunately, GNSS is vulnerable to malicious intrusion. GNSS signals and/or correction signals from the reference station can be spoofed by false signals, and special receivers have been used to provide defenses against such attacks. But how can the roving receiver (i.e. the user) be sure that the information they receive is authentic? Spoofing is the transmission of a matched-GNSS-signal-structure and/or signals to a reference station in order to cause interference and attempt to commandeer the tracking loops of a victim receiver, thereby allowing manipulation of the receiver's timing or navigation solution. A spoofer can transmit its counterfeit signals from a stand-off distance of several hundred meters, or it can be co-located with its victim. In this article we consider the principles of spoofing detection using Differential GNSS, in which a correction signal from the reference station is used for the detection of spoofing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article applies the perspective of historical institutionalism to the empirical analysis of the motors and characteristics of the institutionalisation process of the European Union’s anti-terrorist policies. Based on a theoretical model developed by Stone Sweet, Sandholtz and Fligstein, this contribution critically analyses the impact of external crises in the form of a series of terrorist attacks on the emergence of antiterrorism as an sphere of European governance. The article also examines political developments and key institutions, studies the role of policy entrepreneurs during this period and compares the importance of “revolutionary” and “evolutionist” perspectives to our understanding of the process of institutional change in this field.

This work is focused on notional definition of modern terrorism and on scientific problems related to the trajectory of generally acceptable definition of terrorism. In this work, in addition to the notional definitions of terrorism, the author presents his own definition of terrorism. The author paid special attention to the motives of the executors of modern terrorism, presenting his postulate that each type of terrorism is politically motivated. In the article also, in addition to the analysis of the notion and definition of terrorism, there are presented the notions and definitions of terror and guerrilla. Also, definitions of terrorism by famous theorists are critically analyzed, in particular academic and administrative definitions of terrorism, with the accent being put on administrative definitions, or fiat definitions. In the conclusion of the work, the author emphasized great challenges that current international security system has been facing, namely the problems of preservation of integral security of citizens and protection of the citizens from arising controlled political violence -- terrorism [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annales Françaises de Médecine d'Urgence is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Criminologie is the property of Presses de l'Universite de Montreal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This is the second part of an extensive investigation on security. This part of the study focuses on the legislation of the institutions of decision and specialized coordination within the National Security System. The high degree of unpredictability of the undesirable effects of defiance's, challenges, hazards and threats on the possibilities of stagnation or even involution of the whole societal system causes the frequent redimensioning and adapting of the actional potential of the National Security System to the real, concrete, specific imperatives of the development of the Romanian society. There should be a correlation between the fundamental components of national security and the responsibilities of the operational management structures of the forces aimed at achieving their objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing upon an institutional theoretic perspective, this study explores the performance outcomes associated with adoption timing and level of investment in a government antiterrorism initiative-the Customs Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT). Using a large-scale sample of C-TPAT certified importers, this study found that performance outcomes for high levels of investment in adoption processes differ depending upon the strength of institutional forces. Specifically, early adopters of C-TPAT processes in a weak institutional context that reported high levels of investment performed no better than firms who invested nominally in the processes, while late adopters in a strong institutional context that reported high investment levels outperformed those that invested nominally. This finding can be explained by viewing C-TPAT as an 'emerging' institution, where forces are coalescing. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past decade, governments have increasingly relied on financial sanctions to counter the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. By targeting not only individuals and entities involved in illicit activities, but also banks that allow transactions to occur, financial sanctions were expected to stanch the flow of funds that support proliferation and compel compliance with international law—notably by Iran. Ten years later, Iran's nuclear program has advanced, calling into question the effectiveness of financial sanctions. Previous research evaluating the effectiveness of financial sanctions has focused on the impact of sanctions on the targeted country or on the enforcement of sanctions by the international community. Little attention has been devoted to their implementation by banks and government agencies. Based on interviews with US and European bank and government representatives, this article argues that the inefficiency of financial sanctions is due to shortcomings in training and information support from governments to financial institutions; governments on both sides of the Atlantic have provided little or no assistance to enable banks to identify patterns of proliferation financing and implement the sanctions regime. To transform financial sanctions into effective nonproliferation tools, governments need to play a greater role in their implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antiterrorism analysis requires that security agencies blend evidence on historical patterns of terrorist behavior with incomplete intelligence on terrorist adversaries to predict possible terrorist operations and devise appropriate countermeasures. We model interactions between reactive, adaptive and intelligent adversaries embedded in minimally sufficient organizational settings to study the optimal analytic mixture, expressed as historical memory reach-back and the number of anticipatory scenarios, that should be used to design antiterrorism policy. We show that history is a valuable source of information when the terrorist organization evolves and acquires new capabilities at such a rapid pace that makes optimal strategies advocated by game-theoretic reasoning unlikely to succeed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terrorism manifestation types are numerous and very diverse, showing on the one hand adjustment to the global technology environment evolution, and on the other hand, the diabolic imagination without limits. The wide variety of expressions of intolerance towards Western civilization, through attacks with particularly dramatic consequences, through devastating effects, causes difficulty in finding a covering, generally accepted definition. Some definitions consider this as normal in response to the societal systems' and the value systems' "poisoning"; other place it in the extreme forms of expressing human violence, and most of them consider it a phenomenon of social pathology, i.e. a reaction which is abnormal, asymmetric, even atypical and generally quite disproportionate to the evolutionary trends of societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article applies the perspective of historical institutionalism to the empirical analysis of the motors and characteristics of the institutionalisation process of the European Union's anti-terrorist policies. Based on a theoretical model developed by Stone Sweet, Sandholtz and Fligstein, this contribution critically analyses the impact of external crises in the form of a series of terrorist attacks on the emergence of antiterrorism as an sphere of European governance. The article also examines political developments and key institutions, studies the role of policy entrepreneurs during this period and compares the importance of "revolutionary" and "evolutionist" perspectives to our understanding of the process of institutional change in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emergency managers, urban planners and building designers have embraced antiterrorism measures to create a human environment that is difficult to attack, resilient to the consequences of terrorist attack, and protective of its populations and assets. However, quick to adopt a "guns, guards and gates" posture following 911, it has become apparent that many antiterrorism measures may actually intensify and reinforce public perceptions of vulnerability and fear. Two studies conducted by the University of Florida in 2004-05 evaluated public perceptions of security measures within the contexts of traditional crime and terrorism. When presented with images of interior and exterior building spaces, respondents felt 3-6 times less vulnerable to theft, battery and sexual assault in areas having a visible security presence. Only a minority of respondents considered areas with a highly visible security presence to be unfriendly (6%), uninviting (12%) or uncomfortable 13%). In the context of terrorism however, respondents viewed many of the same visible security measures with suspiciousness, tenseness and fear. Such responses may be caused by a comparative lack of understanding of the nature and predictability of terrorism and a reluctance to accept measures that serve to reinforce feelings of vulnerability or danger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the antipox properties of Fomitopsis officinalis from the Pacific Northwest of North America. For thousand years, polypore mushrooms have been used medicinally. Fomitopsis officinalis, a wood conk or agarikon, is being used as a topical anti-inflammatory agent. Tests conducted on mushrooms in the U.S. revealed that extracts of cultures from rare old growth polypore mushrooms demonstrated strong antiviral activity.

This paper builds confidence in the terror contagion hypothesis that violent radicalization leading to predatory mass violence operates as a system. Within this system, the contingent values of key root causes create channels within which violent ideologies and terrorism emerge. We built a system dynamics simulation model capable of replicating historical reference modes and sophisticated enough to test the contingent values of these propositions. Of 16 propositions, we identified six root-cause propositions that must simultaneously exist, act in concert and explain the dynamics of their interaction which generate a terror contagion. Other propositions can strengthen or weaken an existing contagion but not eliminate it. We use an experiment to demonstrate how changing the contingent values of these propositions creates downward channels. This experiment helps reconcile the swarm vs. fishermen debate over the true root causes of violent radicalization. Within these channels, the contingent values can favor swarm or fishermen manifestations. The simulation and experimentation results enable the future development of the terror contagion hypothesis, provide a testing environment for research on violent radicalization, and provide a pathway to policy development in the combating of terrorism that arises from violent radicalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need of precision for underwater positioning and navigation should be considered as strict as those present at the sea surface. GNSS provides 4D positioning (XYZT). Each satellite contains two rubidium and two cesium atomic clocks. They are monitored by an atomic clock on the ground, and the entire system is constantly calibrated to a universal time standard, Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). GNSS receivers determine the time T to within 100 billionths of a second without the cost of owning, operating and maintaining an atomic clock. Of particular importance is the measurement of XYZT underwater. We assume that some surface vehicles are additionally equipped with an Acoustic Speaker, which transmits the XY coordinates of the vessel with an indication of accuracy and the time T of the vessel. Submarine vehicles determine their position by help of acoustic signals from several surface acoustic sources using the Time of Arrival (ToA) algorithm. Detection of Spoofing for the Dynamic Underwater Positioning Systems (DUPS) based on vehicles retrofitted with acoustic speakers is very actual problem. Underwater spoofing works as follows: N acoustic speaker on N ships transmit the coordinates { x i , y i , t i } ,   i = 1 , N ¯ . GNSS signals are susceptible to interference due to their very low power (−130 dBm) and can be easily jammed by other sources, which may be accidental or intentional. The spoofer, like an underwater vehicle, receives these signals from N vessels, distorts them and transmits with increased acoustic power. All receivers into the spoofed area will calculate the same coordinates, so the indication of the coincidence of coordinates from a pair of diversity receivers is an indication of spoofing detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]