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Antimicrobial agents are safe preservatives having the ability to protect foods from microbial spoilage and extend their shelf life. Many factors, including antimicrobials' chemical features, storage environments, delivery methods, and diffusion in foods, can affect their antimicrobial activities. The physical-chemical characteristics of the food itself play an important role in determining the efficacy of antimicrobial agents in foods; however the mechanisms behind it have not been fully explored. This review provides new insights and comprehensive knowledge regarding the impacts of the food matrix, including the food components and food (micro)structures, on the activities of antimicrobial agents. Studies of the last 10 years regarding the influences of the food structure on the effects of antimicrobial agents against the microorganisms' growth were summarized. The mechanisms underpinning the loss of the antimicrobial agents' activity in foods are proposed. Finally, some strategies/technologies to improve the protection of antimicrobial agents in specific food categories are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, silver sulfide nanoparticles (Ag2SNP's) were successfully produced by using fruit extracts of Phyllanthus emblica. UV–vis, FTIR, XRD with SEM and EDX techniques were used for the synthesis process and for characterization of the resulting nanostructures. According to the findings, the fabricated nanostructure had a monoclinic crystal structure, measuring 44 nm in grain size, and its strain was 1.82 × 10−3. As revealed by SEM analysis, the synthesized nanostructure consists of irregular spherical and triangular shapes. The presence of silver (Ag) and sulfur (S) was also confirmed through EDX spectra. Furthermore, Ag2S nanoparticles were tested for their ability to effectively inhibit gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacterial growth. As a result of this study, it was clearly demonstrated that Ag2S nanoparticles possess powerful antibacterial properties, particularly when it came to inhibiting Escherichia coli growth. Ag2S nanoparticles had high total H2O2 and flavonoid concentrations and the greatest overall antioxidant activity, according to the evaluation of antioxidant activity of the samples. The results obtained from the P. emblica fruit extract were followed by those obtained from Ag2S nanoparticles were reported in detail. Research Highlights: Innovative Ag2SNP synthesis using Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract.SEM with EDX revealed a monoclinic crystal structure with a grain size of 44 nm and a strain of 1.82 × 10−3.Many of these applications are demonstrated by the potential of Ag2SNPs to treat and combat bacteria, particularly Escherichia coli.A peak at 653 cm−1 indicates the presence of primary sulfide aliphatic C‐S extension vibrations.The abundant H2O2 and NO2 found in P. emblica nanocomposites make them potent antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study successfully produced a hybrid nanocomposite of silver nanoparticles embedded with end-of-life battery-derived sheets-like nitrogen and sulfur-doped reduced-graphene oxide (AgNPs@NSG), which was utilized to remove methylene blue (MB) and paracetamol (PC) from aqueous solutions. The AgNPs@NSG nanocomposite was analyzed using various techniques. Several conditions, including pH value, adsorbent dose, initial concentration, and contact time, were studied to improve the removal efficiency of MB and PC. The pseudo-second-order model was the best fit for both MB and PC adsorption kinetics. The Langmuir model effectively described the experimental data for the adsorption isotherm, with maximum adsorption capacities of 61.72 and 52.6 mg/g for MB and PC, respectively, at room temperature. Additionally, the AgNPs@NSG nanocomposite demonstrated promising antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The nanocomposite showed inhibition zone diameters of 12.00 mm for Bacillus subtilis, 10.33 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, 9.67 mm for Streptococcus mutans, 10.00 mm for Escherichia coli, 11.33 mm for Proteus vulgaris, 9.67 mm for Serratia marcescens, and 10.67 mm for Vibrio parahaemolyticus. These results indicate the potential of AgNPs@NSG for reducing microorganism infections, especially in wastewater treatment. Overall, this study presents a simple and cost-effective process for producing an efficient material to remove harmful pollutants from wastewater. It also demonstrates its additional antimicrobial properties, highlighting its potential for versatile applications in environmental cleanup and infection control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed for the preparation of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) using hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) as a capping agent. The preparation of ZnONPs was first affirmed using UV–Vis spectra, illustrating the presence of an absorption peak at 364 nm. Meanwhile, the well distribution of ZnONPs was proved via transmission electron microscope (TEM). Then, ZnONPs were blended with a solution composed of HEC and sodium alginate (SA) to form an efficient hydrogel that crosslinked with calcium chloride (CaCl2). FTIR, SEM–EDX, and swelling ratios were employed to confirm the successful preparation of ZnONPs@HEC-SA in a hydrogel form. This investigation was extended to explore the efficacy of HEC-SA hydrogel and ZnONPs@HEC-SA hydrogel in removing Crystal Violet (CV) dye from water. Various variables, such as varied pH levels, contact periods, and concentrations of ZnONPs, were used to assess the hydrogel's adsorption capabilities. ZnONPs@HEC-SA hydrogel was also tested for photocatalytic degradation efficiency when exposed to visible light. At greater ZnONPs@HEC-SA dosage and shorter irradiation periods, our findings showed that the ZnONPs@HEC-SA hydrogel completely degraded (100%) the CV dye after 105 min. The maximum adsorption capacity observed was 320 mg/g, indicating a large removal capacity of the hydrogel. Besides, the reusability of the hydrogel was confirmed by its capability to maintain influential adsorption effectiveness over five consecutive cycles. The adsorption capacity of the tested hydrogel increased exponentially as the pH of the CV dye solution decreased. The nature of ZnONPs@HEC-SA hydrogel was reaffirmed by adding SA to the mixture, as detected by a point zero charge (PZC) of 8.4. The ZnONPs@HEC-SA hydrogel displays a considerable potential for applications in wastewater treatment. Its dual functionality as a photocatalyst and adsorbent for CV dye reduction, integrated with its antimicrobial properties, makes it a versatile and effective solution for managing pollution in water sources owing to its durability and efficiency over multiple cycles, enhancing its appeal for practical use in wastewater treatment processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with leaf extract Abution indicum was done, and those were characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) with energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The analysis by UV–vis spectroscopy showed a peak of 450 nm, and DLS and zeta potential were utilized to determine the size distribution of the biosynthesized Abution indicum–AgNPs (AI‐AgNPs) with a size range of 24–37 nm, and the X‐ray diffraction peak 38.096o was used to confirm that the crystalline structure of AI‐AgNPs. Furthermore, the antipathogenic effect of synthesized AgNPs and standard antibiotic (Ciprofloxacin) as studied the positive control in different types of bacterial pathogens likes Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia Coli, with the zone of inhibition values of 9 mm. The synthesized AgNPs displayed excellent photocatalytic activity against reactive blue under sunlight than a UV light irradiation, and maximum degradation of 43% was achieved with 66 min of reaction time. In view of promising activity, the AgNPs could be used photocatalyst for the degradation of dyes in wastewater, and pomegranate leaf extract can be applied as eco‐benign and cost‐effective approach for AgNPs synthesis. Hence, the current findings suggest that Abutilon indicum is a valuable source for tailoring the potential of AgNPs toward various enhanced biological, photocatalytic, and adsorption activities. Consequently, the plant biological molecule‐mediated synthesized AI‐AgNPs could be excellent contenders for future therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper oxide nanoparticles have attracted a great deal of attention in many fields due to their attractive physico‐chemical properties. In particular, their synthesis using an environmentally friendly method offers advantages in many applications. In the present report, copper oxide nanoparticles are produced from extracts of the plant Paulownia tomentosa by a method of biosynthesis. The synthesized CuO NPs have been characterized morphologically and structurally by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis, and X‐ray diffraction. Furthermore, the antimicrobial, antibiofilm and anticancer activities of the synthesized CuO NPs were evaluated. The CuO NPs were spherical and the particle size was 12.5 nm. For the tested microorganisms, CuO NPs showed a high inhibitory effect in terms of antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity. The cytotoxicity of the synthesized CuO NPs against HT‐22 and MCF‐7 showed a dose‐response activity. 50 % inhibitory concentration values were found to be 18.34 and 14.32 μg/mL of CuO NPs against the HT‐22 and MCF‐7 cancer cells, respectively. The results suggest that these nanoparticles can be used as effective antibacterial, antibiofilm and anticancer agents in the biomedical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, metal oxide nanostructures have been widely explored for health-related applications due to their novel physicochemical properties along with antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Here, nanoparticles (NPs) of zirconia (ZrO2) were synthesized via a co-precipitation route. Different structural and chemical properties of these NPs were assessed by powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), surface texture by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)-surface area analysis, and infrared spectroscopy. XRD profile analysis has confirmed the formation of a highly crystalline single-phase monoclinic structure. The crystallite size estimated from Debye–Scherrer's equation was found to be ~6 nm which is in good agreement with the size estimated from the W-H plot analysis. TEM image analysis showed the quintuple-shaped particles with the size in the range of 45–50 nm. The DLS showed an average particle size of 287 ± 5 nm and had a nearly stable zeta potential value of (−25.8 ± 5.3 mV). The specific surface area, 139.2 m2/g, is the highest ever reported value for monoclinic structured ZrO2 NPs. The "broth micro-dilution method" was employed to test the antimicrobial action of ZrO2 NPs against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and fungi. For certain strains, NPs demonstrated comparable or much better activity performance than the standard drugs. ZrO2 NPs were found potent against the S. pyogenes bacterium which may be due to oxidative stress generated on the cell wall of the membrane by Zr4+ to Zr3+ conversion. In vitro cytotoxicity testing of these NPs against normal fibroblast cells, Chang liver cells, and MCF-7 breast cancer cells was also examined. The effectiveness of ZrO2 NPs against investigated cancer cells can be ordered as MCF-7 breast cancer cells > normal fibroblast cells > Chang liver cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Ziziphus spina christi leaves was used to synthesize a trimetallic CuO/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite by a simple and green method. Many characterizations e.g. FTIR, UV–vis DRS, SEM–EDX, TEM, XRD, zeta-size analysis, and DLS, were used to confirm green-synthesized trimetallic CuO/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite. The green, synthesized trimetallic CuO/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite exhibited a spherical dot-like structure, with an average particle size of around 7.11 ± 0.67 nm and a zeta potential of 21.5 mV. An extremely homogeneous distribution of signals, including O (79.25%), Cu (13.78%), Zn (4.42%), and Ag (2.55%), is evident on the surface of green-synthetic nanocomposite, according to EDX data. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to effectively use an industrially produced green trimetallic CuO/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite as a potent antimicrobial agent by employing different statistically experimental designs. The highest yield of green synthetic trimetallic CuO/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite was (1.65 mg/mL), which was enhanced by 1.85 and 5.7 times; respectively, by using the Taguchi approach in comparison to the Plackett–Burman strategy and basal condition. A variety of assays techniques were utilized to evaluate the antimicrobial capabilities of the green-synthesized trimetallic CuO/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite at a 200 µg/mL concentration against multidrug-resistant human pathogens. After a 36-h period, the tested 200 µg/mL of the green-synthetic trimetallic CuO/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite effectively reduced the planktonic viable counts of the studied bacteria, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, which showed the highest percentage of biofilm reduction (98.06 ± 0.93 and 97.47 ± 0.65%; respectively). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this study was to assess the antimicrobial activities of various polar and nonpolar solvent extracts derived from the leaves of Viola odorata. The disc diffusion method was employed to test the antimicrobial susceptibility against a diverse range of pathogenic microorganisms, including Escherichia coli, Erwinia carotovora, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and the fungus Candida albicans. The results indicated that isobutanol and ethyl acetate fractions exhibited significantly higher antimicrobial activity compared to petroleum ether, crude, chloroform and aqueous fractions. Among the tested bacteria, E. carotovora was the most susceptible bacterium to all the extracts of V. odorata, whereas S. typhi demonstrated the highest resistance. The isobutanol extract inhibited the proliferation of E. carotovora by 62 % at a concentration of 2 mg disc-1, while the ethyl acetate extract achieved 53% inhibition under the same conditions. Additionally, our findings revealed that the overall antimicrobial activity of V. odorata leaves was consistently effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolics produced during xylooligosaccharide production might inhibit xylanases and enhance the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of XOS. The effects of phenolic compounds on xylanases may depend on the type and concentration of the compound, the plant biomass used, and the enzyme used. Understanding the effects of phenolic compounds on xylanases and their impact on XOS is critical for developing viable bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to XOS. Understanding the complex relationship between phenolic compounds and xylanases can lead to the development of strategies that improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of XOS manufacturing processes and optimise enzyme performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this study, Ziziphus spina christi leaves was used to synthesize a trimetallic CuO/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite by a simple and green method. Many characterizations e.g. FTIR, UV–vis DRS, SEM–EDX, TEM, XRD, zeta-size analysis, and DLS, were used to confirm green-synthesized trimetallic CuO/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite. The green, synthesized trimetallic CuO/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite exhibited a spherical dot-like structure, with an average particle size of around 7.11 ± 0.67 nm and a zeta potential of 21.5 mV. An extremely homogeneous distribution of signals, including O (79.25%), Cu (13.78%), Zn (4.42%), and Ag (2.55%), is evident on the surface of green-synthetic nanocomposite, according to EDX data. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to effectively use an industrially produced green trimetallic CuO/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite as a potent antimicrobial agent by employing different statistically experimental designs. The highest yield of green synthetic trimetallic CuO/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite was (1.65 mg/mL), which was enhanced by 1.85 and 5.7 times; respectively, by using the Taguchi approach in comparison to the Plackett–Burman strategy and basal condition. A variety of assays techniques were utilized to evaluate the antimicrobial capabilities of the green-synthesized trimetallic CuO/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite at a 200 µg/mL concentration against multidrug-resistant human pathogens. After a 36-h period, the tested 200 µg/mL of the green-synthetic trimetallic CuO/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite effectively reduced the planktonic viable counts of the studied bacteria, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, which showed the highest percentage of biofilm reduction (98.06 ± 0.93 and 97.47 ± 0.65%; respectively).

In this paper, we report the synthesis and characterization of a new material, (HFlucytosine)2BiCl5. The structure studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction reveals one-dimensional (1D) il [BiCl5]n2− chains surrounded by protonated flucytosine antifungal drug (HFlucytosine)+. The structure is stabilized by hydrogen bonds and non-covalent interactions. These interactions were assessed using Hirshfeld surface analysis. The optical property of the compound was studied with a focus on the band gap. Theoretical calculations on the electronic structure, band gap, and frontier molecular orbitals were performed using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) to support our experimental findings. Our results indicate that the energy gap (Eg) and the chemical reactivity descriptors are primarily linked to the ring of the organic cation and the inorganic anion. This highlights the importance of these two components in determining the activity and antioxidant capacity of the molecule. To ascertain the efficacy of these compounds in inhibiting the proliferation of detrimental bacteria, which are prevalent environmental contaminants in the Arab region, an agar disc diffusion assay was performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary metabolites, polyphenols, are widespread in the entire kingdom of plants. They contain one or more hydroxyl groups that have a variety of biological functions in the natural environment. These uses include polyphenols in food, beauty products, dietary supplements, and medicinal products and have grown rapidly during the past 20 years. Antimicrobial polyphenols are described together with their sources, classes, and subclasses. Polyphenols are found in different sources, such as dark chocolate, olive oil, red wine, almonds, cashews, walnuts, berries, green tea, apples, artichokes, mushrooms, etc. Examples of benefits are antiallergic, antioxidant, anticancer agents, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, and antimicrobe properties. From these sources, different classes of polyphenols are helpful for the growth of internal functional systems of the human body, providing healthy fats, vitamins, and minerals, lowering the risk of cardiovascular diseases, improving brain health, and rebooting our cellular microbiome health by mitochondrial uncoupling. Among the various health benefits of polyphenols (curcumin, naringenin, quercetin, catechin, etc.) primarily different antimicrobial activities are discussed along with possible future applications. For polyphenols and antimicrobial agents to be proven safe, adverse health impacts must be substantiated by reliable scientific research as well as in vitro and in vivo clinical data. Future research may be influenced by this evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New antimicrobials are urgently needed to combat the threat of multidrug-resistant bacteria worldwide. Our study aimed to access the antimicrobial and cytotoxic profiles of endophytic actinomycetes associated with Cinnamomum cassia Presl taken from a mountainous region in the Northwest of Vietnam. The antimicrobial activity, capability for anthracycline-like compounds production and presence of secondary metabolite-biosynthetic genes were consequently determined. Finally, the cytotoxicity of antibiotic-producing actinomycetes was carried out towards various cancer cell lines. A total of 81 actinomycetes were recovered from different organs (roots, stems, leaves) of Cinnamomum cassia, of which 20/81 isolates exhibited antimicrobial activities against at least one of nine microbial strains. The analysis of 16S rRNA genes indicated that antibiotic-producing isolates were grouped into 4 genera Streptomyces, Micromonospora, Saccharothrix, and Microbacterium, among which Streptomyces was the most prevalent. The presence of biosynthetic genes pks-I, pks-II or nrps was detected in 17/20 of isolates. Five strains of Streptomyces griseorubens LCQ8, Streptomyces variabilis LCQ43, Streptomyces californicus LCQ44, Streptomyces fragilis LCQ75, and Streptomyces beijiangensis LCQ77 exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against various pathogens with the MIC values ranging from 16 to 256 µg/mL. Furthermore, characterized strains showed considerable cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cell lines with a 50% inhibition concentration of crude culture extracts of less than 30 µg/mL. The findings demonstrated that Streptomyces species isolated from Cinnamomum cassia in mountainous regions hold the potential for growth inhibition of human disease agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effecient green tools of β-(3,4-dichlorophenyl-acrylic acid, thioglycolic acid and β-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl) ethanol under ultrasonic and microwave-assisted irradiation (MW-US) as found to be a simple approach for preparing interesting Spiro derivatives. A novel class Spiro-pyrrolidine-2,3'-thieno[2,3-d]pyridazine derivatives (2–6) were efficiently synthesized via one-pot multicomponent reactions. Ethoxy acetyl Spiro pyrrolidine-2,3'-thieno[2,3-d]pyridazin-hydrazide (5) assessed as ecofriendly microbicidal and insecticidal activities to establish a structure-activity relationship. Elemental analysis and spectroscopic data were used to describe the structures of all synthesized products. The Spiro-heterocyclic compounds are exclusive non-planar structures and branded for binding to biomolecules. The microbicidal and insecticidal activities of the compounds were investigated on ATCC coded test microorganisms upon the applied dose and time was studied through two kinetic study. The interaction with these antibacterial and insect's third instar larvae was medicinal and economically valuable. The preliminary testing demonstrated flourishing microbicidal capability to prevent the growth of threatening pathogenic bacteria as well as blossoming insecticidal efficacy. Moreover, Molecular docking and density functional theory simulations can be used to validate the experimental results. Also, we utilized the docking approach with secondary bacterial infection indicated that Ethoxy acetyl Spiro hydrazide (5) and Spiro arylidene hybrid (6) have exerted the strongest docking binding value against the active sites of 6LU7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic skin wounds, especially infected ones, pose a significant clinical challenge due to their increasing incidence and poor outcomes. The deteriorative microenvironment in such wounds, characterized by reduced extracellular matrix, impaired angiogenesis, insufficient neurogenesis, and persistent bacterial infection, has prompted the exploration of novel therapeutic strategies. In this study, we developed an injectable multifunctional hydrogel (GEL/BG@Cu + Mg) incorporating Gelatin-Tannic acid/ N-hydroxysuccinimide functionalized polyethylene glycol and Bioactive glass doped with copper and magnesium ions to accelerate the healing of infected wounds. The GEL/BG@Cu + Mg hydrogel composite demonstrates good biocompatibility, degradability, and rapid formation of a protective barrier to stop bleeding. Synergistic bactericidal effects are achieved through the photothermal properties of BG@Cu + Mg and sustained copper ions release, with the latter further promoting angiogenesis. Furthermore, the hydrogel enhances neurogenesis by stimulating axons and Schwann cells in the wound bed through the beneficial effects of magnesium ions. Our results demonstrate that the designed novel multifunctional hydrogel holds tremendous promise for treating infected wounds and allowing regenerative neurogenesis at the wound site, which provides a viable alternative for further improving clinical outcomes. [Display omitted] • Multi-Functional Hydrogel-Bioactive Glass Dressing accelerate wound healing • The photothermal properties of BG@Cu + Mg boost the antibacterial effects • Copper ions released from Hydrogels enhance antibacterial and angiogenesis effects • Magnesium ions released from Hydrogels stimulate neurogenesis at the wound site [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, because of the world's critical conditions, the development of new feed additives and the creation of non-traditional double-function feed additives are essential and for improving feeds quality by reducing the content of certain bio-contaminants. This study aimed to reduce environmental pollutants and create effective and economical inhibitors of bio-contaminants by evaluating the aptitude of these feed additives such as particles Miswak (Salvadora persica), black mulberry leaves, and seaweeds (Sargassum linifolium and Posidonia oceanica) algae with different concentrations (500 and 1000 µl) and (50 and 100 µl) before and after nanosizing process, respectively, to reduce the growth of certain gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, such as Enterobacter cloacae and Staphylococcus aureus,, as well as the production of the fungus Aspergillus flavus aflatoxin (B1). Our data illustrated that all the tested particles of Miswak, black mulberry leaves, and Sargassum linifolium and Posidonia oceanica algae possessed antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria, which increased after the nanosizing process, but S. aureus was more susceptible to the tested nanosized treatments than E. cloacae. Treatments with nanosized Miswak had the greatest inhibitory effect on both tested bacteria, with 96.84% regarding S. aureus and 95.185% in the case of E. cloacae at a concentration of 50 μl and dilution10-6 . The aflatoxin detoxification capabilities of these treatments were tested. Posidonia oceanica (P.O.) particles were the best detoxifier agent before and after the nanosizing process, followed by blue mulberry leaves and S. linifolium particles. Nanosized treatments, especially Posidonia oceanica, an antibacterial and aflatoxin detoxifier agent, are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Momordica charantia L. has been remained a well-known medicinal vegetable used traditionally. However, which part is most effective against which disorder, has been remained undiscovered yet. The objective of this study was to examine the antimicrobial, antihyperlipidemic and antihyperglycemic activities of peel, flesh, and seeds of bitter gourd, through in vitro and in vivo assays. Ethanolic extracts from powders of three fractions of bitter gourd were assessed for antimicrobial potential against bacterial and fungal strains, whereas, powders of these fractions were used to determine antihyperlipidemic and antihyperglycemic activity, in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Our results showed that BSE exhibited better antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, whereas BFE exhibited better against Escherichia coli. Blood glucose was significantly lowered by all three powders in a dose dependent manner, when fed to diabetic rats, with the highest decrease by BSP, which reduced the glucose level from 296.20 ± 2.00 mg/dl to 123.10 ± 0.80 mg/dl, at 15 mg dose, after 28 days trial. Elevated levels of TC (101.18 ± 0.65 mg/dl), TG (83.69 ± 0.61 mg/dl) and LDL–C (25.90 ± 0.09 mg/dl) in positive control rats were lowered down in well manners by BSP at 15 mg dose, to 86.30 ± 0.53, 67.70 ± 0.53 and 19.32 ± 0.06 mg/dl, respectively. As compared to BFP and BPP, BSP showed significant involvement in antibacterial, antihyperglycemic, and antihyperlipidemic actions. Along with the edible flesh, peels and seeds, which are usually discarded as waste, could also be utilized for development of pharma foods capable of promoting health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halicin, the first antibacterial agent discovered by artificial intelligence, exerts broad-spectrum antibacterial effects and has a unique structure. Our study found that halicin had a good inhibitory effect on clinical isolates of drug-resistant strains and Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens). The safety of halicin was evaluated by acute oral toxicity, genotoxicity and subchronic toxicity studies. The results of acute toxicity test indicated that halicin, as a low-toxicity compound, had an LD50 of 2018.3 mg/kg. The results of sperm malformation, bone marrow chromosome aberration and cell micronucleus tests showed that halicin had no obvious genotoxicity. However, the results of the 90-day subchronic toxicity test indicated that the test rats exhibited weight loss and slight renal inflammation at a high dose of 201.8 mg/kg. Teratogenicity of zebrafish embryos showed that halicin had no significant teratogenicity. Analysis of intestinal microbiota showed that halicin had a significant effect on the intestinal microbial composition, but caused a faster recovery. Furthermore, drug metabolism experiments showed that halicin was poorly absorbed and quickly eliminated in vivo. Our study found that halicin had a good therapeutic effect on intestinal infection model of C. perfringens. These results show the feasibility of developing oral halicin as a clinical candidate drug for treating intestinal infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs) have drawn a lot of attention due to their distinct physical and chemical properties. CBNs, such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon quantum dots, graphene, and other derivatives have been thoroughly investigated in environmental remediation, analytical chemistry and sensing, antimicrobial activities, microbial fuel cells, and renewable energy and energy storage. In this study, recent researches on the synthesis, properties, and application of CBNs were detailed, including the toxicity and health implications of CBNs. Conclusively, the various uses of CBNs have shown an exciting result for many applications. However, there are still concerns about some restrictions, including the lack of knowledge on the possible toxicity and health effects of CBNs, difficulties with scalability and cost-effectiveness, and biocompatibility in medical applications; thus, further research is needed to involve the multidisciplinary integration approaches, including Engineering, Medicine, Chemistry, Biology, and Material Science, to open the full potential of CBNs and to further encourage scientists to produce innovative CBNs for usage in a variety of sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. & Thomson is an ethnomedicinal plant belonging to the family Menispermaceae, known for its multi-disciplinary use. The present study is focused on selecting an elite plant chemotype through phytocompound quantification and antimicrobial activity assay against multi-drug-resistant (MDR) urinary-tract-infecting (UTI) pathogens, being a growing concern for mortality and antimicrobial resistance nowadays. Twelve accessions of this plant were collected from different agro-climatic zones of West Bengal, and crude extraction was done by solvent optimization. Sample TC 07 resulted in maximum crude extract yield in methanol. All twelve sample extracts showed antimicrobial efficacy against eight pathogens producing significant inhibition zones, while TC 07 resulting maximum inhibition zone of 16.37 ± 0.12 mm against Staphylococcus aureus. Extracts were evaluated through high-performance thin-layer chromatography, which resulted in optimum amount of berberine (5.05 ± 0.05 mg/g) and palmatine (3.00 ± 0.11 mg/g) in TC 07, significantly higher compared to other accessions. Therefore, comparing the data, TC 07 was considered as the elite chemotype and introduced in in vitro culture for conservation. The maximum number of shoot (16.39 ± 0.09) production was obtained in MS medium containing 2.0 mg/l 6-Benzylaminopurine and 1.0 mg/l meta-Topolin. The plant was acclimatized in ex-vitro condition and confirmed for optimum bioactive compound production through high-performance liquid chromatography. The cytogenetic stability of the regenerated plantlets was ensured using chromosome number determination, and through start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism. Therefore, this study provides a simple, validated and reproducible method for optimal berberine and palmatine production and controlling MDR-UTI pathogens.Key message: This study demonstrates the antimicrobial efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia's crude extract against eight MDR-UTI bacteria. Furthermore, it introduces a reliable extraction procedure and an in vitro multiplication protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diethyl 2-(((4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)methylene)malonate (2) was synthesized from coumarin 1 and diethyl ethoxymethylene malonate in ethanol, followed by cyclization in diphenyl ether to give chromene-9-carboxylate (3). Sugar hydrazones 5a-c were formed by reacting hydrazide 4 with D-galactose, D-mannose, and D-xylose, then acetylated to per-O-acetyl derivatives 6a-c. Heating 5a-c with acetic anhydride at 100 °C gave oxadiazolines 7a-c. Compound 8, obtained by refluxing 4 with carbon disulfide, was alkylated to 9 or reacted to give 10. Further reactions yielded acetoxy derivative 13 and hydroxy derivative 14. Compounds 17a-e and 18a-e were synthesized using thiomorpholinophenyl ureido/thioureido-s-triazine. These compounds were characterized and evaluated for antibacterial activity against Gram (+ve) bacteria (B. subtilis, S. aureus) and Gram (-ve) bacteria (E. coli, P. aeruginosa) in addition to yeast-like fungi (C. albicans). Compounds 11, 13, 15, 16, 17c-e, and 18a-e showed the highest antibacterial activity. Molecular docking was performed to study their binding with transpeptidases.

Plant lectins, a diverse group of carbohydrate-binding proteins, have garnered significant interest for their potential biomedical applications. This review explores their multifaceted functionalities, highlighting their historical significance, unique carbohydrate recognition properties, and therapeutic potential in various medical conditions. We discuss their efficacy against microbes, cancer cells, and inflammation, as well as their roles in blood typing, diagnostics, wound healing, and neuroprotection. Additionally, we explored the potential of lectin-based drug delivery systems and lectin-nanoparticle conjugates for targeted therapeutic interventions. However, challenges such as lectin specificity, toxicity, production methods, and clinical validation are acknowledged. Overcoming these hurdles is crucial to unlocking the full potential of plant lectins and paving the way for advancements in medicine.

Abstract This research investigates the biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae) and their potential as antibacterial and antifungal agents. Characterization techniques like ultraviolet–visible, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Dynamic light scattering and zeta potential (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDX) confirmed the formation of spherical (AgNPs). UV–vis spectroscopy reaffirms AgNP formation with a peak at 429 nm. DLS and zeta potential measurements revealed an average size of 30.77 nm and a negative surface charge (− 0.532 mV). Further, XRD analysis established the crystalline structure of the AgNPs. Moreover, the TEM descriptions indicate that the AgNPs are spherical shapes, and their sizes ranged from 9 to 22 nm with an average length of 15.27 nm. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis validated the formation of metallic silver and elucidated the surface state composition of AgNPs. Biologically, CO-AgNPs showed moderate antibacterial activity but excellent antifungal activity against Candida tropicalis (MCC 1559) and Trichophyton rubrum (MCC 1598). Low MIC values (0.195 and 0.390 mg/mL) respectively, suggest their potential as effective antifungal agents. This suggests potential applications in controlling fungal infections, which are often more challenging to treat than bacterial infections. Molecular docking results validated that bioactive compounds in C. odorata contribute to antifungal activity by interacting with its specific domain. Further research could pave the way for the development of novel and safe antifungal therapies based on biogenic nanoparticles.

Guava (Psidium guajava) is a plant widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Its leaves contain a large amount of physiological molecules such as flavonoid, sesquiterpene, triterpenoid, coumarin, alkaloid, and tannin molecules with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, the use of concentrated P. guajava leaf extract molecules as a functional natural material was evaluated by confirming the extract’s antioxidative, antibacterial, tyrosinase activity inhibition, and collagenase activity inhibition effects and its trans-2-nonenal removal ability. As a result of the analysis of the antioxidant and antibacterial components of concentrated P. guajava leaf extract molecules through GC-MS, a large amount of aromatic hydrocarbon molecules were detected. When different concentrations of ethanol were used for extraction, the leaf extract concentrated with 70% ethanol showed the most effective active molecules. As a result of measuring DPPH radical scavenging activity, a concentration-dependent antioxidant activity was confirmed. The antioxidant activity tended to increase when the ethanol content used for extraction was increased. Molecules such as 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, caryophyllene oxide, and γ-muurolene in P. guajava leaf extract concentrate appeared to have antibacterial activities against S. aureus bacteria known to cause atopy. As ethanol content increased, the inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activity was increased. In addition, when ethanol content was 50%, the concentrated leaf extract was able to remove trans-2-nonenal by 52.4%. As a result of determining the concentrated leaf extract’s collagenase inhibition activity, an inhibition rate close to that of ascorbic acid, a positive control, was confirmed. The concentrated guajava leaf extract molecules were confirmed to have whitening and wrinkle-improving functionality. Thus, the P. guajava leaf extract has high potential as a food and natural cosmetic material.

The hydrolytic enzyme, amylase possesses wide industrial applications and its production from bacterial sources by submerged fermentation is much simplified and economical. The research aimed to characterize amylase-producing bacteria and evaluate their potential for amylase activity regarding antimicrobial and fruit juice clarification. In current study, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus amyloliquifaciens, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus paramycoides was identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. After submerged fermentation, amylase activity of bacteria was measured by 3, 5-dinitro salicylic acid (DNS) assay. A substantial amount of amylase (423.47 mg/ml) in crude extract was measured by Bradford protein assay. Later, ammonium sulfate (80 %) precipitated partially purified amylase showed 1.6 times enhanced amylase activity (1484.94 U/ml) compared to crude amylase (973.23 U/ml). For highest amylase production, 72 h of optimum fermentation period was recorded at pH 7 with 2 % starch as substrate. Potent thermophilic amylase activity was observed at 65 °C. In apple juice clarification activity of amylase, turbidity of juice was reduced to 54.18 %. Potential antimicrobial property of amylase was detected with largest zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (22.36 mm) and Mucor sp. ATCC 48559 (22.45 mm). Considering promising amylase properties, amylase-producing Bacillus strains from rice mill soil can be fermented for large scale amylase production providing application for industrial purposes including fruit juice clarification and antimicrobial activities. It will also overthrow the requirement of employing expensive and harmful chemicals in fruit juice clarification and combating pathogens.

Carbohydrates, among the most abundant and widespread biomolecules in nature, play indispensable roles in diverse biological functions and represent a treasure trove of untapped potential for pharmaceutical applications. From this perspective, the present study was designed to explore and evaluate the synthesis and spectral characterization of methyl α-D-glucopyranoside derivatives 2-6 with different aliphatic groups through comprehensive in vitro antimicrobial screening, physicochemical analysis, molecular docking and molecular dynamics analysis, and pharmacokinetic prediction. The unimolar one-step propionylation of methyl α-D-glucopyranoside under controlled conditions furnished 6-O-propionyl derivative 2 and the development of glucoopyranoside-based potential antimicrobial derivatives, which were further converted into four newer 2,3,4-tri-O-glucopyranoside derivatives (3-6) in reasonably good yields. The chemical structures of the newly synthesized analogs were ascertained by analyzing their physicochemical, elemental, FTIR, and NMR spectroscopic data. In vitro antimicrobial tests against five bacteria and two fungi indicated the promising antibacterial functionality of these synthesized analogs compared with their antifungal activity. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis indicated that adding lauroyl> stearoyl > palmitoyl groups to the ribose moiety increased the potency against bacterial and fungal strains. In support of this observation, molecular docking experiments were performed on the 3TI6 H1N1 receptor and the 6VMZ H5N1 receptor. Molecular interactions with solvents were investigated in terms of FMO, HOMO-LUMO, and MEP properties. In addition, a 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation process was performed to monitor the behavior of the complex structure formed by the receptor 6VMZ under in silico physiological conditions to examine its stability over time, which revealed a stable conformation and binding pattern in a stimulating environment of methyl α-D-glucopyranoside derivatives. Pharmacokinetic predictions were investigated to evaluate their absorption, distribution, metabolism and toxic properties, and the combination of pharmacokinetic and drug-likeness predictions has shown promising results in silico.

Colletotrin A (1), a new 1,4-benzoxazine derivative, and eight known compounds, including two alkaloids (2-3), one acylamide (4), one benzaldehyde (5), and four sterols (6-9) were obtained from endophytic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides B-142, which was isolated from Dracaena cochinchinensis. Among them, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-4,8-diol (2) was reported for the first time as natural product. The structure of compound 1 was elucidated with help of spectroscopic data including IR, UV, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculation, HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR (COSY, HSQC and HMBC). The antimicrobial activities were evaluated by disc diffusion method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a detailed process for the extraction of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing Gyrocarpus americanus. The method involves incubating silver ions for 48 hours in darkness, utilizing G. americanus extract as a bioreductant. Analysis using UV-Visible spectrophotometry confirmed the successful synthesis of nanoparticles from the GA extract, with a prominent peak observed at 435 nm. Further examination through scanning electron microscopy and XRD spectra revealed the spherical shapes of GA silver nanoparticles, with diameters ranging from 93 to 168 nm. Additionally, the nanoparticles exhibited aggregation of smaller particles into larger ones. Zeta potential measurements indicated a high level of stability, with reported values exceeding +25 mV or falling below -25 mV. The FT-IR spectrum of GA silver nanoparticles exhibited absorption peaks at 1159.26, 1629.90, 1641.48, 2399.53, 2926.11, 3423.76 and 3450.77 cm-1, indicative of specific functional groups present. Antimicrobial activity evaluation revealed inhibition zones measuring 10 and 11 mm against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 9 and 10 mm for Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger, respectively. In summary, this research highlights the feasibility of synthesizing environmentally friendly, broad-spectrum antibacterial silver nanoparticles using extracts from Gyrocarpus americanus. These findings hold significant promise for various applications in industries such as healthcare and biotechnology, offering a sustainable and effective solution to combat microbial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kefir grains are symbiotic microbiota starters in the production of dairy products such as fermented milk, kefir. In recent decades, microbial symbiosis in kefir grains and its role in fermentation have attracted a lot of attention. This study aimed to obtain novel kefirs with different characteristics by "stimulating" kefir grains with juices of Actinidia chinensis, Solanumly copersicum, Daucus carrot, and Lactuca sativa, respectively, before being used as starter cultures for kefir fermentation. Then, compositions of the predominant microbiota in novel kefirs were determined. These novel kefirs showed changes in their physiochemical characteristics and enhanced antimicrobial activities against Shigella dysenteriae, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcescens, and Escherichia coli. Therefore, preprocessing of kefir grains with natural substrates could be a feasible strategy in the production of novel kefirs with different flavors and various health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new quinazoline alkaloids versicomides G–H (1 and 2), together with seven known compounds, were isolated from Aspergillus versicolor HYQZ-215 obtained from the sediment of Qarhan Salt Lake. Their structures were elucidated by NMR, HRESIMS, and quantum chemical ECD calculations data. The antimicrobial activities of these compounds were evaluated against seven agricultural pathogenic fungi and eight clinically drug-resistant bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One new indol, N-methoxymethyltryptophol (1), one new phenolic, (2 R)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl 2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoate (2) and fifteen known compounds (3–17) were isolated from the methanol extract of the fermentation of marine microalgae Aurantiochytrium sp. SC145. Their structures were elucidated by 1D-, 2D-NMR spectroscopic analysis, HR-ESI-MS, quantum chemical calculation methods and by comparing their NMR data with those reported in the literature. All compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities against microorganisms. Compounds 2, 3 and 11 significantly exhibited antimicrobial activities on all tested Gram-(+), Gram-(-) bacteria and the yeast C. albicans with MIC values ranging from 32 to 256 µg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Verongida order comprises several sponge families, such as Aplysinellidae, Aplysinidae, Ianthellidae, and Pseudoceratinidae, reported for producing bromotyrosine-derived compounds. First identified in 1913, bromotyrosine derivatives have since captivated interest notably for their antitumor and antimicrobial properties. To date, over 360 bromotyrosine derivatives have been reported. Our review focuses specifically on bromotyrosine derivatives newly reported from 2004 to 2023, by summarizing current knowledge about their chemical diversity and their biological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring proper dental hygiene is of paramount importance for individuals' general well-being, particularly for patients receiving medical care. There is a prevailing utilization of conventional oral hygiene items, including toothbrushes and mouthwashes, which have gained widespread acceptance; nevertheless, their limitations encourage investigating novel options in this domain. Our study indicates that ceragenins (CSAs) being lipid analogs of host defense peptides, well-recognized for their wide-ranging antimicrobial properties, may be a potentially efficacious means to augment oral hygiene in hospitalized individuals. We demonstrate that ceragenins CSA-13, CSA-44, and CSA-131 as well as undescribed to date CSA-255 display potent antimicrobial activities against isolates of fungi, aerobic, and anaerobic bacteria from Candida, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Bacteroides species, which are well-recognized representatives of microbes found in the oral cavity. These effects were further confirmed against mono- and dual-species fungal and bacterial biofilms. While the ceragenins showed similar or slightly diminished efficacy compared to commercially available mouthwashes, they demonstrated a highly favorable toxicity profile toward host cells, that may translate into better maintenance of host mucosal membrane stability. This suggests that incorporating ceragenins into oral hygiene products could be a valuable strategy for reducing the risk of both oral cavity-localized and secondary systemic infections and for improving the overall health outcomes of individuals receiving medical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphite oxide (GrO) is doped with Cu(NO3)2 (CuN/GrO) and CuSO4 (CuS/GrO). Face‐centered cubic Cu, monoclinic CuO, and cubic Cu2O mixed crystalline phases are observed. The ID/IG ratio on average is 1.0 for all composites, associated with similar structural disorders and defects. CuN/GrO and CuS/GrO composites increase the C:O ratio by 30% compared to GrO. In Cu(NO3)2‐ and CuSO4‐doped GrO composites, the copper particle dispersion is on the GrO surface and GrO edges, respectively. By agarwell diffusion assay, the CuN/GrO composite presents only inhibition against the Staphylococcus aureus microorganism at 10 mg mL−1 per well. However, using the CuS/GrO composite, the minimum inhibitory concentration is 5 mg mL−1 per well against Escherichia coli and S. aureus microorganisms. In general, the copper precursor salt influences the copper particle localization in the GrO matrix in a different way, modulating the antimicrobial behavior. In this way, it is possible to establish a possible electrostatic adsorption caused by the Cu+ or Cu2+ ions and the negative charges of the bacterial cell membrane, where the adsorption and mass diffusion mechanisms between charged composites and Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative microorganisms are affected by the copper particle arrangement in the composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endophytic Trichoderma asperellum (D7) from Dendrobium orchids was explored for its antimicrobial potential through characterization and identification of bioactive compounds. Bio-guided fractionation of crude extracts of T. asperellum (D7) afforded 7 fractions with antimicrobial activities against bacterial pathogens (Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and a plant pathogen (Ganoderma boninense). Among the fractionated extracts, fraction 1 was most effective towards P. aeruginosa (MIC: 1.25 mg/mL) while fraction 4 had the strongest inhibitory activities against B. cereus (MIC: 2.5 mg/mL) and G. boninense (50.62% inhibition). Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) analysis led to the identification of antimicrobial compounds from fraction 1 (paeoniflorin, kanzonol N, 2-nonynoic acid, fenpropidin, (+)-tetrandrine, 12(13)-EpOME-d, rifamycin, linoleic acid(d4) and 3α,12α-dihydroxy-5β-chol-8(14)-en-24-oic acid) and fraction 4 (morpholine, epothilone A, tetroquinone, loperamide, 2,5-dimethoxycinnamic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl ethanol, pyropheophorbide A, streptomycin, 5-hydroxystreptomycin, rifamycin, leucomycin A1, sophoradiol, 5R-hydroxy-hexanoic acid, 2-undecanol, 3-methyl-2-quinoxalinone, scandenin and lumichrome) of T. asperellum (D7). Several of the antimicrobial compounds were revealed for the first time for endophytic T. asperellum (D7). The identification of bioactive compounds from T. asperellum (D7) would contribute to the development of natural antimicrobials, agrochemicals, fungicides and pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the need for new molecules with better antibacterial properties due to increasing drug resistance. The authors propose a copper-mediated synthesis of benzothiazoles, which have shown effectiveness against bacterial diseases. They present an efficient method for the synthesis of these compounds using copper oxide. The article also discusses the synthesis and antibacterial activity of the compounds, as well as their ability to inhibit biofilm formation. Compound 5r showed significant inhibitory effects and biofilm inhibition percentages comparable to a traditional antibiotic. Further research is needed to validate its therapeutic use. The document provides information on the synthesis and characterization of various compounds derived from benzo[d]thiazole. The compounds were tested against different bacteria strains and showed promising antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. Computational studies were conducted to analyze the interactions between the compounds and specific proteins. The authors acknowledge the support of the National Facility Single Crystal Laboratory. [Extracted from the article]

Marine bioprospecting is a dynamic research field that explores the oceans and their biodiversity as noteworthy sources of new bioactive compounds. Anthozoans are marine animals belonging to the Cnidaria phylum characterized by highly specialized mechanosensory cells used both for defence against predators and prey capture. Here, high concentration of cnidocysts have been isolated from the Mediterranean zoanthid coral Parazoanthus axinellae (Schmidt, 1862) and their antimicrobial potential has been investigated. The cnidocyst extract exerted significant antibacterial activity against some human pathogens capable of developing resistance to conventional antibiotics such as Streptococcus agalactiae and Coccus sp., and against several Vibrio species, including some microbial strains for humans and farmed fish, such as Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio fischeri, Vibrio harveyi, and Vibrio vulnificus. Results have been discussed in light of both the ecological aspects and biotechnological value of the cnidocyst extract in the nutritional, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many plants can produce essential oils (EOs), having various biological properties. This study evaluated the antioxidant, anti-enzymatic and antimicrobial effects of the EOs derived from leaves of Eucalyptus cladocalyx, E. angulosa, E. microcorys, E. ovata, E. diversicolor, E. saligna, E. sargentii and E. resinifera. The antioxidant activity of the EOs was carried out with three different methods (ABTS, DPPH and FRAP). In addition, their anti-colinesterases, anti α-amylase and anti α-glucosidase effects were assessed by spectrophotometric assays. The antimicrobial activities were tested against six phytopathogenic bacterial strains, including two G + ve (Bacillus mojavensis and Clavibacter michiganensis) and four G-ve (Pseudomonas fluorescence, P. syringae, Xanthomonas campestris and E. coli). The current study has also investigated the inhibition of biofilm formation and the possible effect on bacterial cells biofilm metabolism of three Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii) and two Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes). The ABTS and DPPH tests indicated that E. diversicolor and E. saligna EOs showed high antioxidant activities, whereas FRAP test suggested that E. diversicolor EO exhibited the better antioxidant activity. E. resinifera and E. ovata EOs were the most active against cholinesterases instead E. ovata and E. sargentii EOs were more active against enzymes involved in diabetes. Antibacterial assays revealed that E. ovata and E. saligna EOs possess significant activity closely to tetracycline. Whereas, the antifungal assay revealed that all EOs have effectively suppressed the tested fungal growth. E. saligna EO showed substantial efficacy inhibiting both the mature biofilm (85.40 %) and metabolic activities (89.80 %) of L. monocytogenes. These results demonstrate the wide range of possible uses for Eucalyptus EOs in both agriculture and medicine fields, suggesting potential uses as strong antibiofilm agents and for biocontrol of phytopathogens.

Introduction: The development of reliable treatments for infected or potentially infected bone loss resulting from open fractures and non-unions is extremely urgent, especially to reduce the prolonged courses of antimicrobial therapy to which affected patients are subjected. Numerous bone graft substitutes have been used over the years, but there are currently no effective solutions to treat critical bone loss, especially in the presence of infection. The present study evaluated the use of the biomorphic calcium phosphate bone scaffold b. Bone™, based on a next-generation resorbable biomimetic biomaterial, in bone reconstruction surgery in cases of infection.Methods: Using an “in vitro 3D bone fracture model” to predict the behavior of this drug delivery system during critical bone loss at an infected (or potentially infected) site, the effects of scaffolds loaded with gentamicin or vancomycin on the viability and differentiation capacity of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were evaluated.Results: This scaffold, when loaded with gentamicin or vancomycin, exhibits a typical drug release curve that determines the inhibitory effects on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Escherichia coli, as well as relative biofilm formation.Discussion: The study demonstrates that b.bone scaffolds can effectively address key challenges in orthopedic surgery and patient care by inhibiting bacterial growth and biofilm formation through rapid, potent antibiotic release, reducing the risk of treatment failure due to resistance, and providing a promising solution for bone infections and improved patient outcomes. Future studies could explore the combination of different antibiotics on these scaffolds for more tailored and effective treatments against post-traumatic osteomyelitis pathogens.

In the present work, two hybrid series of pyrazole-clubbed pyrimidine and pyrazole-clubbed thiazole compounds 3–21 from 4-acetyl-1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazole-5(4H)-ole 1 were synthesized as novel antimicrobial agents. Their chemical structures were thoroughly elucidated in terms of spectral analyses such as IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectra. The compounds were in vitro evaluated for their antimicrobial efficiency against various standard pathogen strains, gram -ive bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia), gram + ive bacteria (MRSA, Bacillus subtilis), and Unicellular fungi (Candida albicans) microorganisms. The ZOI results exhibited that most of the tested molecules exhibited inhibition potency from moderate to high. Where compounds 7, 8, 12, 13 and 19 represented the highest inhibition potency against most of the tested pathogenic microbes comparing with the standard drugs. In addition, the MIC results showed that the most potent molecules 7, 8, 12, 13 and 19 showed inhibition effect against most of the tested microbes at low concentration. Moreover, the docking approach of the newly synthesized compounds against DNA gyrase enzyme was performed to go deeper into their molecular mechanism of antimicrobial efficacy. Further, computational investigations to calculate the pharmacokinetics parameters of the compounds were performed. Among them 7, 8, 12, 13 and 19 are the most potent compounds revealed the highest inhibition efficacy against most of the tested pathogenic microbes comparing with the standard drugs.

The aim of this experiment was to assess the potential benefits of supplementing coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in the diet of Liza ramada, with a focus on growth promotion, enhanced feed utilization, improved digestive enzyme activity, bolstered antioxidant defenses, and overall health. Five diets were prepared, maintaining consistent levels of lipids (7%) and protein (32%). These diets featured equivalent raw materials but varied in their CoQ10 content (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg CoQ10/kg diet). Initial fish weight averaged 90.89±0.41 g, and each diet was administered to fish in triplicate tanks over a 60-day feeding period. Surprisingly, the diet with 80 mg/kg of CoQ10 showed the most substantial increases in weight gain (131.23±1.82 g), specific growth rate (1.40±0.01%/day), and a more favorable feed conversion ratio (1.73±0.01), outperforming the 60, 40, and 20 mg/kg CoQ10 diets. Additionally, 40 and 60 mg/kg CoQ10 diets demonstrated substantial improvements in digestive enzyme activity [protease (22.30±0.80 and 21.34±0.77, U/ mg), amylase (19.90±0.65 and 20.15±0.43, U/ mg), and lipase (27.04±0.80 and 27.41±0.87, U/ mg)], antioxidant markers [superoxide dismutase (14.01±0.27 and 14.44±0.62, U/ mg), catalase (1.19±0.04 and 1.20±0.04, U/ mg), and glutathione peroxidase (3.27±0.14 and 3.47±0.16, U/ mg)], and immune responses [lysozyme (302.12±3.18 and 294.25±7.64, U/ ml), bactericidal activity (5.00±0.04 and 6.03±0.14, U/ ml), respiratory burst using nitroblue tetrazolium (0.55±0.01 and 0.55±0.01, U/ ml), and alternative complement pathway activities (58.29±1.01 and 58.74±0.80, U/ ml)] in L. ramada (p < 0.05). Histological evaluations of the liver and intestine indicated structural enhancements, particularly in the 60 and 80 mg/kg CoQ10 groups, suggesting potential benefits for organ health. CoQ10 supplementation did not affect the survival rate and biochemical parameters [albumin, glucose, total protein, globulin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, AST, ALT, urea, and creatinine] (p > 0.05). These findings underscore the potential of CoQ10 as a valuable dietary additive to enhance the growth and overall health of L. ramada, with recommended inclusion levels of CoQ10 falling between 60 and 80 mg/kg.

In recent decades, biosynthesis of metal and (or) metal oxide nanoparticles using microbes is accepted as one of the most sustainable, cost-effective, robust, and green processes as it does not encompass the usage of largely hazardous chemicals. Accordingly, numerous simple, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly approaches for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were reported using microbes avoiding conventional (chemical) methods. This comprehensive review detailed an advance made in recent years in the microbes-mediated biosynthesis of AgNPs and evaluation of their antimicrobial activities covering the literature from 2015-till date. It also aimed at elaborating the possible effect of the different phytochemicals, their concentrations, extraction temperature, extraction solvent, pH, reaction time, reaction temperature, and concentration of precursor on the shape, size, and stability of the synthesized AgNPs. In addition, while trying to understand the antimicrobial activities against targeted pathogenic microbes the probable mechanism of the interaction of produced AgNPs with the cell wall of targeted microbes that led to the cell's reputed and death have also been detailed. Lastly, this review detailed the shape and size-dependent antimicrobial activities of the microbes-mediated AgNPs and their enhanced antimicrobial activities by synergetic interaction with known commercially available antibiotic drugs.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus poses major health risks due to increased vulnerability to infections stemming from weakened immune systems and physiological complications. With antimicrobial resistance worsening prognosis, diabetic infections affecting multiple body systems present critical treatment challenges. This review examines the antimicrobial properties of alternative medicines used in the management of diabetic infections and addresses the apparent research gap in this area. Method: A comprehensive literature search was conducted on databases (PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar) using specified keywords. Exclusion criteria removed non-relevant articles, resulting in the selection of articles published between 2012 and 2023, focusing on medicinal plants, polyherbal formulations, and antimicrobial effects against pathogens associated with diabetic infections. Results: The study revealed a significant research gap regarding the use of alternative medicines for diabetic infection treatment, as only 14 articles published between 2012 and 2023 were relevant to this review. Selected articles primarily addressed wound infections (39 %), diabetic foot ulcers (28 %), foot infections (17 %), urinary tract 11 %), and skin infections (5 %). Commonly used medicinal plants include Curcuma longa, Azadirachta indica, Zingiber officinale, and Glycyrrhiza glabra among others. The alternative medicines demonstrated significant antimicrobial potential against common microorganisms associated with diabetic infections, especially Gram-positive bacteria. Discussion: This review shows the potential of alternative medicines in the management of diabetic infections. This efficacy was attributed to diverse secondary metabolites present in medicinal plants, offering promising prospects for novel antimicrobial agents. Given the susceptibility of diabetic patients to microbial infections, further investigation into the efficacy of medicinal plants for the treatment of infections in diabetic patients is essential. Further research is also imperative to validate and standardize these therapies and conduct clinical trials to evaluate their safety and efficacy in diabetic infection management.

Microbial infections, particularly those caused by antibiotic-resistant pathogens, pose a critical global health threat. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), porous crystalline structures built from metal ions and organic linkers, initially developed for gas adsorption, have emerged as promising alternatives to traditional antibiotics. This review, covering research up to 2023, explores the potential of MOFs and MOF-based materials as broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and even parasites. It delves into the historical context of antimicrobial agents, recent advancements in MOF research, and the diverse synthesis techniques employed for their production. Furthermore, the review comprehensively analyzes the mechanisms of action by which MOFs combat various microbial threats. By highlighting the vast potential of MOFs, their diverse synthesis methods, and their effectiveness against various pathogens, this study underscores their potential as a novel solution to the growing challenge of antibiotic resistance.

The "Black and White Fungus" is a very infrequently developing pathogen with a high fatality rate that has prompted widespread public health concern during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. This pathogenic fungus may be widely distributed in nature, in plants, and in deteriorating fruits and vegetables because of its widespread nature. Numerous sugar molecules, such as glucopyranoside and glucofuranose, have been reported to have significant antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activity, and they were also revealed to be able to inhibit multidrug-resistant microorganisms. The recent black fungus epidemic was extremely serious in India, combined with COVID-19, which contributed to the high mortality impact and deterioration of the situation due to the unavailability of effective treatments. So, rhamnopyranose type derivatives 1–9 were studied against the proteins associated with black and white fungi such as Mycolicibacterium smegmatis (PDB ID 7D6X), Rhizomucor miehei (PDB ID 4WTP), Candida auris (PDB ID 6U8J), and Aspergillus luchuensis (PDB 1BK1). These compounds exhibited favorable physical and biochemical scores, as well as appropriate ADMET metrics, among other characteristics. Following the molecular docking procedure, it was found that 1–9 had the highest binding affinity in most cases, (> -6.00 kcal/mol), while compound 9 had outstanding binding affinity against Rhizomucor miehei (-8.7 kcal/mol) and against Mycolicibacterium smegmatis (-8.2 kcal/mol). In addition, the binding affinity against white fungus is also outstanding. This time, compounds 8 and 9 had better binding energy, which is -7.8 kcal/mol against Aspergillus luchuensis (1BK1) and -7.6 kcal/mol against Candida auris (6U8J). Finally, the molecular dynamics simulation at 100 ns has proved that they are stable for new medication development. Among the derivatives 1–9, ligands 8 and 9 exhibited potential medicinal characteristics when all of the data were considered.