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Background: Environmental bacteria in animal healthcare facilities may constitute a risk for healthcare-associated infections (HAI). Knowledge of the bacterial microflora composition and factors influencing the environmental bacterial load can support tailored interventions to lower the risk for HAI. The aims of this study were to: (1) quantify and identify environmental bacteria in one operating room (OR) and one ultrasound room (UR) in a small animal hospital, (2) compare the bacterial load to threshold values suggested for use in human healthcare facilities, (3) characterise the genetic relationship between selected bacterial species to assess clonal dissemination, and (4) investigate factors associated with bacterial load during surgery. Settle plates were used for passive air sampling and dip slides for surface sampling. Bacteria were identified by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption—Time Of Flight. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by broth microdilution. Single nucleotide polymorphism-analysis was performed to identify genetically related isolates. Linear regression was performed to analyse associations between observed explanatory factors and bacterial load. Results: The bacterial load on settle plates and dip slides were low both in the OR and the UR, most of the samples were below threshold values suggested for use in human healthcare facilities. All settle plates sampled during surgery were below the threshold values suggested for use in human clean surgical procedures. Staphylococcus spp. and Micrococcus spp. were the dominating species. There was no indication of clonal relationship among the sequenced isolates. Bacteria carrying genes conveying resistance to disinfectants were revealed. Air change and compliance with hygiene routines were sufficient in the OR. No other factors possibly associated with the bacterial load were identified. Conclusions: This study presents a generally low bacterial load in the studied OR and UR, indicating a low risk of transmission of infectious agents from the clinical environment. The results show that it is possible to achieve bacterial loads below threshold values suggested for use in human healthcare facilities in ORs in small animal hospitals and thus posing a reduced risk of HAI. Bacteria carrying genes conveying resistance to disinfectants indicates that resistant bacteria can persist in the clinical environment, with increased risk for HAI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Urinary tract infection is one of the most common extraintestinal infectious diseases encountered in clinics. It affects both genders and all age groups and constitutes a major health issue in clinical practice worldwide. Uropathogens often develop resistance to therapeutic agents, creating a formidable challenge for physicians to treat these infections. The goal of the current review is to provide current information on therapeutic advancements and interventions in the treatment of urinary tract infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Databases like MEDLINE, PubMed, and ClinicalTrials.gov were used as search engines to collect the relevant articles, and the required information was extracted. RESULTS: Research data suggest an increasing prevalence of pathogenic strains that are resistant to standard antimicrobial regimens recommended for the treatment of urinary tract infections. Targeted therapies for urinary tract infections, such as mannosides and pilicides, as well as vaccinations against uropathogenic Escherichia coli, have been developed recently. The efficacy of other strategies like iontophoresis, hydrogel-coated catheters, and antibiofilm therapy is also investigated. Clinical trials conducted between 2014 and 2019 show a rise in interest in a variety of therapies, highlighting the need for a thorough strategy to treat urinary tract infections, particularly in populations of women. CONCLUSIONS: Antimicrobial-resistant strains of Escherichia coli are becoming more common in urinary tract infections, which have led to the development of targeted medicines such as mannosides and pilicides, as well as immunizations against the pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. There is continuing research into alternate approaches, such as hydrogel-coated catheters, antibiofilm therapy, and iontophoresis. Clinical trials conducted between 2014 and 2019 showed a rise in interest in these different treatment approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patient safety is seriously threatened by bacterial infections that spread through blood transfusions (TTBI). It has been noticed that a number of infectious viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens are involved as barriers to the patient's blood safety. This study aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria in the donors’ blood attending Federal Medical Centre, Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria. Methods: The study adopted a cross-sectional research design. A structured questionnaire was administered to 120 blood donors to obtain bio-demographic information and their blood was collected accordingly. The blood samples were processed using standard bacteriological analysis. The isolated bacteria was confirmed using standard biochemical tests. The identified bacteria were subjected to antibiotic testing using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: Twenty-four 24(20.0%) blood samples were found contaminated with bacteria. The main bacteria isolates were Gram-negative organisms namely- Klebsiella oxytoca (20.8%), Citrobacter diversus (16.7%), Enterobacter aerogene (16.7%), Shigella sonnei (12.5%), Shigella dysentrae (4.2%), Morganella morganii (4.2%), Escherichia coli (4.2%) with only Staphylococcus aureus (20.8%) as Gram-positive bacteria. The prevalence rate of TTBIs was high within the age group 36-49 years 12(50.0%). Morganella morganii was (100%) resistance to all the antibiotics used in this study. Conclusions: the study revealed that, donors’ blood was contaminated with Gram-negative bacteria which are capable of causing sepsis and which may result in death. Therefore, it is recommended that screening for bacterial infections should be done routinely because of the threat it posed as seen in Federal Medical Centre, Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi state, Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria remain a global public health issue due to the barrier imposed by their outer membrane and their propensity to form biofilms. It is becoming imperative to develop new antibacterial strategies. In this context, this study aims to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of Origanum vulgare essential oil (OEO), alone and in combination with antibiotics, as well as its antibiofilm action against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative strains. OEO components were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and antibacterial activity was assessed using the agar diffusion test and the microdilution method. Interactions between OEO and antibiotics were examined using the checkerboard method, while antibiofilm activity was analyzed using the crystal violet assay. Chemical analysis revealed that carvacrol was the major compound in OEO (61.51%). This essential oil demonstrated activity against all the tested strains, with inhibition zone diameters (IZDs) reaching 32.3 ± 1.5 mm. The combination of OEO with different antibiotics produced synergistic and additive effects, leading to a reduction of up to 98.44% in minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). In addition, this essential oil demonstrated an ability to inhibit and even eradicate biofilm formation. These results suggest that OEO could be exploited in the development of new molecules, combining its metabolites with antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Environmental bacteria in animal healthcare facilities may constitute a risk for healthcare-associated infections (HAI). Knowledge of the bacterial microflora composition and factors influencing the environmental bacterial load can support tailored interventions to lower the risk for HAI. The aims of this study were to: (1) quantify and identify environmental bacteria in one operating room (OR) and one ultrasound room (UR) in a small animal hospital, (2) compare the bacterial load to threshold values suggested for use in human healthcare facilities, (3) characterise the genetic relationship between selected bacterial species to assess clonal dissemination, and (4) investigate factors associated with bacterial load during surgery. Settle plates were used for passive air sampling and dip slides for surface sampling. Bacteria were identified by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption—Time Of Flight. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by broth microdilution. Single nucleotide polymorphism-analysis was performed to identify genetically related isolates. Linear regression was performed to analyse associations between observed explanatory factors and bacterial load. Results The bacterial load on settle plates and dip slides were low both in the OR and the UR, most of the samples were below threshold values suggested for use in human healthcare facilities. All settle plates sampled during surgery were below the threshold values suggested for use in human clean surgical procedures. Staphylococcus spp. and Micrococcus spp. were the dominating species. There was no indication of clonal relationship among the sequenced isolates. Bacteria carrying genes conveying resistance to disinfectants were revealed. Air change and compliance with hygiene routines were sufficient in the OR. No other factors possibly associated with the bacterial load were identified. Conclusions This study presents a generally low bacterial load in the studied OR and UR, indicating a low risk of transmission of infectious agents from the clinical environment. The results show that it is possible to achieve bacterial loads below threshold values suggested for use in human healthcare facilities in ORs in small animal hospitals and thus posing a reduced risk of HAI. Bacteria carrying genes conveying resistance to disinfectants indicates that resistant bacteria can persist in the clinical environment, with increased risk for HAI.

The escalating incidence of nosocomial infections stemming from ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) bacterial pathogens presents a formidable clinical challenge globally, affecting both the developed and developing nations. These pathogens, which are distinguished by their robust antibiotic resistance mechanisms, pose a significant threat to the public health. Their ability to evade traditional antimicrobial treatments underscores the urgent need for novel therapeutic stratifies or alternative approaches to mitigate their negative impact. Understanding the intricate mechanisms underpinning antibacterial resistance in ESKAPE bacteria is paramount for developing effective interventions. Enhanced insights into these mechanisms will facilitate the prediction of resistance patterns among the multidrug-resistant pathogens, thereby guiding the development of targeted therapies and preventive measures. Consequently, comprehensive efforts are needed aiming at unraveling the intricacies of antibacterial resistance in ESKAPE pathogens that are imperative to safeguarding the public health. The aim of the present review was to highlight the patho-mechanisms of ESKAPE bacteria towards the different antibiotics and genes involved in multi-drug resistance.

Bacterial histidine kinase (BHK) is a constituent of the two-component signaling (TCS) pathway, which is responsible for the regulation of a number of processes connected to bacterial pathogenicity, virulence, biofilm development, antibiotic resistance, and bacterial persistence. As BHK regulation is diverse, inhibitors can be developed, such as antibiotic synergists, bacteriostatic/bactericidal agents, virulence inhibitors, and biofilm inhibitors. Inhibition of essential BHK has always been an amenable strategy due to the conserved binding sites of the domains across bacterial species and growth dependence. Hence, an inhibitor of BHK might block multiple TCS regulatory networks. This review describes the TCS system and the role of BHK in bacterial virulence and discusses the available inhibitors of BHK, which is a specific response regulator with essential structural features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study focused exclusively on analyzing Escherichia coli (E. coli) contamination in fresh raw mussels and ready-to-eat (RTE) stuffed mussels obtained from authorized and regulated facilities. However, it is critical to recognize that such contamination represents a significant public health threat in regions where unauthorized harvesting and sales practices are prevalent. This study aimed to comprehensively assess the prevalence, molecular characteristics, and antibacterial resistance profiles of E. coli in fresh raw mussels and RTE stuffed mussels. E. coli counts in fresh raw mussel samples ranged from 1 to 2.89 log CFU/g before cooking, with a significant reduction observed post-cooking. RTE stuffed mussel samples predominantly exhibited negligible E. coli presence (<1 log CFU/g). A phylogenetic analysis revealed a dominance of phylogroup A, with variations in the distribution observed across different sampling months. Antibacterial resistance was prevalent among the E. coli isolates, notably showing resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, and cefotaxime. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESβL) production was rare, with only one positive isolate detected. A variety of antibacterial resistance genes, including tetB and sul1, were identified among the isolates. Notably, virulence factor genes associated with pathogenicity were absent. In light of these findings, it is imperative to maintain rigorous compliance with quality and safety standards at all stages of the mussel production process, encompassing harvesting, processing, cooking, and consumption. Continuous monitoring, implementation of rigorous hygiene protocols, and responsible antibacterial drug use are crucial measures in mitigating food safety risks and combating antibacterial resistance. Stakeholders, including seafood industry players, regulatory agencies, and healthcare professionals, are essential to ensure effective risk mitigation and safeguard public health in the context of seafood consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a strict microaerophilic bacterial species that exists in the stomach, and H. pylori infection is one of the most common chronic bacterial infections affecting humans. Eradicating H. pylori is the preferred method for the long-term prevention of complications such as chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, and gastric cancer. However, first-line treatment with triple therapy and quadruple therapy has been unable to cope with increasing antibacterial resistance. To provide an updated review of H. pylori infections and antibacterial resistance, as well as related treatment options, we searched PubMed for articles published until March 2024. The key search terms were "H. pylori", "H. pylori infection", "H. pylori diseases", "H. pylori eradication", and "H. pylori antibacterial resistance." Despite the use of antimicrobial agents, the annual decline in the eradication rate of H. pylori continues. Emerging eradication therapies, such as the development of the new strong acid blocker vonoprazan, probiotic adjuvant therapy, and H. pylori vaccine therapy, are exciting. However, the effectiveness of these treatments needs to be further evaluated. It is worth mentioning that the idea of altering the oxygen environment in gastric juice for H. pylori to not be able to survive is a hot topic that should be considered in new eradication plans. Various strategies for eradicating H. pylori, including antibacterials, vaccines, probiotics, and biomaterials, are continuously evolving. A novel approach involving the alteration of the oxygen concentration within the growth environment of H. pylori has emerged as a promising eradication strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study ventures into unexplored realms by investigating the combined efficacy of aminoglycosides (amikacin (AMI), gentamicin (GEN), kanamycin (KAN), streptomycin (STR), and tobramycin (TOB)) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against pathogenic E. coli, offering a novel approach to combating antibiotic resistance. A noticeable transformation in color from a soft yellow to a rich brown marked the transition of silver ions to AgNPs, a process visually captured over 42 h. Morphological investigations showcased untreated E. coli cells retaining their natural rod shape, contrasted by AgNP treated cells that displayed considerable structural damage, signifying compromised cellular integrity. Antibacterial experiments, involving MIC and MBC tests, unveiled an increased effectiveness of antibiotics when paired with AgNPs, demonstrating a remarkable synergistic relationship. Time-kill assays provided a bacterial reductions, highlighting the boosted antibacterial action resulting from the combined application of AgNPs and antibiotics. The combination of TOB with AgNPs displayed the most substantial biofilm reduction, reaching at 19.87%. Fascinatingly, the armA gene was observed in bacterial cultures exposed to a TOB (2MIC), but its non-detection in cultures treated with a mix of 2MIC TOB and AgNP stood out as particularly noteworthy. This research unveiled a crucial finding where the antibacterial effectiveness of aminoglycosides consistently improved when combined with AgNPs. The findings suggested a promising direction for further research into the synergistic effects of antibiotics and nanoparticle adjuncts. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of this interaction could provide valuable insights into combating bacterial resistance, particularly in strains that are resistant to conventional antibiotic treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diarrhoea remains an important public health concern, particularly in developing countries, and has become difficult to treat because of antibacterial resistance. The development of synergistic antimicrobial agents appears to be a promising alternative treatment against diarrhoeic infections. In this study, the combined effect of tetracycline together with either nitroxoline, sanguinarine, or zinc pyrithione (representing various classes of plant-based compounds) was evaluated in vitro against selected diarrhoeic bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella flexneri, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Yersinia enterocolitica). The chequerboard method in 96-well microtiter plates was used to determine the sum of the fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIs). Three independent experiments were performed per combination, each in triplicate. It was observed that the combination of tetracycline with either nitroxoline, sanguinarine, or zinc pyrithione produced synergistic effects against most of the pathogenic bacteria tested, with FICI values ranging from 0.086 to 0.5. Tetracycline–nitroxoline combinations produced the greatest synergistic action against S. flexneri at a FICI value of 0.086. The combinations of the agents tested in this study can thus be used for the development of new anti-diarrhoeic medications. However, studies focusing on their in vivo anti-diarrhoeic activity and safety are required before any consideration for utilization in human medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unearthing of various forms of broad and narrow-spectrum antibiotics have helped mankind combat various forms of microbic infections ranging from protozoal to bacterial. The applicability of antibiotics has been decisive in a wide range of frontline therapeutic dealings. An extensive use of antibiotics and certain genetic modifications in microbes has paved the way for a new issue to be answered by the scientific community, an antibiotic resistance. An unparallel infections triggered by multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) account to be a major cause of mortality and morbidity, today this situation demands the development of alternative strategies of cure and medicine by the scientific community. Study shows the amplification of the effect of antibiotics may be a possible route to address antibiotic resistivity. The assortment of various surface properties of nanoparticles (NPs) coupled with their ability to efficiently bind with bacterial surfaces leading to the rupture and lysis of cell deliberates potential strategies to manage infections caused by MDROs.The present study scrutinizes the amplification of the antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin (CIP) against the bacterial strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas and Streptococcus mutans on coupling with synthesized copper, silver and zinc oxide NPs (ZnO NPs) by disc diffusion technique. The current study describes the efficacious synthesis and characterization of ZnONP, copper Nps (CuNPs) and silver NPs (AgNPs) followed by the induced amplification of the antibacterial activity of CIP by coupling it with synthesized metal/metal oxide (M/MO NP). The synthesized M/MO NPs were characterized using XRD and FE-SEM studies and TEM. The results indicated that among the ZnONP, AgNP, the Cu NPs potentiate the bactericidal efficacy of CIP antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundUrinary tract infections (UTIs) and antibacterial resistance (ABR) are important public health problems, but they are not well-studied among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) globally, especially in low-income countries. Therefore, it is important to regularly measure the extent of UTIs and ABR in the most susceptible populations. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of UTIs, associated factors, bacterial causal agents, and their antibiotic susceptibility profile among PLHIV in central Ethiopia.MethodsA hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted to recruit 688 PLHIV by a simple random sampling method. Background information was gathered through interviews, while clinical information was gathered from recent information sheets of patient charts using organized, pretested, and validated study tools. Midstream urine was collected aseptically and transported to the Microbiology Laboratory of Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology within 4 h of collection, maintaining its cold chain. Standard conventional microbial culture methods and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry were used to identify the bacterial isolates at the species level. Kirby Bauer’s disk diffusion method was used to determine the antibiotic susceptibility profile of the bacterial isolates based on the interpretation guidelines of the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute. Logistic regression models were used to examine factors associated with the occurrence of UTIs among PLHIV attending selected hospitals in Addis Ababa, and Adama.ResultsOut of 688 PLHIVs involved in the current study, 144 (20.9%) were positive for UTIs, whereas the majority were asymptomatic for UTIs. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, only HIV RNA ≥ 200 copies/ml [AOR = 12.24 (95% CI, 3.24, 46.20), p

Abstract Carbon dots (CDs) are novel carbon-based nanomaterials that have been used as photosensitizer-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) in recent years due to their good photosensitizing activity. Photosensitizers (PSs) are main components of PDT that can produce large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when stimulated by light source, which have the advantages of low drug resistance and high therapeutic efficiency. CDs can generate ROS efficiently under irradiation and therefore have been extensively studied in disease local phototherapy. In tumor therapy, CDs can be used as PSs or PS carriers to participate in PDT and play an extremely important role. In bacterial infectious diseases, CDs exhibit high bactericidal activity as CDs are effective in disrupting bacterial cell membranes leading to bacterial death upon photoactivation. We focus on recent advances in the therapy of cancer and bacteria with CDs, and also briefly summarize the mechanisms and requirements for PSs in PDT of cancer, bacteria and other diseases. We also discuss the role CDs play in combination therapy and the potential for future applications against other pathogens. Graphical Abstract

Carbon dots (CDs) are novel carbon-based nanomaterials that have been used as photosensitizer-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) in recent years due to their good photosensitizing activity. Photosensitizers (PSs) are main components of PDT that can produce large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when stimulated by light source, which have the advantages of low drug resistance and high therapeutic efficiency. CDs can generate ROS efficiently under irradiation and therefore have been extensively studied in disease local phototherapy. In tumor therapy, CDs can be used as PSs or PS carriers to participate in PDT and play an extremely important role. In bacterial infectious diseases, CDs exhibit high bactericidal activity as CDs are effective in disrupting bacterial cell membranes leading to bacterial death upon photoactivation. We focus on recent advances in the therapy of cancer and bacteria with CDs, and also briefly summarize the mechanisms and requirements for PSs in PDT of cancer, bacteria and other diseases. We also discuss the role CDs play in combination therapy and the potential for future applications against other pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infectious diseases are a significant challenge to global healthcare, especially in the face of increasing antibiotic resistance. This urgent issue requires the continuous exploration and development of new antimicrobial drugs. In this regard, the secondary metabolites derived from endophytic microorganisms stand out as promising sources for finding antimicrobials. Endophytic microorganisms, residing within the internal tissues of plants, have demonstrated the capacity to produce diverse bioactive compounds with substantial pharmacological potential. Therefore, numerous new antimicrobial compounds have been isolated from endophytes, particularly from endophytic fungi and actinomycetes. However, only a limited number of these compounds have been subjected to comprehensive studies regarding their mechanisms of action against bacterial cells. Furthermore, the investigation of their effects on antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the identification of biosynthetic gene clusters responsible for synthesizing these secondary metabolites have been conducted for only a subset of these promising compounds. Through a comprehensive analysis of current research findings, this review describes the mechanisms of action of antimicrobial drugs and secondary metabolites isolated from endophytes, antibacterial activities of the natural compounds derived from endophytes against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and biosynthetic gene clusters of endophytic fungi responsible for the synthesis of bioactive secondary metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotics play a significant role in the diet, and their contribution to the immune system has been recognised. Their effects on the gastrointestinal system have been evaluated for decades, and the mechanisms of the effects may differ. The aim of the present work was (i) to observe the changes in pH and bacterial counts in common probiotic dairy products, (ii) to isolate probiotic bacteria, (iii) to evaluate antibacterial resistance, and (iv) to evaluate their metabolites' antibacterial effects against common foodborne pathogens. To this end, 20 dairy products labelled "probiotics included" were collected. Isolation and enumeration of Lactobacillus spp., L. acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium spp. were carried out using de Man-Rogosa-Sharp agar (MRS), clindamycin/ciprofloxacin-included MRS agar (MRS-CC), and mupirocin (MUP) supplemented Bifidobacterium selective count agar (BSC-MUP), respectively. Isolates were identified using MALDI-TOF MS analyses, enumerated, and evaluated for their pH values at 1 to 28 d after production, at 1-w intervals. Selected isolates were analysed for antibacterial resistance using the disc diffusion method. Supernatants were then collected from selected probiotics grown in broth, and studied for their antagonistic effects against pathogens using disc diffusion and agar-well diffusion tests. IBM SPSS software was used for statistical analyses. Tests of normality and non-parametric analyses were performed. On the last day of analyses, 75% of the products met the probiotic bacteria vitality requirement of 106 CFU/g. Statistical analyses showed no correlation between increased acidity and bacterial decrease (p > 0.05), while the decrease in pH and bacterial count had significant relationship (p < 0.05). All selected isolates of probiotic bacteria (n = 10) showed multi-drug resistance (MDR) to 10 different common antibiotics. Antagonistic effects were present but weak (inhibition zones were 0 - 4 mm in diameter). When consumed in sufficient amounts, probiotics may inhibit possible pathogen growth in the gut microbiota via metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria remain a global public health issue due to the barrier imposed by their outer membrane and their propensity to form biofilms. It is becoming imperative to develop new antibacterial strategies. In this context, this study aims to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of Origanum vulgare essential oil (OEO), alone and in combination with antibiotics, as well as its antibiofilm action against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative strains. OEO components were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and antibacterial activity was assessed using the agar diffusion test and the microdilution method. Interactions between OEO and antibiotics were examined using the checkerboard method, while antibiofilm activity was analyzed using the crystal violet assay. Chemical analysis revealed that carvacrol was the major compound in OEO (61.51%). This essential oil demonstrated activity against all the tested strains, with inhibition zone diameters (IZDs) reaching 32.3 ± 1.5 mm. The combination of OEO with different antibiotics produced synergistic and additive effects, leading to a reduction of up to 98.44% in minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). In addition, this essential oil demonstrated an ability to inhibit and even eradicate biofilm formation. These results suggest that OEO could be exploited in the development of new molecules, combining its metabolites with antibiotics.

Patients with diabetes mellitus frequently experience urinary tract infections (UTIs). In the present study, we looked at how glycemic control affects diabetic patients' rates of UTI, the causing pathogens, the presence of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant organisms, and the infections' relation to diabetes. Diabetes patients' midstream urine samples were included, after collecting and identifying the organisms, disc diffusion antibiotic sensitivity tests were conducted. The HbA1c was measured for all patients. A total of 500 diabetic patients provided urine samples for this study, and 189 (37.2%) of them had UTIs. Compared to 59 patients with managed glycemia, 130 individuals in the uncontrolled glycemic group experienced the most UTI cases. In both diabetic groups, females had a significantly higher prevalence of UTI than males (88.4% and 11.6%, respectively). The most common bacterial isolate, E. coli, displayed 58.4% MDR. Regardless of age or gender, glycemic control in diabetes patients is essential for decreasing UTI rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study focused exclusively on analyzing Escherichia coli (E. coli) contamination in fresh raw mussels and ready-to-eat (RTE) stuffed mussels obtained from authorized and regulated facilities. However, it is critical to recognize that such contamination represents a significant public health threat in regions where unauthorized harvesting and sales practices are prevalent. This study aimed to comprehensively assess the prevalence, molecular characteristics, and antibacterial resistance profiles of E. coli in fresh raw mussels and RTE stuffed mussels. E. coli counts in fresh raw mussel samples ranged from 1 to 2.89 log CFU/g before cooking, with a significant reduction observed post-cooking. RTE stuffed mussel samples predominantly exhibited negligible E. coli presence (E. coli isolates, notably showing resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, and cefotaxime. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESβL) production was rare, with only one positive isolate detected. A variety of antibacterial resistance genes, including tetB and sul1, were identified among the isolates. Notably, virulence factor genes associated with pathogenicity were absent. In light of these findings, it is imperative to maintain rigorous compliance with quality and safety standards at all stages of the mussel production process, encompassing harvesting, processing, cooking, and consumption. Continuous monitoring, implementation of rigorous hygiene protocols, and responsible antibacterial drug use are crucial measures in mitigating food safety risks and combating antibacterial resistance. Stakeholders, including seafood industry players, regulatory agencies, and healthcare professionals, are essential to ensure effective risk mitigation and safeguard public health in the context of seafood consumption.

Bacterial histidine kinase (BHK) is a constituent of the two-component signaling (TCS) pathway, which is responsible for the regulation of a number of processes connected to bacterial pathogenicity, virulence, biofilm development, antibiotic resistance, and bacterial persistence. As BHK regulation is diverse, inhibitors can be developed, such as antibiotic synergists, bacteriostatic/bactericidal agents, virulence inhibitors, and biofilm inhibitors. Inhibition of essential BHK has always been an amenable strategy due to the conserved binding sites of the domains across bacterial species and growth dependence. Hence, an inhibitor of BHK might block multiple TCS regulatory networks. This review describes the TCS system and the role of BHK in bacterial virulence and discusses the available inhibitors of BHK, which is a specific response regulator with essential structural features.

Diarrhoea remains an important public health concern, particularly in developing countries, and has become difficult to treat because of antibacterial resistance. The development of synergistic antimicrobial agents appears to be a promising alternative treatment against diarrhoeic infections. In this study, the combined effect of tetracycline together with either nitroxoline, sanguinarine, or zinc pyrithione (representing various classes of plant-based compounds) was evaluated in vitro against selected diarrhoeic bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella flexneri, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Yersinia enterocolitica). The chequerboard method in 96-well microtiter plates was used to determine the sum of the fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIs). Three independent experiments were performed per combination, each in triplicate. It was observed that the combination of tetracycline with either nitroxoline, sanguinarine, or zinc pyrithione produced synergistic effects against most of the pathogenic bacteria tested, with FICI values ranging from 0.086 to 0.5. Tetracycline–nitroxoline combinations produced the greatest synergistic action against S. flexneri at a FICI value of 0.086. The combinations of the agents tested in this study can thus be used for the development of new anti-diarrhoeic medications. However, studies focusing on their in vivo anti-diarrhoeic activity and safety are required before any consideration for utilization in human medicine.

Abstract Background A key factor driving the development and maintenance of antibacterial resistance (ABR) is individuals’ use of antibiotics (ABs) to treat illness. To better understand motivations and context for antibiotic use we use the concept of a patient treatment-seeking pathway: a treatment journey encompassing where patients go when they are unwell, what motivates their choices, and how they obtain antibiotics. This paper investigates patterns and determinants of patient treatment-seeking pathways, and how they intersect with AB use in East Africa, a region where ABR-attributable deaths are exceptionally high. Methods The Holistic Approach to Unravelling Antibacterial Resistance (HATUA) Consortium collected quantitative data from 6,827 adult outpatients presenting with urinary tract infection (UTI) symptoms in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda between February 2019- September 2020, and conducted qualitative in-depth patient interviews with a subset (n = 116). We described patterns of treatment-seeking visually using Sankey plots and explored explanations and motivations using mixed-methods. Using Bayesian hierarchical regression modelling, we investigated the associations between socio-demographic, economic, healthcare, and attitudinal factors and three factors related to ABR: self-treatment as a first step, having a multi-step treatment pathway, and consuming ABs. Results Although most patients (86%) sought help from medical facilities in the first instance, many (56%) described multi-step, repetitive treatment-seeking pathways, which further increased the likelihood of consuming ABs. Higher socio-economic status patients were more likely to consume ABs and have multi-step pathways. Reasons for choosing providers (e.g., cost, location, time) were conditioned by wider structural factors such as hybrid healthcare systems and AB availability. Conclusion There is likely to be a reinforcing cycle between complex, repetitive treatment pathways, AB consumption and ABR. A focus on individual antibiotic use as the key intervention point in this cycle ignores the contextual challenges patients face when treatment seeking, which include inadequate access to diagnostics, perceived inefficient public healthcare and ease of purchasing antibiotics without prescription. Pluralistic healthcare landscapes may promote more complex treatment seeking and therefore inappropriate AB use. We recommend further attention to healthcare system factors, focussing on medical facilities (e.g., accessible diagnostics, patient-doctor interactions, information flows), and community AB access points (e.g., drug sellers).

Bacillus cereus is a foodborne pathogen that has a widespread presence in the environment and frequently found in foods especially in dairy products. Raw milk contaminated with B. cereus could be the cause of its widespreadness in the environment. In this study, it was aimed to determine the genotypes, biofilm formation, antimicrobial susceptibilities, and antibiotypes of B. cereus isolates from raw milk. For this aim, B. cereus isolated and identified from 10 of 250 raw milk samples were investigated. Biofilm forming abilities were determined in vitro by Congo Red Agar Method. Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion Method was used for determining the antibiotic susceptibilities of the isolates. According to the antibiotic susceptibility results, quantitative antibiotyping was implemented. Genotyping of the isolates were performed by RAPD-PCR. Biofilm formation was determined in 40% of the isolates. The resistances against amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, gentamicin, erythromycin, vancomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were determined in 100%, 0%, 30%, 0%, 0%, 0%, and 50% of the isolates, respectively. In the quantitative antibiotyping, the isolates showed similarity between 0.75 to 1.00. The phylogenetic similarities were calculated between 29% to 82%. In conclusion, raw milks might threat the public health because of having potential of containing the antibiotic resistant B. cereus.

Bacterial resistance is one of the major global public health problems. In addition, virulence factors promoted multiple drug resistance through cell-to-cell communications by molecules within microbial communities, denominated Quorum Sensing (QS). The regulation of QS by small molecules appears as a therapeutic alternative through the use of synthetic analogs of agonists. The present work developed the construction of a series of derivatives of N-(2-(o-tolyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-4-yl) formamide (1a-h) via Povarov-type sequential reactions to deliver the tetrahydroquinoline (THQ) derivatives in moderate to good yields (24–78%). To evaluate the potential in molecular diversity of THQ-type autoinducers, a study of these agents as potential inhibitors of bacterial growth and virulence factors involved in QS systems on P. aeruginosa was carried out both as antibacterial evaluation on E. coli strain. THQs showed significant activity values for molecules with halogen substituents at the C-6 position (-F, -Cl, and I), revealing at a concentration of 75 µg/mL a percentage inhibition between 27 and 40%. Furthermore, autoinducers with halogen substitutes in phenotypic studies on P. aeruginosa showed good results. Also, they exhibited weak formation of both biofilm and low pyocyanin formation, which are indicators of virulence in P. aeruginosa. Overall, the results suggest that compound N-(6-fluor-2-(o-tolyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-4-yl)formamide (1a) stands out as the most representative within this series of THQ derivatives.

Background: The spread of antibiotic resistance and the emergence of MDR strains, especially in gram-negative bacteria, has led to combining antibiotics to treat infections caused by these bacteria. The study aimed to evaluate some antibiotics' synergistic effect on multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates isolated from clinical samples between thyroid dysfunction and asymptomatic bacteriuria in women of reproductive and postmenopausal age. Materials and Methods: P. aeruginosa was isolated from Rasht city hospitals (North of Iran) clinical specimens with multiple antibiotic resistance. The antibiotic resistance of isolates was determined by the disk diffusion method. The screening checklist evaluated the synergistic effects of ciprofloxacin, colistin, meropenem, and gentamicin. Results: The combination of meropenem and colistin in four isolates was additive, and in two isolates was indifferent. The combined effect of ciprofloxacin and colistin was also incremental in 4 isolates and indifferent in 2 isolates. The combined effect of gentamicin and colistin was indifferent in all selected strains. Conclusion: Results of this study showed that combinations of colistin with ciprofloxacin and colistin with meropenem were successful against resistant isolates, while a combination of gentamicin and colistin showed no synergistic effect. Since the characteristics of each clinical isolate differ from the other isolates, more study with more isolates is recommended to make any precise and definite recommendation.

The Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group (ARLG) has prioritized infections caused by gram-positive bacteria as one of its core areas of emphasis. The ARLG Gram-positive Committee has focused on studies responding to 3 main identified research priorities: (1) investigation of strategies or therapies for infections predominantly caused by gram-positive bacteria, (2) evaluation of the efficacy of novel agents for infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and (3) optimization of dosing and duration of antimicrobial agents for gram-positive infections. Herein, we summarize ARLG accomplishments in gram-positive bacterial infection research, including studies aiming to (1) inform optimal vancomycin dosing, (2) determine the role of dalbavancin in MRSA bloodstream infection, (3) characterize enterococcal bloodstream infections, (4) demonstrate the benefits of short-course therapy for pediatric community-acquired pneumonia, (5) develop quality of life measures for use in clinical trials, and (6) advance understanding of the microbiome. Future studies will incorporate innovative methodologies with a focus on interventional clinical trials that have the potential to change clinical practice for difficult-to-treat infections, such as MRSA bloodstream infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advancement of infectious disease diagnostics, along with studies devoted to infections caused by gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, is a top scientific priority of the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group (ARLG). Diagnostic tests for infectious diseases are rapidly evolving and improving. However, the availability of rapid tests designed to determine antibacterial resistance or susceptibility directly in clinical specimens remains limited, especially for gram-negative organisms. Additionally, the clinical impact of many new tests, including an understanding of how best to use them to inform optimal antibiotic prescribing, remains to be defined. This review summarizes the recent work of the ARLG toward addressing these unmet needs in the diagnostics field and describes future directions for clinical research aimed at curbing the threat of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group (ARLG) Mentoring Program was established to develop and prepare the next generation of clinician-scientists for a career in antibacterial resistance research. The ARLG Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Working Group partners with the Mentoring Committee to help ensure diversity and excellence in the clinician-scientist workforce of the future. To advance the field of antibacterial research while fostering inclusion and diversity, the Mentoring Program has developed a number of fellowships, awards, and programs, which are described in detail in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing and implementing the scientific agenda of the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group (ARLG) by soliciting input and proposals, transforming concepts into clinical trials, conducting those trials, and translating trial data analyses into actionable information for infectious disease clinical practice is the collective role of the Scientific Leadership Center, Clinical Operations Center, Statistical and Data Management Center, and Laboratory Center of the ARLG. These activities include shepherding concept proposal applications through peer review; identifying, qualifying, training, and overseeing clinical trials sites; recommending, developing, performing, and evaluating laboratory assays in support of clinical trials; and designing and performing data collection and statistical analyses. This article describes key components involved in realizing the ARLG scientific agenda through the activities of the ARLG centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this overview, we describe important contributions from the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group (ARLG) to patient care, clinical trials design, and mentorship while outlining future priorities. The ARLG research agenda is focused on 3 key areas: gram-positive infections, gram-negative infections, and diagnostics. The ARLG has developed an innovative approach to clinical trials design, the desirability of outcome ranking (DOOR), which uses an ordinal measure of global outcome to assess both benefits and harms. DOOR was initially applied to observational studies to determine optimal dosing of vancomycin for methicillin-resistant Staphylcococcus aureus bacteremia and the efficacy of ceftazidime-avibactam versus colistin for the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales infection. DOOR is being successfully applied to the analysis of interventional trials and, in collaboration with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), for use in registrational trials. In the area of diagnostics, the ARLG developed Master Protocol for Evaluating Multiple Infection Diagnostics (MASTERMIND), an innovative design that allows simultaneous testing of multiple diagnostic platforms in a single study. This approach will be used to compare molecular assays for the identification of fluoroquinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae (MASTER GC) and to compare rapid diagnostic tests for bloodstream infections. The ARLG has initiated a first-in-kind randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in participants with cystic fibrosis who are chronically colonized with Pseudomonas aeruginosa to assess the pharmacokinetics and antimicrobial activity of bacteriophage therapy. Finally, an engaged and highly trained workforce is critical for continued and future success against antimicrobial drug resistance. Thus, the ARLG has developed a robust mentoring program targeted to each stage of research training to attract and retain investigators in the field of antimicrobial resistance research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Currently, the escalation of microbial resistance poses a significant global challenge. Children are more susceptible to develop infections and therefore are prescribed antibiotics more frequently. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in pediatric patients can play a considerable role in developing microbial resistance. Accordingly, many policies, including research into new antibiotic agents have been recommended to combat microbial resistance. Recent developments in novel antibiotics have shown promising results against multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extensive drug resistance (XDR) pathogens. However, as pediatric patients are typically excluded from the clinical trials of new medications, labeling and information about approved antibiotics should be improved. This study aimed to evaluate antibiotics having been introduced to the market in the last decade focusing on pediatric population. Methods: This study reviewed the published literatures on novel FDA-approved antibiotics released between 2010 and 2022. Results: Finally, seven newly approved antibiotics including ceftaroline fosamil, ceftazidime-avibactam, ceftolozane-tazobactam, ceftobiprole, imipenem-cilastatin-relebactam, meropenem-vaborbactam, and tedizolid were considered in the present review-article. All relevant data extracted from literatures, were discussed in different subtitles of "Pharmacology", "Mechanism of action", "Indication", "Dosage regimen and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties", "Dosage adjustment in renal/liver failure", "Resistance pattern", and "Adverse drug events". Conclusion: This study reviewed available data on seven new antibiotic agents and their pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, with a particular focus on their use in pediatric patients. The information presented in this review will be useful for healthcare professionals in selecting appropriate antibiotics for pediatric patients and for researchers in achieving the ideal therapeutic regimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The spread of antibiotic resistance and the emergence of MDR strains, especially in gram-negative bacteria, has led to combining antibiotics to treat infections caused by these bacteria. The study aimed to evaluate some antibiotics' synergistic effect on multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates isolated from clinical samples between thyroid dysfunction and asymptomatic bacteriuria in women of reproductive and postmenopausal age. Materials and Methods: P. aeruginosa was isolated from Rasht city hospitals (North of Iran) clinical specimens with multiple antibiotic resistance. The antibiotic resistance of isolates was determined by the disk diffusion method. The screening checklist evaluated the synergistic effects of ciprofloxacin, colistin, meropenem, and gentamicin. Results: The combination of meropenem and colistin in four isolates was additive, and in two isolates was indifferent. The combined effect of ciprofloxacin and colistin was also incremental in 4 isolates and indifferent in 2 isolates. The combined effect of gentamicin and colistin was indifferent in all selected strains. Conclusion: Results of this study showed that combinations of colistin with ciprofloxacin and colistin with meropenem were successful against resistant isolates, while a combination of gentamicin and colistin showed no synergistic effect. Since the characteristics of each clinical isolate differ from the other isolates, more study with more isolates is recommended to make any precise and definite recommendation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on addressing the increasing demand for microorganism-resistant fabrics, especially in healthcare and hygiene textiles. It explores the development of antibacterial surgical textiles using eco-friendly materials like casein and banana peel, coated onto fabric using cyclodextrin as a cross-linking agent.

Antibacterial resistance is a renewed public health plague in modern times, and the COVID-19 pandemic has rekindled this problem. Changes in antibiotic prescribing behavior, misinformation, financial hardship, environmental impact, and governance gaps have generally enhanced the misuse and improper access to antibiotics during the COVID-19 pandemic. These determinants, intersected with antibacterial resistance in the current pandemic, may amplify the potential for a future antibacterial resistance pandemic. The occurrence of infections with multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), difficult-to-treat drug-resistant (DTR), carbapenem-resistant (CR), and pan-drug-resistant (PDR) bacteria is still increasing. The aim of this review is to highlight the state of the art of antibacterial resistance worldwide, focusing on the most important pathogens, namely Enterobacterales, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and their resistance to the most common antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary plant metabolites play important role as potent drug candidates against antibacterialresistant pathogens such as Klebsiella pneumoniae which commonly causes pneumonia. Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) and black turmeric (Curcuma caesia) from the Zingiberaceae family are the potential plants as antibacterial agents. This study aimed to determine the ability of antibacterial activity and the inhibition mechanism of red ginger, black ginger and mixed (red ginger and black turmeric) extracts on the growth of K. pneumoniae. The method used was in vitro testing using the dilution method. Results showed that red ginger, black ginger and mixed ethanol extracts could inhibit K. pneumoniae growth at concentrations of 125 μg/mL and 250μg/mL, respectively, with a marked decrease in absorbance values before and after incubation. Further observations on bacterial cell leakage showed that the higher concentration of mixed ethanol extract, red ginger and black turmeric, the higher the leakage of K. pneumoniae bacterial cells seen from the increase in absorbance values that could be captured by wavelengths of 260 nm and 280 nm, respectively. Based on scanning electron microscope (SEM), the quantity of K. pneumoniae after treating black turmeric, red ginger, and mixed ethanol extracts decreased, and the cell walls became wrinkled and destroyed. Hence, ethanol extract from red ginger and black turmeric can be recommended as an alternative natural antibacterial in inhibiting the growth of K. pneumoniae, which causes pneumonia infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in researching and developing new antimicrobial agents from various sources to combat microbial resistance. Therefore, a greater attention has been paid to antimicrobial activity screening and evaluating methods. Microbial resistance is a major issue now days and is still a challenging situation for the whole globe. Scientists and researchers everywhere in the world are trying to cope this situation. Microbial resistance against drugs makes the microbes more active and more protective. To breakdown this protective zone WHO is still monitoring the drugs and modifying their formulas according to the needs. As well as new drugs from different sources have been discovered. Plants were the major source of drugs in past and also in present century. In present study three plants extracts (i.e., Carissa opaca, Ferula asafoetida and Cannabis sativa) were used against five bacterial strains named Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pyogenes. All the drugs were applied in the form of aqueous extract via well diffusion method and zone of inhibition were measured and photographed after 24 hours. The antibacterial effect of floral drugs in this study showed less or more activity. In conclusion, these antibacterial drugs shown killing of bacteria, on different concentrations zones of inhibition measured were of different size. All these selected plants shown a direct relation with concentration of extract, higher the concentration of extract gives larger zone of inhibition, hence these plants extracts are beneficial with respect to their accessibility as well as economically favorable and can proved a better approach in future.

This research aimed to investigate the phytoconstituents and antibacterial effects of methanol and ethyl acetate stem bark extracts of Detarium microcarpum (DM). The phytochemicals were detected and quantified while the antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhi was established determining the zone of inhibition (ZI), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Phytochemical screening showed alkaloids (16.33% ±0.88) were present in the methanol extract only while saponins and flavonoids were detected in concentrations of 31.00% ±2.31 and 21.01% ±2.33 respectively for the methanol extract and 21.67% ±1.76 and 38.01% ±1.16, for the ethyl acetate. The methanol extract exhibited the highest ZI on S. aureus (21.3 mm ±1.11) with its least inhibition observed on E. coli (6.5 mm ±0.77) while the ethyl acetate extract demonstrated the highest ZI on S. typhi (19.1 mm ±2.01). S. typhi exhibited more sensitivity to DM extracts at the least concentrations of 12.5 mg/ml (methanol) and 25 mg/ml (ethyl acetate) while the MBC results showed that the 12.5 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml were the effective respective concentration for methanol and ethyl acetate extracts against S. typhi. Conclusively, DM exhibited an antibacterial effect against the test organisms with notable inhibitory and bactericidal effects.

Infectious diseases are a significant challenge to global healthcare, especially in the face of increasing antibiotic resistance. This urgent issue requires the continuous exploration and development of new antimicrobial drugs. In this regard, the secondary metabolites derived from endophytic microorganisms stand out as promising sources for finding antimicrobials. Endophytic microorganisms, residing within the internal tissues of plants, have demonstrated the capacity to produce diverse bioactive compounds with substantial pharmacological potential. Therefore, numerous new antimicrobial compounds have been isolated from endophytes, particularly from endophytic fungi and actinomycetes. However, only a limited number of these compounds have been subjected to comprehensive studies regarding their mechanisms of action against bacterial cells. Furthermore, the investigation of their effects on antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the identification of biosynthetic gene clusters responsible for synthesizing these secondary metabolites have been conducted for only a subset of these promising compounds. Through a comprehensive analysis of current research findings, this review describes the mechanisms of action of antimicrobial drugs and secondary metabolites isolated from endophytes, antibacterial activities of the natural compounds derived from endophytes against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and biosynthetic gene clusters of endophytic fungi responsible for the synthesis of bioactive secondary metabolites.

Today, the need for fabrics that resist the growth of microorganisms is rising rapidly, as bacteria and other microbes are resistant to any clean room environment. In particular, health care and hygiene textile products must be more bacterial resistant. This study thus concentrated on developing antibacterial surgical textile products using eco-friendly material, such as casein and banana peel, which were used to coat fabric using cyclodextrin as a cross-linking agent. In this research work, fabric was treated with banana peel, casein, and a combination of banana peel and casein, without cyclodextrin, while cyclodextrin-loaded fabric treated samples were tested for antimicrobial resistance (AATCC100-2004). The treated samples initially studied using FTIR showed a peak point at 3,278.99 cm-1, which infers the presence of an O-H group for banana peel extract, and at 3,340.71 cm-1, which infers the presence of an N-H group for casein. Antimicrobial tests against E. coli showed a bacterial reduction of 81.44%, while a reduction of 52.80% was recorded for S. aureus. An analysis of untreated and treated samples showed that treatment with extracts of an agent through the pad-dry-cure process did not have a significant effect on the tensile and air permeability characteristics of the samples.

Microbial resistance to antibiotics is a serious challenge for both medicine and veterinary. Several mechanisms of antibiotic resistance development are known. Although, there are some approaches to overcome this threat, no final solution has been found yet. In this context, herbal preparations are of great interest due to their high therapeutic value, synergistic abilities with known antibiotics, and few side effects. Literature data suggest a number of plant species with antimicrobial properties against pathogenic, non-pathogenic, antibiotic-susceptible and resistant microbial strains. The present review considers literature data published within the last ten years concerning the most studied plant species of Lamiaceae family, possessing remarkable antimicrobial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background : A key factor driving the development and maintenance of antibacterial resistance (ABR) is individuals' use of antibiotics (ABs) to treat illness. To better understand motivations and context for antibiotic use we use the concept of a patient treatment-seeking pathway: a treatment journey encompassing where patients go when they are unwell, what motivates their choices, and how they obtain antibiotics. This paper investigates patterns and determinants of patient treatment-seeking pathways, and how they intersect with AB use in East Africa, a region where ABR-attributable deaths are exceptionally high. Methods: The Holistic Approach to Unravelling Antibacterial Resistance (HATUA) Consortium collected quantitative data from 6,827 adult outpatients presenting with urinary tract infection (UTI) symptoms in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda between February 2019- September 2020, and conducted qualitative in-depth patient interviews with a subset (n = 116). We described patterns of treatment-seeking visually using Sankey plots and explored explanations and motivations using mixed-methods. Using Bayesian hierarchical regression modelling, we investigated the associations between socio-demographic, economic, healthcare, and attitudinal factors and three factors related to ABR: self-treatment as a first step, having a multi-step treatment pathway, and consuming ABs. Results: Although most patients (86%) sought help from medical facilities in the first instance, many (56%) described multi-step, repetitive treatment-seeking pathways, which further increased the likelihood of consuming ABs. Higher socio-economic status patients were more likely to consume ABs and have multi-step pathways. Reasons for choosing providers (e.g., cost, location, time) were conditioned by wider structural factors such as hybrid healthcare systems and AB availability. Conclusion: There is likely to be a reinforcing cycle between complex, repetitive treatment pathways, AB consumption and ABR. A focus on individual antibiotic use as the key intervention point in this cycle ignores the contextual challenges patients face when treatment seeking, which include inadequate access to diagnostics, perceived inefficient public healthcare and ease of purchasing antibiotics without prescription. Pluralistic healthcare landscapes may promote more complex treatment seeking and therefore inappropriate AB use. We recommend further attention to healthcare system factors, focussing on medical facilities (e.g., accessible diagnostics, patient-doctor interactions, information flows), and community AB access points (e.g., drug sellers). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen that has been noted over the years due to the increasing number of cases in pediatric patients, with community infectious origin. The number of clinical cases since 2018 has been increasing progressively to the present, which is worrying due to its consequences in the future. The treatment is mainly based on Vancomycin, Clindamycin and Linezolid, obtaining mostly positive results, however, the bioavailability of the drug in the focus of the infection and the age of the patient makes the use of these antibiotics difficult. This work analyzes 6 relevant studies for presenting a community infectious origin, patient age, treatment and the impact of signs and symptoms in contrast to mortality presented in the last 5 years to obtain an updated view of the course of the disease and the considerations therapeutic. The limitation of the spread of the infection is denoted mainly by hygiene control. Therefore, the implementation of good hygienic habits in hospitals and childcare centers can prevent infectious diseases caused by opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]