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Isatin is a unique compound with many bioactivities such as antiviral, anti-HIV, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, and antifungal. In this study, isatin derivatives were synthesized with an iodine catalyst and tested for antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Isatin derivatives were conducted through a Knoevenagel condensation reaction between isatin and malononitrile. The products were confirmed by thin-layer chromatography, melting point apparatus, FTIR, UV-vis spectroscopy, and LC-MS. The optimum reaction conditions were obtained at 10% mol of catalyst, at boiling point ethanol solvent for 30 min. The yield of the isatin derivative products was 71% (3a), 61% (3b), and 67% (3c). The antibacterial activities of the synthesized compounds were weak activity against S. aureus and E. coli. The antioxidant activity test resulted in IC50 values of 266.47, 220.43, and 654.85 ppm for compounds 3a, 3b, and 3c, respectively. The synthesis method using an iodine catalyst in this reaction offers a higher product yield compared to a catalyst-free reaction.

Plinia edulis, popularly known as ‘cambucá’, is used in Brazilian folk medicine to treat several conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of cambucá leaf extract, as well as its antioxidant activity. The ‘Ames’ test and Orac assay were used to evaluate the mutagenicity and antioxidant activity, respectively, and the phytochemical analysis of the ethanol leaf extract (LE) was performed by chromatographic and spectrometric methods. The in vitro cytotoxicity was tested on CHO (Chinese Hamster Ovary) cells and on nine human tumor cell lines. Phytochemical analysis of LE has revealed the presence of triterpenes and flavonoids. The LE did not show mutagenicity at the concentration of 20 mg plate-1 and exhibited high antioxidant activity, with Orac value of 3948 µmol TE g-1. The LE and its fractions (ethyl acetate; methanol) showed antiproliferative activity against cancer cell lines and proliferative activity in normal cells. The ethyl acetate fraction was the most active extract, presenting antiproliferative activity against strains of breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, melanoma and leukemia (GI50 0.01-8.57 µg mL-1), being more effective than the reference drug (doxorubicin) against human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cell line. These results suggest P. edulis as a potential adjuvant in cancer therapy and chemoprevention.

Angeles Citlali Zavala-Valencia,1,2 Liliana Velasco-Hidalgo,3 Armando Martínez-Avalos,3 Manuel Castillejos-López,4 Luz-María Torres-Espíndola1 1Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City, Mexico; 2Iztacala Faculty of Higher Studies, Tlalnepantla, México; 3Oncology Service, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City, México; 4Hospital Epidemiology and Infectology Unit, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, MexicoCorrespondence: Luz-María Torres-Espíndola; Manuel Castillejos-López, Email luzmtorres@gmail.com; mcastillejos@gmail.comAbstract: N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a membrane-permeable cysteine precursor capable of enhancing the intracellular cysteine pool, enhancing cellular glutathione (GSH) synthesis, and thus potentiating the endogenous antioxidant mechanism. Late administration of NAC after cisplatin has been shown in different in vivo studies to reduce the side effects caused by various toxicities at different levels without affecting the antitumor efficacy of platinum, improving total and enzymatic antioxidant capacity and decreasing oxidative stress markers. These characteristics provide NAC with a rationale as a potentially effective chemo protectant in cisplatin-based therapeutic cycles. NAC represents a potential candidate as a chemoprotective agent to decrease toxicities secondary to cisplatin treatment. It suggests that it could be used in clinical trials, whereby the effective dose, timing, and route should be adjusted to optimize chemoprotection. This review provides an overview of the effect of NAC on cisplatin toxicity, a drug widely used in the clinic in adults and children.Keywords: cisplatin, toxicity, chemo protectant, oxidative stress, antioxidant

Herein, the bio-inspired synthesis of Au nanoparticles (NPs) adorned Thymbra spicata extract functionalized Fe3O4 NPs as a novel magnetic nanocomposite has been demonstrated. The plant phytochemicals act as a natural and non-toxic reductant as well as the in situ stabilizing agent of the NPs. The Au–Thymbra@Fe3O4 composite was characterized over a range of advance physicochemical techniques like fourier transformed infra red (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, elemental mapping, vibrating sample magnetometer and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. Toward its bio-applications, the material was employed investigating the cytotoxicity and leukemic potential against several related cell lines, viz, 32D-FLT3-ITD, HL-60/vcr (acute myeloid leukemia) and MOLT-3, TALL-104 (acute lymphoblastic leukemia) in vitro, following MTT assay. The corresponding inhibition concentration by 50% level, i.e., IC50 were evaluated as 125, 150, 133 and 170 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, the Au–Thymbra@Fe3O4 nanocomposite proved to be a good antioxidant, which was validated from DPPH radical quenching assay and a significantly good IC50 value.

The objective of this work was to physiochemically characterize and quantify the content of phenols, caffeine, and antioxidant activity in beans from samples of roasted and ground specialty coffee, associated with the production systems of the Corregimiento Cay in Ibagué. (5) samples of roasted and ground coffee, which were related as specialty coffee types: Blend (2), Castillo (2), and Tabi (1). The physicochemical parameters evaluated were color (CIElab), electrical conductivity, solids, fixed and volatile solids, soluble solids, hydrogen potential (pH), moisture, water activity, acidity and equivalent acidity (3-caffeoylquinic), reducing and non-reducing sugars, ether extract, phenols flavonoids, and reducing power (FRAP). The results of the characterizations showed 2.54±0.33%, for soluble solids, water activity 0.241 to 0.280, and reducing sugars 1.10 to 1.85%. CIELab color (L: 20.8 ± 0.50 to 22.3 ± 0.20; a*: 3.15 ± 0.35 to 4.65 ± 0.91; b*: 9.40 ± 0.28 to 9.40 ± 0.28), pH 4.79 to 5.54, chlorogenic acid equivalents 8.66 ± 1.10 and 10.5 ±1.60 mg/kg, caffeine 246.9± 9.62 mg per 100 g, being higher in the Blend and Tabi type samples and the phenols and flavonoids with values of 258.2± 41.7 (mg E. gallic A. per 100) and 258.2 ± 41.7 (mg E. quercetin per 100 g) respectively. Electrical conductivity and total inorganic conductive solids showed a positive correlation in the varieties studied. Final FRAP test (μM/g) 696.3± 13.1. Multivariate analysis and correlation between parameters are proposed as an analytical model for the characterization of coffee matrices and show the quality and variability of the samples associated with the regions.

Abstract The essential oil from Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (EOC) was analyzed by GC/MS. The major component of EOC was found to be d-limonene (92.3% of the total essential oil). Anti-ulcer and antioxidant activities of EOC were evaluated in several gastric ulcer models. The ulcer index or area and biochemical markers of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined. EOC significantly inhibited gastric mucosal lesions induced by ulcerogenic agents with an inhibitory rate of nearly 50% at an oral dose of 85 mg/kg, and exerted a healing effect on acetic acid-induced ulcers with a curative rate of 63%. HCl/EtOH administration caused severe oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, which was confirmed by significantly decreased SOD activity and increased MDA levels in mice gastric tissues. EOC pretreatment significantly increased SOD activity and decreased MDA levels, indicating that EOC protects the gastric mucosa against development of numerous lesions by inhibiting oxidative stress. These results demonstrate that EOC has anti-ulcerogenic activity and the mechanism underlying its gastric protective effect is associated with its antioxidant properties.

Actaea racemosa (AR), sometimes also known as black cohosh, is a perennial herb that grows in the Ranunculaceae family that effloresces in the middle of summer. This herb is currently present throughout south and west North America despite being endangered in the eastern section of the continent. Certain information about the photochemistry and biological potential of this herb is available. In accordance with the scant available ethno-medical reports, this herb possesses antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antiosteoporosis, and anticancer properties. As per the available literature, caffeic acid, isoferulic acid, actein, 23-epi-26 deoxycatein, cimicifugoside, and ferukinolic acid are the key components found in different parts of AR. To date, no thorough research or systematic review has been done to highlight the traditional, biological, and phytochemical benefits of this herb. Consequently, further research is needed to gain a deeper understanding of this therapeutic herb, particularly about its separation and pharmacological screening of its insulating portion for a range of biological functions. The goal of this review was to compile the most recent data on the phytochemical presence of AR. in relation to its ethnomedical applications, methods of extraction, pharmacological applications, and future potential., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Introduction: Argemone mexicana , commonly known as the Mexican prickly poppy, has been historically employed in traditional medicine for various ailments, including liver disorders. Given the rising prevalence of liver diseases, including cancer, investigating the potential efficacy of Argemone mexicana in promoting liver health is of paramount importance. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature on the hepatoprotective and anticancer properties of Argemone mexicana ., Methodology: A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Google Scholar, and relevant botanical and pharmacological databases. Studies from various sources, including in vitro experiments, animal models, and clinical trials, were included in the review. The search focused on articles published up to 2010-2023, encompassing research that explored the botanical characteristics, chemical composition, traditional uses, and pharmacological properties of Argemone mexicana , specifically emphasizing its impact on liver health and cancer., Results: The review revealed a wealth of studies highlighting the diverse pharmacological properties of Argemone mexicana. The botanical composition includes compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, suggesting hepatoprotective effects. Studies using in vitro and in vivo models demonstrated promising outcomes regarding liver function improvement and inhibition of liver cancer cell proliferation. While some clinical studies supported the traditional uses of Argemone mexicana , further well-designed trials are warranted to establish its clinical efficacy., Conclusion: In conclusion, Argemone mexicana shows promise as a natural agent for promoting liver health and combating liver cancer. Bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties suggest potential hepatoprotective effects. However, translating these findings into clinical practice requires further rigorous investigation, including well-designed clinical trials. This review provides a foundation for future research efforts aimed at elucidating the full therapeutic potential of Argemone mexicana in liver health and cancer management., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

β-Glucans (βG) are polysaccharides widely distributed in nature with chemopreventive properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of βG and the combined treatment with doxorubicin (Dox) on cell viability and mRNA levels of genes involved in cell cycle, apoptosis and antioxidant response. βG was not cytotoxic. The mRNA levels of CCNA2 of cells exposed to β-glucan was upregulated and the exposure to Dox decreased the expression, while the combination led to an upregulation. Modulation of mRNA levels of CASP9 suggest that βG could inhibit promotion and progression steps of carcinogenesis, eliminating neoplastic cells. The upregulation of CCNA2 gene in combined treatment could be occurred due to ability of βG in restoring the cell cycle distribution pattern after treatment with Dox. The upregulation of SOD1 suggests that βG can enhance the intracellular antioxidant defense, reducing the levels of superoxide dismutase induced by Dox. This response could reduce oxidative damage and attenuate tissue damage during chemotherapeutic treatment. Our data suggest that the drug combination may be less effective in killing tumor cells than the treatment with Dox alone. Thus, future studies should carefully consider this effect on indication of βG during chemotherapy

Tekleab Teka, 1, 2 Haile Kassahun 1 1Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; 2Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Tekleab Teka Email ttekleab@gmial.comBackground: The role of free radical reactions in disease pathology is well known to be involved in many acute and chronic disorders in human beings, such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, aging, immunosuppression and neurodegeneration. The search for new drugs of plant origin becomes increasingly urgent due to drug resistance. Aloe schelpei is an endemic Aloe species traditionally used for the treatment of infectious and chronic diseases.Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate free radical scavenging activities of leaf latex of Aloe schelpei and its isolated compounds.Methods: The leaf latex of A. schelpei was subjected to preparative thin-layer chromatography to afford three compounds. Free radical scavenging activities of the leaf latex and its constituents was carried out using a 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method.Results: Phytochemical investigation of the leaf latex Aloe schelpei by prepartive thin layer chromatography led to the isolation of three compounds, identified as microdontin A/B ( 1), aloin A/B ( 2) and aloinoside A/B ( 3). The results showed that the leaf latex had a strong free radical scavenging activity reaching a maximum of 84.3% at a concentration of 100 μg/mL, and with an IC 50 value of 25.3 ± 2.45 μg/mL (p < 0.05). Among the isolated compounds, microdontin A/B ( 1) was found to have the strongest free radical scavenging activity with an IC 50 value of 0.07 ± 0.005 mμ, followed by aloinoside A/B (IC 50 = 0.13 ± 0.01 mM) and aloin A/B (IC 50 = 0.15 ± 0.02 mM).Conclusion: The traditional medicinal practice of the leaf latex may be due to the antioxidant activities of the leaf latex of A. schelpei and the isolated compounds.Keywords: Aloe schelpei, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH, microdontin A/B, aloin A/B, aloinoside A/B, antioxidant

The effects of the aqueous extract of Ilex paraguariensis (Ip) and the flavonoid quercetin were tested during the induction of in vivo myocardial ischemia/ reperfusion in Rattus norvegicus. The antioxidant power of the extract and quercetin were chemically determined. The experimental groups were: control, ischemia/reperfusion induction, Ip oral treatment, Ip oral treatment and ischemia /reperfusion, quercetin oral treatment, and quercetin oral treatment and ischemia/reperfusion. Rats were anesthetized with sodium thiopental and xylazine via intraperitoneal injection and subsequently underwent 15 minutes of ischemia followed by 15 minutes of reperfusion. Ischemia was promoted by tying the left anterior descending coronary artery. Areas of risk and infarction were stained by intravenous Evans blue and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals, and lipid peroxidation of the myocardium were quantified. A significant reduction in areas of risk and infarction was detected in the ischemic myocardium treated with Ip and quercetin; ROS generation and lipid peroxidation were significantly reduced, and the antioxidant capacity was elevated. Oral administration of Ip promoted antioxidant benefits in the myocardium during ischemia and reperfusion, which reduced infarction. We suggest that Mate (a hot drink made from steeped dried leaves of Ip) consumption is a potential cardioprotective habit of indigenous people from southern South American countries, which must be better understood scientifically and ethnographically.

Sajid Hussain,1,2 Farhat Ullah,1 Muhammad Ayaz,1 Syed Adnan Ali Shah,3 Azhar-ul-Haq Ali Shah,4 Syed Majid Shah,1,2 Abdul Wadood,5 Waqar Aman,2 Riaz Ullah,6 Abdelaaty A Shahat,6,7 Fahd A Nasr6 1Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Malakand, Pakistan; 2Department of Pharmacy, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan; 3Research Institute of Natural Products for Drug Discovery (RiND), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Malaysia; 4Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan; 5Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan; 6Department of Pharmacognosy (Medicinal Aromatic and Poisonous Plants Research Center), College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; 7Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, EgyptCorrespondence: Sajid Hussain; Farhat UllahDepartment of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Dir (L), Chakdara 18000, KPK, PakistanTel +92 3339178183; +92 3339361513Email hussain77pk2003@yahoo.com; farhataziz80@hotmail.comBackground: Cancer is one of the chronic health conditions worldwide. Various therapeutically active compounds from medicinal plants were the current focus of this research in order to uncover a treatment regimen for cancer. Anchusa arvensis (A. anchusa) (L.) M.Bieb. contains many biologically active compounds.Methods: In the current study, new ester 3-hydroxyoctyl -5- trans-docosenoate (compound-1) was isolated from the chloroform soluble fraction of A. anchusa using column chromatography. Using MTT assay, the anticancer effect of the compound was determined in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG-2) compared with normal epithelial cell line (Vero). DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays were performed to assess the antioxidant potential. The Molecular Operating Environment (MOE-2016) tool was used against tyrosine kinase.Results: The structure of the compound was elucidated based on IR, EI, and NMR spectroscopy technique. It exhibited a considerable cytotoxic effect against HepG-2 cell lines with IC50 value of 6.50 ± 0.70 μg/mL in comparison to positive control (doxorubicin) which showed IC50 value of 1.3±0.21 μg/mL. The compound did not show a cytotoxic effect against normal epithelial cell line (Vero). The compound also exhibited significant DPHH scavenging ability with IC50 value of 12 ± 0.80 μg/mL, whereas ascorbic acid, used as positive control, demonstrated activity with IC50 = 05 ± 0.15 μg/mL. Similarly, it showed ABTS radical scavenging ability (IC50 = 130 ± 0.20 μg/mL) compared with the value obtained for ascorbic acid (06 ± 0.85 μg/mL). In docking studies using MOE-2016 tool, it was observed that compound-1 was highly bound to tyrosine kinase by having two hydrogen bonds at the hinge region. This good bonding network by the compound might be one of the reasons for showing significant activity against this enzyme.Conclusion: Our findings led to the isolation of a new compound from A. anchusa which has significant cytotoxic activity against HepG-2 cell lines with marked antioxidant potential.Keywords: cancer, Anchusa arvensis, 3-hydroxyoctyl-5, trans-docosenoate, cytotoxicity against HepG-2 cell lines, antioxidant

Antioxidant, antibacterial and UV protective activities of two pigments extracted from mangrove soil isolates were analysed for their applications as ingredients in sunscreen formulations. Through biochemical characterization, the isolates were tentatively identified as belonging to the Flavobacterium sp. and Brevibacterium sp. UV visible spectral characterization of the pigments indicated presence of carotenoids. The orange pigment exhibited Sun Protection factor (SPF) value of 5.3 while the yellow pigment SPF was found to be 2.60. Both isolates as well as their pigments revealed tolerance to UVA-B radiation and to UVC radiation, to comparatively lesser extent. Yellow pigment exhibited good antibacterial activity with maximum effect on Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium diptheriae and Staphylococcus aureus. Both pigments were capable of reducing DPPH radical with % DPPH inhibition of 52.36% (orange pigment) and 40.1% (yellow pigment). These findings suggest that both pigments show promise of making excellent natural components of cosmetic formulations, especially sunscreens.

Plants are well known in traditional herbal medicines for their hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities and are often used due to their accessibility, affordability, and corollary effects. Leptopus cordifolius has been reported to control diabetes in folkloric medicine, but no known scientific research has been conducted to assess the plausibility of this assertion. Therefore, the current study is aimed to investigate the antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of Leptopus cordifolius leaves in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic evaluation was conducted in Swiss albino mice at doses of 150–250°mg/kg for 15°days. The blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL, creatinine, ALP, SGPT, and SGOT levels were estimated according to standard procedures. Phytochemicals of leaves were analyzed using GC-MS analysis. Enzymatic antioxidant activity of the plant was investigated spectrophotometrically by carrying out superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase assays. The membrane stabilization potential of L. cordifolius leaf extracts was carried out using an in vitro haemolytic assay. The results revealed a dose response effect with the methanolic extract of L. cordifolius which had significant antihyperglycemic effects at 150–250°mg/kg in alloxan treated mice, although less than the positive control (glibenclamide). Hyperlipidemic activity was significant at 250 mg/kg. The biochemical parameters, such as total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL, creatinine, ALP, SGPT, and SGOT, were significantly improved (p < 0.01) by the methanolic extract of 250 mg/kg compared to the diabetic group. Treatment for 15 days showed significant elevation (p < 0.01) of antioxidant enzymes. GC-MS analysis provided tentative identifications of 52 compounds in the methanolic extract of L. cordifolius, of which 12 compounds have reported antidiabetic activity. In conclusion, methanolic extract of L. cordifolius of 150 and 250°mg/kg body weight showed significant antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities in alloxan-induced diabetic mice and, with further work, has the potential to be used to manage blood glucose and cholesterol levels.

Great climatic inconsistency and increased frequent occurrences of severe conditions results in plants being exposed to water stress at various growth stages, thus adversely affecting the productivity. This investigation was planned to minimize the water stress induced-losses to cotton plants with the exogenous application of growth promoters i.e. distilled water, salicylic acid (0.5 mM), jasmonic acid (50 μM) and moringa leaf extract (MLE30) including control (un sprayed). Cotton plants were exposed to water stress with the application of irrigation water at 10 (well watered) and 30 day intervals (severe water stress). Results indicated that water stress severely reduced the cotton productivity. It was observed that exogenous application of salicylic acid and moringa leaf extract improved the productivity both under well watered and water stress conditions as compared to other treatments. However, exogenous application of salicylic acid had greater influence on the studied parameters than MLE, although the insignificant differences were documented in most of the traits. Exogenous application of salicylic acid reduced the cell injury percentage, improved the cell membrane thermostability and produced significantly higher content of leaf protein, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) that modulated the negative influence of water stress on yield contributing attributes and produced maximum seed cotton yield. These results indicate that exogenous application of SA and MLE helped the cotton plants to become more tolerant to water stress-induced losses by adjusting the membrane characteristics and improving their antioxidant defense mechanism.

Background and Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of Tanacetum parthenium extract (TPE) on lipid peroxidation and acute heart injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rats. Materials and Methods: In an experimental study, 30 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups (n=6). Two of the groups were normal and damage control groups, other 3 groups were damage groups treated with 40, 80 and 120 mg / kg of TPE for 14 days before being damaged by CCl4. At the end of the study we measured the activity of creatine kinase (CK-MB) isoenzyme and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C and LDL-C in serum, as well as the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and arylesterase (ARE) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, as lipid peroxidation index, in myocardial homogenates. Results: The results of this study showed that treatment with carbon tetrachloride significantly increased the levels of CK-MB, LDH, TC, LDL-C and MDA and decreased ARE, HDL-C, SOD and GPX (P

Kaduk (Piper sarmentosum) is popular due to its culinary and medicinal properties and has been used traditionally in different parts of the world to cure many diseases and ailments. One of the studies which was conducted by Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM) shows that the extract from P. sarmentosum leaves contains antioxidant properties. However, a scientific study of its antioxidant level based on leaf maturity has not yet been conducted. Thus, this study aims to screen the antioxidant activity of P. sarmentosum based on the leaf maturity, from young, middle-age and matured leaves. The leaves were extracted by maceration using methanol and the antioxidant activity was determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Results showed that the middle-age leaves contain the highest antioxidant activity followed by the young and matured leaves. Hence, if P. sarmentosum’s leaves are to be collected for its antioxidant properties, it is best to harvest the middle-age leaves to gain the optimized yield of antioxidant properties.

Cisplatin, an anticancer drug used in chemotherapy, has made considerable progress recently; particularly in the treatment of testicular cancer. However, the side effects of this treatment, limit its use. Grape Seed and Skin Extract (GSSE) and Ulva rigida (U. rigida) marine seaweeds are giving compounds with high antioxidant capacity. This work aims to develop a model in vivo to evaluate the protective effect of extracts of GSSE or U. rigida against the oxidative stress induced by cisplatin. This stress occurring in healthy cells is one of the major causes of the adverse effects of chemotherapy. Healthy male rats received an intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin only or cisplatin and GSSE or U. rigida extract. At the end of the treatment, the rats were sacrificed and from the crushed testicles; the supernatant was recovered for biochemical assays. The data showed that the dose of cisplatin induces testicular toxicity, and a pro-oxidant state characterized by increased levels of malondialdehyde, carbonyl proteins, superoxide anion, calcium and iron. Besides, treatment with cisplatin increases the activity of superoxide dismutase and inhibits the activity of catalase. GSSE or U. rigida extract exerts a protective effect on the testes of cisplatin-treated rats, or they protect against the adverse effects of oxidative stress induced by cisplatin to restore levels near control. This study demonstrated that GSSE and U. rigida can protect against cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brewer's spent grain (BSG) was characterized by physicochemical, total phenolic compound and flavonoids contents. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by four different assays. The chromatographic analyses were used to quantify the phenolic compounds and the fatty acids in BSG. Ethanolic extracts were tested to evaluate antibacterial activity. The higher concentration of total phenolic compounds for BSG was obtained in the extraction with ethanol 20%. BSG showed an antioxidant potential for all tests evaluated. In the case of chromatographic analysis, phenolic acids and flavonoids, such as syringic acid and catechin, respectively, were detected in high quantities. Regarding to the fatty acids profile, polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic and oleic acids, were found in significant amounts. No antibacterial activity was reported for bacterial cultures and concentrations tested. BSG may be considered a protein source, rich in fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acids and bioactive compounds with antioxidant potential.

Pal Patel, Krupa Kansara, Ragini Singh, Ritesh K Shukla, Sanjay Singh, Alok Dhawan, Ashutosh Kumar Division of Biological and Life Sciences (Formerly Institute of Life Sciences), School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India Abstract: Overproduction of free radicals contributes to oxidative stress and inflammation leading to various disease conditions. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) have been shown to scavenge free radicals and have the potential for being used as a therapeutic agent in disease conditions. Therefore, in the present study, human monocytic leukemia cells (THP-1) were used as a model to evaluate the uptake and free radical scavenging activity of nanoceria. Our data showed a significant (P

The production of compact plants, which are slightly lacking in vigor and as productive as conventionally sized plants, is a trend in fruit growing. The objective of this study was to evaluate the vegetative performance and fruit quality of Gulfblaze and Reubennel plums intergrafted into two peach genotypes (UFV 186 and UFV 286). The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design using a 3x2 factorial arrangement (interstocks x cultivar) with four replications and one plant per plot. The non-intergrafted treatment was considered the control. Ten fruits were collected per plot for physical and chemical analyses. The evaluations were performed in the years 2014 and 2015. The interstock UFV 286 produced Gulfblaze trees with lower height in the two years of evaluation. When using the UFV 286 interstock, the trunk diameters were 50.2% smaller in Gulfblaze and 44.25% smaller in Reubennel than the control cultivars. Intergrafting had no influence on the fruit mass of Reubennel. In general, the peach genotypes UFV 186 and UFV 286 can be recommended as interstocks for reducing plant size in the plums studied. Intergrafting had no effect on fruit quality of Reubennel plums.

Introduction: In the present study, solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with Rosiglitazone and probiotics were prepared via solvent emulsification diffusion method which is patented. As a lipid and surfactant, Gleceryl monostearate and Pluronic -68 were used in the formulation process., Methods: During characterization, it was determined that ingredient quantity variations significantly impacted Rosiglitazone loading capacity, particle size, polydispersity index, etc. In an optimized formulation of RSG-PB loaded SLNs, spherical particles with a mean particle size of 147.66 ± 1.52 nm, PDI of 0.42 ± 0.02, and loading capacity of 45.36 ± 0.20 were identified., Results: Moreover, the developed SLNs had the potential to discharge the drug for up to 24 hours, as predicted by Higuchi's pharmacokinetic model. The SLNs were stable at 25°C/60%RH for up to 60 days. There was little to no change in particle size, PDI, or loading capacity. In addition, the number of probiotic bacteria was determined using the standard plate count procedure. Further, the antioxidant effect of the prepared formulation is evaluated using the DPPH assay method., Conclusion: This study concludes that the method used to fabricate RSG-probiotic-loaded SLNs is straightforward and yields favorable results regarding various parameters, including sustained release property, particle size, PDI, and percent drug loading stability. Furthermore, DPPH radical scavenging activity shows the high antioxidant potential of RSG-PB SLNs when compared to RSG and probiotics alone., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background: Indole-triazole conjugates have emerged as promising candidates for new drug development. Their distinctive structural characteristics, coupled with a wide array of biological activities, render them a captivating and promising field of research for the creation of novel pharmaceutical agents., Objective: This study aimed to synthesize indole-triazole conjugates to investigate the influence of various substituents on the functional characteristics of indole-triazole hybrids. It also aimed to study the binding modes of new hybrids with the DNA Gyrase using molecular docking studies., Methods: A new set of indole-triazole hybrids was synthesized and characterized using various physicochemical and spectral analyses. All hybrids underwent in-silico pharmacokinetic prediction studies. The antimicrobial efficacy of the hybrids was assessed using tube dilution and agar diffusion methods. Additionally, the in-vitro antioxidant activity of synthesized compounds was determined using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl free radical scavenging assay. Furthermore, in silico molecular docking studies were performed to enhance our comprehension of how the synthesized compounds interact at the molecular level with DNA gyrase., Results: Pharmacokinetic predictions of synthesized hybrids indicated favourable pharmacokinetic profiles, and none of the compounds violated the Lipinski rule of five. Notably, compound 6, featuring a cyclohexanol substituent, demonstrated superior antimicrobial and antioxidant activity (EC 50 value = 14.23 μmol). Molecular docking studies further supported the in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial findings, revealing that all compounds adeptly fit into the binding pocket of DNA Gyrase and engaged in interactions with crucial amino acid residues., Conclusion: In summary, our research underscores the efficacy of molecular hybridization in shaping the physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and biological characteristics of novel indole-triazole derivatives., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Facile synthetic procedures and broad spectrum of biological activities are special attributes of sulfonamides. Sulfonamide derivatives have demonstrated potential as a class of compounds for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent sulfonamide derivatives have been reported as prospective anti-AD agents, with a focus on analogues that significantly inhibit the function of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes and exhibit remarkable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, all of which are critical for the treatment of AD. Sulfonamide- mediated activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), a key regulator of the endogenous antioxidant response, has also been suggested as a potential therapeutic approach in AD. Additionally, it has been discovered that a number of sulfonamide derivatives show selectivity for the β- and γ-secretase enzymes and a significant reduction of amyloid B (Aβ) aggregation, which have been implicated in AD. The comparative molecular docking of benzenesulfonamide and donepezil, an AD reference drug showed comparable anti-AD activities. These suggest that sulfonamide derivatives may represent a new class of drugs for the treatment of AD. Thus, the current review will focus on recent studies on the chemical synthesis and evaluation of the anti-AD properties, molecular docking, pharmacological profile, and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of sulfonamide derivatives, as well as their potential anti-AD mechanisms of action. This paper offers a thorough assessment of the state of the art in this field of study and emphasizes the potential of sulfonamide derivatives synthesized during the 2012-2023 period as a new class of compounds for the treatment of AD., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Genistein is a flavonoid, mostly found in soybean extract and is widely used for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Genistein can interact with estrogen receptors due to its structural similarities to estrogen. It also inhibits protein tyrosine kinases and affects a variety of intracellular signal transductions. Genistein attenuates oxidative stress via diverse cellular mechanisms. However, nuclear factor (erythroidderived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), the main antioxidant regulator, potentiates genistein's antioxidant effects and reduces cell damage. Nrf2 includes of seven domains and controls the expression of the phase II antioxidant enzymes to decrease oxidative stress. In this review, we address findings related to Nrf2 signaling pathways in the context of genistein's effects on diverse human diseases., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

The recent outbreaks of Nipah viral infection were associated with severe respiratory illness, lethal encephalitis, and an extremely high mortality rate. As there are no approved antiviral medications, patients with NiV infections are currently treated with repurposed or investigational antivirals and supportive care. This review examines the potential health benefits of N. sativa in the treatment of NiV infection. To identify relevant studies, the literature was searched in online databases like Medline/PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and reference lists. Through its antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, immunomodulatory, bronchodilatory, and other properties, a number of studies have demonstrated that N. sativa is effective against a variety of viral infections, inflammatory conditions, neurological and respiratory illnesses, and other conditions. As a result, in the treatment of NiV-infected patients, N. sativa could be added as an adjuvant treatment alongside repurposed or investigational antivirals and supportive care. The efficacy of N. sativa in the treatment of NiV infection will be determined by the results of upcoming randomized controlled clinical trials., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background: The side effects of conventional therapeutics pose a problem for cancer treatment. Recently, combination treatments with natural compounds have attracted attention regarding limiting the side effects of treatment. Oleuropein is a natural polyphenol in olives that has antioxidant and anticancer effects., Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the oxidative stress effect of a combination of Paclitaxel, a chemotherapeutic agent, and Oleuropein in the MCF-7 cell line., Methods: The xCELLigence RTCA method was used to determine the cytotoxic effects of Oleuropein and Paclitaxel in the MCF-7 cell line. The Total Oxidant and Total Antioxidant Status were analyzed using a kit. The Oxidative Stress Index was calculated by measuring Total Oxidant and Total Antioxidant states. The levels of superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde, which are oxidative stress markers, were also measured by ELISA assay kit., Results: As a result of the measurement, IC 50 doses of Oleuropein and Paclitaxel were determined as 230 μM and 7.5 μM, respectively. Different percentages of combination ratios were generated from the obtained IC 50 values. The effect of oxidative stress was investigated at the combination rates of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% which were determined to be synergistic. In terms of the combined use of Oleuropein and Paclitaxel on oxidative stress, antioxidant defense increased, and Oxidative Stress Index levels decreased., Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that the doses administered to the Oleuropein+Paclitaxel combination group were lower than those administered to groups using one agent alone (e.g. Paclitaxel), the results of which reduce the possibility of administering toxic doses., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background: Nowadays, the majority of the population suffers from the problem of hair loss. It leads to disturbed mental health, lower self-confidence, and a lot more problems. A lot of the hair loss therapies available are not reliable and lead to recurrence and side effects after some time. Cannabinoids (CBD) have recently become quite popular for their benefits against hair loss. CBD oil preparations have been used both internally and externally for oral and topical use, respectively. Due to the presence of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in the body, which naturally targets CB1 and CB2 receptors, the control of hair fall is possible. CBD is used topically for hair loss, whereas it is administered orally for the treatment and management of a medical condition, i.e., alopecia., Aim/objective: The present review aimed to provide an in-depth study on hair loss and its management using CBD and its associated mechanisms., Methods: Electronic databases, such as ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, PubMed, Wiley, Springer, and Scopus, were thoroughly searched for information about how CBD is used, how it works, and what role it plays in treating alopecia and hair loss., Results: This review has highlighted the use of CBD-based hair loss therapy, and described various types of hair loss and their treatments. This review also details the phytocannabinoids and the potential mechanisms of CBD's activity against hair loss and alopecia., Conclusion: The data obtained from the literature regarding CBD and hair loss provide a scientific basis for CBD use in alopecia. Additionally, a more precise and comprehensive study concerning CBD needs to be carried out at the pre-clinical and clinical levels., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. AD patients usually present symptoms, such as cognitive dysfunction, progressive memory loss, and other manifestations. With the increasing number of AD cases worldwide, there is an urgent need to develop effective drug treatments. Currently, drugs targeting AD symptoms may not change or prevent the progression of the disease. Curcumin, a polyphenol extracted from the turmeric herb, has been used for the treatment of AD. In this review, we summarized both cellular and animal studies and described the mechanism of action of curcumin in altering the pathological features of AD. Curcumin attenuates the formation of amyloid-β plaques and promotes its decomposition, reduces the phosphorylation of tau, improves its clearance rate, and binds with copper to reduce cholesterol. It changes the activity of microglia, suppresses acetylcholinesterase, regulates insulin signal transduction, and exhibits antioxidant properties. Studies have found that curcumin can promote nerve repair and has a significant effect on AD. However, the low bioavailability of curcumin may hinder its use as a therapeutic agent. If this limitation can be overcome, curcumin may emerge as a promising drug for the treatment of AD., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

It is safe to use Curcumin as a cosmetic and therapeutic ingredient in pharmaceutical products. For the uses mentioned above and for fundamental research, it is essential to obtain pure Curcumin from plant sources. There is a requirement for effective extraction and purification techniques that adhere to green chemistry standards for efficiency improvement, process safety, and environmental friendliness. Several outstanding studies have looked into the extraction and purification of Curcumin. This review thoroughly covers the currently available curcumin extraction, synthesis, and transformation techniques. Additionally, Curcumin's poor solubility and low absorption in the human body have limited its potential for pharmaceutical use. However, recent developments in novel curcumin formulations utilizing nanotechnology delivery methods have provided new approaches to transport and maximize the human body's curcumin absorption efficiency. In this review, we explore the various curcumin nanoformulations and the potential medicinal uses of nano curcumin. Additionally, we review the necessary future research directions to recommend Curcumin as an excellent therapeutic candidate., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Magdy M Youssef,1,2 Reem K Arafa,3,4 Mohamed A Ismail1,21Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 3Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 4Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Cairo, EgyptAbstract: This research work deals with the design and synthesis of a series of substituted phenylfuranylnicotinamidines 4a–i. Facile preparation of the target compounds was achieved by Suzuki coupling-based synthesis of the nitrile precursors 3a–i, followed by their conversion to the corresponding nicotinamidines 4a–i utilizing LiN(TMS)2. The antimicrobial activities of the newly synthesized nicotinamidine derivatives were evaluated against the Gram-negative bacterial strains Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as the Gram-positive bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus megaterium. The minimum inhibitory concentration values of nicotinamidines against all tested microorganisms were in the range of 10–20 µM. In specific, compounds 4a and 4b showed excellent minimum inhibitory concentration values of 10 µM against Staphylococcus aureus bacterial strain and were similar to ampicillin as an antibacterial reference. On the other hand, selected nicotinamidine derivatives were biologically screened for their cytotoxic activities against a panel of 60 cell lines representing nine types of human cancer at a single high dose at National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA. Nicotinamidines showing promising activities were further assessed in a five-dose screening assay to determine their compound concentration causing 50% growth inhibition of tested cell (GI50), compound concentration causing 100% growth inhibition of tested cell (TGI), and compound concentration causing 50% lethality of tested cell (LC50) values. Structure-activity relationship studies demonstrated that the activity of members of this series can be modulated from cytostatic to cytotoxic based on the substitution pattern/nature on the terminal phenyl ring. The most active compound was found to be 4e displaying a submicromolar GI50 value of 0.83 µM, with TGI and LC50 values of 2.51 and 100 µM, respectively. Finally, the possible underlying mechanism of action of this series of compounds was investigated by determining their nuclease-like DNA degradation ability in addition to their antioxidant power and all monocations proved to be effective in all assays.Keywords: substituted phenylfuranylnicotinamidines, Suzuki coupling, antiproliferative, antibacterial, antioxidant

Sougata Ghosh,1 Rahul Nitnavare,1 Ankush Dewle,1 Geetanjali B Tomar,1 Rohan Chippalkatti,1 Piyush More,1 Rohini Kitture,2 Sangeeta Kale,2 Jayesh Bellare,3 Balu A Chopade4 1Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, University of Pune, 2Department of Applied Physics, Defense Institute of Advanced Technology, Pune, 3Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 4Department of Microbiology, University of Pune, Pune, India Abstract: Medicinal plants serve as rich sources of diverse bioactive phytochemicals that might even take part in bioreduction and stabilization of phytogenic nanoparticles with immense therapeutic properties. Herein, we report for the first time the rapid efficient synthesis of novel platinum–palladium bimetallic nanoparticles (Pt–PdNPs) along with individual platinum (PtNPs) and palladium (PdNPs) nanoparticles using a medicinal plant, Dioscorea bulbifera tuber extract (DBTE). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed monodispersed PtNPs of size 2–5 nm, while PdNPs and Pt–PdNPs between 10 and 25 nm. Energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis confirmed 30.88%±1.73% elemental Pt and 68.96%±1.48% elemental Pd in the bimetallic nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared spectra indicated strong peaks at 3,373 cm-1, attributed to hydroxyl group of polyphenolic compounds in DBTE that might play a key role in bioreduction in addition to the sharp peaks at 2,937, 1,647, 1,518, and 1,024 cm-1, associated with C–H stretching, N–H bending in primary amines, N–O stretching in nitro group, and C–C stretch, respectively. Anticancer activity against HeLa cells showed that Pt–PdNPs exhibited more pronounced cell death of 74.25% compared to individual PtNPs (12.6%) or PdNPs (33.15%). Further, Pt–PdNPs showed an enhanced scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, superoxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radicals. Keywords: Dioscorea bulbifera, platinum nanoparticles, palladium nanoparticles, platinum–palladium bimetallic nanoparticles, anticancer, antioxidant

Lactobacillus plantarum YO175 and OF101 isolates from Nigerian traditional fermented cereal gruel ‘ogi’, were investigated on the basis of their capability to produce exopolysaccharide (EPS) on sucrose modified deMan Rogosa Sharpe medium (mMRS). Functional groups analysis of the EPSs produced (EPS-YO175 and EPS-OF101) by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy revealed the presence of –OH, C=O and C–H groups. The chemical composition of EPS-YO175 and EPS-OF101 showed the presence of 87.1% and 80.62% carbohydrates and 1.21% and 1.47% protein. For maximum EPS yield, three significant factors were optimized using central composite design and response surface methodology, the predicted maximum EPS produced was 1.38 g/L and 2.19 g/L, while the experimental values were 1.36 g/L and 2.18 g/L for EPS-YO175 and EPS-OF101. The EPS samples showed strong antioxidant activities in-vitro. The scale-up of the production process of the EPS will find its potential application in food industries.

Aim: To determine the periodontoprotective properties of antidysbiotic means (ADM) at the peroxide periodontitis. Methods: ADM (quertulyn, lequin, lecasil and lysozyme-forte) were used. The peroxide periodontitis was reproduced by peroxide sunflower oil introduction in during 2,5 month. The levels of MDA, elastase, urease, lysozyme, catalase were determined into gum. The levels of alkaline and acid phosphatase, calcium and protein were determined into periodontal bone. Results: The introduction of ADM the reduced the levels of inflammation markers (MDA and elastase) and to the degree of dysbiosis but raised the levels of lysozyme and catalase into gum. ADM reduced the acid phosphatase activity but raised the alkaline phosphatase into bone. Conclusion: Lequin was more effective means as antiinflammation, quertulyn was more effective means as antidysbiotic action, lysozyme-forte was more effective means mineralization action. The lecitine contents means lequin and lecasil possessed more effective action on the degree mineralization of periodontal bone.

Stevia, also known as "The miracle sweetener", is considered the best sugar substitute because it is up to 300 times sweeter and contains no calories. This shrub, grown in the forests of Brazil and Paraguay, has in its composition a high percentage of steviol glycosides (stevioside and rebaudioside A), which give it an intensely sweet taste and therapeutic properties against diabetes, hypertension and obesity also helps control weight, satiety and hunger. For its content in phenolic compounds, Stevia also acts as an excellent antioxidant and anticarcinogenic; also has been shown to have antibacterial, contraceptive, and diuretic properties. This review paper aims to collect information on the studies undertaken to stevia as an alternative to sugar and the benefits it provides consumption.

In recent years, there is a growing interest in melatonin all over the world. The main task of protecting the body's biological clock, which set the rhythm of melatonin, involves many biological and physiological processes of the body. Cell renewal, strengthening of the immune system and body temperature regulation are other tasks of melatonin. Melatonin, with its lipophilic property, is the most powerful antioxidant as it can reach all body areas and can easily pass the blood-brain barrier. The fact that individuals with low levels of melatonin have sleep problems lead to the consideration of melatonin as a therapeutic medicine in this field. The detailed researches have shown that melatonin can improve sleep quality without changing the total duration of sleep. Nevertheless, despite high number of researches done, the functions of melatonin have not yet fully understood. Therefore, review of the available information related to melatonin will be guide for researchers in the field.

Introduction & Objective: The film containing antimicrobial agents are a type of active packaging which is mainly designed to control microbial and chemical spoilage of food. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial, antioxidant and color properties of chitosan film incorporated with essential oil of Zataria multiflora Boiss. (ZEO). Materials & Methods: In this experimental study which was conducted at Urmia University of Medical Sciences between 2009-2010, the chemical composition of ZEO was analyzed using GC-MS. Chitosan films containing 0, 0.5, 1 and 2% ZEO, were obtained by casting method and subsequently, total phenol (TP), antioxidant, color (accordance with hunter system (L* (luminosity), * (redness), and b* (yellowness)) and antimicrobial characteristics of films on Listeria monocytogenes were studied. The collected data was analyzed by the SPSS software. Results: The order of TP for all films in the experiment was 2% ZEO1% ZEO 0.5% ZEO unsupplemented chitosan film, respectively. It was also concluded that the antioxidant activity of chitosan films was increased by adding various concentrations of ZEO. These increases were significant for film containing 1% (33.98%) and 2% (37.77%) ZEO (p0.05). Regarding the color luminosity (L*) of the chitosan film, results indicated no significant changes by incorporating ZEO, whereas the incorporation of ZEO into films had a significant effect on film yellowness, evidenced by lower b* values. Finally, it was shown that the presence of ZEO in chitosan films significantly modified the anti- listerial activity of chitosan, (p0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that an active film from chitosan could be achieved by incorporating ZEO. Addition of ZEO improves functional and antibacterial characteristics of chitosan film.

Five novel 3-alkyl-4-phenylacetylamino-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ones (2) were synthesized by the reactions of 3-alkyl-4-amino-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ones (1) with phenylacetyl chloride and characterized by elemental analyses and IR, 1HNMR, 13C-NMR and UV spectral data. The newly synthesized compounds 2 were titrated potentiometrically with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in four non-aqueous solvents such as isopropyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, acetonitrile and N,N-dimethylformamide, and the half-neutralization potential values and the corresponding pKa values were determined for all cases. In addition, these new compounds and five recently reported 3-alkyl-4-(pmethoxybenzoylamino)- 4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ones (3) were screened for their antioxidant activities.

In this study, sulfated low molecular-weight Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides(SLTP) with different sulfate contents were synthesized and their antioxidant activities,including superoxide anion radical, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical andhydroxyl radical scavenging activities were investigated. The results indicated that,compared to natural Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide (TP) and low molecular weightTremella fuciformis polysaccharide (LTP), sulfated LTP (SLTP) exhibited strongerscavenging activity towards superoxide anion, DPPH and hydroxyl radicals. In all the casesthe effect was found to be dose dependent. The scavenging activity of SLTP was found tobe in parallel with the degree of sulfation of SLTP.

Aim of the present study was to develop semen extender for cryopreservation of buffalo bull semen to improve the post thaw quality and conception rate. Study consisted of three experiments, single ejaculate of four Nili Ravi buffalo bulls were collected for a period of 5 weeks for each of experiment I and II. In experiment-I, osmotic pressure of tris citric acid extender (TCAE) was optimized. Semen of four bulls was pooled and calculated quantity was added to five solutions of variable osmotic pressures of TCAE (260, 270, 280, 290 and 300 mOsm/kg). In experiment-II, TCAE with best osmotic pressure as recorded in experiment-I was supplemented with butylated hydroxyl toluene (1.75, 2.0, 2.25, 0.0 mM and DMSO). As butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) was dissolved in dimethyl sulph oxide (DMSO), DMSO control was also run to rule out its reported effect as antioxidant. Post thaw spermatozoa motility, viability, plasma membrane integrity (PMI), normal apical ridge (NAR),DNA damage rate and lipid peroxidation were assessed in first two experiments. In experiment-III, pregnancy rate comparison between Trial and Control extenders was done. In experiment-I, at 300 and 280 mOsm/kg spermatozoa motility was significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to 260 mOsm/kg, and NAR at 300 mOsm/kg was significantly higher than other osmotic pressures. In experiment-II, a higher spermatozoa motility was recorded at 2.0mM BHT than other groups except 0.0mM BHT. At 2.25mM BHT, spermatozoa viability and PMI rates were lower compared to 1.75 and 2.0mM, respectively. Moreover, higher DNA damage was observed at 2.25mM as compared to 0.0, 2.0mM BHT and DMSO. A lower lipid peroxidation in BHT treated groups was also noted. Pregnancy rate was 24 and 42% in Comparative and Trial extenders, respectively but difference was not significant. In conclusion, TCAE (300 mOsm/kg) with BHT (2.0 mM) improved post-thaw semen quality of Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like many stingless bee species, Melipona subnitida Ducke uses geopropolis (a mixture of wax, plant resins, pollen grains and mud) for sealing small crevices in their nest cavities, in order to avoid the entry of air, and for defense against pathogenic microorganisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive and free radical-scavenging activities of ethanolic extracts of six geopropolis samples from M. subnitida and the phenolic fractions obtained by C18-SPE extraction. The in vivo antinociceptive activity was analyzed on abdominal constriction induced by acetic acid in mice and in vitro free radical-scavenging activities by DPPH and ABTS assays. Additionally we analyzed the chemical composition of the phenolic fractions by HPLC-DAD. The six samples of geopropolis showed variations in the total phenolic content over the period, but not in the chemical profile observed by HPLC-DAD. Geopropolis is a rich source of bioactive compounds as phenolics 6-O-p-coumaroyl-D-alactopyranose, 6-O-cinnamoyl-1-Op-coumaroyl-β-D-glucopyranose, 7-O-methyl naringenin, 7-O-methyl aromadendrin, 7,4’-di-O-methyl aromadendrin, 4’-O-methyl kaempferol, 3-O-methyl quercetin, 5-O-methyl aromadendrin and 5-O-methyl kaempferol with potential antioxidant and antinociceptive activities. The antioxidant activity is related to the total phenolic content.

Background: Bioautography is a technique for the detection of biological activity that combines the elements of planar chromatography. Its hyphenated variants are widely used in the screening of natural products possessing biological activity. It can be used in the activity-based screening of phytochemical ingredients by employing various enzyme processes and reactions and facilitates the rapid determination of bioactive compounds in pant samples., Objective: To give a comprehensive overview of effect-directed assays and biological detection approaches used in conjugation with thin layer chromatography technique. The present review article attempts to throw light on the various aspects of bioautography, including its types and applications, thereby giving its concise overview and its relevance in the field of natural product screening., Methods: Various search engines were used for the literature survey, including Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar, PubMed, ResearchGate and Scopus., Results: Bioautography has wide-ranging uses in the screening of compounds such as antioxidants, antifungals, antimicrobials, estrogenic, antitumors, and various enzyme inhibitors compounds like α and β-glucosidase inhibitors and α-amylase inhibitors., Conclusion: Bioautography serves to be an effective tool for the isolation of bioactive phytochemicals, thereby allowing us to scientifically validate the biological activities of various compounds, which can then be utilized for making potent medications for various diseases., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Tolerance to drought stress is significantly enhanced following pre-treatment with melatonin in plants of two Malus species. Mechanisms involve regulation of ABA metabolism, free-radical detoxification, and improved functioning of stomata.Melatonin pre-treatment significantly increases the tolerance of both drought-tolerant Malus prunifolia and drought-sensitive M. hupehensis plants. Its beneficial effects include better water conservation in leaves, less electrolyte leakage, steady chlorophyll contents, and greater photosynthetic performance under stress conditions. Melatonin selectively down-regulates MdNCED3, an abscisic acid (ABA) synthesis gene, and up-regulates its catabolic genes, MdCYP707A1 and MdCYP707A2, thereby reducing ABA contents in drought-stressed plants. Melatonin also directly scavenges H2O2 and enhances the activities of antioxidant enzymes to detoxify H2O2 indirectly. These two mechanisms work synergistically to improve the functions of stomata, i.e. causing them to re-open. Plants can effectively regulate their water balance under drought conditions by up-regulating the expression of melatonin synthesis genes MdTDC1, MdAANAT2, MdT5H4, and MdASMT1. Therefore, inducing melatonin production is an important mechanism by which plants can counteract the influence of this abiotic stressor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resveratrol (RSV) was incorporated into microparticles by spray drying to treat chronic wounds such as diabetic ulcers. RSV was chosen due to its defense mechanisms as the formation of free radicals delays the healing process. RSV was loaded into microparticles consisting of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and hyaluronic acid (HA), a polysaccharide naturally present within the skin, known to contribute to the healing process. Microparticles were evaluated in terms of production yield, size distribution, encapsulation efficiency, morphology, specific surface area, thermal properties and water content. Spherical and homogenous microparticles (span ≤ 2) in a size range between 20 and 30 μm were obtained with high encapsulation efficiency (≥97%). The effect of enzymes (hyaluronidase, phospholipase and lipase) on RSV release showed a dose-dependent pattern followed by a slow release stage. Cytotoxicity/proliferation and oxidative stress parameters (glutathione, oxidized glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase) obtained from human dermal fibroblast cell cultures revealed that formulations increased cell proliferation and the presence of RSV decreased oxidation in cells. RSV-loaded HA–DPPC microparticles appear as a promising formulation for wound healing due to synergistic effect of the ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background and Objective: Hepatotoxicity induced by antituberculosis drugs is quite common and often linked with oxidative stress. Ajwa dates are rich in antioxidants and flavonoids; therefore, these may be protective against the oxidative stress to liver. This study was designed to determine the hepatoprotective effects of Ajwa dates on hepatotoxicity induced by antituberculous drugs in an experimental model. Methods: This experimental study was conducted at the Post Graduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 30 male rabbits were divided into 5 groups, with 6 animals in each group. Group A and B were fed on normal diet. Group C, D, and E were fed on a diet supplemented with whole Ajwa dates, flesh, and seed powder, respectively. Group B, C, D, and E were given isoniazid 50 mg/kg and rifampicin 100 mg/kg orally for 14 days. After the rabbits were sacrificed, hepatotoxic changes were examined histologically in all groups according to standard criteria. Results: Liver to body weight ratio was higher in disease group (B) as compared to the healthy control group A (p-value = 0.03), Ajwa flesh group D (p-value = 0.02) and Ajwa seed powder group E (p-value = 0.07). Differences between experimental groups were not statistically significant for both liver weight, and liver weight to body weight ratio. On histological examination, degeneration, necrosis, steatosis, triaditis, and fibrosis were seen in the disease group B while no such changes were observed in group C, D, and E. Conclusion: Ajwa dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) has a protective role against isoniazid and rifampicin-induced hepatocellular injury and fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Physalis peruviana (“uchuva”, Solanaceae) is a widespread species of the South American Andes and widely used in traditional medicine. Its fruits are consumed as food and for the treatment of diabetes. The juice of Physalis peruviana fruits is topically applied in the eyes for pterigyum treatment. Previous works reported that the fruit extracts has modulating activity of oxidative stress in experimental diabetes models induced by streptozotocin. It has been attributed antipyretic, antimicrobial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties to the calyces enveloping the fruit. Reported literature demonstrates in vivo and in vitro that different calyx’s extracts have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Objectives: To evaluate the in vivo hepatoprotective effect of the extract of Physalis peruviana calyces, involving inflammation and oxidative stress models at hepatic level. Methods: Hepatotoxicity was induced by single oral administration of CCl4 (2 mL / Kg in olive oil) in Wistar rats. Physalis peruviana extract (250 mg/Kg) and silymarin (200 mg/Kg), used as control drug, were administrated twice a day for five days. At the end of the experiment, animals were euthanized and the liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase were measured as well as some parameters of hepatic antioxidant status like superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation. Results: Extract of Physalis peruviana calyces inhibited significantly (p < 0.001) liver oxidative stress caused by CCl4, maintaining superoxide dismutase and catalase activities close to normal. Studied extract also reduced significantly liver enzymes levels increased by CCl4 administration. Conclusion: It was suggested that the extract of Physalis peruviana calyces presents a hepatoprotective effect related to its antioxidant activity, especially regarding to lipid peroxidation inhibition.