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Developing methods for increasing the immune reactivity and antioxidant potential of the bird's body during critical periods of growth is an urgent task today. The purpose of the research was to find out the influence of the synbiotic "Biomagn" in combination with the disinfectant "Diolide" on the intensity of the processes of peroxide oxidation of lipids and the activity of the system of antioxidant protection in the organism of chickens. The research was carried out on 2 groups of chickens, 100 in each, starting from 1 to 41 days of age: the control group was fed with standard compound feed (SCF); the chickens of the experimental group were fed with SCF, and the synbiotic preparation "Biomagn" based on 0.5 kg per ton of compound feed. The experimental group received a solution of the preparation "Diolide" with water. For conducting immunological research, blood was taken from chickens at different age periods: from 10-, 27-, 31-, and 41-day-old chickens. The use of the synbiotic preparation "Biomagn" in combination with the disinfectant "Diolide" in the chickens of the experimental group normalized the intensity of the processes of lipid peroxidation and oxidative modification of proteins in the poultry's organism - a decrease was established (p

Aim. To study the main pathogenetic mechanisms in the development of dystrophic-inflammatory periodontal diseases by analyzing scientific research results covered in current specialized literature. Material and methods. Searching, systematization, processing and analysis of scientific sources, which present modern theories of pathogenesis and development of dystrophic-inflammatory periodontal diseases. Results. The conducted data analysis from modern literary sources proves that the progression of dystrophic-inflammatory periodontal diseases depends not only on the development of local inflammation in the periodontal tissues caused by the dental plaque microflora, but also it is a reaction to the influence of systemic factors. They lead to profound changes in the body internal environment and, as a result, to structural damage of the periodontal tissues. At the same time, the results obtained do not allow the authors to clearly assess the nature of these relationships and require further in-depth studies. Conclusions. Understanding the pathogenetic mechanism of periodontal diseases allow developing optimal measures for their diagnosis, prevention and treatment.

Developing methods for increasing the immune reactivity and antioxidant potential of the bird's body during critical periods of growth is an urgent task today. The purpose of the research was to find out the influence of the synbiotic "Biomagn" in combination with the disinfectant "Diolide" on the intensity of the processes of peroxide oxidation of lipids and the activity of the system of antioxidant protection in the organism of chickens. The research was carried out on 2 groups of chickens, 100 in each, starting from 1 to 41 days of age: the control group was fed with standard compound feed (SCF); the chickens of the experimental group were fed with SCF, and the synbiotic preparation "Biomagn" based on 0.5 kg per ton of compound feed. The experimental group received a solution of the preparation "Diolide" with water. For conducting immunological research, blood was taken from chickens at different age periods: from 10-, 27-, 31-, and 41-day-old chickens. The use of the synbiotic preparation "Biomagn" in combination with the disinfectant "Diolide" in the chickens of the experimental group normalized the intensity of the processes of lipid peroxidation and oxidative modification of proteins in the poultry's organism - a decrease was established (P < .05-.001) in GPO content and TBK-active products and aldehyde derivatives oxidative modification of proteins in the blood compared to the control. The detected event was determined by increased activity of the enzyme link of the antioxidant protection system of the organism of chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. To study the main pathogenetic mechanisms in the development of dystrophic-inflammatory periodontal diseases by analyzing scientific research results covered in current specialized literature. Material and methods. Searching, systematization, processing and analysis of scientific sources, which present modern theories of pathogenesis and development of dystrophic-inflammatory periodontal diseases. Results. The conducted data analysis from modern literary sources proves that the progression of dystrophic-inflammatory periodontal diseases depends not only on the development of local inflammation in the periodontal tissues caused by the dental plaque microflora, but also it is a reaction to the influence of systemic factors. They lead to profound changes in the body internal environment and, as a result, to structural damage of the periodontal tissues. At the same time, the results obtained do not allow the authors to clearly assess the nature of these relationships and require further in-depth studies. Conclusions. Understanding the pathogenetic mechanism of periodontal diseases allow developing optimal measures for their diagnosis, prevention and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress is a state when the content of free radicals in a living organism is excessive. Molecules of free radical nature start a chain reaction that disrupts the integrity of cells, leading to their damage or death. The article examines the issue of intensification of oxidative stress processes and changes in the antioxidant defense system during the occurrence, development, and treatment of diseases of various etiologies. The principles of antioxidant/prooxidant balance regulation at the physiological and biochemical levels in living organisms are discussed. It was determined that the phenomenon of oxidative stress, as a completely special type of stress, is mediated by free radicals that have a destructive effect on the membranes of living cells. Free radical molecules are damaging agents for nucleic acids, proteins and lipids. The leading role in biological systems is played by oxygen free radicals, namely superoxide anion. The system of antioxidant protection, which prevents the harmful effects of oxidative stress on living organisms, is described in detail. The work describes the components of the antioxidant protection system, such as electron acceptors – vitamins E and K3; acceptors of superoxide radical anions – methionine, cysteine; scavengers of hydroxyl radicals – aliphatic alcohols; factors for detoxification of toxic products of lipid peroxidation, tocopherol, ionol, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase system, chelators of metals with variable valence (complexons) and others. According to the nature and mechanism of action, antioxidant protection agents are divided into hydrophilic and hydrophobic, enzymatic (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase system, glutathione, ascorbic acid, adrenaline, serotonin, tocopherols, retinoids, flavonoids, phospholipids, ceruloplasmin) and non-enzymatic factors. It is noted that in the human body, oxidative stress is the cause or an important component of many serious diseases, such as oncological pathologies, neurodegenerative processes (atherosclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease), diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as aging. Although in some cases, oxidative stress can act as a protective mechanism in the body. Thus, the human immune system uses oxidative stress to fight pathogens, and some reactive oxygen species can serve as mediators in signal transmission during the immune response. Therefore, the biochemical mechanism of the development of many diseases of different etiology is closely related to disturbances in the antioxidant defense system and the occurrence of oxidative stress.

Alimentary infertility is becoming increasingly important due to the toxic effects of mycotoxins, especially zearalenone and deoxynivalenol, which leads to a decrease in the efficiency of the cattle breeding industry, so it is necessary to examine this problem. The purpose of the study was to identify the effect of the complex use of sorbents, acidifiers, and aromatase inhibitors on the reproductive capacity of cows in mycotoxicosis. During the study, clinical methods (general examination) and biochemical methods (serum content of calcium, magnesium, urea, total and direct bilirubin, malonic dialaldehyde, aminotransferase activity) were used. Cows were divided into two groups: the first group was a control group, where no treatment was used, and cows of the second group received a comprehensive treatment method. A decrease in the level of calcium to 1.68±0.53 mmol/L, phosphorus – 0.98±0.16, selenium – 0.64±0.1 mmol/L, an increase in the level of magnesium to 1.15±0.17 mmol/L, an increase in aspartate aminotransferase to 121.33±3.91 units, alataminotransferase to 79.31±6.53 units, and total bilirubin to 10.21±0.55 mmol/l, malone aldehyde up to 8.27±0.41 mmol/L, and ceruloplasmin up to mmol/L 2.14±0.39 in chronic mycotoxicosis caused by zearalenone and deoxynivalenol. When using a complex treatment regimen for animals, a substantial change and approximation to the reference levels of selenium, creatinine, AST, ALT, malonic aldehyde, and ceruloplasmin were established. The use of the proposed treatment regimen increases the fertilising capacity of cows after the 1st calving by 18.15%, cows aged 3-4 years – 30.12%, and cows of the older age group – by 40.47%. A complex method of treatment of cows for mycotoxicosis caused by zearalenone is proposed using an acidifier based on organic acids, a sorbent based on celeolite and an aromatase inhibitor, which can be used in livestock farms for the production of milk and meat of various forms of ownership to restore and normalise the reproductive ability of cows

The aim of the study was to find out the effect of adding nanocitrate of Mn, Zn and Cu to the diluent for ram spermatozoa cryopreservation on its quality and ability for fertilizing. The experiment was carried out on six clinically healthy breeder 2–4-year-old rams of the Texel breed. The received ejaculates of the rams were evaluated for the volume, sperm concentration and motility and then divided into control and experimental groups. Control sperm samples were diluted with lactose-yolk-tris-citrate-glycerin medium (LYTCGM). Nanocitrates of microelements were added to the medium in experimental samples of ram sperm in the following doses: Zn2+ and Mn2+ — 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 μg/l, Cu2+ — 1.25, 2.5 and 3.75 μg/l. The diluted sperm was packaged in straws, equilibrated for 2.5 h and frozen. After thawing of sperm we determined motility, survival of sperm, activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome oxidase (CO), activity of antioxidant protection enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (HPO) and catalase (CAT). A dose-dependent effect of Mn, Zn, and Cu nanocitrates upon their addition to LYTCGM was established. Addition of nanocitrates of Mn, Zn to LYTCGM at a dose of 5.0 μg/l increased sperm motility by 22.2% (P

Microorganisms are exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are formed in various ways, in particular, as a result of respiration or other intracellular processes, during metal-catalyzed Fenton reactions, as a result of the action of UV- and X-radiation, under the influence of some antimicrobial drugs, or during the host immune oxidative-burst response against infection agents. In this review, we take a look at the mechanisms of microbial cell damage, including damage of lipids and proteins. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) is one of the main molecular mechanisms involved in oxidative damage to cellular structures. A variety of products are formed during LPO reactions: alkoxyl radicals, peroxyl radicals, hydroperoxides, diene conjugates, carbonyl compounds, aldehyde adducts with biopolymers, alcohols, esters, etc. These products include cytotoxic and highly reactive compounds. Free radical reactions of protein damage occur via hydrogen atom abstraction from α-carbon or SH-, NH2-groups of aminoacids and electron abstraction from nucleophile centers of proteins resulting in the fragmentation of proteins, their denaturation and the formation of amino acid radicals. Bacteria show a significant adaptive potential to the influence of stress agents, including ROS. We summarized the data on bacterial antioxidant protection, ROS redox sensors, and regulators of bacterial cell response to ROS exposure, focusing on the features of anaerobic microorganisms, as their responses to the oxidative damage are the least studied, and many problems remain unsolved. This review contains information about changes in fatty acid composition of lipids of the plasma membrane to maintain the necessary fluidity, and, thus, counteract the effects of various stressing agents, including ROS. The main modifications of the fatty acid composition of lipids important for the regulation of membrane fluidity are described, in particular, via changes in the degree of lipid saturation, cis/trans isomerization, and synthesis of cyclopropane fatty acids.

Oxidative stress is a state when the content of free radicals in a living organism is excessive. Molecules of free radical nature start a chain reaction that disrupts the integrity of cells, leading to their damage or death. The article examines the issue of intensification of oxidative stress processes and changes in the antioxidant defense system during the occurrence, development, and treatment of diseases of various etiologies. The principles of antioxidant/prooxidant balance regulation at the physiological and biochemical levels in living organisms are discussed. It was determined that the phenomenon of oxidative stress, as a completely special type of stress, is mediated by free radicals that have a destructive effect on the membranes of living cells. Free radical molecules are damaging agents for nucleic acids, proteins and lipids. The leading role in biological systems is played by oxygen free radicals, namely superoxide anion. The system of antioxidant protection, which prevents the harmful effects of oxidative stress on living organisms, is described in detail. The work describes the components of the antioxidant protection system, such as electron acceptors – vitamins E and K3; acceptors of superoxide radical anions – methionine, cysteine; scavengers of hydroxyl radicals – aliphatic alcohols; factors for detoxification of toxic products of lipid peroxidation, tocopherol, ionol, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase system, chelators of metals with variable valence (complexons) and others. According to the nature and mechanism of action, antioxidant protection agents are divided into hydrophilic and hydrophobic, enzymatic (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase system, glutathione, ascorbic acid, adrenaline, serotonin, tocopherols, retinoids, flavonoids, phospholipids, ceruloplasmin) and non-enzymatic factors. It is noted that in the human body, oxidative stress is the cause or an important component of many serious diseases, such as oncological pathologies, neurodegenerative processes (atherosclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease), diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as aging. Although in some cases, oxidative stress can act as a protective mechanism in the body. Thus, the human immune system uses oxidative stress to fight pathogens, and some reactive oxygen species can serve as mediators in signal transmission during the immune response. Therefore, the biochemical mechanism of the development of many diseases of different etiology is closely related to disturbances in the antioxidant defense system and the occurrence of oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the biochemical components and the parameters of antioxidant protection in the seminal plasma (SP) of boars, as well as their relationship with semen quality parameters. Thirty-six boars were included in the study, whose ejaculates were divided into two groups: Group I (good quality semen, > 70% progressively motile sperm, < 20% spermatozoa with abnormal morphology, n = 16), and Group II (poor quality semen, < 70% progressively motile sperm, > 20% spermatozoa with abnormal morphology, n = 20). Significantly higher concentrations of ionized calcium (iCa), total cholesterol (TC), lactate-dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, as well as significantly higher values ​​of antioxidant protection parameters: thiol groups (-SH), paraoxonase 1 (PON1), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)) were found in the good quality semen, while higher phosphorus (P) concentrations and increased alkaline-phosphatase (ALP) activity were found in the semen of poor quality. A negative correlation of total and progressive sperm motility with P and ALP was found in all examined semen samples, while a positive correlation was found with PON1 and TAC. The percentage of fast sperm cells positively correlated with iCa, chlorine (Cl), lactate, LDH and TAC, while a negative correlation was found with P, magnesium (Mg) and the enzyme creatine-kinase (CK). The percentage of immobile sperm positively correlated with P and ALP, and negatively correlated with TC, CK, PON1 and TAC. Elevated values ​​of PON1 and TAC in SP and a positive correlation with sperm motility indicate the possible use of these parameters as sensitive biomarkers of boar semen quality. To the best of our knowledge there are no published data on association between PON1 activity and boar semen quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antioxidant defense system can be stimulated by growth regulators in plants when they are under stress, such as exposure to pathogens. There are a lot of natural growth regulators on the market, but no research has been carried out yet to determine how effective they are. This field and laboratory study examines the impact of two commonly used Russian growth regulators, Crezacin and Zircon, along with artificial infection with Fusarium culmorum on the antioxidant system of naked oat. The results show that, compared to the control, Crezacin-treated plants had higher contents of low molecular weight fructose and nonenzymatic antioxidants like proline, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids. Zircon-treated plants had a lower content of proline, carbohydrates, and lower total antioxidant activity than the control plants. The obtained data show that Crezacin treatment mainly affected nonenzymatic systems of the antioxidant defense. This treatment was more successful than the Zircon application, which did not show any appreciable effectiveness and was typically associated with an improvement in oat productivity. The treatment with growth regulators and a fungal suspension performed at the flowering phase provided the best effect on the biochemical parameters and productivity of naked oats. Moreover, oat treatment with the pathogen promoted the reproductive capabilities of the plants, while growth regulators helped in avoiding infectious stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To increase the sexual activity and sperm quality of rams during the period of sexual rest, it is necessary to increase the consumption rates of vitamins and microelements to the level of the mating season. The aim of the work was to find out the effect of feeding a liposomal vitamin-mineral supplement on the quality parameters of ram sperm during the period of sexual rest. The experiment was conducted on 12 clinically healthy Texel rams, aged 2–4 years, during the period of sexual rest (March–May). Animals were divided into two groups: control and experimental, 6 heads each. The control rams received the basic diet, the animals of the experimental group were individually added to the combined feed for 45 days with a feed additive in the form of a liposomal emulsion, which included: vitamins A, D3, E, C and zinc gluconate. After the end of supplement feeding, ejaculates were collected from the rams for research. The motility, kinetic indicators of sperm, the activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome oxidase (CO) in sperm, as well as the activity of antioxidant protection enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPO) and catalase (CAT) were determined. It was established that feeding liposomal vitamin-mineral supplement to rams during the period of sexual rest significantly (P < 0.05) increases sperm activity, their kinetic indicators: curvilinear (VCL), straight-line (VSL) and average speed (VAP) of sperm movement (P < 0.05–0.001), the activity of enzymes – markers of the fertilizing capacity of SDH and CO sperm (P < 0.05– 0.001). At the same time, there was a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the activity of SOD with a simultaneous significant (by 23.3–25.0 %) increase in the activity of GPO and CAT (P < 0.01). Higher indicators of the quality of ejaculates of rams under the influence of vitamins A, D3, E, C and zinc gluconate indicate the possibility of obtaining high-quality sperm from breeding rams during the period of sexual rest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertension presents one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular diseases which are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Structural and mechanical changes of the heart and blood vessels as well as overproduction of reactive oxygen species may occur due to the increased blood pressure. Therewith, the goal of our study was to estimate the effects and duration of swimming as a possible therapy approach on blood pressure and oxidative stress parameters in normotensive and hypertensive rats. The study was conducted on 60 male Wistar albino rats divided into two groups, normotensive and hypertensive rats. Each of these groups was divided into three subgroups according to the swimming protocol. The swimming training was kept constant (60 min/day, for five days a week) with two days of rest. After six or nine weeks of the swimming protocol, blood pressure and oxidative stress markers were measured. The control group rats were put in water for one minute a day, in order to avoid water-induced stress. Training significantly reduced systolic blood pressure in hypertensive rats, while diastolic pressure did not change in the group that swam six or nine weeks. The results showed that swimming increases the activity of all measured antioxidative parameters, while values of prooxidants varied depending on the training protocol. Our results confirmed that swimming, as an aerobic exercise, decreases blood pressure and has time-dependent positive system adaptations, especially on the antioxidant parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors investigated the antioxidant properties of the gel with tricolor violet extract when used in rats with an experimental pаrodontitis model. To simulate periodontal pathology, white laboratory rats were given a solution of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (2%) daily with drinking water and three times a week; the drug "Warfarin Orion" was administered per os for 30 days. Animals were randomly divided into four equal groups of 10 each. Group 1 - intact rats; group 2 - rats with a model of pаrodontitis; group 3 - rats with a model and applications on the mucous membrane of the alveolar process gel "Placebo". Group 4 - rats with a pаrodontitis model and applications on the mucous membrane of the alveolar process of the gel with the violet extract. In periodontal tissues and blood serum, we studied the level of inflammation markers - malondialdehyde (MDA) and diene conjugation. The state of the antioxidant defense system (AODS) was also assessed by the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GP), glutathione reductase (GR), glucose6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase. The pаrodontitis model in rats of the 2nd group was characterized by the development of inflammatory processes in periodontal tissues and blood, which is confirmed by changes in the pro- and antioxidant protection system. In rats of the 4th group, the content of MDA was restored in periodontal tissues. The state of the AOP system was normalized (decrease in the activity of SOD and catalase to the values of group 1), the tension in the glutathioneantioxidant defense system disappeared (the activity of GP decreased, and the activity of GR and G-6-PDH increased to the level control). In the blood serum, the content of MDA significantly reduced, and the level of DC remained higher than in group 1.In contrast, stabilization of the activity of marker enzymes of glutathione-antioxidant protection in blood serum (GP, GR, G-6-PDH) was noted with significant activation of the activity of SOD and catalase, with stabilization of SOD and catalase. Conclusion. The periodontal protective effectiveness of the gel with tricolor violet was established, as evidenced by the restoration of the state of protective antioxidant systems and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation processes both directly in the periodontal tissues and at the system level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was aimed to examine the effects of the Biophosphomag medication on biochemical parameters of blood under induced oxidative stress in rats. For this purpose, we used 24 animals weighing 200±20 g. The animals were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals in each one and kept on a standard diet with access to water ad libitum. The 1st group was an intact control without oxidative stress and its correction; the 2nd was a control with induced oxidative stress and without its correction. The 3rd group received a 1% solution of magnesium sulfate intragastrically. The animals of the 4th group were administered Biophosphomag (a combined medication of magnesium and phosphorus based on casein) in a dose equivalent to magnesium sulfate by magnesium. Oxidative stress was induced with a single intragastric administration of paracetamol. The results of the serum analysis after the intake of medication showed, on the one hand, a decrease in the activity of the enzymes: alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, α-amylase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose and TBA-active compounds concentration (P

The article presents a study of glutathione peroxidase (GPO) isozymes content in ovarian tissue under various physiological and pathological states of cow gonads. The ovarian tissue of 12 cows in different physiological conditions were selected for research, from which homogenates were prepared. The content of isozymes was determined in the supernatant after centrifugation by electrophoresis. After electrophoresis in a 7.5 % polyacrylamide gel and specific staining of the plates according to Lin C. L. and Weydert C. J., 5 bands of catalytically active isozymes of the enzyme (GPO1, GPO2, GPO3, GPO4, and GPO5) were established. They differed in electrophoretic mobility, intensity, and area of band staining. It has been proven that depending on the physiological state of the ovaries, the content of individual isozymes in the gonad tissue changed. In particular, it was found that the content of GPO1 for “late corpus luteum” and “follicular growth” was almost the same, and was in the range of 14.2–15.6 %, and for “early corpus luteum” it was 8.7–10.1 % lower (Р < 0.01). The content of GPO2 was high in “early corpus luteum” (19.9 ± 6.42 %), and in “late corpus luteum” and “follicular growth” it was lower on 11.0–13.2 % (Р < 0.01). The content of GPO3 during “follicular growth” and “early corpus luteum” was within 50.1–51.2 %, and during “late” it decreased on 4.5–5.6 %. According to changes in the physiological state of the ovary in the tissue of “late corpus luteum”, the content of GPO4 was the highest (26.0 ± 2.40 %), and under “follicular growth” and “early corpus luteum” it was lower on 10.2 (Р < 0.05) and 12.9 % (Р < 0.01), respectively. A high content of GPO5 was established in the ovarian tissue of “follicular growth” (10.8 ± 2.00 %), which tended to decrease by 2.8 % and by 4.8 %, respectively, in “early” and “late corpus luteum”. For ovarian tissue with hypofunction, compared to physiological conditions, a probable decrease in the content of the following isozymes was registered: GPO1 by 1.2–11.3 % (Р < 0.01), GPO4 – 6.8–19.7 % (Р < 0 .01) and GPO5 – 2.7–7.5 % (Р < 0.01), while the content of GPO3, on the contrary, increased by 23.6–29.2 % (Р < 0.05– 0.01). The study of the dependence of the content of enzyme isozymes on different conditions of the gonad showed that the correlation ratio for the content of GPO isozymes in ovarian tissue under physiological conditions and hypofunction: medium strength was negative for GPO2 and GPO3 (η = 0.473 and 0.530), positive for GPO5 (η = 0.481 ), and strongly positive for GPO1 and GPO4 (η = 0.740 and 0.746). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to develop a system for predicting the probability of developing damage of the central nervoussystem (CNS) in the neonatal period in children who was born prematurely. Materials and methods: the main group of the study is premature newborns with gestational age (GA) less than 36 weeks inclusive (n = 60), the control group – fullterm newborns (n = 35). In the process of dynamic observation, the main group was divided into subgroups depending on the diagnosed CNS injury in the neonatal period, according to the neurosonography (intraventricular hemorrhages (IVH), periventricular leukomalacia (PVL): subgroup 1 (prematurity babies with CNS injury) – 25 people, subgroup 2 (premature babies without CNS injury) – 35 people. we estimated clinical and anamnestic, laboratory and instrumental data of children at birth and in dynamics, indicators of antioxidant protection (manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), copper, zinc-containing superoxide dismutase (Cu, Zn-SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), total antioxidant capacity of blood (TAS/TAC), oxidative stress (TOS/TOC), 4 polymorphisms of Mn-SOD gene. Results: we designed two prognostic models which can determine the probability of developing IVH and PVL in the neonatal period in premature newborns. This models are included GA, Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes of life, presence of respiratory failure at birth, invasive mechanical ventilation in the neonatal period, presence of intrauterine infection in the neonatal period and indicators of antioxidant protection (GSH, TAS/TAC; model 2). Conclusions: a comprehensive assessment of the clinical and anamnestic data of premature newborns at birth, as well as the determination of indicators that take into account the level of antioxidant protection, will make it possible to identify a premature baby at the risk for organic injury of the CNS and to correct the therapeutic strategies in the neonatal period.

Physalis peruviana L. is one of the most favorable tropical fruit due to its fast growth and nutritional properties. The current research outlined the response to drought stress of golden berry plants inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Claroideoglomus claroideum and propagated in vitro as well as from seeds. The implementation of mycorrhizal symbiosis was determined by root colonization, glomalin content, and alkaline and acid phosphatases in roots and soil. The plant protection was assured by enzyme and non-enzyme antioxidants. The adapted in vitro propagated plants demonstrated higher resistance to drought than plants developed from seeds indicated by increased growth parameters (shoot, root biomass, fruit number), plastid pigment content, antioxidant activity, and less enhance mentofoxidative markers levels in water-deficient conditions. The findings in the present research are relevant to obtain the optimal mycorrhizal association and type of propagation in an adverse environment for golden berry development and will lead to the establishment of a database and model of varied plant responses to stressful conditions such as drought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to study the main indicators of free radical oxidation and antioxidant protection in the blood plasma of former athletes, depending on the period of cessation of sports.Materials and methods: 24 former male athletes aged 19‒29 years were examined, who were divided into 2 groups of 12 people each (1st group — former athletes who stopped training for up to 2 years; 2nd — over 2 years). The control group consisted of 15 practically healthy untrained student volunteers of the same age. To study the state of free radical oxidation, we used the determination of the content of active products of thiobarbituric acid by reaction with thiobarbituric acid, spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 535 nm. Determination of diene conjugates was carried out in the heptane phase after preliminary extraction with a heptane-isopropanol mixture at a wavelength of 233 nm.Results: the direction of the shifts in the state of the oxidative balance was established depending on the period of detraining. The concentration of malondialdehyde in former athletes of the 1st group increased by 38.6 %. In the study of the content of diene conjugates, the staging of changes in the studied indicator was established with the maximum values in the former athletes of the 1st group and lower in the 2nd, exceeding the value of this indicator in the control group by 8.0 %.Conclusions: the obtained data can be recommended for monitoring the state of athletes who stopped playing sports and taken into account when prescribing rehabilitation measures for the corresponding contingent.

Introduction: The purpose of this experiment is to examine the effect of different oligosaccharides with proven prebiotic effects on enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism and the antioxidant protection of erythrocytes in vitro under conditions of hyperglycemia. Materials and methods: This experiment included 10 healthy men (27±3 years of age). The isolated erythrocytes were treated with 1% and 5% solutions of the following oligosaccharides: lactulose, inulin, galactooligosaccharide and fructooligosaccharide in the presence of 5mM, 50mM and 100mM glucose. After incubation, for 2 hours at 37 °C, the erythrocytes were lysed, and the supernatant was used for analyses of lactate dehydrogenase, hexokinase and glutathione reductase. FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) method was used for determining the total antioxidant activity of erythrocytes. Results: Lactate dehydrogenase was decreased in the presence of 5% lactulose in groups with 50mM and 100 mM Glc. An increase in the activity of glutathione reductase under severe hyperglycemia (100mM glucose) was observed after treatment with: 1% lactulose, 1% inulin, 1% galactooligosaccharide, 1% and 5% fructooligosaccharides (p

The aim of our study was to evaluate the clinical-anamnestic, serological, immunological and biochemical tests used for early diagnostics of gastric cancer associated with Helicobacter pylori infection in the adult population of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Materials and methods. The control group consisted of 104 apparently healthy blood donors, the comparison group – 97 patients with chronic atrophic gastritis as well as a group of patients with early gastric cancer comprising 98 subjects. Assessment of monocyte and neutrophil spontaneous and induced chemiluminescence (CL) was carried out on a 36-channel biochemiluminometer BLM-3607. Phagocytosis was measured by using a Beckman Coulter FC 500 flow cytometer. A Varian Cary Eclipse spectrofluorometer was used to study lipid peroxidation and factors of the antioxidant defense system. Results and discussion. While studying the phagocytic arm of immunity, it was found that all patients with early gastric cancer were reported to have parameters of the maximum intensity for neutrophil spontaneous CL from 17 831 c.u. and lower, whereas induced CL reached at least 30 000 c.u. Phagocytic activity of neutrophilic granulocytes in patients with early gastric cancer was 36% or less. While studying the indicators of monocytes, it was found that spontaneous and induced CL decreased from 454 c.u. and 1186 c.u., respectively, in the patients with early gastric cancer. Monocytic activity in early gastric cancer was 34% or less. In the study of lipid peroxidation, an antioxidant defense in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer had increased malondialdehyde (MDA) level. Patients with gastric cancer had decreased activity of the enzyme catalase (CAT), whereas subjects with chronic atrophic gastritis had reduced glutathione peroxidase (GPO) level. In contrast, patients with early gastric cancer were featured with increased GPO activity. We have proposed coefficients for assessing the factors of the antioxydant defence system in patients: the ratio for superoxide dismutase to catalase activity (SOD/CAT) as well as the ratio for superoxide dismutase to glutathione peroxidase activity (SOD/GPO). Conclusion. During the study, threshold values of parameters were obtained for assigning groups at high risk of developing early gastric cancer, which can be used for screening in adult population.

Objective: to study the main indicators of free radical oxidation and antioxidant protection in the erythrocytes of former athletes, depending on the period of termination of sports.Materials and methods: 24 former male athletes aged 19–29 years were examined, who were divided into 2 groups of 12 people each (1st group — former athletes who stopped training for up to 2 years; 2nd — over 2 years). The control group consisted of 15 practically healthy untrained student volunteers of the same age. In erythrocytes, spectrophotometrically (spectrophotometer Shimadzu 1240, Japan), the activity of antioxidant enzymes was determined: superoxide dismutase (SOD) (K.F. 1.15.1.1) — by inhibiting the reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium by superoxide anion radical at λ = 540 nm, after preliminary processing of erythrocytes by the method of Dubinina E.E. and others [8]; catalase (K.F. 1.11.1.6) — according to the rate of utilization of hydrogen peroxide at λ = 260 nm; glutathione peroxidase (HP) (KF 1.11.1.9) — by the change in the content of reduced glutathione in samples before and after incubation of the substrate with dithiobis-nitrobenzoic acid at λ = 412 nm; glutathione reductase (GR) (K.F. 1.6.4.2) — according to the catalytic NADPH ∙ H+-dependent transformation of the oxidized form of glutathione into the reduced form, the intensity of which was estimated by the rate of decrease in the extinction of samples at λ = 340 nm, at which the NADPH H+ solution has a maximum light absorption (Warburg test).Results: the direction of the shifts in the state of the oxidative balance was established depending on the period of detraining. A significantly lower value of the total antioxidant activity was revealed in the former athletes of the 1st group. This phenomenon is probably associated with a decrease in the efficiency of the enzymatic link of the antioxidant defense in the absence of regular physical exertion, and, as a consequence, an increased consumption of non-enzymatic antioxidants. It was found that the early post-sports period is characterized by significantly lower, in comparison with the control group, the values of the activity of the first-order enzymes (superoxide dismutase) against the background of the increased activity of the second-order enzymes (catalase).Conclusions: the obtained data can be recommended for monitoring the state of athletes who stopped playing sports and taken into account when prescribing rehabilitation measures for the corresponding contingent.

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a fundamental antioxidant enzyme that neutralises superoxide ions, one of the main reactive oxygen species (ROS). Extremophile organisms possess enzymes that offer high stability and catalytic performances under a wide range of conditions, thus representing an exceptional source of biocatalysts useful for industrial processes. In this study, SODs from the thermo-halophilic Aeropyrum pernix (SODAp) and the thermo-acidophilic Saccharolobus solfataricus (SODSs) were heterologously expressed in transgenic tomato cell cultures. Cell extracts enriched with SODAp and SODSs showed a remarkable resistance to salt and low pHs, respectively, together with optimal activity at high temperatures. Moreover, the treatment of tuna fillets with SODAp-extracts induced an extension of the shelf-life of this product without resorting to the use of illicit substances. The results suggested that the recombinant plant extracts enriched with the extremozymes could find potential applications as dietary supplements in the nutrition sector or as additives in the food preservation area, representing a more natural and appealing alternative to chemical preservatives for the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the high toxicity of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) derivatives, such as 6PPD quinone (6PPDQ) to salmon, as well as their ubiquitous presence in the environment, the contaminant of aquatic food products has drawn significant attention. However, analytical methods for p-Phenylenediamines (PPDs) and their transformation products (TPs) in aquatic products remain underdeveloped. In particular, the degradation of some compounds and strong matrix effects complicate detection. In this study, we present a stable, rapid, and sensitive method combining salt-out assisted extraction, antioxidant protection, and multi-plug filtration clean-up (m-PFC) to detect two PPDs and five TPs in aquatic products. Crucially, the appropriate selection of antioxidants prevented the degradation of the easily oxidized target compounds. Further, the m-PFC method significantly enhanced the purification efficiency, achieving satisfactory recoveries (62.1-115 %), and method detection limits (MDLs) ranging from 0.00300 to 0.400 μg/kg. Subsequently, the method was applied to monitor PPDs and their TPs in aquatic products systematically, revealing the presence of 6PPD and N-isopropyl-N'-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (IPPD) in white shrimp from aquafarms, whereas none of the seven target analytes were detected in fish and crab samples. These findings contribute to the detection of PPDs, their TPs and other unstable chemicals in aquatic products, thereby providing insights into their concentrations in these products., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The effects of Mn 2+ -, Zn 2+ - or Cu 2+ -nanosuccinate added to freezing extender on select post-thaw semen characteristics were determined in six Texel rams (aged 2-4 years) during seasonal anestrus (April-May). Ejaculates (n = 6 per ram) collected into an artificial vagina were divided into ten isovolumetric fractions each. Semen was diluted in lactose-yolk-tris-citrate-glycerin medium and nanosuccinates (Mn 2+ - and Zn 2+ -nanosuccinate: 0.0 (control), 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 μg/l; Cu 2+ -nanosuccinate: 0.0 (control), 1.25, 2.5 and 3.75 μg/l) were added to semen extender. Extended semen was loaded into 0.25-ml straws and frozen in liquid nitrogen. After thawing, sperm motility parameters were determined with computer assisted semen analysis (CASA), and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) was measured with a spectrophotometric technique. The addition of 5.0 μg/l of Mn 2+ - and Zn 2+ -nanosuccinate significantly increased the sperm progressive motility and both 2.5 and 5.0 μg/l improved sperm motion kinetics. Further, both nanosuccinates at a dose of 5.0 μg/l significantly decreased SOD activity and stimulated an increase in GPx and CAT activity in semen samples. Alternatively, the addition of Cu 2+ -nanosuccinate (highest dose) significantly reduced the progressive motility and velocity of ram spermatozoa, increased the percentage of sperm with acrosomal/head defects and seminal SOD activity, and depressed CAT (highest dose) and GPx (all doses) activity. In summary, the addition of Mn 2+ - and Zn 2+ -nanosuccinate to semen extender had beneficial effects on sperm motility/motion kinetics and structural integrity, whereas Cu 2+ -nanosuccinate generally had debilitating effects on the post-thaw semen characteristics in rams., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. All co-authors have read and approved the contents of this manuscript, and there is no financial or other interest to report. We certify that this submission is an original work and is not under review at any other journal or with another publisher., (Copyright © 2024 Society for Biology of Reproduction & the Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The antioxidant defense system can be stimulated by growth regulators in plants when they are under stress, such as exposure to pathogens. There are a lot of natural growth regulators on the market, but no research has been carried out yet to determine how effective they are. This field and laboratory study examines the impact of two commonly used Russian growth regulators, Crezacin and Zircon, along with artificial infection with Fusarium culmorum on the antioxidant system of naked oat. The results show that, compared to the control, Crezacin-treated plants had higher contents of low molecular weight fructose and nonenzymatic antioxidants like proline, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids. Zircon-treated plants had a lower content of proline, carbohydrates, and lower total antioxidant activity than the control plants. The obtained data show that Crezacin treatment mainly affected nonenzymatic systems of the antioxidant defense. This treatment was more successful than the Zircon application, which did not show any appreciable effectiveness and was typically associated with an improvement in oat productivity. The treatment with growth regulators and a fungal suspension performed at the flowering phase provided the best effect on the biochemical parameters and productivity of naked oats. Moreover, oat treatment with the pathogen promoted the reproductive capabilities of the plants, while growth regulators helped in avoiding infectious stress.

The authors investigated the antioxidant properties of the gel with tricolor violet extract when used in rats with an experimental pаrodontitis model. To simulate periodontal pa-thology, white laboratory rats were given a solution of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (2%) daily with drinking water and three times a week; the drug "Warfarin Orion" was administered per os for 30 days. Animals were randomly divided into four equal groups of 10 each. Group 1 - intact rats; group 2 - rats with a model of pаrodontitis; group 3 - rats with a model and applications on the mucous membrane of the alveolar process gel "Pla-cebo". Group 4 - rats with a pаrodontitis model and applications on the mucous mem-brane of the alveolar process of the gel with the violet extract. In periodontal tissues and blood serum, we studied the level of inflammation markers - malondialdehyde (MDA) and diene conjugation. The state of the antioxidant defense system (AODS) was also assessed by the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GP), glutathione reductase (GR), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase. The pаro-dontitis model in rats of the 2nd group was characterized by the development of inflam-matory processes in periodontal tissues and blood, which is confirmed by changes in the pro- and antioxidant protection system. In rats of the 4th group, the content of MDA was restored in periodontal tissues. The state of the AOP system was normalized (decrease in the activity of SOD and catalase to the values of group 1), the tension in the glutathione-antioxidant defense system disappeared (the activity of GP decreased, and the activity of GR and G-6-PDH increased to the level control). In the blood serum, the content of MDA significantly reduced, and the level of DC remained higher than in group 1.In contrast, sta-bilization of the activity of marker enzymes of glutathione-antioxidant protection in blood serum (GP, GR, G-6-PDH) was noted with significant activation of the activity of SOD and catalase, with stabilization of SOD and catalase. Conclusion. The periodontal protective effectiveness of the gel with tricolor violet was es-tablished, as evidenced by the restoration of the state of protective antioxidant systems and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation processes both directly in the periodontal tissues and at the system level.

We studied the effect of the combined action of ionizing radiation and induced immobilization stress on the lipid peroxidation process and antioxidant protection of organs (mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, adrenal glands, thymus, and liver) and immune cels - the blood lymphocytes. Results were obtained on the role of free-radical oxidation in combination with exposure to ionizing radiation and immobilization stress at an early stage in the experiment. Gamma radiation in the acute period resulted in significant changes in lipoperoxidation and antioxidant systems. The first period of immobilization stress was marked by the imbalance of LPO-AOS systems disturbance with an accumulation of toxic compounds in tissues which had affected their function. The combined sublethal gamma radiation and immobilization stress disturbed the functional activity of adaptive systems of the body in the early stage of adaptation syndrome. Furthermore, the results show the dominant role of ionizing radiation in it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melatonin (MT) plays an important role in plant response to abiotic stress. In recent years, lead (Pb) pollution has seriously affected the living environment of plants. In this study, we applied two different concentrations of MT to naked oat seedlings under Pb stress to explore the effect of MT on naked oat seedlings under Pb pollution. The results showed that Pb stress seriously inhibited the growth and development of naked oat seedlings, which was alleviated by MT. MT could increase the soluble protein content and decrease the proline content of naked oat seedlings to maintain the osmotic balance of naked oat seedlings. The application of MT could accelerate the removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and improve the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), so as to maintain the redox balance in naked oat seedlings. Exogenous melatonin could significantly increase the chlorophyll content of naked oat seedlings under Pb treatment, so as to improve the photosynthesis efficiency of naked oat seedlings. MT could also remarkably up regulate the expression of the genes of LOX, POX and Asmap1, and affect the expression of transcription factors NAC and WRKY1. It might regulate the expression of downstream genes through MAPKs pathways and TFs to improve the Pb tolerance of naked oat seedlings. These results proved that MT could significantly promote the growth and development of naked oats seedlings under Pb stress, which is expected to be applied in agricultural production practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. To investigate the effect of consumption of diets with different content of fat and sugar on the state of the periodontium of rats.Methods. The rats received a semi-synthetic fat-free diet (FFD), a fat diet (5 % sunflower oil), and a sucrose diet (50 % sucrose) for 30 days. Determined the degree of periodontal atrophy, tooth decay and in the gum homogenate - the activity of elastase, catalase, urease, lysozyme and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA).Results. Sugar diet increases the degree of periodontal atrophy and tooth decay, but decreases elastase activity in the gums and increases catalase activity. Fat diet does not affect periodontal atrophy and tooth decay, but it reduces catalase activity.Conclusion. The increase in the intensity of caries and periodontal atrophy under the influence of a sucrose diet is probably due to the stimulation of the formation of lactic acid. Fat nutrition does not affect the intensity of dental caries and the degree of periodontal atrophy.

Oxidative stress is one of the leading causes of sperm dysfunction. Excessive amounts of reactive oxygen species can damage sperm membranes and disrupt their DNA integrity, which affects not only the likelihood of getting pregnant naturally, but also the clinical outcomes of assisted reproductive technologies and the risk of miscarriage. Sperm cells are extremely vulnerable to oxidative stress, given the limited functional reserve of their antioxidant systems and the DNA repair apparatus. Lifestyle factors, most of which are modifiable, often trigger generation of reactive oxygen species. Both the lifestyle modification and use of antioxidant dietary supplements are adequate and compatible ways to combat male oxidative stress-associated infertility. The search for other internal and external sources of reactive oxygen species, the identification of the etiology of oxidative stress and treatment of respective diseases are necessary for the successful regulation of redox processes in the male reproductive system in clinical practice, which is required not only to overcome infertility, but also to prevent induced epigenetic disorders in subsequent generations. The article presents the analysis of the molecular mechanisms of male idiopathic infertility. The authors provide an overview of how to prevent oxidative stress as one of the causes of subfebrile fever. The article provides an overview of modern therapeutics, as well as the options for eliminating the consequences of the effect of reactive oxygen species on spermatogenesis and male reproductive system in general.

There has been an increase the prevalence of andrological diseases in all age groups in recent decades, including those with comorbid conditions such as pathology of the cardiovascular system and liver, which are manifestations of metabolic syndrome. Research aim: to investigate the relationship between formation of hepatic steatosis and hypoandrogenism (HA) in adolescent boys. Materials and methods. The study involved 42 adolescent boys aged 14–18 years with laboratory confirmed HA in whom total testosterone levels were less than 12.0 nmol/l. Sex hormones, gonadotropins, insulin levels, biochemical parameters of liver function, the state of free radical oxidation and antioxidant protection were determined in patients. Based on ultrasound examination adolescents with HA were divided into 2 groups: group 1 – 15 adolescents with signs of liver steatosis; group 2 – 27 adolescents with normal ultrasound parameters of a liver. The control group consisted of 38 boys of the same age with normal indicators of physical and sexual development without signs of pathology of the hepatobiliary system. Results. Individual assessment of sexual development allowed to diagnose I degree of delayed sexual development in 44.7%, II degree in 38.3% and III degree in 17.0% of adolescents. HA negatively affects the physical development of most boys (78.7%), due to short stature (40.0%), weight deficiency (20.0%) and overweight (18.7%). Factor analysis allowed to build a factor model of hepatic steatosis formation in adolescents with delayed sexual development and HA, which describes 76.0% of the sample and consists of five factors. Conclusion. Atherogenic changes of the lipid profile, androgen deficiency, insulin resistance, activation of cytolytic processes in the liver and oxidative stress formation due to a decrease in the effectiveness of antioxidant protection are important in the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis in boys with HA. A factor model of the hepatic steatosis development in adolescent boys with HA gives grounds for the development of therapeutic and preventive measures in adolescent boys with HA and comorbid liver pathology.

Gastric cancer is a global health problem. The pathogenesis of this disease remains unclear. This study included 198 H. pylori (+) men aged 45 to 60 years old. Group A included 63 practically healthy men, group B included 45 men with severe atrophic body gastritis, group C included 37 men with epithelial gastric cancer stages I–II according to TNM, and group D included 54 men with epithelial gastric cancer stages III–IV according to the TNM scale. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA), diene conjugates (DCs), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione peroxidase (GPO) was detected using an enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) or spectrophotometric methods in the blood plasma. The concentrations of MDA and DC were increased in the patients of group B compared with group A, and in patients of groups C and D compared with groups A and B. The ratio of MDA/SOD and MDA/CAT was decreased in the patients in group D compared with the patients in group C, and was significantly higher compared with group A. The ratios of MDA/GPO and MDA/GST increased linearly and were at a maximum in groups C and D. Our work determined that indicators of oxidative stress may be the biochemical substrate, which brings together the various stages of the Correa cascade, and may explain disease progression. The dynamics of changes in the content of SOD and CAT in the plasma in patients with gastric cancer may be a target of future investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to compare parameters of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system, as well as blood biochemical composition in infertile cows from groups that differ in terms of selenium content in agrocoenosis. Forty-five black-motley and red-motley breeds in each region were selected for the experiment; the groups were formed on the basis of the pathology, 15 animals each. The level of microelements in the blood of animals from all groups in the selenium-deficient biogeochemical province is significantly reduced by 38.4–41.7% (P < 0.05). In these cows, the concentration of malondialdehyde increased significantly, by 1.5–2.1 times (P < 0.05), against the background of decrease in the activity of glutathione antioxidant defense: glutathione peroxidase by 9.4–32.1% (P < 0.05), glutathione reductase by 2.4–2.6 times (P < 0.05), also superoxide dismutase and catalase in some groups. In the groups of infertile animals with lowered selenium content in blood, the author found an increase in enzymes' activity (P < 0.05): alanine aminotransferase by 25.6–52.6%, aspartate aminotransferase by 17.8% in cysts and by 44.3% in ovarian hypofunction, gamma-glutamyltransferase by 18.3% in ovarian hypofunction. In addition, the calcium content in the blood of cows was reduced by 8.1–14.0% (P < 0.05) when selenium levels were lowered. In combination with elevated levels of urea and urea/creatinine ratio, the above may be evidence of pathological processes in muscle, liver, and kidney tissues. Thus, the author traced the dependence of the balance of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system on the microelement level, as well as the effect of low selenium provision of animals in biogeochemical provinces on the biochemical composition of their blood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of Lactobacillus plantarum FPS 2520 and/or Bacillus subtilis N1 fermented soybean meal (SBM) in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) were investigated by assessing plasma glucose levels, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress-induced organ damage. Supplementation with FPS 2520- and/or N1-fermented SBM (500 and 1000 mg/kg of body weight per day) to HFD-induced obese rats for 6 weeks significantly down-regulated the concentration of plasma glucose during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), as well as the concentration of fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and the value of the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). In addition, plasma and hepatic levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were alleviated in rats fed fermented SBM, especially SBM fermented by mixed strains. Moreover, fermented SBM treatment reduced HFD-exacerbated increases in plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine, and uric acid levels. Based on these results, we clearly demonstrate the effect of fermented SBM on improving insulin resistance and oxidation-induced organ damage. Therefore, it is suggested that fermented SBM has the potential to be developed as functional foods for the management of obesity-induced hyperglycemia and organ damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Based on the interrelationship among photosynthesis (Pn), water consumption and drought resistance physiology under water changes, this study aimed to explore whether easily measured Pn could be used to reflect the physiological state of winter wheat and soil moisture. The study was a greenhouse pot experiment, with three growth periods and four gradients of moisture. RESULTS: The instantaneous water use efficiency of wheat improved significantly under short‐term regulated deficit irrigation conditions. The photosynthetic parameters could effectively reflect the level of soil moisture (receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, area under the curve = 0.683–0.988). There was a significant correlation between Pn and yield under drought and rewatering (P < 0.05). The water consumption of winter wheat was significantly reduced by 15.5% to 47.6% (P < 0.05) during drought owing to the reduction of stomatal conductance and transpiration rate (Tr). There was a significant linear relationship between Tr and daily water consumption (R2 > 0.745, P< 0.05). There was a significant quadratic linear relationship (R2 > 0.600, P < 0.05) between Pn and the drought resistance indicators. The protective effect of drought resistance physiology on Pn was more significant during drought than during rewatering. Among the four physiological indicators of drought resistance, the relationship between peroxidase activity and Pn was relatively close (grey relational analysis, GRO = 1). CONCLUSIONS: The photosynthetic parameters during conditions of short‐term water changes could effectively reflect the status of soil moisture, water consumption, yield and drought resistance. A focus on Pn and the rational use of related relationships are conducive to the selection of drought‐resistant varieties and developing refined agricultural management. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is associated with aberrant redox regulation in the early stages of brain development. There is growing evidence that the antioxidant defense system is closely associated with the therapeutic response to antipsychotics in SCZ patients. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of risperidone monotherapy on total antioxidant status (TAS) and the relationship between symptom improvement and changes in TAS in patients with antipsychotic-naïve first-episode (ANFE) SCZ. Clinical symptoms were evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Two hundred and forty-six ANFE patients were treated with risperidone for 3 months. PANSS and TAS levels were assessed at baseline and at a 3-month follow-up. Relative to healthy controls, ANFE patients had higher TAS levels, which increased even further during the treatment. Moreover, baseline TAS levels were a predictor of symptom reduction after risperidone treatment. In addition, there was a significant association between increased TAS levels and the decreased cognitive factor. Our findings suggest that antioxidant protection is possibly associated with clinical improvement in ANFE patients after risperidone treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antioxidant protection system is both a sensitive indicator of the increase of reactive oxygen species and a primary front against peroxidation. Ischemic-reperfusion syndrome (IRS), which occurs in an organ that has undergone temporary ischemia, is studied very actively, but the systemic consequences in organs localized far from ischemia are no less important. Establishing the tissue catalase activity at different stages of the reperfusion period is important for understanding the mechanisms of further treatment of limb ischemia-reperfusion, combined with massive blood loss. The aim of the study – to investigate the activity of catalase in 10 % of the lung homogenate in different periods of development of limb IRS. Materials and Methods. 260 white adult male rats were used (200 –250 g) and divided into 5 groups: control, EG-1 – simulation of isolated ischemia-reperfusion (IR) of the limb, EG-2 – simulation of isolated heavy blood loss, EG-3 – a combination of limb IR with blood loss, EG-4 – modeling of isolated skeletal injury of the thigh, EG-5 – a combination of limb IR and skeletal injury. Catalase activity was established in 10 % lung homogenate. Results. When comparing the degree of inhibition of catalase activity between groups with modifications of the experimental intervention, it was found that the presence of IR worsened the course of both isolated blood loss and isolated skeletal injury of the limb. Thus, after 1 h in EG-3 catalase activity was lower compared to EG-1 3.5 times, and compared with EG-2 by 29.2 %. On day 1 in EG-3 catalase activity was lower compared to EG-1 and EG-2 6.4 times and 38.5 %, respectively. On day 3, which was critical for the degree of depression in EG-3, the activity rate enzyme was lower than EG-1 and EG-2 by 9 times and 24.6 %, respectively. The expressed suppression was noted and in the following periods when on the 7th day the indicator of EG-3 was lower than data of EG-1 and EG-2 in 7.4 times and on 32.4 %, and on the 14th day remained lower, in comparison with EG-1 and EG-2 6 times and 43.1 %, respectively. As for the effect of IR on the consequences of skeletal trauma, which in itself also reduced the activity of lung catalase, on day 3, the EG-5 was lower than the data of EG-1 and EG-4 by 3.4 times and 22.3 %, respectively, while on the 14th day remained reduced, compared with EG-1 and EG-4 in 2.9 times and 30.3 %, respectively. Conclusions. The experimental study confirmed that ischemia-reperfusion of the limb, in addition to local effects on the limb, has a systemic pathogenic effect on the body, which is especially dangerous in conditions of massive blood loss from the main vessel of the limb, as well as in combination with skeletal trauma. In this case, if isolated ischemia-reperfusion stimulated catalase activity of the lungs, the combination of IR with hemic hypoxia or trauma led to significant depression in the antioxidant defense system of the studied organ

The literature review summarizes the data on the classification and characteristics of the antioxidant defense system. This model combines a number of different substances. Each of the components of the antioxidant system acts in close connection with its other structural elements, harmoniously complements, and in many cases – enhances the action of each other. The functional basis of the system of antioxidant protection is formed by the glutathione system, the constituent elements of which are actually glutathione and enzymes that catalyze the reactions of its reverse transformation (oxidation ↔ reduction). Most researchers conventionally divide the system of antioxidant protection into enzymatic and non-enzymatic. The enzyme links of the antioxidant defense system include: catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione transferase and other enzymes. The non-enzymatic system includes fat-soluble vitamins A, E and K, water-soluble vitamins C and PP, biogenic amines, glutathione, carotenoids, ubiquinone, sterols. Both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems are present in the bloodstream. The activity of the enzymatic antioxidant system is very well regulated and depends on age, physiological condition, hormone dynamics, intensity of antioxidant enzyme synthesis, pH, presence of coenzymes, inhibitors, activators and other factors. The non-enzymatic part of the antioxidant system does not require as many regulators as the chemical itself - the antioxidant - reacts chemically with the radical. Only the reaction rate can change. The lungs are directly exposed to oxygen and oxidants of polluted air, they are most sensitive to oxidative damage, so they have an increased possibility of free radical reactions. Protection against the damaging effects of reactive oxygen species and free radicals is provided by anti-radical protective systems, especially the glutathione system and its enzymes. Numerous papers have obtained clinical and experimental data on the important role of free radical oxidation of lipids (FROL) and antioxidant systems (AOS) protection in the development of many diseases, including pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). The review presents modern views on the state of the system of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant protection in TB. The main topic of the review is information on the generation of free radical compounds by different populations of leukocytes with further enhancement of LPO and secondary deepening of functional disorders. The article substantiates the feasibility of identifying LPO products as non-specific markers of aseptic inflammation in TB and the need to develop new generations of antioxidants. One of the universal mechanisms of damage to cell membranes is LPO, the excessive activation of which is normally prevented by factors of the antioxidant defense system. Membrane-bound enzymes involved in the formation of LPO products include lipoxy and cyclooxygenases. Lipoperoxidation processes change the structure and phospholipid composition of cell membranes, which negatively affects the cellular immune response due to damage to the mechanisms of information transfer from extracellular regulators to intracellular effector systems.

Background. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome in the early reproductive period have hormonal and metabolic dysfunction and an increased risk of long-term health consequences. The article presents the results of the study of hormonal indicators and the parameters of lipid peroxidation – antioxidant protection in women with polycystic ovary syndrome in early period of reproductive age (from 18 to 35 years old).Aim: evaluation of the functional state of the pituitary-ovarian-adrenal system and the lipid peroxidation – antioxidant protection system and the establishment of intersystemic relationships in women of the early reproductive period with polycystic ovary syndrome.Materials and methods. Study included 33 women with ovarian hyperandrogenism and 17 healthy women of early reproductive age. A questionnaire survey, general medical and gynecological examinations, and ultrasound examination of the pelvic organs were conducted. Immunoenzyme method for detection the concentration of hormones, spectrophotometric and spectrofluorometric (determination of the concentration of lipoperoxidation products, parameters of antioxidant protection), statistical methods were used.Results. Women of early reproductive age (from 18 to 35 years old) with polycystic ovary syndrome characterized by an increase of 17-OH-progesterone by 2.2 times (p = 0.0005), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate by 1.3 times (p = 0.0001). A decrease in the total antioxidant activity of the blood by 25 % (p = 0.0005), an increase in the content of oxidized glutathione by 14 % (p = 0.0001) and a decrease in the concentration of retinol by 26 % (p = 0.0012) compared to the control values were shown. The increase in the degree of oxidative stress was indicated by the value of the coefficient of oxidative stress equal to 2.8.Conclusion. The obtained data indicate the features of the functional state of the pituitary-ovarian-adrenal system and the processes of LPO–AOP, as well as the need for timely diagnosis and effective correction of hormonal and metabolic disorders in women with polycystic ovary syndrome in the early reproductive period.

Aim. Determine the condition of the gums in rats receiving oral applications of peroxide sunflower oil (PSO).Methods. PSO was obtained by heating sunflower oil in the presence of Н2О2 at +180°С for 60 minutes. PSO in a dose of 0.5 ml per rat was applied to the oral mucosa for 3 or 5 days. The activity of elastase, urease, lysozyme, catalase and the content of MDA (malondialdehyde) were determined in the gum. The antioxidant-prooxidant API index was calculated by the ratio of catalase and MDA, and the degree of dysbiosis was calculated by the ratio of the relative activities of urease and lysozyme..Results. After 5 days of PSO applications, an increase in elastase activity, urease, MDA content and the degree of dysbiosis against the background of a decrease in lysozyme activity, catalase and the API index was established.Conclusion. Oral applications of PSO cause a decrease in the level of non-specific immunity, antioxidant defense, an increase in microbial seeding, the degree of dysbiosis and the development of gingivitis.

Objective: to investigate the dynamics of indicators of oxidative stress in hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) accompanied by impaired liver function at different stages of the disease against the background of basic therapy and using Remaxol®. Materials and methods: 67 patients suffering from hemorrhagic fever with moderate renal syndrome were examined: 35 patients of the comparison group received basic therapy, 32 patients of the main group received Remaxol® intravenously, 400 ml 1 time per day, for 10 days, as part of pathogenetic therapy. Results: One of the most important pathogenetic links in HFRS with impaired liver function is the development of oxidative stress. The imbalance in the prooxidant and antioxidant systems persists during the period of clinical recovery and is manifested by an increase in the activity of lipid peroxidation and suppression of antioxidant protection. The presence of hepatic dysfunction aggravates the pathological process, delays patients' recovery and requires not only detoxification and antioxidant use, but also appointment of hepatoprotective agents. Inclusion of Remaxol® in therapy led to a decrease in the severity of clinical symptoms of the disease, hepatic dysfunction (decrease in the activity of the cytolytic syndrome - ALT and AST), shortened the oliguric and polyuric periods of the disease, and contributed to the correction of both primary and secondary products of peroxide homeostasis: diene conjugates, diene cetons, diene kettes. malondialde-hyde plasma, and erythrocytes. Combined therapy increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes - superoxide dismutase, catalase of plasma and erythrocytes. Conclusion: impaired liver function, as well as normalization of the studied indicators of oxidative stress, do not occur during the period of clinical recovery from HFRS. This justifies the need for pharmacological correction of peroxide homeostasis by additional introduction of detoxifying, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective agents to the complex therapy. The use of Remaxol® in the pathogenetic therapy of patients with HFRS reduces the severity of the clinical symptoms of intoxication syndrome, lipid peroxidation processes, the restoration of the body's antioxidant potential, and exerts a hepatotropic effect. Its inclusion in the treatment of HFRS should be considered pathogenetically justified and recommended in clinical practice.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the dynamics of the peroxidative homeostasis processes (lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection) in the moderate gastrointestinal form of salmonellosis during complex therapy including reamberin. Seventy patients with moderate salmonellosis were examined: 35 patients of the control group received basic therapy, 35 patients of the main group received reamberin (intravenously, 1.5% - 500 ml per day, for 5 days) in addition to the basic therapy. The efficacy of therapy was assessed according to the dynamics of clinical symptoms relief and laboratory data: the level of diene conjugates (DCo), diene ketones (DKe), plasma and erythrocytes malonic dialdehyde (MDApl, MDAer), plasma and erythrocyte catalase (Cpl, Cer) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). It is established that an imbalance in the prooxidant and antioxidant system remains in the phase of clinical recovery from salmonellosis. The inclusion of reamberin in the complex pathogenetic therapy made it possible to more effectively cope with the clinical symptoms of the disease and the parameters of peroxide homeostasis, as evidenced by a decrease in lipid peroxidation products (DCo, DCe, MDApl, MDAer) and an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (Cpl, Cer, SOD). The inclusion of reamberin in the treatment of patients with salmonellosis should be considered pathogenetically and clinically justified and promising.

Empirical therapy of male infertility is used as a stand-alone type of treatment in idiopathic infertility, and in other situations can complement basic therapy. There are well-known pathogenetic methods of male infertility treatment applied in case of reproductive gland infection, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, ejaculation disorders. However, the prospects of empirical treatment of male infertility are not fully clear. Combined antioxidant drugs are very popular, which include a wide range of similar substances. However, their molecules significantly differ from each other in structure, chemical properties and set of biological functions, therefore, there is a number of questions that deserve separate discussion regarding their compatibility with each other. Antioxidants such as various water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins, coenzyme Q10, zinc and carnitines are widely used in its composition to reduce sperm damage caused by oxidative stress. They are widely available and inexpensive compared to other methods of treatment. Although there are no results of large randomized controlled trials yet, there is some evidence that taking oral antioxidoidants improves the basic parameters of sperm and increases the frequency of childbirth. There are many antioxidant supplements in different dosage forms, with different compositions and modes of use. In this article, we have analyzed the effect of the main antioxidant substances used on semen parameters, the need for their combined use and the role of these substances in the body.

Photolithotrophic sulfur bacteria are involved in biota functioning and have a biotechnological potential for bioremediation of contaminated environment, but the mechanisms of xenobiotics, in particular of heavy metal ions damaging action and the pathways of photolithotrophic bacteria adaptation under these conditions have not been established. In this work, the biochemical indicators of green photosynthetic bacteria Chlorobium limicola response to Cu ions were studied. C. limicola cells were incubated during one hour in buffer containing copper (II) sulfate in 0.05–0.5 mM concentrations and grown for 8 days in GSB medium. The content of Cu2+ in cells was estimated by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The activity of enzymes of antioxidant defense, photosynthetic pigments and glutathione content, indexes of lipids unsaturation and membrane viscosity as markers of membrane fluidity were estimated. It was shown that the response of green photosynthetic bacteria C. limicola to Cu2+ action varied depending on cations concentration. Under the influence of metal salt at 0.05 mM concentration, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, GSH/GSSG ratio, the content of photosynthetic pigments and membrane fluidity indexes were higher as compared with control. Under the increase of copper (II) sulfate concentration to 0.25 mM, the activity of antioxidant enzymes was lower compared to the response of the cells under the influence of 0.05 mM copper (II) and the GSSG content was increased. Under the influence of 0.5 mM copper (II) the indexes of membrane fluidity did not differ from the control, but superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity inhibition and the further decrease of GSH/GSSG ratio were observed followed by the highest Cu2+ cations accumulation in cells and significant decrease of bacteria biomass growth.

Physalis peruviana L. is one of the most favorable tropical fruit due to its fast growth and nutritional properties. The current research outlined the response to drought stress of golden berry plants inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Claroideoglomus claroideum and propagated in vitro as well as from seeds. The implementation of mycorrhizal symbiosis was determined by root colonization, glomalin content, and alkaline and acid phosphatases in roots and soil. The plant protection was assured by enzyme and non-enzyme antioxidants. The adapted in vitro propagated plants demonstrated higher resistance to drought than plants developed from seeds indicated by increased growth parameters (shoot, root biomass, fruit number), plastid pigment content, antioxidant activity, and less enhance mentofoxidative markers levels in water-deficient conditions. The findings in the present research are relevant to obtain the optimal mycorrhizal association and type of propagation in an adverse environment for golden berry development and will lead to the establishment of a database and model of varied plant responses to stressful conditions such as drought.

Abstract Introduction Skin exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can cause oxidative stress, particularly in the absence of adequate protective measures or in individuals with a sensitive skin type. Most commonly, protection from UVR entails the use of topical sunscreens. Sunscreens, however, have various limitations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of an oral food supplement containing a combination of actives with mainly antioxidative properties (vitamins A, C, D3, E, selenium, lycopene, lutein, as well as green tea, polypodium and grape extracts) in the context of photoprotection. Methods Photoprotective efficacy was assessed in a 12-week-long, open, prospective and monocentric clinical study with 30 subjects (27 women and 3 men) having a Fitzpatrick skin type I-III and manifesting clinical ageing signs. The study included several visits (14, 28, 56, and 84 days after starting supplement intake), in which photoprotection was evaluated by the measurement of the minimal erythema dose (MED), while the antioxidant capacity of the skin was assessed through ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and malondialdehyde (MDA) assays. Additionally, several skin parameters (including radiance, elasticity, and moisture) were evaluated. Product evaluation was performed throughout the length of the study by means of a self-assessment questionnaire, and safety was monitored through a self-recording of all observed adverse reactions. Results The MED levels increased significantly compared to baseline throughout the study visits, reaching an increase of + 8.1% at T84, p

[Objectives]The purpose of this paper was to analyze the role of rice glycine enrichment gene OsGRP1 in ABA-induced antioxidant protection from molecular and physiological genetic perspectives, and to investigate whether OsGRP1 affected plant antioxidant protection and plant cell wall development. [Methods]Genes were cloned to construct corresponding recombinant plasmids. Yeast two-hybrid(Y2H)was used to study whether the transcription factor ZFP36 interacted with the OsGRP1 protein level, and GST pull-down(glutamine-S-transferase pull-down), Co-IP(coimmunop-recipitation), and bimolrcular fluorescence complementation(BiFC)supported the authenticity of the interaction. We observed the changes of OsGRP1 transcript level expression after different time treatments of wild-type rice seedlings under ABA and H2O2 conditions, identified OsGRP1 transgenic material and measured CAT and SOD activities related to antioxidant protection and OsCatB gene and OsSodCc2 gene expression in the mutants, and analyzed the tolerance under drought and oxidative stress using genetic material. [Results]The CDS sequence of OsGRP1 gene was 642 bp, encoding 214 amino acids. The authenticity of the interaction between OsGRP1 and ZFP36 was confirmed by Y2H,GST pull-down, Co-IP, and BiFC. Treatments such as ABA and H2O2 would all induce the up-regulation of OsGRP1 gene expression. Overexpression of OsGRP1 gene increased the activity of antioxidant protective enzymes CAT and SOD and induced up-regulated expression of OsCatB gene and OsSodCc2 gene, and the survival rate of OsGRP1-OE rice under drought and oxidative stress was significantly higher than that of wild-type rice, while the survival rate of OsGRP1-KO rice under drought and oxidative stress was significantly lower than that of wild-type rice, demonstrating that overexpression of OsGRP1 gene enhanced the tolerance of rice to drought stress and oxidative stress. [Conclusions]OsGRP1 participated in the ABA-induced antioxidant defense pathway, and enhanced the tolerance of rice to drought and oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Manganese (Mn), an essential element for plants, can be toxic when present in excess. Stylo (Stylosanthes) is a pioneer tropical legume with great potential for Mn tolerance, but its Mn tolerance mechanisms remain poorly understood. Results In this study, variations in Mn tolerance were observed among nine stylo genotypes. Stylo genotype ‘RY5’ exhibited the highest Mn tolerance compared to the other tested genotypes, whereas ‘TF2001’ was a Mn-sensitive genotype. The mechanisms underlying the response of stylo to Mn toxicity were further investigated using these two genotypes with contrasting Mn tolerance. Results showed that stylo genotype RY5 exhibited Mn tolerance superior to that of genotype TF2001, showing lower reductions in leaf chlorophyll concentration, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, photosynthetic indexes and plant dry weight under Mn toxicity. A label-free quantitative proteomic analysis was conducted to investigate the protein profiles in the leaves and roots of RY5 in response to Mn toxicity. A total of 356 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified, including 206 proteins from leaves and 150 proteins from roots, which consisted of 71 upregulated, 62 downregulated, 127 strongly induced and 96 completely suppressed proteins. These DEPs were mainly involved in defense response, photosynthesis, carbon fixation, metabolism, cell wall modulation and signaling. The qRT-PCR analysis verified that 10 out of 12 corresponding gene transcription patterns correlated with their encoding proteins after Mn exposure. Finally, a schematic was constructed to reveal insights into the molecular processes in the leaves and roots of stylo in response to Mn toxicity. Conclusions These findings suggest that stylo plants may cope with Mn toxicity by enhancing their defense response and phenylpropanoid pathways, adjusting photosynthesis and metabolic processes, and modulating protein synthesis and turnover. This study provides a platform for the future study of Mn tolerance mechanisms in stylo and may lead to a better understanding of the potential mechanisms underlying tropical legume adaptation to Mn toxicity.

The article reviews the role of antioxidants and their use as additives in feed for various types of farm animals and poultry. Incoming antioxidants activate protection. This protection is based on preventing the leakage of free electrons in mitochondria by cleaning intermediate radicals with vitamins, glutathiones, uric acid, bilirubin, ubiquinone, etc. Damaged molecules are restored and removed and the synthesis of new molecules is activated. Feed additives of natural origin are characterized by a high content of antioxidants. The use of these additives can improve the efficiency of animal and poultry farming. Facts about the presence of natural antioxidants in plants are outlined in the review. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids forming the basis of natural antioxidants play a vital role in preventing diseases associated with both oxidative stress, which produces free radicals, and as inhibitors of pathogenic microflora. Organoleptic changes affecting the period of storing occur during the oxidation of livestock products during storage. The presence of antioxidants limits the degree of oxidation of livestock products. Synthetic antioxidants are forbidden in many countries although they are effective in inhibiting oxidation in food. A natural alternative to traditional synthetic antioxidants for the purpose of using them as preservatives for livestock products is becoming more preferable, since until now the harm for the consumer from the action of natural antioxidants in comparison with synthetic ones has not been proved: natural antioxidants effectively slow down lipid oxidation.