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The traditional nutritional and medical hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed protein were explored for the discovery and directional preparation of new xanthine oxidase inhibitory (XOI) peptides by structure-based virtual screening, compound synthesis, in vitro bioassay and proteolysis. Six subtypes of hemp seed edestin and albumin were in silico hydrolyzed by 29 proteases, and 192 encrypted bioactive peptides were screened out. Six peptides showed to be XOI peptides, of which four (about 67%) were released by elastase hydrolysis. The peptide DDNPRRFY displayed the highest XOI activity (IC50 = (2.10 ± 0.06) mg/mL), acting as a mixed inhibitor. The pancreatic elastase directionally prepared XOI hemp seed protein hydrolysates, from which 6 high-abundance XOI peptides encrypted 3 virtually-screened ones including the DDNPRRFY. The novel outstanding hemp seed protein-derived XOI peptides and their virtual screening and directed preparation methods provide a promising and applicable approach to conveniently and efficiently explore food-derived bioactive peptides.

Introduction: This study investigates the biological activities of Lavandula pinnata essential oil (LPEO), an endemic lavender species from the Canary Islands, traditionally used in treating various ailments. Methods: LPEO was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed using GC-MS. Antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH radical scavenging and total antioxidant capacity assays. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by disc diffusion, MIC, MBC, and MFC determination against bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungal (Candida glabrata, Rhodotorula glutinis, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium digitatum) strains. Antidiabetic and anti-gout potential were investigated through α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and xanthine oxidase inhibition assays. Antityrosinase activity was determined using a modified dopachrome method. Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assay against breast (MCF-7, MDA-MB-468), liver (HepG2), colon (HCT-15) cancer cells, and normal cells (PBMCs). Results and discussion: LPEO exhibits potent antiradical activity (IC50 = 148.33 ± 2.48 μg/mL) and significant antioxidant capacity (TAC = 171.56 ± 2.34 μg AA/mg of EO). It demonstrates notable antibacterial activity against four strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) with inhibition zones ranging from 18.70 ± 0.30mm to 29.20 ± 0.30 mm, along with relatively low MIC and MBC values. LPEO displays significant antifungal activity against four strains (Candida glabrata, Rhodotorula glutinis, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium digitatum) with a fungicidal effect at 1 mg/mL, surpassing the positive control (cycloheximide), and MIC and MFC values indicating a fungicidal effect. It exhibits substantial inhibition of xanthine oxidase enzyme (IC50 = 26.48 ± 0.90 μg/mL), comparable to allopurinol, and marked inhibitory effects on α-amylase (IC50 = 31.56 ± 0.46 μg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 58.47 ± 2.35 μg/mL) enzymes.The enzyme tyrosinase is inhibited by LPEO (IC50 = 29.11 ± 0.08 mg/mL). LPEO displays moderate cytotoxic activity against breast, liver, and colon cancer cells, with low toxicity towards normal cells (PBMC). LPEO exhibits greater selectivity than cisplatin for breast (MCF-7) and colon (HCT-15) cancer cells but lower selectivity for liver (HepG2) and metastatic breast (MDA-MB-468) cancer cells. These findings suggest the potential of LPEO as an antioxidant, antimicrobial, antigout, antidiabetic, and anticancer agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of our studies on the prevention of lifestyle-related diseases by processed foods, we evaluated the xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity of barley tea. The XO inhibitory activity of the tea (a hotwater extract of roasted barley) was not as potent as that of another roasted beverage, coffee. However, the activity of an ethyl acetate-soluble substance in the extract was significantly stronger than that in coffee. Purification of the substance revealed that pyrogallol was the most potent compound. After establishing a quantification method for pyrogallol in barley tea, we analyzed correlations between pyrogallol content, roasted grain color, and XO inhibitory capacity of barley tea. The findings suggest that the XO inhibitory activity of barley tea is related to the roasting degree and chroma b* of barley grains through the content of pyrogallol, although other active compounds may be present in barley tea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitis heyneana Schult. (family Vitaceae) is locally known as 'Wild Grapes'. It has long been used traditionally as a remedy for irregular menstruation, furuncle, bronchitis, and arthritis-related diseases. Antioxidant and xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activities have not been reported in this species. Therefore, the present study aim to investigate the antioxidant and XO inhibitory activities of the plant. Phytochemical screening of the ethanol stem extract was carried out using standard method. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. The XO inhibitory activity was evaluated using standard procedure. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of carbohydrates, essential oils, amino acids, triterpenoids, saponins, coumarins, flavonoids, and tannins. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 21.90 ± 0.17 μg/mL, followed by chloroform fraction (IC50 = 35.92 ± 0.28 μg/mL), petroleum ether fraction (IC50 = 52.22 ± 0.20 μg/mL), and aqueous fraction (IC50 = 143.37 ± 1.12 μg/mL). The plant extract exhibited significant XO inhibitory activity with the ethyl acetate fraction showing the highest activity (IC50 = 11.28 ± 0.41 μg/mL) followed by the aqueous fraction (IC50 = 17.51 ± 0.38 μg/mL), chloroform fraction (IC50 = 35.75 ± 0.19 μg/mL), and the petroleum ether fraction (IC50 = 130.20 ± 0.24 μg/mL). These results suggest the potential use of V. heyneana stems in the management of gout as well as an antioxidant to eliminate free radicals and reduce the oxidative stress associated with gout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. The study aimed to test the ethanol extracts of ten medicinal plants for xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity.Methods. The degree of xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity was determined by measuring the absorbance spectrophotometrically at 290 nm, which is associated with uric acid formation. The selected medicinal plants included Piper lolot C.DC. (Piperaceae), Pandanus amaryllifolius R.(Pandanaceae), Brassica juncea L. (Brassicaceae), Piper betle L. (Piperaceae), Perilla frutescens L. (Lamiaceae), Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae), Polygonum barbatum L. (Polygonaceae), Artocarpus Altilis P. (Moraceae), Vitex negundo L. (Verbenaceae), Annona squamosal L. (Annonaceae), which were selected based on folk medicine.Results. The results showed that the Piper betle L. has a strong ability to inhibit xanthine oxidase with an IC50 value of up to 1.18 μg/mL, compared to allopurinol 1.57 μg/mL. Different parts of Piper betle L. were compared and the leaves of Piper betle L. showed the best value for xanthine oxidase inhibitory and antioxidant activity.Conclusions. Piper betle L. showed the best potential for inhibition of xanthine oxidase among ten medicinal plants. Piper betle L. leaf extract showed strong xanthine oxidase inhibitory and antioxidant activity, compared to the whole plant, and the stem extract, which promises to be applied in the treatment of gout.

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To study the chemical constituents from the Fissistigma oldhamii var. longistipitatum, at the same time, the network pharmacology was used to study the multi-component, multi-target and multi-pathway mechanism of action of its anti-gout. Eighteen compounds were isolated and identified by silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, ODS, and preparative HPLC. These compounds were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral data asliriodenine (1), oxocrebanine (2), oxobuxifolina (3), lysicamine (4), O-methylmoscatoline (5), atheroline (6), 4, 5-Dioxodehydroasimilobine (7), Norcepharadione B (8), piperolactam A (9), piperolactam C (10), Aristololactam AIa (11), Aristololactam Allla (12), goniothalactam (13), goniopedaline (14), Aristololactam BⅢ (15), 5, 6, 7, 8-tetramethoxyflavone (16), 5, 8-dihydroxy-6, 7-dimethoxyflavone (17), Methylpedicin (18) . Network pharmacological studies have found that Fissistigma oldhamii var. longistipitatum may be through 5, 8-dihydroxy-6, 7-dimethoxyflavone, goniothalactam, 5, 6, 7, 8-tetramethoxyflavone, lysicamine and other active ingredients, acting on GAPDH, interleukin-6 (IL6), VEGFA, MAPK1, SRC and other targets, It exerts anti-gout effect by modulating the TNF, toll-like receptor, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Phellinus igniarius (P. igniarius) is a valuable medicinal and edible fungus with various biological activities such as anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and immune regulation. In this study, we explored the effects of P. igniarius on a gout model in vitro. Methods: The DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP methods were combined to determine and compare the antioxidant activities of wild P. igniarius total polyphenols (WPP) and cultivated P. igniarius total polyphenols (CPP) in vitro. Spectrophotometry was used to compare the inhibitory effect of WPP and CPP on xanthine oxidase (XO) activity to evaluate anti-hyperuricemia activity in vitro. HUVECs were stimulated with monosodium urate (MSU) crystals for 24 h to establish an acute gouty inflammation model in vitro. The protective effects were compared by measuring cell viability; the contents of ICAM-1, IL-1β, IL-6 and VCAM-1; the protein expressions of TLR4 and NLRP3; reactive oxygen species production; and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. UHPLC-QE-MS technology was used to explore the potential metabolic mechanism of P. igniarius against gout. Results: WPP and CPP had strong antioxidant capacity, and the antioxidant capacity of CPP was similar to that of WPP. In a comparative experiment of xanthine oxidase activity inhibition by WPP and CPP, the IC50 values were 88.19 µg/ml and 108.0 µg/ml, respectively. At a dose of 40 µg/ml, WPP and CPP significantly improved the decrease in cell viability induced by monosodium urate (150 µg/ml) and inhibited the increase in inflammatory factors such as ICAM-1, IL-1β, IL-6, and VCAM-1. The increase in TLR4 and NLRP3 protein expression induced by MSU crystals in HUVECs was also significantly inhibited by total polyphenols from wild and cultivated P. igniarius. In addition, both significantly improved MSU-induced ROS overproduction and NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation. WPP and CPP may primarily be involved in phenylalanine metabolism and lysophosphatidylcholine metabolism in their role in the treatment of gout. Conclusion: CPP and WPP both showed good antioxidant activity and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity and had good therapeutic effects on the gout model in vitro. Furthermore, this study indicated that cultivated P. igniarius had a protective effect similar to that of wild P. igniarius, which would be expected to improve the shortage of wild P. igniarius and promote the development of the cultivated P. igniarius industry and product development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Phellinus igniarius (P. igniarius) is a valuable medicinal and edible fungus with various biological activities such as anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and immune regulation. In this study, we explored the effects of P. igniarius on a gout model in vitro.Methods: The DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP methods were combined to determine and compare the antioxidant activities of wild P. igniarius total polyphenols (WPP) and cultivated P. igniarius total polyphenols (CPP) in vitro. Spectrophotometry was used to compare the inhibitory effect of WPP and CPP on xanthine oxidase (XO) activity to evaluate anti-hyperuricemia activity in vitro. HUVECs were stimulated with monosodium urate (MSU) crystals for 24 h to establish an acute gouty inflammation model in vitro. The protective effects were compared by measuring cell viability; the contents of ICAM-1, IL-1β, IL-6 and VCAM-1; the protein expressions of TLR4 and NLRP3; reactive oxygen species production; and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. UHPLC-QE-MS technology was used to explore the potential metabolic mechanism of P. igniarius against gout.Results: WPP and CPP had strong antioxidant capacity, and the antioxidant capacity of CPP was similar to that of WPP. In a comparative experiment of xanthine oxidase activity inhibition by WPP and CPP, the IC50 values were 88.19 μg/ml and 108.0 μg/ml, respectively. At a dose of 40 μg/ml, WPP and CPP significantly improved the decrease in cell viability induced by monosodium urate (150 μg/ml) and inhibited the increase in inflammatory factors such as ICAM-1, IL-1β, IL-6, and VCAM-1. The increase in TLR4 and NLRP3 protein expression induced by MSU crystals in HUVECs was also significantly inhibited by total polyphenols from wild and cultivated P. igniarius. In addition, both significantly improved MSU-induced ROS overproduction and NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation. WPP and CPP may primarily be involved in phenylalanine metabolism and lysophosphatidylcholine metabolism in their role in the treatment of gout.Conclusion: CPP and WPP both showed good antioxidant activity and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity and had good therapeutic effects on the gout model in vitro. Furthermore, this study indicated that cultivated P. igniarius had a protective effect similar to that of wild P. igniarius, which would be expected to improve the shortage of wild P. igniarius and promote the development of the cultivated P. igniarius industry and product development.

Gout is a type of arthritis that causes painful inflammation in one or more joints. In gout, an increase in uric acid in the blood triggers the formation of crystals, causing joint pain. Indonesia is a country rich in the biodiversity of medicinal plant species. Therefore, its flora offers promising therapy for gout, one of which is Andrographis paniculata Nees. This study aims to obtain the leaf extract of A. paniculata through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. Then the extract obtained was subjected to phytochemical screening, a total phenolic content test and uric acid test. The results of phytochemical screening of A. paniculata leaf extract using UAE contained saponins, phenols, tannins and alkaloids. The high total phenolic content has an effect on the high potential for reducing uric acid levels. Sample B with a time variation of 35 minutes and an amplitude of 65% showed the highest total phenolic content and potential for reducing uric acid levels compared to the other samples, which were 1104.53 ± 0.5 mg GAE/g extract and 72.81±0.2 %, respectively. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the UAE extract from the leaves of A. paniculata has good potential as an anti-gout agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study aimed to obtain the skin extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. The extract's potential as an antioxidant with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical inhibition parameters, and its potential as an anti-gout. Results: The yield of crude ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl rind obtained from the UAE process ranged from 18 to 21%. The phytochemical test results of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit peel extract contain phenolic compounds, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids. Extract B was treated for 35 minutes and had an amplitude of 65% with an antioxidant activity IC50 of 52.01 ± 0.06 mg/L and a reduction of uric acid level of 90.49 ± 0.08. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of the fruit peel of Phaleria macrocarpa from the UAE has the potential as a source of antioxidants and anti-gout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant extracts or their secondary metabolites have functioned as antioxidants in phytotherapy drugs which function as protection against various diseases related to oxidative stress and free radicals. Free radicals play an important role in the initiation and development of various diseases, one of which is uric acid. Hhis study aims to obtain ethanolic extract from the ripe fruit of Musa balbisiana Colla using the UAE method and obtain information about secondary metabolites and their bioactivity as antioxidants and anti-gout. The results showed that antioxidant activity test using the DPPH and FRAP methods gave IC50 values of 150.24 ± 0.0348 mg/L and 227.80 ± 0.0986 mg / L, respectively. The total phenolic content value of 625.64 ± 0.36 mg GAE/g ethanolic extract is thought to have a role in high antioxidant activity. In addition, ethanol extract with a concentration of 50 mg / L has activity in reducing uric acid levels by around 9%. It can be concluded that the ethanolic extract produced by UAE has potential as a source of anti-oxidants and anti-gout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperuricemia (HUA) endangers renal function and induces gout. Although peptides from Antarctic Krill (AKP) showed anti -hyperuricemic effects, the underlying mechanism remained unclear. The study investigated the anti -hyperuricemic effect via xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitory activity, an adenosine-induced HK-2 cell model, and a potassium oxonate (PO)-induced mouse model. The AKP prepared using alkaline protease exhibited a strong XOD inhibitory activity with a low IC 50 value of 3.232 mg/mL. AKP (5 mg/mL) reduced the uric acid (UA) content by 40.50% in HK-2 cells (p < 0.01). In addition, AKP (600 mg/kg/d) reduced serum UA level by 54.37% in a mouse model (p < 0.01) and had an alleviating effect on HUA-induced inflammation. Besides, AKP supplementing could regulate the mRNA levels of renal UA urate transporters (GLUT9, ABCG2, OAT1, OAT3, and NPT1) to promote UA excretion. According to non-targeted metabolomics, AKP regulated metabolic disorders in HUA mice by proximal tubule bicarbonate reclamation, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, and butanate metabolism, etc, providing useful clues for research on the molecular mechanism of AKP. In addition, AKP alleviated gout by reducing paw swelling and inflammatory factors (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β) levels. • Peptides derived from Antarctic Krill (AKP, Mw < 1000 Da) were first prepared. • AKP showed a strong XOD inhibitory activity with a low IC 50 value of 3.232 mg/mL. • AKP changed the metabolites profile of HUA mice and regulated 6 main pathways. • AKP alleviated gout by reducing paw swelling and IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, three known flavonols, namely kaempferol (1), ombuin (2), and quercetin (3), and three known 1,2-diphenylethanes, namely 5-(2-hydroxyphenethyl)-3-methoxy-2-methylphenol (4), 2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenethyl) phenol (5) and 2-(2-hydroxyphenethyl)-4,6-dimethoxyphenol (6) from the methanolic extract (ME) of Bauhinia vahlii were identified and sucessfully isolated. They were also evaluated for in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-gout and anticancer effects. Compound 3 (26.00±2.17 μg/mL) showed an almost equivalent IC50 value of standard drug (25.55±2.80 μg/mL) against superoxide free radicals. Moreover, compound 3 showed significant inhibition of COXs and 5-LOX enzymes, while compounds 1, 2, 4 and 5 exhibited good inhibition of XO enzymes. Except for compound 5, all compounds showed a significant reduction of cell growth lysis of MCF-7, DLD-1, HeLa, and A549. Besides, all the metabolites and ME showed a very weak degree of specificity against NHME, indicates less toxicity to normal cells. The results suggest that B. vahlii can be a favourable natural source for the treatment of oxidative stress, inflammation, gout and cancer, and these actions are linked to the natural active compounds 1, 3, 4 and 6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils (EOs) of Clausena indica fruits, Zanthoxylum rhetsa fruits, and Michelia tonkinensis seeds were analyzed for their phytochemical profiles and biological activities, including anti-diabetes, anti-gout, and anti-leukemia properties. Sixty-six volatile compounds were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), in which, myristicin (68.3%), limonene (44.2%), and linalool (49.3%) were the most prominent components of EOs extracted from C. indica, Z. rhetsa, and M. tonkinensis, respectively. In addition, only EOs from C. indica inhibited the activities of all tested enzymes comprising α-amylase (IC50 = 7.73 mg/mL), α-glucosidase (IC50 = 0.84 mg/mL), and xanthine oxidase (IC50 = 0.88 mg/mL), which are related to type 2 diabetes and gout. Remarkably, all EOs from C. indica, Z. rhetsa (IC50 = 0.73 mg/mL), and M. tonkinensis (IC50 = 1.46 mg/mL) showed a stronger anti-α-glucosidase ability than acarbose (IC50 = 2.69 mg/mL), a known anti-diabetic agent. Moreover, the growth of leukemia cell Meg-01 was significantly suppressed by all EOs, of which, the IC50 values were recorded as 0.32, 0.64, and 0.31 mg/mL for EOs from C. indica, Z. rhetsa, and M. tonkinensis, respectively. As it stands, this is the first report about the inhibitory effects of EOs from C. indica and Z. rhetsa fruits, and M. tonkinensis seeds on the human leukemia cell line Meg-01 and key enzymes linked to diabetes and gout. In conclusion, the present study suggests that EOs from these natural spices may be promising candidates for pharmaceutical industries to develop nature-based drugs to treat diabetes mellitus or gout, as well as malignant hematological diseases such as leukemia.

Gout is a type of arthritis that causes painful inflammation in one or more joints. In gout, elevation of uric acid in the blood triggers the formation of crystals, causing joint pain. Malaysia is a mega-biodiversity country that is rich in medicinal plants species. Therefore, its flora might offer promising therapies for gout. This article aims to systematically review the anti-gout potential of Malaysian medicinal plants. Articles on gout published from 2000 to 2017 were identified using PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar with the following keyword search terms: “gout,” “medicinal plants,” “Malaysia,” “epidemiology,” “in vitro,” and “in vivo.” In this study, 85 plants were identified as possessing anti-gout activity. These plants had higher percentages of xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity (>85%); specifically, the Momordica charantia, Chrysanthemum indicum, Cinnamomum cassia, Kaempferia galanga, Artemisia vulgaris, and Morinda elliptica had the highest values, due to their diverse natural bioactive compounds, which include flavonoids, phenolics, tannin, coumarins, luteolin, and apigenin. This review summarizes the anti-gout potential of Malaysian medicinal plants but the mechanisms, active compounds, pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and safety of the plants still remain to be elucidated.

Xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor can block the synthesis of uric acid and is regarded as one of the therapeutic approaches of gout. The anti-XO constituents in the stem of Cistanche deserticola were characterized though LC–MS combined with xanthine oxidase inhibition profiling method. Seven phenylethanoid glycosides ( 1 – 7 ) and two phenylpropanoid glycosides ( 8 – 9 ) were identified from the bioactive extracts. Isoacteoside ( 1 ), kankanoside G ( 4 ) and cistanoside F ( 8 ) displayed crucial activity against XO with the IC 50 values of 46.91, 85.31 μM and 36.41 μM respectively. The main mass fragmentation pathways of phenylethanoid glycosides were the losses of glucosyl, rhamanopyranosyl and phenylethoxyl groups in positive ion mode and the elimination of caffeoyl unit in negative ion mode. It shows that the stem of Cistanche deserticola is a functional food which performs potent anti-gout activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gout is a type of arthritis that causes painful inflammation in one or more joints. In gout, elevation of uric acid in the blood triggers the formation of crystals, causing joint pain. Malaysia is a mega-biodiversity country that is rich in medicinal plants species. Therefore, its flora might offer promising therapies for gout. This article aims to systematically review the anti-gout potential of Malaysian medicinal plants. Articles on gout published from2000 to 2017 were identified using PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar with the following keyword search terms: "gout," "medicinal plants," "Malaysia," "epidemiology," "in vitro," and "in vivo." In this study, 85 plants were identified as possessing anti-gout activity. These plants had higher percentages of xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity (>85%); specifically, the Momordica charantia, Chrysanthemum indicum, Cinnamomum cassia, Kaempferia galanga, Artemisia vulgaris, and Morinda elliptica had the highest values, due to their diverse natural bioactive compounds, which include flavonoids, phenolics, tannin, coumarins, luteolin, and apigenin. This review summarizes the anti-gout potential of Malaysian medicinal plants but the mechanisms, active compounds, pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and safety of the plants still remain to be elucidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The root of Rumex crispus L. has been shown to possess anti-gout and anti-diabetic properties, but the compounds responsible for these pharmaceutical effects have not yet been reported. In this study, we aimed to isolate and purify active components from the root of R. crispus, and to evaluate their anti-radical, anti-gout and anti-diabetic capacities. From the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract, two compounds, chrysophanol (1) and physcion (2), were isolated by column chromatography with an elution of hexane and EtOAc at a 9:1 ratio. Their structures were identified by spectrometric techniques including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), X-ray diffraction analyses and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The results of bioassays indicated that (1) showed stronger activities than (2). For antioxidant activity, (1) and (2) exhibited remarkable DPPH radical scavenging capacity (IC50 = 9.8 and 12.1 µg/mL), which was about two times stronger than BHT (IC50 = 19.4 µg/mL). The anti-gout property of (1) and (2) were comparable to the positive control allopurinol, these compounds exerted strong inhibition against the activity of xanthine oxidase (IC50 = 36.4 and 45.0 µg/mL, respectively). In the anti-diabetic assay, (1) and (2) displayed considerable inhibitory ability on α-glucosidase, their IC50 values (IC50 = 20.1 and 18.9 µg/mL, respectively) were higher than that of standard acarbose (IC50 = 143.4 µg/mL). Findings of this study highlight that (1) and (2) may be promising agents to treat gout and diabetes, which may greatly contribute to the medicinal properties of Rumex crispus root.

[Display omitted] • Comparative study between some univariate and multivariate methods for concurrent determination of a mixture of mefenamic acid and febuxostat. • The applied chemometric methods are partial least squares (PLS), artificial neural network (ANN) and genetic algorithm partial least squares (GA-PLS). • The applied univariate methods include first derivative, second derivative, ratio spectra, derivative ratio spectra, ratio subtraction, Q-Absorbance ratio and mean centering spectrophotometric methods. • Full validation study is performed following the pharmacopeial guidelines. • Application to the analysis of the two drugs in their raw materials, dosage forms and spiked human plasma. Recently, Chemometric calibration methods in spectrophotometric analysis are achieving significant attention in the quality control of resolving drug mixtures and pharmaceutical formulations containing two or more drugs with overlapping spectra. The simple univariate methods have been used over the last few decades and has proven to be highly efficient and easy to apply. In this study, a comparative study was performed between some univariate and multivariate methods to determine if chemometric methods can substitute univariate methods in pharmaceutical analysis. In this study, three chemometric techniques were compared to seven univariate techniques to resolve a mixture of mefenamic acid and febuxostat in their raw materials, dosage forms and spiked human plasma. Mefenamic acid and febuxostat were used together for treatment of gout. The applied chemometric methods are partial least squares (PLS), artificial neural network (ANN) and genetic algorithm partial least squares (GA-PLS), while the used univariate methods include first derivative, second derivative, ratio spectra, derivative ratio spectra, ratio subtraction, Q-Absorbance ratio and mean centering spectrophotometric methods. The ten proposed methods were found to be green, sensitive, and rapid. They are simple and did not require any pre-separation steps. The results of both univariate and multivariate approaches were statistically compared with the reported spectrophotometric methods using student's t test and ratio variance F -test. They were also compared with each other, using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). These methods were assessed and validated according to ICH guidelines. The studied drugs were analyzed in their pharmaceutical dosage forms and spiked human plasma with good recoveries using the developed methods, which qualify them for routine quality control of the studied drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gout is an inflammatory disease caused by metabolic disorder or genetic inheritance. People throughout the world are strongly dependent on ethnomedicine for the treatment of gout and some receive satisfactory curative treatment. The natural remedies as well as established drugs derived from natural sources or synthetically made exert their action by mechanisms that are closely associated with anticancer treatment mechanisms regarding inhibition of xanthine oxidase, feedback inhibition of de novo purine synthesis, depolymerization and disappearance of microtubule, inhibition of NF-ĸB activation, induction of TRAIL, promotion of apoptosis, and caspase activation and proteasome inhibition. Some anti-gout and anticancer novel compounds interact with same receptors for their action, e.g., colchicine and colchicine analogues. Dietary flavonoids, i.e., chrysin, kaempferol, quercetin, fisetin, pelargonidin, apigenin, luteolin, myricetin, isorhamnetin, phloretinetc etc. have comparable IC50 values with established anti-gout drug and effective against both cancer and gout. Moreover, a noticeable number of newer anticancer compounds have already been isolated from plants that have been using by local traditional healers and herbal practitioners to treat gout. Therefore, the anti-gout plants might have greater potentiality to become selective candidates for screening of newer anticancer leads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural products have a new chemical structure and biological active diversity, so they are favored by scientific researchers. Gout is a high incidence and high-risk disease, and the current treatments are not satisfactory. Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a key enzyme responsible for the development and progression of various metabolic and oxidative stress-related diseases. Excessive activity of XO leads to elevated serum urate levels, which in turn leads to the development of hyperuricemia. This review mainly introduces the recent progress of the new research on the anti-gout activity of natural products that could provide new treatment methods for gout and information for the discovery and development of new anti-gout drugs., (© 2023 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

Diseases such as diabetes mellitus and gout are among the chronic diseases affecting worldwide population. Investigation is required to find the alternative approaches to treat these chronic diseases, such as plant based medicine. In this study, lemongrass (Cymbopogan citratus) was chosen and examined on the basis of their usage in traditional medicines throughout Southeast Asia. GCMS analysis revealed the major constituents of the lemongrass essential oil which compromise 67.769% and 67.328% of the total oil respectively. Total phenolic content of the essential oil was analyzed by Folin Ciocalteau method and the results indicated that highest amount of phenolic content was obtained from essential oil extracted from lemongrasses stalk, with phenolic concentration of 2100.769 mg/l GAE. Anti oxidant activity was examined by DPPH scavenging test and the highest inhibition was obtained by essential oil extracted from lemongrass stalk (89.5%). β-glucosidase inhibition assay was carried out using an in-vitro model for anti diabetic test and lemongrass stalk essential oil showed highest degree of inhibitory activity (89.63%). Anti gout test was examined by xanthine oxidase inhibition (XOI) assay with the maximum percentage of xanthine oxidase inhibition of 81.34% obtained from lemongrass stalk essential oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils (EOs) of Clausena indica fruits, Zanthoxylum rhetsa fruits, and Michelia tonkinensis seeds were analyzed for their phytochemical profiles and biological activities, including anti-diabetes, anti-gout, and anti-leukemia properties. Sixty-six volatile compounds were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), in which, myristicin (68.3%), limonene (44.2%), and linalool (49.3%) were the most prominent components of EOs extracted from C. indica, Z. rhetsa, and M. tonkinensis, respectively. In addition, only EOs from C. indica inhibited the activities of all tested enzymes comprising α-amylase (IC50 = 7.73 mg/mL), α-glucosidase (IC50 = 0.84 mg/mL), and xanthine oxidase (IC50 = 0.88 mg/mL), which are related to type 2 diabetes and gout. Remarkably, all EOs from C. indica, Z. rhetsa (IC50 = 0.73 mg/mL), and M. tonkinensis (IC50 = 1.46 mg/mL) showed a stronger anti-α-glucosidase ability than acarbose (IC50 = 2.69 mg/mL), a known anti-diabetic agent. Moreover, the growth of leukemia cell Meg-01 was significantly suppressed by all EOs, of which, the IC50 values were recorded as 0.32, 0.64, and 0.31 mg/mL for EOs from C. indica, Z. rhetsa, and M. tonkinensis, respectively. As it stands, this is the first report about the inhibitory effects of EOs from C. indica and Z. rhetsa fruits, and M. tonkinensis seeds on the human leukemia cell line Meg-01 and key enzymes linked to diabetes and gout. In conclusion, the present study suggests that EOs from these natural spices may be promising candidates for pharmaceutical industries to develop nature-based drugs to treat diabetes mellitus or gout, as well as malignant hematological diseases such as leukemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A UPLC-PDA-based analytical method was developed for anti-gout and anti-osteoporosis drug substances. • The validation results showed a rapid process, high sensitivity, good accuracy and precision in the qualitative and quantitative analysis. • The application for this method to real samples, revealed that 16 samples were adulterated with dexamethasone. The aim of this study was to simultaneously determine the presence of unauthorized drug substances in health foods and herbal products used in the treatment of conditions such as gout and anti-osteoporosis. Therefore, we developed and optimised a rapid and accurate method to simultaneously measure 20 anti-gout and anti-osteoporosis drug substances using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) system equipped with a photodiode array (PDA) detector. The method was validated to fully meet internationally accepted standards. LODs and LOQs spiked in solid and liquid negative samples were ranged from 0.12 to 1.50 μg/mL, and ranged from 0.36 to 4.50 μg/mL. Linearities (R2> 0.999), stabilities (RSD ≤ 2.92%), accuracies (84.25∼106.62%, intra-day; 84.56∼105.85%, inter-day), precisions (RSD ≤ 3.71% on the intra-day; RSD ≤ 3.47% on the inter-day), recoveries spiked in various type of blank samples such as powder, liquid, tablet, and capsule were determined within 81.20–116.20 %, respectively. From a confirmation of matrix effects (88.06∼110.50% in solid blank; 89.16∼110.52% in liquid blank), it was confirmed that this method was not significantly affected by a sample matrix. The validated method was used to analyse 116 samples containing health foods, herbal products, and seized forensic samples advertised to be effective anti-gout and anti-osteoporosis agents. Of the 20 drug substances screened, dexamethasone was detected and confirmed by comparing the tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) fragment ion patterns of a reference standard and the sample using LC-quadrupole-time-of-flight (Q-TOF)/MS. The concentrations of adulterants in seized forensic samples ranged from 0.013 to 0.022 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The root of Rumex crispus L. has been shown to possess anti-gout and anti-diabetic properties, but the compounds responsible for these pharmaceutical effects have not yet been reported. In this study, we aimed to isolate and purify active components from the root of R. crispus, and to evaluate their anti-radical, anti-gout and anti-diabetic capacities. From the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract, two compounds, chrysophanol (1) and physcion (2), were isolated by column chromatography with an elution of hexane and EtOAc at a 9:1 ratio. Their structures were identified by spectrometric techniques including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), X-ray diffraction analyses and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The results of bioassays indicated that (1) showed stronger activities than (2). For antioxidant activity, (1) and (2) exhibited remarkable DPPH radical scavenging capacity (IC50 = 9.8 and 12.1 µg/mL), which was about two times stronger than BHT (IC50 = 19.4 µg/mL). The anti-gout property of (1) and (2) were comparable to the positive control allopurinol, these compounds exerted strong inhibition against the activity of xanthine oxidase (IC50 = 36.4 and 45.0 µg/mL, respectively). In the anti-diabetic assay, (1) and (2) displayed considerable inhibitory ability on α-glucosidase, their IC50 values (IC50 = 20.1 and 18.9 µg/mL, respectively) were higher than that of standard acarbose (IC50 = 143.4 µg/mL). Findings of this study highlight that (1) and (2) may be promising agents to treat gout and diabetes, which may greatly contribute to the medicinal properties of Rumex crispus root. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research progress of puerarin and its derivatives in anti-inflammatory and anti-gout activities was reviewed in this paper. Puerarin possesses anti-inflammatory activity by affecting immunocyte, inflammation cytokines and signaling pathway. Puerarin also has anti-gout activity through inhibition of xanthine oxidase, promoting the excretion of uric acid to reduce serum uric acid level. Although its ability in reducing uric acid level was lower than that of allopurinol in clinical application, puerarin can also enhance the total antioxidant and free radical scavenging with stronger anti-inflammatory effect, so it will be a promising research direction to find new drugs with better anti-gout activity and less side effects by modifying the chemical structure of puerarin., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)