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In this study, functionally graded composite (FGC) was prepared using a high-energy ball mill by fabricating five layers of alumina (Al 2 O 3), titania (TiO 2), hydroxyapatite (HA), and iron oxide (Fe 3 O 4), which were sintered at 1100 °C to create an FGC sample. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), and weight loss measurements were used to assess bioactivity and biodegradation after immersing samples in simulated body fluid (SBF). Also, the antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility of these layers were evaluated. Furthermore, their electrical, dielectric, and mechanical properties were examined. The results revealed that all sintered layers were bioactive, and adding HA and Fe 3 O 4 enhanced this desired property. Also, S. aureus bacterial growth was inhibited by TiO 2 and Fe 3 O 4. Fortunately, the sintered layers showed no cytotoxic effect, validating the ICP findings that demonstrated acceptable biodegradation. Adding HA and Fe 3 O 4 enhanced fracture toughness in another hopeful outcome, which is crucial for biomaterial efficacy and long-term therapeutic success. Moreover, the compressive strength of all the layers and the FGC sample was 191.7, 182.2, 171.18, 159.8, 142.5, and 171.1 MPa. Layers 3, 4, and 5 notably had a compressive strength similar to cortical bone. This means that implanting these layers into human bone will protect the bone around them from stress-shielding action. Finally, the successive increase in HA/Fe 3 O 4 contents increased the electrical conductivity. Accordingly, the prepared FGC sample and its layers are attractive bone substitute materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ribavirin and its analogues exhibit an in vitro antiproliferative effect in cancer cells. In this work, we studied the biological activities of a number of alkyl/aryloxymethyl derivatives of ribavirin's aglycon—1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide. Alkyl/arylxymethyl derivatives of 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide with substitutions at the fifth or first position of the triazole ring, were synthesized and their antiproliferative and antimicrobial effects were assessed. For both series, the presence of an antiproliferative effect was investigated, and 1-alkyl/aryloxymethyl derivatives were shown an antimicrobial potential against a Gram-positive bacteria Micrococcus luteus and Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The obtained results showed that the n-decyloxymethyl derivatives induced leukemia cell death at low micromolar concentrations. We confirmed that n-decyloxymethyl derivatives of ribavirin inhibited the cell cycle progression and induced an accumulation of leukemia cells in the subG1-phase. The molecular docking results suggest that alkyl/aryloxymethyl derivatives may act by inhibiting translation initiation, due to interference with eIF4E assembly. The outcome results revealed that active derivatives (1- or 5-n-decyloxymethyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamides) can be considered as a lead compound for anticancer treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to control pathogenic microorganisms, three polymer compositions were prepared and tested. First, a water-soluble positively charged polycomplex was synthesized via the electrostatic binding of anionic polyacrylic acid to an excess of polyethylenimine to enhance the biocidal activity of the polycation. Second, an aqueous solution of AgNO3 was added to the polycomplex, thus forming a ternary polycation-polyanion-Ag1+ complex with an additional antimicrobial effect. Third, the resulting ternary complex was subjected to UV irradiation, which ensured the conversion of Ag1+ ions into Ag nanoparticles ranging in size mainly from 10 to 20 nm. Aqueous solutions of the polymer compositions were added to suspensions of the Gram-positive bacteria S. aureus and the Gram-negative bacteria P. aeruginosa, with the following main results: (a) Upon the addition of the binary polycomplex, 30% or more of the cells survived after 20 h. (b) The ternary complex killed S. aureus bacteria but was ineffective against P. aeruginosa bacteria. (c) When the ternary complex with Ag nanoparticles was added, the percentage of surviving cells of both types did not exceed 0.03%. The obtained results are valuable for the development of antibacterial formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk has been a dietary staple around the world for centuries. In recent years, consumer interest in healthy foods and organic products has increased due to their health-promoting properties. Fermented dairy products, including yoghurt, are receiving special attention for their properties and the presence of probiotic bacteria. The quantitative and qualitative (MALDI TOF MS) evaluation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in different types of yoghurt (with different shelf lives) was carried out. The effect of the Lactobacillus spp. strains isolated from yoghurts (with potential antimicrobial activity) against foodborne pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes) was evaluated. The presence of Lactobacillus spp. (Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus paracasei) in the tested yoghurts was demonstrated. In the samples tested, not all the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) declared by the manufacturer were identified. The number of live bacteria present in the product was influenced by the type of yoghurt. The number of bacteria did not fall below the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended level by the last day of validity. It was shown that a mixed culture (L. rhamnosus and L. paracasei, isolated from tested yoghurts) had the most significant effect on changing the number of pathogenic microorganisms. The consumption of dairy products, which are a source of LAB, can reduce the risk of foodborne pathogen infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emulsion products with natural antimicrobials are becoming increasingly popular for topical application. Mandelic Acid is interesting in cosmetics due to its potent exfoliating properties, which have driven advancements in skincare technologies. Essential oils have various properties, of which the most useful in cosmetics are those that do not cause irritation, smell pleasant, and have other beneficial properties such as antimicrobial effects. Emulsions with Mandelic Acid and essential oils from Satureja montana, Lemongrass, and Litsea cubeba were formulated and microbiologically tested for their preservative effectiveness. The effect of the treatments on skin condition was monitored by non-invasive diagnostic methods, such as hydration, transepidermal water loss, and pH value. Sensory analysis revealed that the matrix containing Mandelic Acid alone or combined with Litsea Cubeba Oil was the best-performing formulation, consistent with the compliant results of antimicrobial efficacy. The topical form of this cosmetic product has demonstrated excellent preservative activity and desirable biophysical efficacy on the skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this research is to assess the antibacterial effectiveness of commonly used UAE natural herbs, including Turmeric, Henna, Sidr, and Myrrh, against a range of bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococci), Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci), Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Agar diffusion technique was utilized in this study. The herbs were extracted and prepared in serial dilution, a standardized amount of the test microorganisms were inoculated on the agar plates. Subsequently, extracted herbs were placed in the wells that formed on the surface of the media. The agar plates are then incubated at 37°C under appropriate condition. Typically, the herbs extract diffuses in the media, inhibiting the germination of the bacteria, the zone of inhibition is subsequently measured. Significant inhibitory effects were observed with henna herbal extract against 75% of Gram-positive bacteria, while 25% of the bacteria showed inhibition when using sidr extract. Myrrh exhibited an antibacterial effect against most tested bacteria. Comparatively less of an impact was seen by turmeric extract on both Gram-negative and Gram-positive. The antibacterial efficacy of the four plant extracts suggests that Henna displayed the highest effectiveness, followed by Sidr and Myrrh, with Turmeric showing the least potency. Additionally, strains such as E. coli, E. faecalis, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and P. mirabilis demonstrated resistance to the plant extracts, while S. aureus, S. pyogenes, and S. agalactiae appeared to be the most susceptible strains. These findings underscore the potential of plant extracts in treating bacterial infections, offering insights for the development of novel compounds with enhanced activity against both resistant and susceptible bacteria, thereby addressing the limitations of current antibiotic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ege Journal of Medicine is the property of Ege University, Faculty of Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction The study of the antibacterial effect of photodynamic therapy against the leading pathogens of chronic osteomyelitis is one of the promising directions today. Purpose of the work was to evaluate the antibacterial effect against the strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with the ALOD-01 laser system in the presence of photodithazine. Materials and methods The object of the study was 24-hour archival cultures of gram-positive and gram‑negative microorganisms belonging to two taxa: Staphylococcus aureus (25923), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27853). The antibacterial effect after the exposure to laser radiation in the presence of photodithazine on the microbial cells of the studied cultures was assessed by the absence of microorganism growth in the area of the light beam. Results Laser exposure in combination with photodithazine (concentration 0.5–1.0 mg/ml) on S. aureus for two minutes at 200–300 J achieved a bactericidal effect in the beam area. A bactericidal effect on the entire surface of the Petri dish was achieved with light exposure of 400 J for 5 minutes and a photodithazine concentration of 1.0 mg/ml. Laser exposure for 2 minutes in the presence of photodithazine at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml and 1 mg/ml did not have an antibacterial effect on P. aeruginosa strains. Continuous growth of microorganisms was observed on the dish. Increasing the light dose and exposure time contributed to a decrease in the growth of microbial cells. A bactericidal effect was obtained only in the center of the dish in treating the bacterial suspension with photodithazine at a concentration of 5 mg/ml. Discussion The effectiveness of PDT depends on the type of microorganisms, the anatomical location of the infection site, as well as the properties of the photosensitizer and the laser used. Depending on the structure of the cell wall, different susceptibility of bacteria to photodynamic effects is observed. Conclusion S. aureus strains can be successfully photoinactivated using photodithazine. For P. aeruginosa strains, it was not possible to find a regime in which microbial cell growth was absent throughout the dish. The photodynamic reaction occurs only when adequate doses of light energy act on the photosentisizer in the presence of oxygen in the medium, while the photodynamic damage is local and the bactericidal effect is limited by the zone of light exposure.

The main goal of this research is to assess the antibacterial effectiveness of commonly used UAE natural herbs, including Turmeric, Henna, Sidr, and Myrrh, against a range of bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococci), Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci), Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Agar diffusion technique was utilized in this study. The herbs were extracted and prepared in serial dilution, a standardized amount of the test microorganisms were inoculated on the agar plates. Subsequently, extracted herbs were placed in the wells that formed on the surface of the media. The agar plates are then incubated at 37°C under appropriate condition. Typically, the herbs extract diffuses in the media, inhibiting the germination of the bacteria, the zone of inhibition is subsequently measured. Significant inhibitory effects were observed with henna herbal extract against 75% of Gram-positive bacteria, while 25% of the bacteria showed inhibition when using sidr extract. Myrrh exhibited an antibacterial effect against most tested bacteria. Comparatively less of an impact was seen by turmeric extract on both Gram-negative and Gram-positive. The antibacterial efficacy of the four plant extracts suggests that Henna displayed the highest effectiveness, followed by Sidr and Myrrh, with Turmeric showing the least potency. Additionally, strains such as E. coli, E. faecalis, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and P. mirabilis demonstrated resistance to the plant extracts, while S. aureus, S. pyogenes, and S. agalactiae appeared to be the most susceptible strains. These findings underscore the potential of plant extracts in treating bacterial infections, offering insights for the development of novel compounds with enhanced activity against both resistant and susceptible bacteria, thereby addressing the limitations of current antibiotic agents.

INTRODUCTION. Microbiological testing of any medicine begins with the determination of its antimicrobial activity—that is, its effect on the growth of aerobic bacteria, yeasts, and moulds. Therefore, the improvement of microbiological testing methods to enhance the quality of resulting data remains a high priority.AIM. The study aimed to develop a methodological approach to testing non-sterile medicines with antimicrobial effects for microbiological quality, as well as to improve the accuracy and reliability of existing microbiological testing methods.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study used 12 non-sterile pharmaceuticals, 5 diluents (phosphate buffer solution, phosphate buffer solution with polysorbate 80 (1% and 5%), neutralising fluid, and trypticase soy broth), culture media, and test strains required for microbiological quality testing according to the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation and the Pharmacopoeia of the Eurasian Economic Union.RESULTS. This study established microbiological testing conditions for non-sterile medicines with known antimicrobial effects. The analytical procedures developed in the study were tested on 10 medicines. The authors demonstrated the applicability of analytical procedures for the quantitative determination of microscopic fungi in samples with fungistatic activity. The proliferation factors in growth promotion tests with Candida albicans and Aspergillus brasiliensis were within the acceptable range of 76–128% of the calculated value for a standardised inoculum. The authors proposed a modification to the analytical procedure for the qualitative determination of Escherichia coli; the modification involved using a 50 mL sample at a 1:50 dilution, corresponding to 1 g of the test product, for transfer to 450 mL of an appropriate culture medium. Having compared diluents containing non-specific agents neutralising antimicrobial activity, the authors showed that the neutralising fluid should be preferred.CONCLUSIONS. The authors proposed a methodological approach to microbiological quality testing of medicines, postulating that the results should be considered reliable only if they account for the antimicrobial activity of the test product. The study demonstrated the feasibility of increasing the sample volume up to 10 mL and using a dilution exhibiting no antimicrobial activity (e.g., 1:100). The authors recommended using 150 mm Petri dishes, 50 mL of an agarised culture medium, and diluents with up to 5% of polysorbate 80 for plating. The study demonstrated the suitability of using a dilution exhibiting no antimicrobial activity. The study results indicated the need to increase the sample volume to be proportionally transferred to a culture medium; the sample should contain the amount of the test product regulated by pharmacopoeias (i.e., not less than 1 g (1 mL)). Diluents with up to 5% of polysorbate 80 were recommended for neutralising bacteriostatic and fungistatic effects.

The present study investigated the properties and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesised through a green method using Salvia officinalis. Extracts were obtained from sage at two different temperatures, and these extracts were then used to synthesise silver nanoparticles through a reaction with AgNO₃. The characteristics of resulting silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial effects on foodborne pathogenic bacteria were examined. During the synthesis, the colour of the silver nanoparticle solution changed from yellow to dark brown, and a significant absorbance peak was observed at 360 nm. The sizes of the synthesised silver nanoparticles were found to be 53.77 and 57.08 nm for the two different extraction temperatures, respectively. The nanoparticles exhibited spherical-rod shapes with silver contents of 83.91% and 84.38% and crystal sizes of 37.15 nm and 34.81 nm, corresponding to the two temperatures. The reduction of silver ions involved functional groups like C=C or C=O. The antimicrobial activity of the synthesised silver nanoparticles was evaluated at concentrations of 10 and 25 mg.mL-1 using the paper disc method against several foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Notably, the sage extract displayed antimicrobial efficacy against Salmonella Typhi, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. However, no significant antimicrobial effect was observed against Escherichia coli O157:H7.

This study aims to estimate the in situ effect of Phoenician juniper leaves on the physicochemical and microbiological quality of fermented goat’s milk stored under ambient conditions. In this study, we used two samples. The first sample was goat's milk flavored with juniper leaves, compared to the control sample without juniper leaves. We analyzed three physicochemical parameters: pH, titratable acidity, and temperature. Furthermore, the bacteriological analysis focused on the following parameters: Total aerobic mesophilic flora (TAMF), total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), coagulase-positive Staphylococci (CoPS), and pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella spp and Listeria monocytogenes). The physicochemical results showed a change in the pH and titratable acidity of both samples with a higher acidity for the test sample compared to the control sample. This change was marked by an increase in a load of total aerobic mesophilic flora and lactic acid bacteria, a decrease in the total coliforms and thermotolerant coliforms, and the Staphylococci load in the test sample compared to the control sample, which experienced an increase in these bacterial parameters. For the test sample, juniper leaves reduced bacterial contaminants in fermented goat’s milk by 38% for total coliforms, 41% for fecal coliforms, and 89% for staphylococci. Both samples were free of Salmonella spp and L. monocytogenes. These results are probably due to the effect of bioactive compounds of Juniperus phoenicea L leaves known for their antimicrobial effect. This traditional practice of our ancestors can improve the quality of fermented goat’s milk stored even at ambient temperature.

Garlic suffers from frequent pathogenic diseases, seriously affecting its yield and quality. Biosurfactants have been reported with high antimicrobial activity and wide antimicrobial spectrum. Biosurfactant-producing bacteria existing in garlic farmland soil are expected to be used in control of garlic diseases. In this study, strain FA1 having high yield of biosurfactants was isolated from garlic farmland soil. Combined with morphological analysis and its 16S rDNA sequences analysis, the strain FA1 was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. HPLC-MS analysis showed that biosurfactants produced from P. aeruginosa FA1 were presented rhamnolipids, mainly Rha-C8-C10, Rha-Rha-C8-C10, Rha-C10-C10 and Rha-Rha-C10-C10. The proportion of mono-rhamnolipids and di-rhamnolipids was about 1 : 1. P. aeruginosa FA1 can produce 7.96 g/L of rhamnolipids. The FA1 rhamnolipids can decrease the air-water surface tension to 27.5 mN/m with a critical micelle concentration of 50 mg/L. Through the agar diffusion method, P. aeruginosa FA1 exhibited high antimicrobial activity with diameters of inhibition zones larger than 20 mm to both the garlic potential pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Rhamnolipids produced from P. aeruginosa FA1 induced the potential pathogens to generate higher level of intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), thus, exerting antimicrobial effects. P. aeruginosa FA1 can highly produce rhamnolipids biosurfactants and exhibit high antimicrobial effect to the garlic potential pathogens. This study verified that indigenous biosurfactant-producing bacteria from garlic farmland soil were feasible and effective to control garlic potential pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased global research is focused on the development of novel therapeutics to combat antimicrobial and antiviral resistance. Pistachio nuts represent a good source of protein, fiber, monounsaturated fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, and phytochemicals (carotenoids, phenolic acids, flavonoids and anthocyanins). The phytochemicals found in pistachios are structurally diverse compounds with antimicrobial and antiviral potential, demonstrated as individual compounds, extracts and complexed into nanoparticles. Synergistic effects have also been reported in combination with existing drugs. Here we report an overview of the antimicrobial and antiviral potential of pistachio nuts: studies show that Gram-positive bacterial strains, such as Staphylococcus aureus, are the most susceptible amongst bacteria, whereas antiviral effect has been reported against herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Amongst the known pistachio compounds, zeaxanthin has been shown to affect both HSV-1 attachment penetration of human cells and viral DNA synthesis. These data suggest that pistachio extracts and derivatives could be used for the topical treatment of S. aureus skin infections and ocular herpes infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infection diseases is a worldwide important problem for medicine and pharmacy. The purpose of this work was to study and compare phytochemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant potential of pomegranate fruit thick and green tea leaf liquid extracts. The quantification of biologically active substances (BAS) was performed using spectrophotometric, titrimetric, and HPLC analysis methods. Antioxidant activity was measured through a potentiometric method, while antimicrobial and antifungal effects were assessed using the well method and determining the minimum inhibition concentration. The total content of phenolic compounds was 0.40 and 10.10%, organic acids - 5.80 and 1.60% for pomegranate fruit thick and green tea leaf extract. The total content of catechins in the green tea leaf extract was 10500.0 mg/100 g, where epicatechin-3-O-gallate was dominated (3730.0±2.00 mg/100 g). The total content of anthocyanins in the pomegranate fruit thick extract was 107.10 mg/100 g, where cyanidin-3-O-glucoside was dominated (41.74 ± 0.10 mg/100 g), whereas delphinidin-3-O-glucoside had a lowest content (4.99 ± 0.10 mg/100 g). Both extracts possessed a high antioxidant potential, and effective antimicrobial effects. The antioxidant, antimicrobial activity of pomegranate fruit extract was higher than green tea leaf extract. In addition, we assumed that anthocyanins had higher antioxidant, antimicrobial properties than catechins. These findings would promote application of pomegranate fruits extract as pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regenerative endodontics (REP) is a new clinical modality aiming to regenerate damaged soft and hard dental tissues, allowing for root completion in young adults' teeth. Effective disinfection is crucial for REP success, but commonly used antimicrobials often harm the niche dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the biocompatibility and antimicrobial potential of pectin as a potential natural intracanal medicament for REPs. Low methoxyl commercial citrus pectin (LM) (pectin CU701, Herbstreith&Fox.de) was used in all experiments. The pectin's antibacterial activity against single species biofilms (E. faecalis and F. nucleatum) was assessed using growth curves. The pectin's antimicrobial effect against mature dual-species biofilm was also evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) after 30 min and 7 days of treatment. The DPSC biocompatibility with 2% and 4% w/v of the pectin coatings was evaluated using live/dead staining, LDH, and WST-1 assays. Pectin showed a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect against single-species biofilms (E. faecalis and F. nucleatum) but failed to disrupt dual-species biofilm. Pectin at 2% w/v concentration proved to be biocompatible with the HDPSCs. However, 4% w/v pectin reduced both the viability and proliferation of the DPSCs. Low concentration (2% w/v) pectin was biocompatible with the DPSCs and showed an antimicrobial effect against single-species biofilms. This suggests the potential for using pectin as an injectable hydrogel for clinical applications in regenerative endodontics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma-activated water (PAW) generated from tap water has gained attention as a disinfectant when used directly in its pure form. Little is known about the application of PAW for bacterial inactivation in aqueous environments because its use in fluids results in dilutions. We investigated the effect of PAW in aqueous suspensions simulating such dilutions, and we focused on the minimal addition of PAW volumes to bacterial aqueous suspensions still resulting in high inactivation rates. The antimicrobial effect was highly dependent on the activation of PAW. An increase in activation power from 90 to 100 W resulted in a greater microbial reduction with an identical 10 min activation time. The susceptibility to PAW dilutions was analyzed in detail regarding nine Gram-negative species out of Enterobacterales and other waterborne microorganisms as well as four Gram-positive species present in two different matrices, in saline and in tap water, at high concentrations simulating massive contamination situations. For this purpose, the PAW activation setting of 90 W and 30 min was defined in order to be able to differentiate the limitations of inactivation in individual bacterial species. The Gram-negatives in saline demonstrated susceptibility when one volume unit of PAW was added. However, twice the PAW volume was necessary for inactivation when bacteria were present in tap water. Gram-positive microorganisms were more robust, indicated by prolonged contact times before inactivation. Our results indicate that PAW can be used for bacterial decontamination processes in aqueous environments when added in surplus. Optimized activation settings such as electric power to generate PAW and the contact times to the samples increase the effect of the inactivation a wide range of bacteria, regardless of their resistance profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helicobacter pylori has been implicated in various gastrointestinal disorders, including functional dyspepsia. This study aimed to compare the anti-H. pylori activity and gastroprotective effects of three typical herbal formulas used for gastrointestinal disorders in Korea: Shihosogan-tang (ST), Yijung-tang (YT), and Pyeongwi-san (PS). Firstly, we assessed the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as the antioxidative capacity. Additionally, we evaluated the antibacterial effect on H. pylori using an ammonia assay, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test, and the disk agar diffusion method. Furthermore, we examined alterations in the gene expression of tight junction proteins, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and cellular vacuolation using an AGS cell model infected with H. pylori. While ST exhibited a higher total phenolic content, superior free radical scavenging, and inhibition of H. pylori compared to YT and PS, YT more evidently inhibited gastric cellular morphological changes such as vacuolation. All formulations significantly ameliorated changes in inflammatory and gastric inflammation-related genes and cellular morphological alterations induced by H. pylori infection. Overall, the present in vitro study suggests that all three herbal formulas possess potential for ameliorating gastrointestinal disorders, with ST relatively excelling in inhibiting H. pylori infection and inflammation, while YT potentially shows greater efficacy in directly protecting the gastric mucosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beta vulgaris var. crassa is undoubtedly a very important plant that is not used enough in the world. In this study, it was aimed to determine the cytotoxic activities of the components (essential oils, fatty acids, total phenol and flavonoid) found in the leaf parts of Beta vulgaris var. crassa against PC-3, MCF-7 and HeLa cancer cell lines. In addition, the effectiveness of these ingredients against bacteria and fungi that can cause serious health problems in humans was tested. In experiments, three tumor cell lines were exposed to various plant extract concentrations (31.25, 62.5, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 µg/mL) for 72 h. It was found that plant extracts showed high (SI: 2.14 > 2) cytotoxicity to PC-3 cells, moderate (SI: 1.62 < 2) to HeLa cells, and low (SI: 0.93 < 2) cytotoxicity to MCF-7 cells. Also, different plant extract concentrations were found to cause an inhibition rate of 16.3–22.3% in Staphylococcus aureus, 16.8–23.5% in Streptococcus pyogenes and 12–16.2% in Cutibacterium acnes. Similarly, inhibition rates were determined between 9.5–20.7% for Candida albicans, 3.5–7.7% for Candida auris, and 5.5–15.1% for Candida glabrata. The results showed that the plant extract exhibited a concentration-dependent cytotoxic and antimicrobial effect against both cancer cell lines and microbial pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Research / Pizhūhish Hā-yi Sanāyi̒-i Ghaz̠āyī is the property of University of Tabriz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Manas Journal of Agriculture Veterinary & Life Sciences is the property of Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

IntroductionThe demand for sustainable food packaging materials has led to the exploration of bioactive composite films. This study aimed to prepare and evaluate a composite film made from sweet potato peel polyphenols extract and sweet potato starch (SPS) for its potential use in food packaging.MethodsThe composite film was prepared by uniformly dispersing 0.4% sweet potato peel polyphenols in the SPS matrix. Physicochemical properties and functional characteristics were assessed, including mechanical properties, UV barrier, water and gas barrier properties, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial abilities against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The film's efficacy in food packaging was tested using fresh cherry tomatoes, stored at 4°C, to determine its impact on shelf life.ResultsThe starch-based sweet potato peel polyphenols film demonstrated enhanced mechanical properties and excellent UV barrier properties. It showed improved water and gas barrier properties and strong antioxidant activity, with clearance rates above 90% for DPPH and ABTS radicals. The film also exhibited effective antimicrobial abilities against the tested bacteria. Food packaging experiments indicated that the film could extend the shelf life of fresh cherry tomatoes to 7 days when stored at 4°C.DiscussionThe results suggest that the developed composite film has significant potential as an eco-friendly food packaging material. Its multifunctional properties, including UV protection, barrier enhancement, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial capabilities, make it a promising candidate for extending the shelf life of perishable foods. The film's performance in slowing spoilage and extending the shelf life of cherry tomatoes highlights its practical application prospects in the food industry.

The continuous and inappropriate use of traditionally used antimicrobial agents has caused the rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains and the mutation of microorganisms in the field of dentistry. Therefore, various nanoparticles have been developed to combat resistant pathogens. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles have been attractive antimicrobial agents because of their chemical stability, non-toxicity, and inexpensive precursors. Therefore, TiO2-based nanodispersions were explored by preparing them with well-known antimicrobial agents, such as hypochlorous acid (HOCl), to enhance the antimicrobial effect. In this study, sol-gel-based TiO2 NPs-HOCl nanodispersions were synthesized and characterized. The antimicrobial effect was assessed by a microdilution assay using S. mutans, S. aureus, E. faecalis, and C. albicans strains by incubating different concentrations of the nanodispersions. To evaluate the cytotoxic effects, stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAPs) were inoculated and evaluated using the MTT assay. The nanodispersion exhibited an enhanced antimicrobial effect, with almost no cytotoxicity. The HOCl-based nanodispersion exhibited a greater antimicrobial effect and high stability. Thus, it can be used as a promising antimicrobial agent for the treatment of various dental pathogens.

Echinacea, a widely used herbal remedy derived from the purple coneflower, is renowned for its potential benefits in treating and preventing the common cold. This review examines Echinacea’s role in managing cold symptoms, its mechanisms of action, and its efficacy across various species and preparations. Echinacea species, particularly Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, and Echinacea pallida, contain active compounds such as alkamides, caffeic acid derivatives, polysaccharides, and glycoproteins, which contribute to its immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties. Clinical studies demonstrate that Echinacea can modestly reduce the incidence, duration, and severity of colds, though results are variable due to differences in preparation forms (e.g., teas, tinctures, extracts) and study methodologies. Proprietary extracts like Echinaforce® have shown consistent benefits, while other formulations have yielded mixed results. Despite a generally favorable safety profile, including mild gastrointestinal disturbances and rare allergic reactions, the long-term safety, particularly in vulnerable populations, remains under-researched. Future research should focus on standardized formulations, detailed molecular mechanisms, and rigorous clinical trials to better define Echinacea’s role in cold management. Overall, while Echinacea offers a promising option for cold prevention and treatment, its use should be informed by evidence-based practices considering formulation, dosage, and individual patient factors.

Honey is a natural product used since ancient times due to its taste, aroma, and therapeutic properties (antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity). The purpose of this review is to present the species of microorganisms that can survive in honey and the effect they can have on bees and consumers. The techniques for identifying the microorganisms present in honey are also described in this study. Honey contains bacteria, yeasts, molds, and viruses, and some of them may present beneficial properties for humans. The antimicrobial effect of honey is due to its acidity and high viscosity, high sugar concentration, low water content, the presence of hydrogen peroxide and non-peroxidase components, particularly methylglyoxal (MGO), phenolic acids, flavonoids, proteins, peptides, and non-peroxidase glycopeptides. Honey has antibacterial action (it has effectiveness against bacteria, e.g. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Acinetobacter, etc.), antifungal (effectiveness against Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Rhizopus spp., and Penicillium spp.), antiviral (effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2, Herpes simplex virus type 1, Influenza virus A and B, Varicella zoster virus), and antiparasitic action (effectiveness against Plasmodium berghei, Giardia and Trichomonas, Toxoplasma gondii) demonstrated by numerous studies that are comprised and discussed in this review.

Infection diseases is a worldwide important problem for medicine and pharmacy. The purpose of this work was to study and compare phytochemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant potential of pomegranate fruit thick and green tea leaf liquid extracts. The quantification of biologically active substances (BAS) was performed using spectrophotometric, titrimetric, and HPLC analysis methods. Antioxidant activity was measured through a potentiometric method, while antimicrobial and antifungal effects were assessed using the well method and determining the minimum inhibition concentration. The total content of phenolic compounds was 0.40 and 10.10%, organic acids – 5.80 and 1.60% for pomegranate fruit thick and green tea leaf extract. The total content of catechins in the green tea leaf extract was 10500.0 mg/100 g, where epicatechin-3-O-gallate was dominated (3730.0±2.00 mg/100 g). The total content of anthocyanins in the pomegranate fruit thick extract was 107.10 mg/100 g, where cyanidin-3-O-glucoside was dominated (41.74 ± 0.10 mg/100 g), whereas delphinidin-3-O-glucoside had a lowest content (4.99 ± 0.10 mg/100 g). Both extracts possessed a high antioxidant potential, and effective antimicrobial effects. The antioxidant, antimicrobial activity of pomegranate fruit extract was higher than green tea leaf extract. In addition, we assumed that anthocyanins had higher antioxidant, antimicrobial properties than catechins. These findings would promote application of pomegranate fruits extract as pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals.

Introduction and Aim of the Study: Apple cider vinegar (ACV) has been used for centuries in various cultural and medical contexts globally. This study seeks to explore ACV's traditional and contemporary applications, evaluating scientific evidence for its efficacy and safety. Material and Methods: This review synthesizes information from PubMed, Google Scholar, and other scientific sources. Key search terms included "apple cider vinegar," "apple cider vinegar medical use," "apple cider vinegar antimicrobial effect," "apple cider vinegar lipid profile," "apple cider vinegar glucose level," "apple cider vinegar preparation," and "apple cider vinegar historical use." Results: Research supports ACV's traditional role as a disinfectant, demonstrating effectiveness against a range of bacteria and fungi. Both animal and human studies suggest ACV may help lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels while boosting HDL cholesterol. Evidence indicates ACV can enhance insulin sensitivity and reduce blood glucose levels, offering benefits for type 2 diabetes management. ACV shows antioxidant properties, potential for lowering blood pressure, and use in certain skin diseases, though further research is needed to confirm these effects. Conclusions: The historical use of ACV in traditional medicine finds partial support in modern scientific research. Its antimicrobial, lipid-modulating, and glucose-regulating properties are documented, suggesting potential benefits for cardiovascular health, weight management, and metabolic regulation. Nonetheless, the evidence for its cosmetic applications and impact on muscle cramps remains less definitive. Additional research involving larger, diverse populations is necessary to fully validate ACV's benefits and establish safe usage guidelines.

The essential oil of Artemisia annua grown in the Beijing area was extracted by hydrodistillation, and then its volatile components were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The in vitro antioxidant activity of the Artemisia annua essential oil was determined by measuring the scavenging rate of DPPH and hydroxyl radicals, its antibacterial activity by using the agar diffusion method, and its toxicological properties by perfusing mice with different doses of the essential oil. The results showed that the extraction rate of the Artemisia annua essential oil was 1.04‰, with 332 essential oil components being identified by GC-MS analysis. Of these, 22 components accounted for 71.09% of the total volatiles, with relatively high contents of artemisinone (19.34%) and (+)-α-pinene (6.10%). The Artemisia annua essential oil exhibited good scavenging activities of the DPPH and hydroxyl radicals in a dose-dependent relationship. The highest scavenging rates of the DPPH and hydroxyl radicals were 40.03% and 92.97%, respectively, at an essential oil concentration of 10 mg/mL. The Artemisia annua essential oil significantly inhibited the growth of both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with inhibitory zones of 12.67±0.29 mm and 9.27±0.25 mm, respectively. The LD50 value of the Artemisia annua essential oil was 7491 mg/kg, indicating that it was not toxic. This study can provide a theoretical reference for the extraction and use of Artemisia annua and other Artemisia plants.

This study was conducted to determine the antioxidant activity, lipid peroxidation inhibitory effect and antimicrobial properties of Heracleum persicum plant. DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl, 1-picrylhydrazyl) method was used to determine antioxidant activity, and the Folin method was used to determine total phenolic content. Disc diffusion method was applied to determine antimicrobial activity. In the study, the antioxidant activity value of H. persicum was determined as 5.36 mg mL-1, the total phenolic content was 20.84 mg GAE mL-1 and the total flavonoid content was 12.35 mg QE mL-1. The plant's inhibition against lipid peroxidation was measured as 3.63 mg mL-1. Its antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect against lipid peroxidation were lower than butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) in both analyses (p<0.05). The plant extract was found to be effective against Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. As a result, the antioxidant properties, antimicrobial and anti-lipid peroxidation effects of H. persicum plant have revealed that this plant has an important potential for use in medicine and pharmacology, as well as for consumption as food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the properties and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesised through a green method using Salvia officinalis. Extracts were obtained from sage at two different temperatures, and these extracts were then used to synthesise silver nanoparticles through a reaction with AgNO₃. The characteristics of resulting silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial effects on foodborne pathogenic bacteria were examined. During the synthesis, the colour of the silver nanoparticle solution changed from yellow to dark brown, and a significant absorbance peak was observed at 360 nm. The sizes of the synthesised silver nanoparticles were found to be 53.77 and 57.08 nm for the two different extraction temperatures, respectively. The nanoparticles exhibited spherical-rod shapes with silver contents of 83.91% and 84.38% and crystal sizes of 37.15 nm and 34.81 nm, corresponding to the two temperatures. The reduction of silver ions involved functional groups like C=C or C=O. The antimicrobial activity of the synthesised silver nanoparticles was evaluated at concentrations of 10 and 25 mg·mL–1 using the paper disc method against several foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Notably, the sage extract displayed antimicrobial efficacy against Salmonella Typhi, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. However, no significant antimicrobial effect was observed against Escherichia coli O157:H7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyocyanin is an extracellular diffusible pigment conferring virulence to Pseudomonas strains for their survival. Surge in antimicrobial resistance demands alternate potential candidates of biological origin. Combining the virulence and antagonistic potential, pyocyanin pigment shall be developed as a biocontrol agent with experimental studies. Media optimization and cross streak method were employed to screen the competent strain and identified using 16 S rRNA sequencing. Agar diffusion, broth dilution and MTT assay were adopted to determine the antimicrobial potential and biocompatibility of pyocyanin. Further, UV–vis spectrophotometry, GC-MS and 1H NMR analyses were used to validate the structural identity of pyocyanin. Results revealed that Potato glycerol broth supported maximum pyocyanin production from competent Pseudomonas aeruginosa WS1. Significant antimicrobial activity in a dose dependent fashion was observed with MIC 64 – 32 μg / mL. Cytotoxicity with IC 50 @ 108.5 mg L−1 was found to be associated with clumping and cell rounding with consistent lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay result. The mass spectrum (m/z) at 210 and N–CH 3 proton resonating at 1.4229 ppm and 7.4 – 7.5 ppm confirmed the condensed nitrogen aromatic ring of pyocyanin. These findings suggest that the combined virulence and antagonistic potential of pyocyanin interfering with the ETC may serve as a promising bio-control agent. [Display omitted] • Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of potential Pseudomonas strains. • Biochemical, molecular and structural elucidation of pyocyanin pigment. • Evaluation of clinical efficacy against toward bacteria and fungi. • Cytotoxicity study of pyocyanin for biomedical and clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method has been proposed for creating an operationally durable copper coating with antimicrobial properties for the buttons of electrical switches based on the gas dynamic spray deposition of copper on acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic. It is shown that during the coating process, a polymer film is formed on top of the copper layer. Comparative in situ studies of microbial contamination have shown that the copper-coated buttons have a significant antimicrobial effect compared to standard buttons. Analysis of swabs over a 22-week study in a hospital environment showed that the frequency of contamination for a copper-coated button with various microorganisms was 2.7 times lower than that of a control button. The presented results allow us to consider the developed copper coating for plastic switches an effective alternative method in the fight against healthcare-associated infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare, in vitro, the cytotoxicity of different applied ozone dosages in keratinocyte (NOK) and fibroblast (L929) cell lines, as well as the antimicrobial potential for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). NOK and L929 cells and strains of gram-positive bacteria S. aureus and gram-negative bacteria E. coli were divided into seven experimental groups: ozone at doses from 0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.05 mg/L. The effect of ozone on cell viability/cytotoxicity was determined using the alamarBlue® assay, the Live/Dead® assay and the morphometric analysis of the percentage of live and dead cells. The results show that applied ozone dosages of 0.005, 0.01 and 0.02 mg/L showed the highest viability values of NOK and L929 cells, as well as a higher density and percentage of live cells in the 72-hour experimental. However, no difference was observed in the percentage of dead cells between the experimental groups. Furthermore, ozone promoted a reduction in CFUs at all tested dosages. With the results obtained in the present study, it is possible to confirm the restorative potential of ozone therapy in a dose-dependent response, as well as its antimicrobial potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Periodontal disease (PD) is one of the most common infectious diseases with complex inflammatory conditions, having irreversibly destructive impacts on the periodontal supporting tissues. The application of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a promising adjuvant therapy modality for PD. However, the mechanism of CAP in PD treatment is still poorly understood. The review motivates to outline the latest researches concerning the applications of CAP in PD treatment. Methods: We searched CAP‐related literature through utilizing the well‐established databases of Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science according to the following keywords related to periodontal disease (periodontal, gingival, gingivitis, gingiva, periodontium, periodontitis). Results: A total of 18 concerning original studies were found. These studies could be classified according to three pathophysiological perspectives of PD. The therapeutic mechanisms of CAP may be attributed to the oxidative stress‐related cell death of periodontal bacteria, the suppression of periodontal inflammation and pro‐inflammatory cytokine secretion, as well as the acceleration of periodontal soft tissue wound healing and hard tissue reconstruction. Conclusions: Cold atmospheric plasma has potential therapeutic effects on PD through three mechanisms: antimicrobial effect, inflammation attenuation, and tissue remodeling. This review hopefully provides a comprehensive perspective into the potential of CAP in PD therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dinuclear palladium(II) complexes, [{Pd(en)Cl}2(μ-L)](NO3)2 (L is bridging ligand pirazine (Pd1), pyrimidine (Pd2), pyridazine (Pd3), phenazine (Pd4) and en is ethylenediamine), were synthesized and characterized. The interactions of the synthesized palladium(II) complexes with biomolecules such as DNA and BSA were studied using UV–Vis spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. Analysis of tumoricidal activity of investigated complexes, tested on several tumor cell lines of human and mouse origin, revealed that Pd1 and Pd2 exhibited weak cytotoxic potential at lower concentrations. However, Pd3 showed higher cytotoxicity effects on the human MDA-MB 468 breast carcinoma and A375 melanoma cell lines, while Pd4 exhibited tumoricidal potential against MDA-MB 468 cells and A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Interestingly, A375 human melanoma cells were highly sensitive to Pd4 treatment similarly to the effect of cisplatin. Further, the antimicrobial effects of tested compounds were evaluated using different species of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as yeasts. Pd1–Pd4 showed variable antimicrobial activity depending on the microorganism species. Among tested complexes, Pd4 exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity. The obtained data suggest that palladium(II) complexes might be further investigated as potential antitumor and antimicrobial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a novel non-thermal technology with significant potential for use in meat processing to prolong shelf life. The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficiency of CAP treatment on the natural microbiota and quality traits of pork stored for 8 days at 4 °C. CAP treatment was applied by employing piezoelectric direct discharge technology to treat pork samples for 0, 3, 6, and 9 min. Reductions of approximately 0.8–1.7 log CFU/g were observed in total viable counts (TVC) and Pseudomonas spp. levels for CAP treatments longer than 3 min, immediately after treatment. A storage study revealed that CAP-treated pork (>6 min) had significantly lower levels of TVC, Pseudomonas spp., and Enterobacteriaceae throughout storage. Regarding quality traits, CAP application for longer than 3 min significantly increased water retention and yellowness and decreased meat redness compared to untreated pork. However, other parameters such as pH, tenderness, and lightness exhibited no statistically significant differences between untreated and CAP-treated pork. Lipid oxidation levels were higher only for the 9-min treatment compared to untreated pork. Our results revealed that CAP is a promising technology that can extend the microbiological shelf life of pork during refrigeration storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows, and its development of antibiotic resistance has limited treatment efficacy. Essential oils (EOs) are natural products with a wide range of antimicrobial properties that could be used to treat bovine mastitis. This study aims to investigate the antimicrobial activity of EOs against S. aureus isolated from subclinical bovine mastitis cases in the State of São Paulo—Brazil. A total of 14 S. aureus isolates were selected, based on the presence of biofilm-forming genes (icaA, icaD, and bap), and were cultured to a final concentration of 103 CFU.mL−1 for the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) analysis of five EOs (Citrus aurantium bergamia—bergamot, Copaifera reticulata—copaiba, Foeniculum vulgare—fennel, Zingiber officinale—ginger, and Ocimum basilicum—basil). The chemical compositions of the EOs were characterized using gas chromatography coupled with a mass-selective detector (GC/MSD). Basil and bergamot EOs exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity against S. aureus strains, with mean MIC/MBC values of 1.561 ± 0.223/2.806 ± 0.255 mg.mL−1 and 2.782 ± 0.228/4.396 ± 0.198 mg.mL−1, respectively. The primary compounds in basil EO were methyl-chavicol, linalool, and α-humulene, while bergamot EO predominantly contained linalyl acetate, limonene, and linalool. This research highlights the potential of basil and bergamot EOs as natural antimicrobial agents for treating bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus, offering a potential alternative to traditional antibiotics and contributing to animal welfare and public health. In addition, it emphasizes the need for further studies to validate the long-term effects, optimal dosages, and application methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, with the increase in diseases and consumers’ preference for organic foods, the use of natural plant compounds to improve and increase their shelf life is on the rise. In addition, the use of medicinal plants, which can have therapeutic properties, has attracted attention. Black seed oil has attracted a lot of attention in the past due to its unique therapeutic properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of black seed oil against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus cereus. The amount of phenolic compounds in black seed oil was measured by Folin-Ciocalteu. The antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging methods. The antimicrobial effect of Nigella sativa oil was investigated according to well diffusion agar, disk diffusion agar, interaction, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration methods.The Nigella sativa oil had 16.25 mg GAE/g phenolic compounds. The antioxidant activity based on DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging were 86.62% and 94.85%, respectively.The Nigella sativa oil showed a significant antimicrobial effect on the tested microorganisms. In the combined mode (interaction) of Nigella sativa oil with chloramphenicol antibiotic, synergistic mode was observed for all bacterial strains. Given the significant antioxidant activity and antimicrobial effect of Nigella sativa, it can be used in food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emergence of multi-drug-resistant bacteria poses an imminent and clear threat to human health. Acinetobacter baumanii is such an organism, which may cause up to 40% mortality due to bacteremia. Ranunculus kotschyi, a widespread herb, is utilized in Türkiye for treatment of rheumatism, leg pain and bruises in folk medicine, and also consumed as food. Molecular identification of Ranunculus kotschyi was performed using ITS1 partial sequence, 5.8S and ITS2 partial sequence. Phylogenetic analyses of the plant were conducted. The plant sample was extracted and fractioned using activity guided fractionation to yield an active fraction (RK4A). RK4A was analysed using LC-QTOF-MS and the presence of syringic acid in RK4A was revealed. The antimicrobial effects of RK4A and syringic acid against multi-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumanii, as well as other pathogens, namely Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis, were screened in broth media. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined using microdilution method. Our results revealed that RK4A and syringic inhibited growth of all tested bacteria in broth. The MIC values of RK4A against Acinetobacter baumanii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis were 500, 62.5, 31.25, 125 and 15.525 µg/ml, respectively. The MIC values of syringic acid against Acinetobacter baumanii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis were 1000, 62.5, 62.5, 125 and 31.25 µg/ml, respectively. Our results suggest that Ranunculus kotschyi and syringic acid may provide alternatives in the treatment of infections caused by A. baumanii and other multidrug-resistant bacteria. Further research is needed in order to discover action mechanisms of the reported antimicrobial effects and enhance the observed effects of RK4A and syringic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tripleurospermum callosum (Boiss. & Heldr.) E. Hossain was recorded in Turkish ethnobotanical data for its use against urinary and respiratory system ailments. Infusion, decoction and 96% ethanol extracts of T. callosum aerial parts were prepared for in vitro antimicrobial activity against urinary system pathogens Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Klebsiella aerogenes ATCC 1348 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. The non-toxic concentrations of extracts and in vivo antimicrobial assay were performed using C. elegans. The extracts were analysed by Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for phytochemical composition. The water extracts were non-toxic at between 5000 and 312 µg/mL, while 96% ethanol extract at 312 µg/mL for C. elegans. The infusion extract showed in vivo anti-infective effect 5000–312 μg/mL against Gram-negative strains. The results indicate a potential role of plant extracts with relatively non-toxic and anti-infective effects against urinary system pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased global research is focused on the development of novel therapeutics to combat antimicrobial and antiviral resistance. Pistachio nuts represent a good source of protein, fiber, monounsaturated fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, and phytochemicals (carotenoids, phenolic acids, flavonoids and anthocyanins). The phytochemicals found in pistachios are structurally diverse compounds with antimicrobial and antiviral potential, demonstrated as individual compounds, extracts and complexed into nanoparticles. Synergistic effects have also been reported in combination with existing drugs. Here we report an overview of the antimicrobial and antiviral potential of pistachio nuts: studies show that Gram-positive bacterial strains, such as Staphylococcus aureus, are the most susceptible amongst bacteria, whereas antiviral effect has been reported against herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Amongst the known pistachio compounds, zeaxanthin has been shown to affect both HSV-1 attachment penetration of human cells and viral DNA synthesis. These data suggest that pistachio extracts and derivatives could be used for the topical treatment of S. aureus skin infections and ocular herpes infections.

Currently, antibiotic therapy remains the primary method for treating infectious diseases in humans. Nevertheless, its effectiveness is rapidly decreasing due to the widespread emergence of resistant pathogens, necessitating the exploration of new treatment options. One potential approach involves the use of antibiotics in combination with other natural compounds. Aim of the review was to summarize the literature data on the synergy of the antimicrobial action of combinations of antibiotics with various biocides against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic microorganisms. The analysis of literature data has shown that promising compounds for use in combinations with antibiotics include essential oils, other plant components, antimicrobial peptides (both natural and synthetic), and microbial surfactants. In the majority of studies, the researchers calculated the fractional inhibitory concentration index, confirming the synergistic antimicrobial activity of antibiotics and the mentioned compounds. The use of natural biocides in combination with commercial antibiotics, particularly against Gram-negative (including methicillin-resistant) Staphylococcus species and Gram-positive microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aureginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Acinetobacter baumannii), enabled to consider these mixtures not only as effective antimicrobial agents but as one of the ways to reduce the effective concentration of antibiotics as well. It should be noted that in the presented studies, the researchers only observed the synergy of antimicrobial activity between a combination of antibiotics and other biocides, without emphasizing the potential mechanisms of interaction between the components of the complex. This likely depended on various factors, including the qualitative composition of natural compounds. Therefore, it was important to continue research not only on the synergy of antimicrobial activity in compound mixtures but also on the underlying mechanisms of their interaction. This would provide insights to enhance their effectiveness in combating resistant microorganisms.

Objective(s): Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli are the main pathogenic bacteria involved in severe, polymicrobial, and multidrug-resistant infections. For these infections to be overcome, lipid-based nanoparticles and nanoformulations such as liposomes have demonstrated marked potential in fighting bacterial infections by delivering antibacterial drugs, fusing with bacterial membranes, and promoting the direct delivery of antibacterial agents to bacteria. This study assesses the antibacterial effects of various formulations of carvacrol (CV)-encapsulating nanoliposomes on S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. The study further evaluates the cytotoxicity of the fabricated nanoliposomal system against human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells.Materials and Methods: Various formulations of the liposomal nanosystem were first prepared through the thin film hydration method utilizing different concentrations of soy phosphatidylcholine (SPC), cholesterol (Chol), and Tween 60. The formulations were then evaluated for drug entrapment efficiency and release profiles, and the optimum formulation was determined for the experiments. The optimum formulation was then structurally analyzed, and the cytotoxicity of free CV and encapsulated CV on both bacteria and HFF cells was evaluated. Results: Microbial tests revealed that CV-LPs outperform free CV regarding their antibacterial effects on the studied bacterial strains, with the maximum inhibitory effect exerted on S. aureus, followed by E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Conclusion: Furthermore, the MTT assay indicated that the cytotoxicity of CV against normal HFF cells was remarkably declined when it was encapsulated in the liposomal nanosystem.

Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows, and its development of antibiotic resistance has limited treatment efficacy. Essential oils (EOs) are natural products with a wide range of antimicrobial properties that could be used to treat bovine mastitis. This study aims to investigate the antimicrobial activity of EOs against S. aureus isolated from subclinical bovine mastitis cases in the State of São Paulo—Brazil. A total of 14 S. aureus isolates were selected, based on the presence of biofilm-forming genes (icaA, icaD, and bap), and were cultured to a final concentration of 103 CFU.mL−1 for the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) analysis of five EOs (Citrus aurantium bergamia—bergamot, Copaifera reticulata—copaiba, Foeniculum vulgare—fennel, Zingiber officinale—ginger, and Ocimum basilicum—basil). The chemical compositions of the EOs were characterized using gas chromatography coupled with a mass-selective detector (GC/MSD). Basil and bergamot EOs exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity against S. aureus strains, with mean MIC/MBC values of 1.561 ± 0.223/2.806 ± 0.255 mg.mL−1 and 2.782 ± 0.228/4.396 ± 0.198 mg.mL−1, respectively. The primary compounds in basil EO were methyl-chavicol, linalool, and α-humulene, while bergamot EO predominantly contained linalyl acetate, limonene, and linalool. This research highlights the potential of basil and bergamot EOs as natural antimicrobial agents for treating bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus, offering a potential alternative to traditional antibiotics and contributing to animal welfare and public health. In addition, it emphasizes the need for further studies to validate the long-term effects, optimal dosages, and application methods.

The bacteria within the oral cavity are incriminated for caries and periodontitis. The simplest method to reduce bacterial load is tooth brushing. The commercial toothpaste has therapeutic ingredients with antibacterial effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect on the oral microbiome of two commercial toothpaste. One toothpaste has active ingredients 8% arginine and 1450 ppm fluoride and another 1100 ppm fluoride and 0.3% triclosan. Material and method: samples of dental plaque from 10 healthy subjects were collected before and after tooth brushing. The oral hygiene was scored using the oral hygiene index simplified. The Gram staining was used to identify bacterial genera. Results: The main bacterial strain identified was Gram-positive cocci. The filamentous Gram-negative bacteria were frequently identified mainly in subjects with poor and fair oral hygiene. In 17 out of 20 samples, there was a reduced bacterial community after tooth brushing. The paste with arginine and fluoride is more successful in decreasing filamentous Gram-negative bacteria. Conclusion: Both toothpastes provided antimicrobial activity. 1450 ppm fluoride in association with 8% arginine seems to be more effective than 1100 ppm fluoride in association with 0.3% triclosan in reducing the number of filamentous Gram-negative bacteria.

Ribavirin and its analogues exhibit an in vitro antiproliferative effect in cancer cells. In this work, we studied the biological activities of a number of alkyl/aryloxymethyl derivatives of ribavirin’s aglycon—1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide. Alkyl/arylxymethyl derivatives of 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide with substitutions at the fifth or first position of the triazole ring, were synthesized and their antiproliferative and antimicrobial effects were assessed. For both series, the presence of an antiproliferative effect was investigated, and 1-alkyl/aryloxymethyl derivatives were shown an antimicrobial potential against a Gram-positive bacteria Micrococcus luteus and Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The obtained results showed that the n-decyloxymethyl derivatives induced leukemia cell death at low micromolar concentrations. We confirmed that n-decyloxymethyl derivatives of ribavirin inhibited the cell cycle progression and induced an accumulation of leukemia cells in the subG1-phase. The molecular docking results suggest that alkyl/aryloxymethyl derivatives may act by inhibiting translation initiation, due to interference with eIF4E assembly. The outcome results revealed that active derivatives (1- or 5-n-decyloxymethyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamides) can be considered as a lead compound for anticancer treatments.

Milk has been a dietary staple around the world for centuries. In recent years, consumer interest in healthy foods and organic products has increased due to their health-promoting properties. Fermented dairy products, including yoghurt, are receiving special attention for their properties and the presence of probiotic bacteria. The quantitative and qualitative (MALDI TOF MS) evaluation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in different types of yoghurt (with different shelf lives) was carried out. The effect of the Lactobacillus spp. strains isolated from yoghurts (with potential antimicrobial activity) against foodborne pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes) was evaluated. The presence of Lactobacillus spp. (Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus paracasei) in the tested yoghurts was demonstrated. In the samples tested, not all the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) declared by the manufacturer were identified. The number of live bacteria present in the product was influenced by the type of yoghurt. The number of bacteria did not fall below the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended level by the last day of validity. It was shown that a mixed culture (L. rhamnosus and L. paracasei, isolated from tested yoghurts) had the most significant effect on changing the number of pathogenic microorganisms. The consumption of dairy products, which are a source of LAB, can reduce the risk of foodborne pathogen infections.