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Theoretically framed by AsianCrit, the current study used a longitudinal qualitative study to explore how larger socio-historical contexts such as the pandemic shape Asian American and migrant elementary teachers' daily lives and teaching practices. The study's findings demonstrate that, following the COVID-19 pandemic and an upsurge in anti-Asian hate crime, the teachers' experiences of racism and positions as Asian Americans and migrants in New York City had radically changed. Their shifted racialized experiences further influenced their elementary school teaching practices, compelling them to become committed to antiracist education. This longitudinal and timely study will contribute to the emerging literature on Asian American and migrant teachers, providing several implications for teacher education and future research. The study's findings will also shed light on the legitimacy of CRT in investigating the lives and teaching of Asian American and migrant teachers in light of nationwide anti-CRT legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current scholarship has identified online hate speech as one of the main threats in digital spaces, leading to an ever-heightened marginalization of ethnic minorities. The COVID-19 pandemic has given racist expressions of hate a new momentum, directed particularly at Asian-heritage individuals who were scapegoated as the originators of the virus. This study explores the repercussions of this for Asian-heritage individuals living in Europe, specifically their (1) identity and (2) coping strategies. Using semi-structured interviews with N = 14 Asian-heritage individuals, the study shows how this group was hatefully othered online, with severe consequences for its members' sense of hybrid belonging and ethnic identity. Initial defense attempts were muted, and individuals surrendered to passive coping strategies, withdrawing from mainstream discourse. The study shows how identity and coping were inextricably intertwined. Taking this case as an example for minority victimization during crises, we discuss potential empowerment perspectives for ethnic minority individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the intended and unintended effects of Instagram's content moderation on #coronavirus for both the short- and long-term effects on misinformation and anti-Asian sentiment. We performed manual coding of images (N = 9648), and a series of supervised machine learning methods to classify three waves of comments (N = 22,676) published in 2020 on Instagram. Welch's F tests were used to compare misinformation, emotions, toxicity, and identity attack across three time periods. The results showed that hashtag moderation had an intended effect in reducing misinformation, and an unintended effect in reducing anger, fear, toxicity, and identity attack. Images with people of East Asian descent were associated with more anger, fear, toxicity, and identity attack than images with people of other races. Prior to content moderation, misinformation was associated with identity attack. Stigmatization on social media, and content moderation of misinformation and hate speech are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has elevated levels of distress and resulted in anti-Asian discrimination in many countries. We aimed to determine the 10-month prevalence of depression symptoms in Asian adults in New Zealand during the pandemic and to see if this was related to experience of racism. An online survey was conducted and a stratified sample of 402 respondents completed the brief Centre for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale. Analyses included: descriptive statistics, depression scores by age/gender, factor analysis of the 10 item CES-D and partial correlation network analysis of CES-D items together with questions about experience of racism. Results show that half of the sample reported clinically significant symptoms of depression. Depression was higher among younger participants but there was no gender difference. Internal consistency was high (α = 0.85) for the CES-D which revealed a clear two-factor structure. Network analysis suggested that sleeping problems might be the bridge between experiences of racism and depression. The prevalence of low mood was high with clinically significant levels of depressive symptoms. Depression was higher in younger people and had a modest positive correlation with personal experience of racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Expressive citizenship: Youth, social media, and democracy" explores the concept of expressive citizenship among young people, emphasizing the importance of political expression on social media platforms. The authors argue that young people's political expression is creative, personal, and meaningful, shaping their political views and connecting them with others. The emergence of expressive citizenship as a model of good citizenship highlights the role of social media in political socialization and participation among youth, with implications for future research in the field of children and media studies. The article also discusses the challenges and complexities of expressive citizenship, including issues of performative expression, mobilization, and affective polarization in online political discourse. [Extracted from the article]

The adversity faced by Asian Americans (AAs) due to discrimination is a testament to the ongoing fight for human rights. At the crux of social activism, familial and religious ethnic–racial socialization (ERS) instills cultural values, ethnic identity, belonging to one's racial group, and a meaningful outlook, navigating generations through these challenges. This study examined the role of family and religion in amplifying social advocacy among AAs by assessing the relationship between race-related stress and social activism, as well as the mediating role of familial and religious ERS via a parallel mediation. Our research, utilizing a cross-sectional, nonexperimental design, involved 254 AA emerging adults identifying as Christian (Mage = 29.06, SDage = 7.55), sourced from Prolific (n = 203) and community sampling (n = 51). Linear regression findings revealed significant positive associations between familial ERS and social action (β =.226, p <.001), as well as religious ERS and social action (β =.085, p =.033). Nevertheless, parallel mediation analysis through bootstrapping demonstrated that neither familial nor religious ERS fully mediated the effects of race-related stress on social activism. These results underscore the significance of applying culturally imbued insights from different contexts to address discrimination within the AA Christian community. Scrutinizing these pathways can safeguard AA Christians, while promoting the amalgamation of Christian theology and psychological science. Future research should address the spectrum of beliefs and practices within Christianity that intersect with AA families and culture, unraveling the foundations of the call for social action. Public Policy Relevance Statement: Given increasing reports of anti-Asian racism in the United States, engaging in social activism becomes a potent strategy for both coping with and dismantling systemic oppression. This study underscores the importance of public policy support for ethnic–racial socialization practices within Asian American Christian communities, as they play a motivating role in driving social action, especially when these messages are transmitted within families. The study further delves into diverse community-based approaches aimed at dismantling discrimination, acknowledging the integration of faith and psychology in addressing these pressing issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issue: Asians have experienced a rise in racialized hate crimes due to the anti-Asian rhetoric that has accompanied the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there has been little acknowledgement of anti-Asian discrimination within the medical education community. While anti-Asian hate is not new or unfamiliar to us, four authors of Asian descent, it has given us an opportunity to reflect on how we have been complicit in and resistant to the larger racial narratives that circulate in our communities. Evidence: In this article, we provide a brief history of Asians in the Americas with a focus on anti-Asian hate. Next, while presenting stories from the perspective of Asian medical education researchers who were born/have settled in the U.S. and Canada, we take the opportunity to reflect on how our personal experiences have shaped our perceptions of ourselves, and the representations of Asians in the field of medicine. Implications: We hope to create awareness about how stereotypes of success tied to Asians can be used as a tool of oppression creating strife between Black communities, Asian communities, and other people of color. There is a need to develop critical consciousness to address the issues of equity in academia and in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mia, an Asian-American adoptee, began treatment unaware of the themes of her identity. When race, identity, and anti-Asian violence moved into the national foreground during the pandemic, Mia's identity became a focus in therapy. A twinship transference allowed Mia to develop an awareness of being Asian in a white world, as well as reckon with the prejudice she has known. How did Mia come to appreciate being Asian in twinship with her white therapist? How did her white therapist offer twinship responsiveness? Intersubjective Self Psychology, with its focus on diverging and overlapping trailing and leading edges of patient and therapist, illuminates the answer. Mia's trailing edge insistence on mirroring and defensively maintained assumption of sameness needed to give way to a leading edge yearning to belong, complete with the fullness and specificity of her own experience. The therapist's trailing edge reluctance to experience twinship needed to give way to a leading edge yearning to revel in shared humanity, different as patient and therapist might be. Responding to Mia's twinship yearnings with reference to difference allowed Mia to claim her identity, and provided new ways to understand twinship yearnings for shared experience that also celebrates the specificity of difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundAsian Americans (AAs) are experiencing increased rates of anti-Asian racism during COVID-19. Experiences of racism, whether personal or collective, constitute stress and psychosocial trauma that negatively impact mental and physical health.ObjectivesExamine subgroup differences in rates of personal experience of discrimination and COVID-related collective racism and how each is associated with mental and physical health for AAs.MethodsNationally representative data from the 2021 Asian American and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander COVID-19 Needs Assessment Project were used to estimate prevalence rates of discrimination and average COVID-related collective racism scores for AAs (unweighted N = 3478). We conducted logistic and linear regression models to examine subgroup differences by sociodemographic factors. We also conducted hierarchical logistic regression models to examine associations between racism and psychological distress and health decline.ResultsTwenty-four percent of AAs (95% CI: 21.6, 25.6) reported experiencing discrimination during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Subgroup analyses revealed that Chinese, younger adults, and AAs who completed the survey in an Asian language were significantly more likely to experience discrimination compared to their counterparts. For COVID-related collective racism, subgroup analyses revealed that Chinese, women, and adults ages 25-44 were more likely to report experiences of collective racism compared to their counterparts. Both discrimination and collective racism were independently associated with negative mental and physical health.ConclusionDiscrimination and COVID-related collective racism are associated with negative mental and physical health outcomes for AAs. Results point to vulnerable AA subgroups and the need for targeted public health efforts to address racism in the context of COVID-19.

This study examines international student experiences from two different yet intersecting dimensions: immobility and racism on campus during COVID-19. In addition to pre-existing challenges, COVID-19 introduced additional barriers to international student life. During the pandemic, international students encountered an unexpected remote education system designed to bridge their transnational connection with American higher education. This study aims to uncover the experiences of Chinese and Korean students and understand how COVID-19 further complicated their situations. The research reveals that international students also faced discrimination at various levels, exacerbated by heightened anti-Asian sentiments and the political climate during the pandemic. As hate incidents increased, international students began to recognize that educational institutions were not safe spaces but rather contact zones operating within power differentials. However, this study concludes that despite the intensified vulnerability caused by COVID-19, international students demonstrated resilience through various copying mechanisms while finding this period of immobility meaningful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The book review discusses Sarah Mellors Rodriguez's book "Reproductive Realities in Modern China: Birth Control and Abortion, 1911–2021," which focuses on the history of the one-child policy in China. Rodriguez challenges existing literature by emphasizing the agency of individuals in contesting state policies and downplaying the state's biopolitical power. The review raises concerns about the author's methodology, the neglect of historical ruptures in policy enforcement, and the potential erasure of the suffering induced by the one-child policy. It also highlights the ethical implications of telling stories about China's political realities in a complex and politically charged environment. [Extracted from the article]

This study explores the process of queering public leisure spaces through the intentional use of 'pop-up' informal volleyball play. Specifically, this study employed qualitative semi-structured interviews and participant observations to interrogate the ways in which a community of queer, predominantly Asian 'volleyballers' engage in the animation of public spaces through volleyball and associated activities. The meanings behind such actions are also explored. Specific attention is paid to the role of informal volleyball gatherings during social distancing measures resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and the ways in which volleyball is used to challenge homophobia, transphobia, racism, xenophobia, and the sharp rise in anti-Asian violence. Findings contribute to understanding the role of informal leisure and pop-up spaces in queer lives and placemaking, highlighting the particular importance of this placemaking for queer Asian individuals and communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses the Victorian Master Printers' Association of Australia's 1908 protest against Japanese print artifacts as a backdrop against which to rethink print capitalism's relationship to race. First, rather than national imaginaries, I demonstrate that flows of print capital illuminate the formation of racialized class identities across a transimperially contested Pacific. Second, I argue that to better understand print capitalism, historians might direct their attention away from novels and newspapers, and instead toward the political economy of "jobbing"—the production of cards, envelopes, labels, posters, menus, and other non-codex print artifacts. Jobbing's political economy spanned a network of Pacific port towns including Yokohama, Melbourne, and San Francisco. The uneven development of lithographic expertise essential to modern jobbing placed Japan in the position of offering finely printed designs for lower costs, leading American print shop owners to subcontract with Japanese artisans to produce works for Australian markets. It was these artifacts—advertisements, handbooks, placards, and other sales ephemera bearing Australian names and imagery, but made in Japan—that the VMPA protested. These protests crystallized in a "locative demand": that printed artifacts attest to their original location of manufacture, and that this identity be used to regulate print circulation in a manner parallel to restrictions on non-white immigration. In this manner, jobbing in the Pacific thrust race and class into the limelight as mechanisms of reterritorialization that would resolve contradictions posed by the tangled transnational vectors of print capital itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Art educators from various countries engaged in participatory visual inquiry using augmented reality technology to create critical encounters in public spaces. They focused on feminist, race, transnational, and (dis)ability perspectives to challenge patriarchal power structures in academic environments. Through feminist mapping and glitching, they aimed to disrupt oppressive norms and highlight marginalized voices in university spaces. The participatory visual inquiry projects explored themes of belonging, exclusion, and resistance, utilizing augmented reality to question dominant narratives and create spaces for critical dialogues. [Extracted from the article]

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, more incidents of anti-Asian racism have been reported in Europe. Asians in Germany have been directly and indirectly exposed to racism, with potential implications for their well-being and sense of belonging. This study aimed to explore racism experiences among Korean residents in Germany since the outset of the pandemic. It also examines how racism is associated with their life satisfaction and sense of belonging to the host society. Our online survey of 552 Koreans residing in Germany shows that since the beginning of the pandemic nearly 80% of them experienced direct and/or indirect racism mainly in public places, public transportation, social media, and mainstream media. Women, younger people, and temporary visa-holders were more likely to experience racism than other groups. While the experience(s) of racism was associated with lower life satisfaction, a stronger sense of belonging to local communities and German society as a whole appeared to alleviate the negative effect of the racism experience. This study shows the pervasiveness of anti-Asian racism in Germany, and thus urges German society and local communities to commit to creating inclusive and diverse environments alongside anti-racism efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the unique identity navigation of Korean women in the US who do not align themselves with the broader Asian American label as they make sense of and respond to targeted violence against Asian women. In-depth interviews reveal the interplay of racialization and gendering that these women contend with, as well as the nuanced strategies they adopt to align or disalign themselves from ascribed identities in the wake of such violence. Findings highlight the inadequacies of U.S.-centric racial paradigms in capturing the intricacies of these liminal identities; by illuminating alternative ways of being within liminal spaces, this study offers insights into their transformative journeys and broader implications for race and gender discourse in America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to reveal how the two Olympic Games (the delayed Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games in July 2021 and the Beijing Winter Olympics in January 2022) were reported, that is, if, how, and why sentiment expressed towards the two hosting countries differs, and the implications. We conducted a study of 108 articles from six English-language news media publications to uncover repeated patterns of representations that may lead readers to form a preferred reading and interpretation of the two nations through the lens of COVID-19 and the shared international experience of sporting competitions. To understand how their representations were formed and worked, we turned to Said's Orientalism and the related notion of "the Other." We hope the study will contribute not only to a more nuanced understanding of the rising anti-Asian sentiment in the West, but also to the theorisation of the evolving notion of Orientalism, especially during the pandemic period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of the hate crimes that occurred towards directed at the AAPI community during the coronavirus pandemic, a shooting occurred in Atlanta, Georgia, in 2021 which killed 6resulted in the deaths of six women of Asian descent. UponFollowing the shooting, a surge of Tweets arousetweets emerged with the hashtag #StopAsianHate, showing much expressing a wide range of emotions/and sentiments in response to both the shooting and the hate crimes that have occurred since the outbreak of COVID-19. FindingsThe findings of the analysis showreveal that negative sentiment consistently drives retweets on Twitter, emphasizingunderscoring the pivotal role of negative emotions in shaping tweet virality. However, positive emotions, particularly joy and fear, also exhibitdemonstrate positive associations with retweets in specific instances, highlighting a nuanced relationship between emotional expressions and shareability. In shortsummary, while negative emotions exert a significant impact, positive emotions--particularly joy and fear--also displayedshow positive correlations with retweet counts in certain contexts. This indicates that both negative and positive emotional expressions contribute to tweet shareability, thoughalthough their effects vary depending on the specific emotion and the situational context. Our findings contributeprovide significant insights tointo the literature on social media engagement, underscoringemphasizing the need for a nuanced comprehensionunderstanding of user behavior and the intricate mechanisms governing online interactions. Future studies should examineinvestigate whether these findings are unique to AAPI members or applicable to the broader topic of racial hate crimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study aimed to examine the impact of experiences of anti-Asian racism on sense of belonging and on social anxiety among Asian college students. This study used a cross-sectional quantitative survey design. There were two outcome variables: sense of belonging to campus and social anxiety. The independent variables were experiences of anti-Asian racism, peer interaction, and Asian stereotype. Hierarchical regression analyses examined the impact of anti-Asian racism experiences on the sense of belonging and social anxiety among Asian college students. Our findings show the importance of peer interaction to promote sense of belonging while highlighting the harmful influences of racism on sense of belonging and social anxiety among Asian students. The study provided timely and needed evidence to understand experiences of anti-Asian racism among Asian college students and develop campus-wide interventions and programs to better support them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The musical Allegiance was inspired by the childhood of actor-activist George Takei, a Japanese American whose family was incarcerated by the United States government in 'war relocation camps' during World War II. Performed in both New York and London, the play is a rare popular depiction of Japanese detention – a chapter of American history that is simultaneously present and hidden in U.S. public imagination. The musical underscores the realities of racial discrimination that rendered Japanese Americans vulnerable to rights abuses and asks whether a citizen must prove one's loyalty. Thinking through the 'absent presence' of Japanese American incarceration by viewing performances such as Allegiance is a vital step for acknowledging the precariousness of American citizenship and for preventing human rights abuses in the future. Today, this play serves as a cautionary tale for the United States as anti-Asian hatred spikes and citizenship stripping among naturalized American citizens increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although international students often report satisfaction with their studies and view Canada as being tolerant and multicultural, increasing anti-Asian sentiment triggered by the global pandemic has highlighted the importance of exploring whether international students, especially from South and East Asia, experience discrimination. This study examines how university students perceive the speech characteristics (accentedness, comprehensibility), status attributes (e.g. competent, intelligent), and solidarity traits (e.g. pleasant, attractive) of international students from Europe, China, and South Asia along with their interest in participating in academic activities with international students. Eighty university students in Canada evaluated short speech samples from six fellow students from Mandarin Chinese, European (Romanian, German), and South Asian (Urdu) backgrounds, with the voices presented with an image matching or mismatching the speaker's ethnic features. Results showed that the Chinese and South Asian students were rated as more accented and less comprehensible than the European students. They were also viewed less favorably in status and solidarity and received lower academic engagement ratings. Students whose speech was easier to understand received higher status, solidarity, and academic engagement ratings. The findings are discussed in relation to various ways in which universities can reduce prejudicial and discriminatory behaviors toward international students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how anti-Asian racism intersects with sexism and ageism, impacting Asian Americans’ fear of racial victimization. Using nationally representative data from the “Dynamics of Social Life during COVID-19” survey, we show that these intersections affect subjective experiences of racism among young and older Asian Americans across various ethnic groups in the U.S. Younger Asian women report the highest levels of worry about racism, with this concern decreasing with age. In contrast, older Asian men worry more than younger men. Asian women also reported more instances of unfair treatment and discrimination, while Asian men reported higher instances of racial violence. Our findings reveal that anti-Asian racism is a multifaceted phenomenon shaped by intersections of gender, age, and ethnicity. We discuss existing obstacles and potential pathways to building panethnic solidarity among Asians across cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world recovers from the pandemic and anti-Asian hate crimes have been gradually disappearing from the headlines, this article offers a timely reflection on Chinese international students' experiences and perceptions of racialised microaggressions during the pandemic, and, more importantly, takes the discussion further by deconstructing and challenging the underlying post-racial discourse. Based on 54 interviews with Chinese students from 13 universities across the UK, this article examines four phrases used by Chinese international students in making sense of their racialised experiences, in terms of the denial of racism ('it is not racism'), the justification of racism ('it is normal'), taking the blame of racism ('it is my fault') and in some rare cases, their reflections on anti-Asian racism in the so-called post-racial universities in the UK ('we are invisible'). It argues that such expressions are induced by and reflects neo-racism, neo-orientalism and everyday racism embedded within the wider post-racial discourse in the UK, which affirms the relevance of anti-Asian racism in the post-pandemic era rather than negates it. We thus make recommendations to UK universities to better support international students and combat anti-Asian particularly anti-Chinese racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti-Asian speech during the COVID-19 pandemic has been a serious problem with severe consequences. A hate speech wave swept social media platforms. The timely detection of Anti-Asian COVID-19-related hate speech is of utmost importance, not only to allow the application of preventive mechanisms but also to anticipate and possibly prevent other similar discriminatory situations. In this paper, we address the problem of detecting Anti-Asian COVID-19-related hate speech from social media data. Previous approaches that tackled this problem used a transformer-based model, BERT/RoBERTa, trained on the homologous annotated dataset and achieved good performance on this task. However, this requires extensive and annotated datasets with a strong connection to the topic. Both goals are difficult to meet without employing reliable, vast, and costly resources. In this paper, we propose a robust semi-supervised model, SSL-GAN-RoBERTa, that learns from a limited heterogeneous dataset and whose performance is further enhanced by using vast amounts of unlabeled data from another related domain. Compared with the RoBERTa baseline model, the experimental results show that the model has substantial performance gains in terms of Accuracy and Macro-F1 score in different scenarios that use data from different domains. Our proposed model achieves state-of-the-art performance results while efficiently using unlabeled data, showing promising applicability to other complex classification tasks where large amounts of labeled examples are difficult to obtain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In 2020, the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) triggered the latest wave of anti-Asian discrimination. During the first year of the pandemic, symptoms of depression and anxiety increased seven-fold within Asian Pacific Islander Desi American (APIDA) communities. Among this population, APIDA college students were at particularly high risk for mental health challenges due to COVID-19-related racial discrimination. This study examined the association between COVID-19-related racial discrimination and the mental health of APIDA college students, conceptualizing ethnic identity as a moderator in the association. Methods: Secondary analysis was conducted on data from 2,559 APIDA college students aged 18 to 29 who participated in the Fall and Winter/Spring Cohorts of the 2020–2021 Healthy Minds Study (HMS), a non-probability web-based survey administered to students in higher education in the United States. Descriptive statistics, comparative analysis (e.g., Chi-square and t-test), and multivariable linear regression were conducted using STATA 17.1 (StataCorp LLC, College Station, TX). Survey weights were applied in all analyses. Results: There were significant positive associations between COVID-19-related racial discrimination and symptoms of depression (b = 2.15, p < 0.001) and anxiety (b = 1.81, p < 0.001) among the overall sample. Furthermore, a greater sense of ethnic identity was associated with lower symptoms of depression (b = -0.15, p< 0.001) among the overall sample. Finally, ethnic identity buffered the association between COVID-19-related racial discrimination and symptoms of anxiety among East Asian students and symptoms of both depression and anxiety among Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander students. In contrast, ethnic identity intensified the association between COVID-19-related racial discrimination and symptoms of depression among Filipino students. Conclusions: The research found that COVID-19-related racial discrimination was associated with increased symptoms of depression and anxiety among the full sample of APIDA college students during the first year of the pandemic. Additionally, higher levels of ethnic identity were associated with decreased depression among the entire group. The striking results on the moderating role of ethnic identity among subgroups call for further research on the ethnic identity development of APIDA college students, to help mitigate the effects of racial discrimination within a variety of systemic, complex, and dynamic sociocultural contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Asian American (AA) early educators' experiences of racism harm students directly. • AA early educators' experiences are detrimental to their mental health. • AA early educators' experiences of racism affect students indirectly via their mental health. • Neighborhood Asian concentration moderates the mediating effect of mental health. During the COVID-19 pandemic, anti-Asian racism intensified in the United States (US), impairing the mental health of Asians and Asian Americans. However, no research has investigated how Asian and Asian American early educators' experiences of racism affect them and their students in early childhood education (ECE). Thus, this study examined how Asian and Asian American early educators' racial discrimination experiences were associated with their students' socioemotional and behavioral well-being both directly and indirectly through the educators' mental health. We also investigated the moderating effect of neighborhood Asian concentration on these associations. Participants of this study were 1,196 Asian and Asian American early educators (85.18 % female) across the US. Data were obtained via educator self-report questionnaires and geocoding of their ECE program zip codes. The results of structural equation modeling showed that both Asian and Asian American early educators' direct experience and witnessing of racism were positively associated with their own perceived helplessness and depression, as well as their students' socioemotional and behavioral well-being issues. The educators' direct experience of racism was also positively related to their perceived lack of self-efficacy. The educators' perceived helplessness mediated the association between their direct experience and witnessing of racism and student well-being issues. Moreover, the educators' perceived helplessness mediated the relationship between their direct experience of racism and their students' well-being issues only in ECE programs located in neighborhoods with high Asian concentration. This study has significant implications for fostering a culturally inclusive milieu for students and Asian and Asian American early educators in ECE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in anti-Asian racism in the United Kingdom and given rise to the racial reckoning and mobilization of a pan-East and Southeast Asian ethnic identity. As two clinicians, we reflect upon the internal and external challenges when setting up an East and Southeast Asian mental health service. We focus on our endeavors in setting up a service within the social justice framework, how structural barriers constrain the sustainability of our work. We highlight the complexities in setting up a service for a heterogeneous community. Aligning with values and principles of social justice, we must understand the historical contexts and structural factors that are complicit when formulating our clients' distress. We also must be aware of and challenge the external and institutional barriers in terms of where power is centered, especially in the area of commissioning and service design. We discuss the implications for researchers, practitioners, and commissioners alike based on our experience and reflections. Public Significance Statement: This article features the personal experiences of two clinicians' accounts of setting up a community mental health service for East and Southeast Asian communities in an inner city area in London as a response to rising anti-Asian racism due to COVID-19. The reflections and learnings are applicable to clinicians and community workers working with ethnically diverse communities using an antiracist lens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guided by Fanon's constructs of racial epidermal schema, this study explored youth's experiences with anti-Asian racism (AAR) and their perspective on how AAR is formed and maintained. We recruited 36 Asian youth (age range 14–23 years) residing in a metropolitan city in Canada to attend a semi-structured focus group. Results from the reflexive thematic analysis indicated the tenuous lines of invisibility and visibility of AAR—in a Whiteness dominant racial schema. When Asian youth are objectified within the boundary of Whiteness norms, AAR is pervasive but inconspicuous, happening early and frequently in their life but unrecognized. When they are objectified as threats to Whiteness dominance such as during the COVID-19 pandemic, AAR is visible in forms of overt discrimination, violence, and hate against Asians. Youth attributed roots of AAR to White supremacy and critically discussed their racialization process. Their reflexive insights serve as a form of resistance to AAR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, more incidents of anti-Asian racism have been reported in Europe. Asians in Germany have been directly and indirectly exposed to racism, with potential implications for their well-being and sense of belonging. This study aimed to explore racism experiences among Korean residents in Germany since the outset of the pandemic. It also examines how racism is associated with their life satisfaction and sense of belonging to the host society. Our online survey of 552 Koreans residing in Germany shows that since the beginning of the pandemic nearly 80% of them experienced direct and/or indirect racism mainly in public places, public transportation, social media, and mainstream media. Women, younger people, and temporary visa-holders were more likely to experience racism than other groups. While the experience(s) of racism was associated with lower life satisfaction, a stronger sense of belonging to local communities and German society as a whole appealed to alleviate the negative effect of the racism experience. This study shows the pervasiveness of anti-Asian racism in Germany, and thus urges German society and local communities to commit to creating inclusive and diverse environments alongside anti-racism efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses how Muslim communities responded to the Covid-19 pandemic, highlighting that their responses were similar to those of other religions. It explores the concept of theodicy in monotheistic religions, addressing the challenge of reconciling evil and misfortune with the belief in a benevolent God. The text also delves into historical pandemics, global responses to Covid-19, and the impact of the pandemic on religious practices and beliefs within Christian, Jewish, and Muslim communities. [Extracted from the article]

The uncertainty-threat model of conservatism posits that people turn to political conservatism to protect themselves from perceived threats; indeed, studies show increases in conservative ideology and outgroup bias following threat priming. The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented threat that has had devastating effects on the health and economic lives of Americans. Concerns surrounding the threat of COVID-19 may have secondary effects on other aspects of American life, such as political and anti-Asian racial bias. The current studies explored the effects of COVID-19 related threats on expressed political conservatism, xenophobia, and racial bias under the uncertainty-threat model. Study 1 assessed the effects of priming health or economic risks of COVID-19 (vs. control), and found that economic threat led to increased xenophobia, but had no effects on overall conservatism. Study 2 then investigated whether the effects of COVID-related economic threat prime extended to racial bias, and explored moderators and mediators of effects. Results showed that the economic threat prime increased perceived group-status threat, and indirectly increased conservatism, xenophobia, and racial bias through the mechanism of perceived group-status threat. Effects were greatest for those impacted financially by the pandemic. In general, our studies provide support for the uncertainty-threat model with the novel threat of the COVID-19 pandemic. Implications for understanding potential shifts in conservatism and bias in response to future threats in the United States are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study examines the links between anxiety and depression symptoms and COVID-19-related racism amongst Asian Americans living in western New York, United States. Based on the findings of survey data (n = 333) and in corroboration with minority stress theory, all forms of racism are positively correlated with anxiety and depression levels. There are differences across different forms of racism. Experiences of avoidance and verbal harassment are primarily linked to increased levels of anxiety, while encountering discrimination in business and social settings is more likely to contribute to depression. Indirect discrimination and stigma consciousness tend to heighten anxiety more than depression. Moreover, individuals who are native-born and female tend to report worse mental health outcomes than those who are foreign-born Asians or males. There is a contrasting relationship with income, where higher earnings are linked to reduced depression but can correlate with more significant anxiety. The study findings reveal that COVID-19-related racism may lead to stigma consciousness, race- and racism-based stress, anxiety, and depression. The study contributes to the literature by connecting theories on mental health effects of racism, as well as by distinguishing the links between different forms and intensities of racism and mental well-being, rather than treating all racism as uniform. Considering the detrimental effects on mental health, public policies must confront and address racial prejudice and discrimination that individuals from marginalized communities encounter, particularly during times of crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay surveys the rich but under-studied history of artists of Japanese descent (Nikkei) who fostered self-representation, visibility, and a sense of belonging through organizing transcultural collectives and group exhibitions in interwar California. The extent of Nikkei artists' contributions to American modernism in the Exclusion era (1885–1965), characterized by a series of anti-immigration and anti-Asian laws, may surprise contemporary readers, as many of these names have been obscured and their artworks lost, in part because of wartime displacement and incarceration. Historical records show, however, that Nikkei artists not only were active participants in landmark exhibitions but also initiated their own diverse displays that incorporated non-Japanese colleagues' work and presented experiences and perspectives that were both shared and heterogenous. Through these activities, Nikkei artists set the means and terms by which their art and, by extension, their identities and narratives were represented and received against a historical backdrop of xenophobia and exclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This autoethnographic narrative shows how discourses of belonging for racialized identities within Canada's mosaic are bounded by history, cultural politics, and attendant social struggles. Using an intersectional framework of Asian Critical theory, politics of location, and cultural capital, this paper demonstrates how ideologies of belonging are sustained by processes of cultural and institutional socialization which maintain hierarchies privileging some social groups over others and produce racial/ized difference and inequities within Canadian citizenry. As a second-generation of Chinese ancestry born and raised in Vancouver, Canada, my lived experiences in a predominantly white English-speaking environment illustrate how my status as "model minority" or "honorary white" has been a precarious position. Bonilla-Silva warns us that "honorary white" positioning may be revoked in times of economic, racial or ethnic tension. Dramatic increases in anti-Asian hate incidents during the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic—earning Vancouver, BC, the title of the "anti-Asian hate capital of North America"—is an example of how these racialized statuses are paradoxical designations which deny the existence of social inequities. Critical research must interrogate how the continued use of mis-aggregated data that essentializes diverse population groups and perpetuates harmful distortions of Canadian citizenry contribute to, rather than dismantle, discourses of race in "multicultural" Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amidst the backdrop of anti-Asian violence and the COVID-19 pandemic, this article addresses key social justice issues and praxes in language education with Asian American populations, especially with regards to pedagogy and K–12 schooling contexts. The article's structure utilises four main sections, with the first section presenting key demographics and typology on who is considered 'Asian American' in the US schooling system. The second section provides an overview of major historical developments in language education with Asian American students, teachers, and researchers, over a time period spanning the past 50 years. The third section addresses the falsely essentialised binary of being an 'Oppressed Minority' versus a 'Model Minority' which Asian Americans often have to contend with, and effects of that binary in schooling. The fourth section presents some promising approaches to improving research methodology and classroom pedagogy with Asian American students, teachers, and families. Ultimately this papers seeks to make a contribution, along with the other papers in this special issue, towards more equitable research, policy and practice concerning communities of Asian heritage in North America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the historical experiences of Asian American and Pacific Islanders (AAPI) in the context of rising anti-Asian violence in the United States, exacerbated by former President Donald Trump's inflammatory rhetoric during the COVID-19 pandemic. Utilizing Herbert Blumer's group position theory and Gordon Allport's stages of prejudice, the study analyzes four key periods in AAPI history to reveal how they have been systematically marginalized and racialized as perpetual foreigners. The U.S. experience offers crucial insights for South Korea, which is undergoing significant demographic changes due to immigration. While the two countries differ in their historical and cultural contexts, both face challenges in integrating minority groups and preventing the entrenchment of social hierarchies. By adopting inclusive policies and promoting a more cohesive national identity, South Korea can avoid the pitfalls of systemic exclusion and build a more harmonious society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Demonstrating how psychoanalysts can be useful in community settings outside the conventional consulting room, this paper describes consultation and group interventions conducted at a San Francisco mental health agency serving a largely Asian community. In the traumatic context of the COVID-19 pandemic, agency staff became fragmented, due to remote working conditions and differential work assignments, including mandated deployments to emergency sites. Two psychoanalysts worked with agency leadership to devise a weekly process group held by video conferencing over 6 months, in an attempt to heal resentments and splits in the fabric of the agency. Examples of the group process, interventions, and major themes that emerged are described, as well as recommendations made, including the formation of an ongoing clinical consultation group. The paper situates these interventions in the greater context of the pandemic which exposed not only a universal threat to life and health, but also structural vulnerabilities organized along lines of (racial) difference and inequity. The dynamics at the agency are thus described as rooted within greater nested histories: of the clinic, its leadership, and their relationship with a strained public health system, and more broadly, of the tangled intersection of these histories with anti-Asian racism. These are understood as manifestations of the Social Unconscious, and the intervention as an example of Community Psychoanalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: While extant research has largely framed prejudicial attitudes as a precursor to hate crime offending, the current research considers the possibility that negative outgroup attitudes may also be an important consequence of hate crime victimization as well. Methods: Using survey data from 3,183 respondents across the United States, this research employs a series of regression models to examine the relationship between hate crime victimization and three different types of prejudicial attitudes: anti-Asian xenophobia, anti-Hispanic xenophobia, and anti-Black prejudice. Results: Results indicate that hate crime victimization is significantly and positively associated with all three prejudicial attitudes, such that those who experienced a hate crime are more likely to report higher levels of anti-Asian xenophobia (b =.455; p <.001), anti-Hispanic xenophobia (b =.408; p <.001), and anti-Black prejudice (b =.360; p <.001). Results also indicate that these patterns are both offender race-specific and stronger for more recent victimization, compared to less recent victimization. Conclusions: When interpreting these results within a pattern matching framework, we argue that they suggest important initial evidence that prejudice may not be just a precursor to hate crime offending, but also a possible consequence of hate crime victimization, thus implying a potentially cyclical relationship between intergroup offending and victimization that should be the subject of future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study explored the mediating role of Chinese American parents' ethnic–racial identity (ERI) in linking their discrimination experiences, ethnic–racial socialization (ERS), and their children's mental health, testing whether neighborhood racial diversity and perceived Chinese density moderated these mediation paths. Background: During COVID‐19, Chinese American families faced increased discrimination, impacting their mental well‐being. However, few studies have examined how parents' discrimination experiences influence their ERI, ERS practice, and ultimately their children's mental health difficulties. Method: Data from 294 Chinese immigrant parents (Mage = 44.28, 79% female) were collected in two waves, 2020 and 2021. Path analysis tested if parental discrimination affects their ERI and ERS, and children's mental health. Multigroup analysis assessed if mediation models varied for families living in communities with low versus high racial diversity or Chinese density. Results: Parental racism‐related stress at T1 had significant indirect effects on parental ERS practices (higher use of maintenance of heritage culture and lower use of avoidance of outgroups practice) at T2 via parental ERI (greater private regard) at T2. Parental racial discrimination (perceived sinophobia in the media and racism‐related stress) at T1 had significant indirect effects on children's mental health difficulties at T2 via parental ERS practices (use of maintenance of heritage culture and avoidance of outgroups practices) at T2. The neighborhood racial diversity moderated the mediation model. Conclusion: These findings advance the understanding of both individual (i.e., parental ERI) and contextual factors (i.e., neighborhood racial diversity) in the complex associations between parents' discrimination experiences and children's mental health difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kamala Harris made political history in 2020 when she was elected vice president of the United States. Our study employs intersectionality to shed light on how people framed Harris in Facebook memes during the 2020 U.S. Presidential Campaign and 2021 Inauguration. While gender and racial pride were strong in many of the memes, our analysis identified both racist and sexist characterizations that built on historical stereotypes of Black women. Harris was the subject of a variety of sexist and racist attacks with Facebook posts/memes framing her using tropes, such as "Jezebel" and "Tragic Mulatto." Our intersectional analysis of the framing of political candidates provides a rationale for the continued assessment of memes for their ability to promote and spread historical stereotypes and racist narratives. The continued framing of Black women based on both gender and race is an indication society has made little progress in its representations of the group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how COVID-induced and general attitudes toward Asians have changed over the course of the pandemic using nationally representative survey experiments in 2020 and 2022. First, we measured COVID-induced anti-Asian attitudes as the effect of a treatment reminding respondents of the pandemic on whether respondents would be willing to live or work with someone who is East or South Asian. The results suggest that the COVID-19 treatment worsened attitudes toward East and South Asians in the social domain and toward East Asians in the economic domain in 2020, but not in 2022. Second, we measured change in general attitudes toward Asians by comparing the control group responses in 2020 and 2022. The results demonstrate that, over the same period, general attitudes toward Asians have not improved despite growing attention toward anti-Asian biases. This finding underscores the persistence of general negative attitudes toward Asians beyond the immediate context of the pandemic and the ongoing imperative to actively address deeply ingrained biases against Asians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does relative American decline lead to anti-Asian American sentiment? In this research note, I argue that messages related to the decline of the United States heighten anti-Asian American sentiment. National decline leads, I argue, to outgroup derogation in the name of in-group continuity and security. I test my argument using a survey experiment of 1,220 U.S. respondents. I find that respondents who are exposed to a prime that describes the United States in decline relative to China are more likely to express anti-Asian American sentiment relative to a control group. Further, using a placebo test of African American resentment, I find that respondents who are exposed to a decline prime are no more likely to express anti-African American sentiment. This research note provides new evidence about the dangers of racism and xenophobia in the context of US–China geopolitical competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore challenging experiences in psychological wellbeing among Korean newcomer immigrant adolescents residing in an emerging immigrant community amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, which had been understudied in previous studies. This study utilized qualitative data from these immigrant adolescents and five of their mothers who had immigrated and lived in the United States for an average of 27 months. Using the Acculturative Stress Model and the Social Ecological Model as frameworks, this study analyzed their acculturative stress experiences as immigrants and as ethnic and linguistic minorities in the unique contexts of an emerging immigrant community and the pandemic, and how these challenging experiences impact their psychological wellbeing. Data collection took place from March to August 2020. Findings in this study demonstrated that these immigrant adolescents grappled with linguistic challenges, family conflicts, difficulties in establishing and maintaining social relationships, and heightened fears of increased anti-Asian hate crimes and discrimination. The unique contexts of the emerging immigrant community and the pandemic interfered with their adjustment, making these challenging experiences more difficult, all significantly impacting their psychological wellbeing. Schools and communities play pivotal roles in addressing linguistic challenges, fostering social connections for Korean newcomer immigrant adolescents, and promoting awareness of diversity and inclusion within these environments. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers to develop more effective support measures and channels for Korean immigrant adolescents in emerging immigrant communities, especially during crises like the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Government policies can be productive tools for protecting citizens while simultaneously forging more egalitarian societies. At the same time, history has shown that well-intentioned governmental actions, such as those meant to quell pandemics (e.g., blood-donation restrictions), can single out members of marginalized groups (e.g., men who have sex with men). How did government actions shape intergroup outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic? Here, we draw from emerging research to provide informed conjectures regarding whether and how government actions affected stereotypes (e.g., beliefs about gender), prejudice (e.g., anti-Asian bias), and intergroup violence (e.g., hate crimes against Asian individuals) during the COVID-19 pandemic. We discuss research examining the impact of policies intended to curb the spread of the disease, and we consider possible effects of the strategies used to communicate about the virus. Furthermore, we highlight open questions regarding how and why pandemic policies and communication shape intergroup outcomes, propose key directions for future research, and note possible implications for future development of policy and communication strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine international students' racial sensemaking and perceptions of race, racism, and racial conflict in the United States in the years 2020/2021. The past year was one filled with contention, including the politicizing of a global virus and racial conflict from anti-Blackness and anti-Asian violence. Although racism felt far removed from many participants' personal sphere until the arrival of the pandemic and racial conflicts in the year 2020, George Floyd's murder served a critical incident that elicited reactions to U.S. racial dynamics, the Black Lives Matter movement, and racial protests. The participants' experiences challenged what they thought they knew about race and shaped how they moved forward while living and learning in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Racism against Asians is often ignored worldwide, and the field of mathematics education is no exception. The anti-Asian racism unveiled during the COVID-19 pandemic necessitates that we rethink the current discussions of equity and social justice in mathematics education regarding how the needs of many Asian students have been forgotten and often excluded from these discussions. When Asian students are mentioned, it is often for the purpose of reifying a racial hierarchy of mathematical ability (Martin, Teachers College Record 111(2):295–338, 2009; Martin et al., 2017). Based on an analysis of the particularities of the U.S. context, this essay argues that the model minority myth and other covert forms of anti-Asian racism, such as yellow peril and forever foreigner myths, racialize Asian Americans and create a monolithic view of diverse groups of people with different histories and needs, including within mathematics education. While incorporating current race and racism concepts from Asian Critical Theory (Iftikar & Museus, International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 31(10):935–949, 2018), we aim to conceptualize the racialization that Asian-American students experience in mathematics classrooms and how it affects their well-being, and propose implications to (re)construct Asian-American students' counterstories and identities in mathematics education. We also scrutinize mathematics education researchers' and educators' roles in advancing equity for all students by countering the hidden racism toward Asian Americans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Since the beginning of the COVID‐19 pandemic, older Asians have experienced a rise in racism and discrimination based on their race and ethnicity. This study examines how anti‐Asian hate impacts older Asians' mental, social, and physical health. Methods: From March 18, 2022 to January 24, 2023, we conducted a cross‐sectional survey study of community‐dwelling Asian/Asian American adults aged ≥50 years from the San Francisco Bay Area. Measures included perceptions of anti‐Asian hate; direct encounters with hate incidents; indirect experiences with hate incidents (e.g. knowing a friend who was a victim); reports of anxiety, depression, loneliness, and changes in daily activities; ways to address these issues; and discussions with clinicians about hate incidents. Results: Of the 293 older Asians, 158 (54%) were Vietnamese and 97 (33%) Chinese. Eighty‐five (29%) participants were direct victims of anti‐Asian hate, 112 (38%) reported anxiety, 105 (36%) reported depression, 161 (55%) reported loneliness, and 142 (48%) reported decreased daily activities. Compared with those who were "not‐at‐all" to "moderately" worried about hate incidents, participants who were "very" to "extremely" worried experienced heightened anxiety (42% versus 16%), loneliness (30% versus 14%), and changes in daily activities (66% versus 31%), p < 0.01 for all. Most participants (72%) felt comfortable discussing hate incidents with clinicians; however, only 31 (11%) reported that a clinician had talked with them about these incidents. Conclusion: Both directly and indirectly, anti‐Asian hate negatively impacts older Asians' mental, social, and physical health. Clinicians have a role in addressing the health impacts of anti‐Asian hate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]