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This study focuses on developing an active and biodegradable packaging using electrospinning, with polylactic acid (PLA) as the matrix and bamboo leaf extract (BLE) as the antioxidant compound. The research systematically evaluates the relationship among process parameters, material properties, and structure. The electrospun membranes were produced using different BLE contents (10 wt%, 20 wt%, 30 wt%, and 40 wt%) and characterized by their morphology, mechanical properties, wettability, and antioxidant activity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed BLE's influence on fiber morphology, with a slight increase in diameter in PLA/BLE at 10% and 20%, attributed to higher viscosity. Conversely, PLA/BLE 30% and 40% showed a mild reduction in fiber diameter likely due to polyphenols' capacity to enhance PLA chain mobility. Mechanical tests indicated proportional reductions in modulus, maximum stress, and strain at break, upon increasing the BLE concentration, although these parameters are still suitable for packaging applications. The decrease in modulus is attributed to polyphenol capacity to increase PLA chain mobility, while increased fragility results from embedded particles acting as local defects. Wettability tests demonstrated increased hydrophilicity with higher BLE content. Total polyphenol content, estimated through FOLIN assay, increased proportionally with incorporated BLE, impacting antioxidant properties assessed via FRAP assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we developed an antioxidant and antibacterial red pectin food packaging material with natural Hibiscus sabdariffa flos. This study showed that this red pectin film (PJH, PCH, PCJH) containing Hibiscus extract exhibited antioxidant activity. The addition of hibiscus improved the barrier properties. The WVTR parameter values for the PJH, PCH and PJCH samples were as follows: 4.87 [g/m2d], 4.45 [g/m2d], and 4.48 [g/m2d]. The addition had a significant effect on the L* of the samples, i.e., PJH, PCH and PJCH films. This is a useful effect for films of selected products or product groups. Microbiological analyses of our red pectin films showed that they had an inhibitory effect on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes. In the case of the Staphylococcus aureus strain, the inhibitory effect was shown by films that contained hibiscus extract: PJH, PCH and PJCH. This means that the added hibiscus increased the antimicrobial activity of our red films. An additional advantage of our pectin films is their red colour, which, in addition to its protective and ecological function, also plays a marketing role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on developing an active and biodegradable packaging using electrospinning, with polylactic acid (PLA) as the matrix and bamboo leaf extract (BLE) as the antioxidant compound. The research systematically evaluates the relationship among process parameters, material properties, and structure. The electrospun membranes were produced using different BLE contents (10 wt%, 20 wt%, 30 wt%, and 40 wt%) and characterized by their morphology, mechanical properties, wettability, and antioxidant activity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed BLE’s influence on fiber morphology, with a slight increase in diameter in PLA/BLE at 10% and 20%, attributed to higher viscosity. Conversely, PLA/BLE 30% and 40% showed a mild reduction in fiber diameter likely due to polyphenols’ capacity to enhance PLA chain mobility. Mechanical tests indicated proportional reductions in modulus, maximum stress, and strain at break, upon increasing the BLE concentration, although these parameters are still suitable for packaging applications. The decrease in modulus is attributed to polyphenol capacity to increase PLA chain mobility, while increased fragility results from embedded particles acting as local defects. Wettability tests demonstrated increased hydrophilicity with higher BLE content. Total polyphenol content, estimated through FOLIN assay, increased proportionally with incorporated BLE, impacting antioxidant properties assessed via FRAP assay.

Brazil nuts are largely consumed either as a whole or as an ingredient in different food products. These seeds are rich in lipids that are susceptible to oxidation, which is the most common cause of deterioration in their sensory and nutritional quality. Active food packagings are a potential strategy to prevent food lipid oxidation. In this work, thermoplastic starch/poly (butylene adipate–co–terephthalate) (TPS/PBAT) containing water‐soluble curcumin and pinhão (Araucaria angustifolia) extract as natural antioxidants were used to package Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa). Packaged nuts were stored under different temperatures and analysed for up to 30 days of storage. The lipid profile of the oil extracted from the nuts before packaging showed that it is rich in unsaturated fatty acids. The UV–Vis spectra were organized into an augmented matrix and then into a principal component analysis (PCA). Results showed that for 10°C, the control TPS/PBAT film and the film containing pinhão extract resulted in the best preservation. When evaluated at 25°C, the nuts packed in films that contained water‐soluble curcumin presented the best oxidative stability until the 15th day of storage. After this period, the oxidation reactions were significant for all samples, indicating a possible compromise on the sensory and nutritional quality of Brazil nuts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial and biodegradable film-forming biopolymers are of tremendous interest for their possible use in food packaging applications. In this study, solvent casting and evaporation techniques were used to fabricate biodegradable active films from chitosan that contained Mustard oil (MO) at 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 Wt.% (v/v) concentrations. Then, it was evaluated if the chitosan films combined with MO could be employed as naturally biodegradable films for food application by examining the physical properties, mechanical, thermal, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities of various films. Potential interactions between the MO and chitosan were confirmed by Fourier- transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The elongation at break (EB) and the thickness of the films increased significantly because of the higher MO content. In contrast, there was a significant drop in water solubility, tensile strength (TS) and young's modulus (YM), and moisture content. With the inclusion of MO, creases and tiny droplets were seen on the otherwise fine surface morphology of the films, which explained why TS and YM was reduced. The addition of MO enhanced the film's water vapor barrier properties while having slight improvement in their thermal stability. Moreover, the antibacterial and antioxidant characteristics of the chitosan films were evaluated and investigated, revealing a specific capacity to scavenge DPPH radicals while demonstrating a significant inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The prepared composite films were 45–70% soil biodegradation after 21 days. In conclusion, the introduction of MO to chitosan-based films has shown significant promise for use in food packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hops' (Humulus lupulus L.) phytochemicals are well known for their bioactivity. In the present study, the functional properties of hop extract rich in β-acids, as potassium-salts structures (KBA), were investigated to develop a sustainable active food packaging. Polylactic acid (PLA)-based sheets were incorporated with increasing concentrations of hop extract (0.1–5 % w /w in terms of KBA) and characterized through performance and bioactive properties. KBA-added sheets presented decreased crystallinity and affected mechanical and thermal properties, especially with higher KBA amounts. The sheets' surface hydrophobicity gradually decreased by KBA-extract addition, while the water vapor permeability was not affected. A Fickian diffuse behavior and a better fit to application in fatty foods were observed during release tests. UV-blocking and antioxidant properties were improved by KBA incorporation. Furthermore, results from antibacterial assays revealed great susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes towards sheets added with 5 % of KBA. Moreover, the atomic force microscopy (AFM) observations revealed that KBA led to strong effects on the cell membranes of both bacteria, including disruption of membrane integrity and cell death. Therefore, this study is a sign of great prospects of hop β-acids use, as KBA compound, in the production of sustainable active packaging for safe food shelf-life extension. [Display omitted] • KBA extract exerted a plasticizer effect on the PLA matrix. • PLA sheets incorporated with KBA extract presented interesting antioxidant properties. • PLA active sheets exhibited great antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. • Antibacterial activity was confirmed by the observation of damage to bacterial cell membranes by AFM. • PLA active sheets demonstrated great potential to application on fatty foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, chitosan film incorporating tulsi essential oil (TEO) with good antioxidant properties was solvent casted as an antioxidant packaging film. The antioxidant films were studied for the morphological, chemical, thermal, water barrier, mechanical, and antioxidant behaviors. The presence of TEO was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy and electron microscopy. Thermal degradation study was also conducted to know the thermal stability of these films. TEO-containing films showed a decrement in moisture content, water absorption, water solubility, and water vapor transfer rate (WVTR). An increase in tensile and elongation was noted as TEO content increased, with the highest mechanical properties in T2 film (chitosan-to-oil ratio of 4:1), depicting better networking of chitosan chains and TEO components and the effect of plasticization of TEO on the chitosan. The films containing TEO showed better antioxidant activity than neat chitosan film, as confirmed by DPPH (2,2,-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and H2O2-scavenging assays. Finally, fried potato fingers were packed in the active chitosan packaging and compared with the neat chitosan. The T2 film showed better antioxidant activity against the oxidation of oil in fried potato fingers which was confirmed by the FTIR of the packed product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to prepare active, biodegradable methylcellulose films and evaluate their properties after incorporating cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia) and litsea cubeba (Litsea cubeba) essential oils. The properties of the methylcellulose films were modified with the addition of essential oils. The surfaces were smooth and homogeneous in all samples. The film with cinnamon oil showed higher antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and the film with litsea cubeba showed higher antioxidant activity against ABTS radical. The biodegradation time of the films in black sand and beach soil was 20 days. The films produced that presented the highest potential to become active packaging were the film with litsea cubabe oil as antioxidant packaging and the film with cinnamon oil as antibacterial packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hull‐less barley grass polysaccharide extracts (HBP) are prepared, and the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of agar films with different HBP contents (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2% w/w of agar mass) are investigated. Infrared spectroscopy shows that HBP interacts with the agar matrix via intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The incorporation of HBP causes rougher surface morphology with increased film thickness (p < 0.05). The films with HBP exhibit decreased brightness with a greenish and yellowish hue. The flexibility of the films is improved gradually as HBP contents increase from 0 to 1.5% w/w (p < 0.05), however, a slight reduction is observed with 2% w/w HBP addition (p > 0.05). The water resistance and surface hydrophobicity of the films are enhanced by adding HBP (p < 0.05). The antioxidant test reveals the strong antioxidant capacity of the HBP‐loaded films, which is positively correlated with the HBP contents (p < 0.05), with 2% w/w HBP leading to 59.28% DPPH radical scavenging and 69.00% ABTS radical scavenging. Results suggest that HBP is a promising functional agent for developing antioxidant biopolymer films, and the agar/HBP edible films prepared in this study have potential in food packaging fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Date palm pits are highly available and inexpensive palm date by‐products, representing a valuable source of natural antioxidants, particularly phenolic compounds. Date palm pit extract (DPPE) was prepared from these waste products and characterized for its phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant activity. Profiling DPPE by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC/MS) showed the presence of dimers and trimers of (epi)catechin as the main constituents. Alginate‐based films with four increasing concentrations of DPPE (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% w/w) were prepared by the casting method. DPPE incorporation reduced solubility values of alginate films by 37%–64% and their surface wettability by 72%–111%. The incorporation of 10% DPPE improved water vapor barrier properties and increased tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (%E) of alginate films by more than 23%, 50%, and 45%, respectively. The film containing 40% DPPE showed the lowest loss of phenolic content (32%), DPPH (1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl) scavenging activity (38%), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (30%) after storage for 3 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative rancidity of food products and massive consumption of plastic packaging have put the necessity in manufacturing novel antioxidant biodegradable packaging films. A comprehensive investigation was conducted on starch/poly(butylene adipate- co -terephthalate) (PBAT) antioxidant blown films, in which starch acted as a gatekeeper for the controlled release of propyl gallate (PG). PG was well integrated into the matrices and bound to starch molecules by hydrogen bonding. All films showed strong anti-ultraviolet performance, and higher oxygen barrier than the traditional polyethylene film. Increasing starch proportions promoted the swelling of films and the release of PG, thereby causing higher antioxidant activity at the same contact time to free radical solutions. Similar polarity made PG prone to partition and rapid migration into the food simulants with higher ethanol concentration and the high-fat-content peanut butter. The film with 20:80 w/w starch/PBAT proportion and 3% w/w PG content effectively suppressed the oxidation of peanut butter within 300-day storage. Findings demonstrated this strategy for manufacturing starch/PBAT antioxidant films as a long-term active packaging in food industry. [Display omitted] • A novel strategy was developed for the antioxidant films via blown extrusion. • Starch acted as a smart gatekeeper for the sustained release of propyl gallate (PG). • Both in vivo and in vitro release behaviors of PG were revealed. • The antioxidant capacity of the films showed dose dependence of PG. • The film inhibited the oxidative rancidity of peanut butter within 300 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of bio-based food packaging with antioxidant properties is an important research topic and has gained prominence these days. In this study, bioactive films were developed based gelatin-corn starch (GCS) incorporated with corn stigma extract (CSE) at different concentrations (15% and 25%; w / v). In preliminary tests, the extract maintained cell viability above 90% indicating that it is safe for application as an active ingredient. Insertion of the extract did not influence the thickness of the films but caused a slight change in optical properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed interactions between the extract's bioactive compounds with gelatin and corn starch compounds, which may have improved the mechanical properties (elongation at break, Young's modulus). The addition of 25% corn stigma extract increased the contact angle, giving the film a hydrophobic character. Furthermore, at this concentration, a 15% reduction in water vapor permeability was observed. The elaborated films showed complete biodegradability before the tenth day of the study. It can be inferred that the films with corn stigma extract have good antioxidant properties, indicating that they can be used as an ingredient for food packaging. • Gelatin/cornstarch films were prepared with the addition of corn stigma extract. • 25% extract improved mechanical property, contact angle and water vapor barrier. • SEM analysis revealed a homogeneous structure of the prepared films. • The complete biodegradability of the films occurred before the tenth day of the study. • Films with bioactive extract exhibited remarkable antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogel-based film materials have been extensively used in the field of food packaging, whereas the water loss issue and relatively simple function of hydrogel films severely limited their practical application. Herein, we successfully prepared a sort of multi-functional sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/tannic acid (TA)/ginkgo biloba leaf extract (EGBL) hydrogel film (CPTE) and designed as active food preservation system. The water content of the resultant hydrogel film remains >97% when placed in air for one month after solvent displacement. Furthermore, the CPT 0.1 E 1 hydrogel film possesses satisfied UV blocking, antioxidation (82.11%), oxygen barrier (7.91 cm3/(m2·24 h 0.1 MPa)) and controlled release performances. When applied as packaging film, the CPT 0.1 E 1 hydrogel film could effectively prolong the shelf life of strawberry for 7 days. This work is expected to bring a novel strategy for establishing the next generation of hydrogel films-based fruits packaging and preservation with satisfied anti-dehydrating and multi-functional properties. [Display omitted] • Active CPTE hydrogel film was constructed for fruits preservation. • The CPTE hydrogel film possessed excellent anti-dehydration properties. • Fabricated packaging films displayed multifunctional performances. • The shelf life of fruits can be extended by the CPTE film under ambient conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, environmental concerns and increasing consumer demand for healthy and nutritious food products with prolonged shelf life have made the food packaging industry pay more attention to the preparation of multifunctional biodegradable packaging films based on biopolymers containing active components such as antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. In this study, bio-nanocomposite films were fabricated from gelatin (G) and cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), and different concentrations of zinc oxide (ZnO) and/or Selenium (Se) nanoparticles (NPs) by the casting method. The mechanical, barrier, optical, and structural (FTIR, XRD, and SEM) properties of the films were investigated along with their antibacterial and antioxidant features. The incorporation of ZnO and Se NPs improved the physicomechanical and water resistance of G/CNF films. In this regard, the maximum tensile strength value was obtained for the G/CNF containing 5% w/w ZnO NPs (G/CNF/ZnO3) and G/CNF containing 0.1% w/w Se NPs (G/CNF/Se2) films (~2.20-fold and ~2.13-fold higher than the G/CNF film, respectively). Also, G/CNF with 3% w/w ZnO NPs (G/CNF/ZnO 2) film had the lowest water vapor permeability and water solubility among all films. Results of the disc diffusion assay showed a stronger antibacterial effect of ZnO NPs compared with Se NPs. The bacterial susceptibility to the antibacterial films was as follows: Listeria monocytogenes > Escherichia coli > Staphylococcus aureus > Pseudomonas fluorescens. The G/CNF films incorporated with Se nanoparticles possessed the higher property of scavenging free radicals in comparison films containing ZnO nanoparticles. Also, the combination of Se NPs and ZnO NPs enhanced the antioxidant effect of the films. In conclusion, gelatin-based edible films containing CNFs, ZnO NPs, and Se NPs can be used in the development of active food packaging products. • Multifunctional films were developed using Gelatin/CNF matrices and ZnO/Se NPs. • Multifunctional films exhibited the suitable mechanical and water resistance. • Multifunctional films indicated a good antioxidant and antibacterial activity. • Multifunctional film can be used as a great alternative than synthetic plastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidant active packaging films were prepared with low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) being incorporated with α‐tocopherol‐loaded MCM‐41 mesoporous silica. In order to study the influence of pore size and morphology of the mesoporous material on physical and release properties of films, the mesoporous materials were synthesized with various pore sizes and morphologies. MCM‐41 mesoporous silica materials before and after being loaded with α‐tocopherol were characterized, as well as the active films. The results show that physical properties and release profiles of active films can be changed when being incorporated with mesoporous materials with different structures: crystallinity of films prepared ranged from 11.30% to 18.13%, and the tendency of change was in good accordance with that of specific surface area of mesoporous silica materials. Variation of release rates of the antioxidant in packaging films can be achieved by changing MCM‐41 pore size, and the release period can be prolonged by ~64% in the scope of this study. These demonstrate that LDPE/α‐tocopherol/MCM‐41 films with adjustable release profile and physical properties have the potential to be used as antioxidant active packaging films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, chitosan (CS) was conjugated with epicatechin gallate (ECG) to prepare CS-ECG conjugates with different substitution degrees (5.18 %, 6.36 % and 7.74 %). Then, antioxidant packaging films were fabricated by blending CS and CS-ECG conjugates. The impact of CS-ECG conjugates' substitution degree on the functionality of CS/CS-ECG films was determined. CS-ECG conjugates showed UV absorption at 275 nm, proton signal at 6.85 ppm and infrared absorption at 1533 cm−1, assigning to the conjugated ECG. As compared with CS, CS-ECG conjugates exhibited less crystalline state but higher antioxidant activity. The structural characterization of CS/CS-ECG films showed CS and CS-ECG conjugates formed hydrogen bonds. CS/CS-ECG films displayed 26.35 %–29.23 % water solubility, 85.61°–86.96° water contact angle, 3.11–3.41 × 10−11 g m−1 s−1 Pa−1 water vapor permeability, 0.29–0.34 cm3 mm m−2 day−1 atm−1 oxygen permeability, 31.54–36.20 MPa tensile strength, 50.12 %–56.40 % elongation at break, as well as potent antioxidant activity and oil oxidation inhibitory ability. Notably, the film containing CS-ECG conjugate with 7.74 % substitution degree had the strongest barrier ability, mechanical property, antioxidant activity and oil oxidation inhibitory ability. Results suggested the substitution degree of CS-ECG conjugates was positively correlated with the barrier, mechanical and antioxidant properties of CS/CS-ECG films. • Chitosan (CS) was reacted with epicatechin gallate (ECG) to prepare conjugates. • Antioxidant packaging films were fabricated based on CS and CS-ECG conjugates. • ECG changed the crystallinity, morphology and antioxidant activity of CS. • CS-ECG conjugates improved the barrier, mechanical and antioxidant activity of films. • The substitution degree of conjugates positively affected the functionality of films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Controlled release packaging (CRP) is an innovative technology that uses the package to release active compounds in a controlled manner to improve safety and quality for a wide range of food products during storage. This paper provides a critical review of the uniqueness, design considerations, and research gaps of CRP, with a focus on the kinetics and mechanism of active compounds releasing from the package. Literature data and practical examples are presented to illustrate how CRP controls what active compounds to release, when and how to release, how much and how fast to release, in order to improve food safety and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Additives used directly impact mechanical and thermal properties of films. • All formulation of blend films had a high antioxidant activity by DPPH method. • Potential uses as packaging for food products. • Compatible and miscible blends. • The best formulations was (36:24:22:18) due to mechanical, antioxidant properties. Graphical abstract Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant, mechanical and physical properties of a new film-based polymeric blend of hydrocolloids obtained from the aqueous extraction of chia seeds (source antioxidants) and apple pectin. The individual matrices films were brittle and rigid with poor mechanical properties. The blends formulations contributed to improved mechanical properties regarding workability and resistance. The antioxidant results showed the potential hydrocolloid from chia seeds as natural source of antioxidant in these polymeric films. The formulation 3 (14(hydrocolloid):41(pectin):25(glycerol):20(glutaraldehyde) displayed well thermal, mechanical, morphological and antioxidant properties, suggesting their great potential for food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apricot kernel essential oil (AKEO) was extracted from kernels of bitter apricot which is considered to be a major agricultural seed waste. The chemical composition of AKEO revealed that oleic acid is the major fatty acid present in AKEO. Also, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), which is a strong antioxidant and antimicrobial agent, is present in a significant quantity. Chitosan films incorporated with AKEO in different concentrations were prepared using solvent casting method and were used for active food packaging application for the very first time. Its successful incorporation in the film was confirmed by Fourier Transform-Infra Red (FT-IR) spectra and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) images. The modified films show an improved water resistance and 41% enhanced water vapor barrier property when CS to AKEO ratio is 1:1. The elongation percentage value increased significantly for the film with oil ratio 0.125 with respect to CS, but thereafter a sharp decrement is observed. However, a continuous increment in tensile strength value was observed with increasing AKEO concentration and a substantial 94% enhancement was observed for the film with AKEO ratio equal to that of CS. The films also show excellent antimicrobial and antioxidant properties as compared to neat chitosan films and successfully inhibited the fungal growth on packaged bread slices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, clove essential oil (CL) or eugenol (EU) containing cellulose acetate (CA) or acrylic component/hydrophobically modified starch (AC/S) coatings on corona treated oriented polypropylene film (OPP) were designed and investigated for their possible applications as antioxidant packaging materials for fresh meat. The antioxidant properties of the coatings were investigated by Vapour Phase-DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. The CA coatings containing CL or EU showed 43–92% and 43–94% inhibition against DPPH free radicals through the vapour phase, respectively, whereas AC/S/CL and AC/S/EU coatings resulted in DPPH inhibition of 21–65% and 25–84%, respectively. AC/S/EU and CA/EU coatings on OPP containing from 0.32 ± 0.03 to 6.40 ± 0.14 g/m 2 of EU were used to prepare packaging for fresh beef (Longissimus thoracis) . After 14 days, the lipid oxidation in beef steaks kept in control and antioxidant packages was 3.33 and 1.00–1.22 mg of malondialdehyde per kilogram of meat, respectively. Moreover, red colour of beef in antioxidant packages was retained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is focused on developing active packaging by using food industries’ by-products. Soy protein isolate (SPI) and fish gelatin (FG) were used as the sources of biopolymers and different concentrations of mango kernel extracts (MKE) from 1 to 5% were added as natural antioxidants. Thicker and more translucent films ( p < 0.05) were produced when a greater concentration of MKE was incorporated in both films. The mechanical test revealed that the addition of MKE increased the tensile strength of both films ( p < 0.05), with higher tensile strength recorded in FG films than in SPI films. The incorporation of MKE significantly ( p < 0.05) decreased the water solubility up to 22 and 33%, in FG and SPI films, respectively. The water vapor permeability (WVP) of SPI with the incorporation of MKE improved up to 10%. In contrast, FG films incorporated with MKE showed higher WVP in comparison with the control. The antioxidant activity increased with a greater concentration of MKE incorporated in both antioxidant films ( p < 0.05) with more impact in SPI films compared to FG film in DPPH, FRAP and ABTS analysis. DPPH analysis on SPI films revealed the highest antioxidant activity (89%) with the inclusion of 5% MKE extract. Though both films were found to have the potential to be developed as antioxidant films, yet the overall observations revealed that SPI outperformed FG as active packaging films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the beginning of the current millennium, innovations in food packaging systems have evolved as response to the continuous changes in market trends and consumer’s preferences for convenient, safe, healthy and quality food products. Active packaging (AP) system provides such functionalities to facilitate these demands and offers role beyond the traditional protection and inert barrier to the external environment. Various AP components such as antimicrobials, antioxidants, O 2 scavengers, CO 2 emitters/absorbers, moisture regulators, flavor releasers, and absorbers have been deliberately included in the package system for augmenting packaging performance. These constituents delay or stop chemical, microbial, enzymatic and oxidative spoilage, control weight loss, retain color and integrity of meat based products. Currently, the use of edible or biodegradable materials, plant extracts and nanomaterials are expected to substitute synthetic additives due to their packaging and waste management notions. This article reviews the principles and technological advances as well as the global patents and future research trends in AP sector with their applications focused on meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A flexible multilayer with selenium nanoparticles incorporated has been used to build an antioxidant packaging. The oxidation of hazelnuts, walnuts, and potato chips was tested at laboratory scale. Hexanal released by the nuts, fatty acids oxidation study, TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), and tasting were compared to study the oxidation of foods packaged with this antioxidant packaging. Finally, TBARS method in combination with tasting were selected due to their simplicity and accuracy. It was found that hazelnuts packaged in nanoSe active bags released around 20% less malonaldehyde (MDA) than the blanks. In the case of the walnuts, the active ones released 25% less MDA than the blanks. As for potato chips, the improvement was around 22%. Finally, an industrial study was done. Cooked ham, chicken, and a ready-to-eat vegetable mixture seasoned with butter were industrially packaged with the new antioxidant material and improvements higher than 25% were obtained.

Indian gooseberry puree (IGP)/methylcellulose (MC) composite films were formulated using response surface methodology (RSM). Indian gooseberry extract (IGE) was incorporated into IGP/MC composite films. IGE-incorporated IGP/MC films were subsequently investigated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The efficacy of IGE-incorporated IGP/MC films on roasted cashew nut (RCN) quality during 90-day and 27-day storages at 27 and 37 °C, respectively, was investigated in terms of physical, chemical and sensory qualities. The selected formulation obtained by RSM was 1.80% w/v polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400) and 4.10% w/v MC. IGE-incorporated IGP/MC films showed higher antioxidant activities than that of IGE-free IGP/MC film. A 0.5% w/w IGE-incorporated IGP/MC film was highly efficacious against RCN quality deterioration, and therefore be a promising application of this superior IGE-incorporated IGP/MC composite film to extend the shelf life of RCN during storage at ambient and accelerated conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary antioxidant (AOX) activity of chitosan can be introduced by grafting of phenolic compound – gallic acid (GA) to its amino and/or hydroxyl groups. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of ethanol (EtOH) concentration (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% in water) on efficiency of grafting GA onto chitosan in the presence of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC)/N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). The grafting was confirmed by FTIR and the efficiency was quantified as Folin's total phenolics. When pure deionized water was used as a sole solvent (0% EtOH), GA was grafted to chitosan at the largest extent (285.9 mg GA/g chitosan). As the concentration of EtOH increased, the grafting efficiency proportionally decreased. NMR studies showed that EtOH inhibited grafting of GA by prohibiting the production of the intermediate – NHS ester. The results confirm that the concentration of EtOH in grafting solution significantly affects grafting efficiency of GA on chitosan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidant food packaging aids in prolonging the shelf life of foods by retarding the rate of oxidation. In this study, we newly developed poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/hydrothermally treated tannic acid (HTA) composite films (PVA/HTA) using a solution casting method for use as sustainable antioxidant and barrier films. TA was first treated using a hydrothermal method and subsequently incorporated into the PVA film. HTA with numerous OH groups strongly interacted with PVA via a crosslinking reaction. Accordingly, the crystallinity and crystalline size of PVA gradually decreased with increasing HTA content (from 0 to 5 %) owing to the lower chain mobility and chain disordering caused by the crosslinking. A higher crosslinking density also reduced the free volume in the matrix and compromised the swelling properties, which improved the oxygen barrier properties and imparted some hydrophobicity to the composite film, respectively. Further, adding HTA increased the rigidity of the film while reducing the elongation at break. The antioxidant capacity of the PVA/HTA composite films also significantly increased (4.2 % to 80.3 % in the DPPH assay and 4.6 % to 98.8 % in the ABTS assay) with increasing HTA content, owing to the radical scavenging ability of HTA. These results clearly indicate that the novel PVA/HTA composite film with antioxidant properties can be used as an active packaging material. [Display omitted] • Successfully fabricated sustainable PVA/HTA composite films. • As-prepared PVA/HTA composite films showed strong antioxidant properties. • PVA/HTA composite films have enhanced oxygen barrier properties. • PVA/HTA composite film can be applied as an active packaging material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four catechins including (−)-epicatechin (EC), (−)-epicatechin gallate (ECG), (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC) and (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) were conjugated onto chitosan (CS) molecules via ascorbate radical mediated reaction, producing EC-g-CS, ECG-g-CS, EGC-g-CS and EGCG-g-CS. The four catechin-g-CSs were individually blended with CS to develop food packaging films. The structure, physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of four catechin-g-CSs as well as their corresponding packaging films were compared. Results showed the total phenol content differed in four catechin-g-CSs, where ECG-g-CS and EGCG-g-CS had higher total phenol contents than EC-g-CS and EGC-g-CS. Four catechin-g-CSs showed the characteristic UV–vis, infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance signals of catechins, revealing the successful conjugation of CS with catechins. Antioxidant activity of CS was elevated by catechins to different degrees, with EGCG-g-CS having the highest antioxidant activity. The developed CS/catechin-g-CSs films showed larger thickness, water solubility, tensile strength, elongation at break, thermal stability and antioxidant activity but lower light transmittance, water contact angle, water vapor and oxygen permeability in comparison with CS film. Meanwhile, CS/catechin-g-CSs films had good anti-permeability against corn oil and effectively retarded the increase of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance and peroxide value levels during oil storage. Findings showed CS/catechin-g-CSs films were ideal antioxidant packaging materials for edible oils. [Display omitted] • Four catechins were individually grafted onto chitosan (CS) molecules. • Catechins changed the structure and antioxidant activity of CS. • Catechin-g-CSs increased the barrier, mechanical and antioxidant properties of film. • Film containing catechin-g-CSs retarded the oxidation of corn oil. • Film containing (−)-epicatechin gallate-g-CS had the best functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of antioxidant and antimicrobial active food packaging materials based on biodegradable polymer and natural plant extracts has numerous advantages as reduction of synthetic additives into the food, reduction of plastic waste, and food protection against microorganisms and oxidation reactions. In this way, active films based on methylcellulose (MC) and maqui ( Aristotelia chilensis ) berry fruit extract, as a source of antioxidants agents, were studied. On the other hand, due to the high water affinity of MC, this polymer was firstly cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (GA) at different concentrations. The results showed that the addition of GA decreased water solubility, swelling, water vapor permeability of MC films, and the release of antioxidant substances from the active materials increased with the concentration of GA. Natural extract and active cross-linked films were characterized in order to obtain the optimal formulation with the highest antioxidant activity and the best physical properties for latter active food packaging application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the antioxidant activity and physical properties, such as water vapour permeability (WVP), oxygen permeability (OP), mechanical and optical properties of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) films containing essential oils of clove buds, sage and oregano were evaluated. Clove essential oil showed higher antioxidant activity in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazine (DPPH) radical-scavenging assay (IC50 = 2.71 μg•ml-1) and in a reduction power assay (IC50 = 53.54 μg•ml-1) but, in b-carotene-bleaching test, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) showed higher (IC50 = 62.86 μg•ml-1) antioxidant activity. The results showed that addition of essential oils into HPMC films led to a significant decrease in WVP (2.30-1.49 ng•Pa-1m-1s-1), OP (488.78-235.95 ml•μm•kPa-1m-2d-1), colour differences (0-38.91), tensile strength (27.35-7.21 MPa), elongation at break (23.6-17.9%) and elastic modulus (537.54-202.12 MPa). Also, soybean oil without antioxidant was packed by HPMC films and some soybean oil samples after addition of the same essential oils and packed in glass bottles stored at accelerated conditions. The HPMC films combined with essential oils showed a moderate effect against soybean oil oxidation. In comparison between the films, HPMC film combined with clove essential oil was the most effective protectant against oxidation (43.3%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer films with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties were manufactured for the active packaging of food products. Green tea extract (GTE) and oregano essential oil (OEO) were incorporated in an ethylene–vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH). Release studies of the main active components of the films into three food simulants, 3% acetic acid, 10% ethanol and 50% ethanol, were conducted at 4 °C and 23 °C. The total antioxidant activity at equilibrium was measured in the food simulants and the antimicrobial capacity of the films was tested in vitro against Listeria monocytogenes , Escherichia coli and Penicillium expansum . The results suggest that the release kinetics depend on the affinity between the active agents and the food simulants. In general, the fastest diffusion was obtained when films were exposed to 50% ethanol and that effect was concurrent with greater antioxidant efficiencies. The films also showed microbial growth inhibition in liquid media and in vapour phases, demonstrating that the developed films show strong potential for development as active food packaging films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this study, cellulose acetate (CA) films with different morphological features were prepared in order to control the release rates of low molecular weight natural antioxidants, L-ascorbic acid and L-tyrosine. Increasing CA content in the casting solution decreased the average pore size and porosity of the films, thus, reduced the diffusion rates of both antioxidants through the films. Although both antioxidants have similar molecular weights, L-tyrosine released into water much more slowly than L-ascorbic acid. The highest antioxidant activity in release test solutions was observed with highly porous L-tyrosine containing films. However, when the porosity of the films reduced, the antioxidant activity of L-ascorbic acid released into solution was found to be higher due to trapping of significant amount of L-tyrosine in dense films. The use of different antioxidants caused different changes in morphological and mechanical properties of the CA films. Varying the structural features of the films with the preparation conditions or using different surfaces of the films allowed the controlled release of each antioxidant. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Antioxidant active packaging consisting of coextruded films made of low density polyethylene (LDPE) added with 0, 8, and 14 mg/g of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and polyamide 6/66 were fabricated. The release of BHT from the films to Asadero cheese was determined. Most of the BHT was diffused from the LDPE layer to the cheese during the first 20 d of storage at 5°C. Diffusion coefficient for the diffusion of BHT from the films 8 and 14 to the cheese was calculated as 6.24E-12 and 6.26E-12 cm²/s, respectively. The release of BHT from the film added with 8 mg/g of the antioxidant in the LDPE layer complied with the legal limit established for food products. However, the film added with 14 mg/g of the antioxidant exceeded that limit. The film added with 8 mg/g of BHT maintained the same levels of oxidized odor from 20 to 100 d of storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new antioxidant film is being developed that incorporates a natural extract of rosemary and is intended for contact with food. The rosemary extract has been screened and carnosic acid and carnosol have been determined as the major antioxidant components (6.96% and 0.88%, respectively) that are responsible for the antioxidant properties of the whole extract. Thus, a fast method for the direct determination of carnosic acid in the packaging material, in order to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of the new active plastic, has been developed and optimized. The method consists of extraction from the plastic with methanol, followed by anion exchange solid-phase extraction and final analysis by UPLC–MS. Using this process, the recovery of carnosic acid is about 99%. The complete analytical performance of the method developed here is also assessed. The analytical features of the method, such as the relative standard deviation, reproducibility, repeatability, linear range, and detection and quantification limits, are shown. This method can be subsequently modified to monitor other active components in different packages, and it constitutes a crucial step forward in research into new and improved commercial antioxidant packages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study combines the use of corn starch and Tetradesmus obliquus microalgae for the production of antioxidant starch films as flexible packaging material. Starch was plasticized with glycerol and blended with 1 w% polyallylamine chosen as an agent to modify the film physical properties. The addition of polyallylamine improved film water stability and water vapor transmission rate as well as mechanical stiffness and tenacity. The dried Tetradesmus obliquus microalgae, which showed an EC50 value of 2.8 mg/mg DPPH (2.2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical), was then used as antioxidant filler. The addition of microalgae provided the films with good antioxidant activity, which increased with microalgae content increasing. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the development of sustainable bioactive packaging films composed of almost 100% starch, and follows the European union's goals on plastics strategy concerning the promotion of bio-based, compostable plastics and the setting up of approaches to prevent food waste with a simple plastic packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Active food packaging represents an innovative way to conceive food packages. The innovation lies in using natural-based and biodegradable materials to produce a system intended to interact with the food product to preserve its quality and shelf-life. Compared to traditional plastics, active packaging is designed and regulated to release substances in a controlled manner, mainly antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds. Conventional technologies are not suitable for treating these natural substances; therefore, the research for innovative and green techniques represents a challenge in this field. The aim of this work is to compare two different polymeric structures: nanofibrous films obtained by electrospinning and continuous films obtained by solvent casting, to identify the best solution and process conditions for subjecting the samples to the supercritical fluids impregnation process (SFI). The supports optimized were functionalized by impregnating alpha-tocopherol using the SFI process. In particular, the different morphologies of the samples both before and after the supercritical impregnation process were initially studied, identifying the limits and possible solutions to obtain an optimization of the constructs to be impregnated with this innovative green technology in the packaging field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two essential oils and seven vegetable oils were tested in an in situ generator of hydroxyl radicals for determining their antioxidant capacity. Then twenty-two different active LDPE films were prepared by incorporating both the essential oils and vegetable oils. The antioxidant capacity, heat-sealing properties and aroma of developed films were determined. The films with the best antioxidant properties, containing flaxseed oil, ginger essential oil, grape seed essential oil and rose oil, were selected and applied as active packaging for fresh meat and tested at industrial scale. The optimum packaging corresponded to 50 μm LDPE film with flaxseed oil which was able to extend by 22% the shelf-life of fresh meat. It was proven that the concentration of flaxseed oil was crucial for antioxidant capabilities of film. Finally, derivatisation was applied to evaluate stability of flaxseed oil packaging. Stability assays suggest that active films should be kept in closed aluminium bags to prevent flaxseed oil oxidation by air and light. • Antioxidant capacity of eleven essential and vegetable oils were tested. • Twenty-two different active LDPE films were prepared. • Film with flaxseed oil extend by 22% the shelf-life of fresh meat. • Derivatisation was applied to evaluate stability of flaxseed oil packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]