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Este artículo analiza la disputa por la zona septentrional de la Antártica, en especial por la península antártica, entre Argentina, Chile y Reino Unido, junto a la pretensión soberana de Brasil, en el periodo de 2012 a 2022, desde la perspectiva de la geopolítica clásica. Se basa en una revisión documental de tratados, declaraciones de los Estados, bibliografía especializada y notas de prensa. A través de una metodología cualitativa y comparativa, se describen los eventos entre 1938 y 1959, se explican y comparan las reclamaciones territoriales y el Tratado Antártico, que ha mantenido la estabilidad geopolítica hasta los años recientes, cuando han surgido nuevos desafíos tecnológicos, ambientales y geopolíticos. Se argumenta que estas pretensiones territoriales nacionales hacen insostenible la idea de que el continente blanco sea Patrimonio Común de la Humanidad.

En este trabajo se analizan las fotografías del sur de Chile que Robert Gerstmann realizó y difundió entre la publicación de su libro Chile: 280 grabados en Cobre (1932) y Chile en 235 cuadros (1959) para ahondar en la manera en que la inclusión de sus imágenes de la Antártica Chilena en el segundo de ellos se vinculó con la definición de un imaginario del sur “expandido”, a valorar por su supuesta virginidad natural. Este libro se sumó a un conjunto de publicaciones anteriores centradas en reafirmar la postura jurídica chilena en las disputas para su anexión, describir el territorio reclamado y difundir su historia para así fomentar una conciencia antártica nacional. Sin embargo, destacaba entre ellas por integrar sus paisajes a un imaginario más general del país entero y, junto con ello, resignificar todo el territorio austral como una región completamente diferente con respecto a la que él mismo había observado y difundido antes. Comparar estos dos libros entre sí y con otras fotos del mismo autor verificando lo incluido y lo excluido del relato final, permite considerar la obra de Gerstmann como representativa del discurso oficial y entender de mejor manera los sesgos ideológicos y culturales que condujeron a la resignificación aludida y a la construcción inicial de una imagen de Chile como país antártico.

The mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) plays a critical role in linking the middle and upper atmosphere. However, many General Circulation Models do not model the MLT and those that do remain poorly constrained. We use long‐term meteor radar observations (2005–2021) from Rothera (67°S, 68°W) on the Antarctic Peninsula to evaluate the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere‐ionosphere eXtension (WACCM‐X) and investigate interannual variability. We find some significant differences between WACCM‐X and observations. In particular, at upper heights, observations reveal eastwards wintertime (April–September) winds, whereas the model predicts westwards winds. In summer (October–March), the observed winds are northwards but predictions are southwards. Both the model and observations reveal significant interannual variability. We characterize the trend and the correlation between the winds and key phenomena: (a) the 11‐year solar cycle, (b) El Niño Southern Oscillation, (c) Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation and (d) Southern Annular Mode using a linear regression method. Observations of the zonal wind show significant changes with time. The summertime westwards wind near 80 km is weakening by up to 4–5 ms−1 per decade, whilst the eastward wintertime winds around 85–95 km are strengthening at by around 7 ms−1 per decade. We find that at some times of year there are significant correlations between the phenomena and the observed/modeled winds. The significance of this work lies in quantifying the biases in a leading General Circulation Model and demonstrating notable interannual variability in both modeled and observed winds. Plain Language Summary: The mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT), at heights of 80–100 km is an important region for the coupling of the middle and upper atmosphere. We carry out a study of the winds above Rothera (Antarctic Peninsula) for the years 2005–2021. We use observations from a meteor radar which measures winds at heights of 80–100 km and compare with the eXtended version of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM‐X), a leading general circulation model. We find that although most of the seasonal cycle in the winds is captured well, WACCM‐X exhibits biases in the winds at upper heights. In wintertime, the zonal winds are westwards whereas in observations they are eastward. In summertime WACCM‐X model meridional winds at 90–100 km are southwards but observations northwards. The observed and modeled winds also display significant interannual variability. We characterize the trends of the winds and the correlation with various drivers (the 11‐year solar cycle, El Niño Southern Oscillation, the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation and the Southern Annular Mode), using a multi‐linear regression method. The study uses a uniquely long data set of Antarctic MLT winds to test and further develop general circulation models and quantifies the relationship between these winds and drivers such as the solar cycle. Key Points: We characterize the variability of monthly mean winds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) over 17 years at Rothera using meteor radar observations and the eXtended version of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM‐X)WACCM‐X displays biases in the wintertime winds in the upper MLT. Observed winds are eastwards whilst WACCM‐X winds are westwardsSignificant variability, trends and intermittent correlations with the solar cycle, Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation and Southern Annular Mode are found in the observed and modeled winds [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although knowledge about parasitic diseases in Antarctic birds is scarce, an increasing number of studies is currently being carried out in this area. A better knowledge of host-parasite relationships in Antarctic seabirds is key to understanding trophic ecology and epidemiology of infection diseases, especially in those birds with extensive migratory routes that can act as reservoirs and distributors of diseases. This study aims to provide information on helminths of two storm-petrel species, the Wilson's Storm-Petrel Oceanites oceanicus and the Black-bellied Storm-Petrel Fregetta tropica (Oceanitidae). Twenty freshly dead individuals were analysed: 18 O. oceanicus (8 adults, 10 chicks) and 2 F. tropica (adults). Fifteen O. oceanicus were parasitized with the nematode Stegophorus macronectes, whereas the two F. tropica were parasitized by at least one of three parasite species identified: S. macronectes, Seuratia sp., and Tetrabothrius sp. The low richness of parasites may be associated with a stenophagic diet. However, a clear difference is observed between both host species that could be related to a higher fish ingestion by F. tropica, unlike O. oceanicus with a higher ingestion of krill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we analyze conceptual and procedural learning in a distance course for teacher training for the introduction of Antarctica into the school curriculum. The research instruments were a questionnaire with fifteen statements, applied before and after the course and a polar project developed by the students in the 2020 class. One hundred thirty-eight professors from 25 Brazilian states participated. We analyzed the occurrence of conceptual learning and identified some misconceptions. The polar projects made it possible to verify the themes and procedures adopted and whether knowledge was built during the course. The analysis showed that, despite the theme being unknown to the vast majority, the course contributed to the significant inclusion of Antarctica in the school curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: sea-level rise; climate change; ice sheet; Greenland; Antartica EN sea-level rise climate change ice sheet Greenland Antartica 1 4 4 12/29/22 20221201 NES 221201 The Iselin Marine Facility overlooks Vineyard Sound, Woods Hole Passage, and Great Harbor in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Ice sheet and climate processes driving uncertainty in projections of future sea level rise: Findings from a structured expert judgment approach. Grinsted et al. ([11]) build on previous efforts by considering the most recent generation of climate, ice-sheet, and glacier models, and by quantifying sensitivities of individual contributors to global sea level rise, including the ice sheets. Sea-level rise, climate change, ice sheet, Greenland, Antartica. [Extracted from the article]

A Antártica é um relevante continente a ser estudado, porém, muitas vezes, é carregado de mitos e de desinformações a seu respeito. Assim, contar histórias digitalmente (DST, em inglês) sobre a Antártica pode colaborar com o processo de ensino-aprendizagem, já que é necessário buscar dados para o desenvolvimento do enredo. Para tanto, os objetivos desta pesquisa são (i) apresentar a metodologia de criação de um curso de extensão sobre a Antártica, de forma totalmente remota; (ii) descrever o conteúdo dos vídeos elaborados – chamados de Casos de Antártica; e (iii) analisar os Casos de Antártica, elaborados pelos alunos, com o método DST. O curso de extensão foi desenvolvido em quatro encontros síncronos, contando com a participação de 25 alunos. Para a realização da proposta, foi organizado material audiovisual, teórico e jogos de revisão do conteúdo. A criação de Casos de Antártica pelos participantes ocorreu de forma assíncrona. As histórias apresentadas pelos participantes envolveram aspectos físicos do continente, a fauna local, aspectos migratórios e conceitos cartográficos, itens trabalhados durante o curso Casos de Antártica. Destaca-se o êxito no método adotado, embora o ensino remoto com sua sobrecarga de atividades tenha impossibilitado a finalização do curso para a maioria dos participantes. Por fim, o curso proporcionou a construção de conhecimento pelos cursistas, podendo contribuir com vivências e memórias que serão utilizadas na sua carreira docente e destinadas a efetivação do ensino polar nas escolas.

Antarctica is a relevant continent to be studied. However, it is often laden with myths and misinformation about it. Thus, Digital Storytelling (DST) about Antarctica can collaborate with the teachinglearning process, since it is necessary to seek data for the plot’s development. Therefore, the objectives of this research are (i) to present the methodology for creating an extension course on Antarctica, in a totally remote way; (ii) to describe the content of the videos produced – called Cases of Antarctica; and (iii) to analyze the Antarctic Cases, prepared by the students, with the DST method. The extension course was developed in four synchronous meetings, with the participation of 25 students. To carry out the proposal, audiovisual and theoretical material and content review games were organized. The creation of Antarctica Cases by the participants occurred asynchronously. The stories presented by the participants involved physical aspects of the continent, the local fauna, migratory aspects and cartographic concepts, items worked during the course Cases of Antarctica. The success of the method adopted stands out, although remote teaching, with its overload of activities, made it impossible for most participants to complete the course. Finally, the course provided the knowledge construction by the participants, who became able to contribute with experiences and memories that will be used in their teaching career and aimed at the realization of polar teaching in schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work analyzes the process of institutional interaction between the ATS (Antarctic Treaty System) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO), regarding maritime transport and the prevention of pollution from ships in areas under the responsibility of the ATS, based on six elements: the recognition of competence; proficiency and risk dimension; the influence of State Parties; the environmental agenda; legislative convergence; and the suppression of sensitive topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O Projeto “Paisagens em Branco” objetiva analisar as estratégias humanas de ocupação da Antártica. Investigando a cultura material e documentos escritos, buscamos inserir os grupos foqueiros, lobeiros e baleeiros na história do continente, frequentemente esquecidos e invisibilizados pelas metarranativas existentes. Nesse artigo, abordamos o universo relacionado aos cachimbos de caulim coletados na Ilha Livingston. Apresentando métodos de análise e interpretações resultantes, discutimos a construção de identidades generificadas associadas ao consumo de tabaco e suas materialidades. Analisando padrões decorativos dos cachimbos, marcas de fabricantes, o baixo preço da maioria das peças, o consumo excessivo de tabaco entre esses trabalhadores, a negação de regras burguesas relacionadas ao fumar e outros aspectos, tentamos entender as particularidades da masculinidade performatizada por esses marinheiros.

The system of Antarctic governance is a sui generis case. It combines the exercise of national sovereignty by seven States with an international co-administration by the Antarctic Treaty's Consultative Parties. Because the importance of Antarctica for the world, its situation is no so different from that of a global commons. Their governance can adopt the perspective of common interest of humankind. This paper reflects on the meaning of that, and about its challenges in general and concerning the Sixth Continent. We argue that this has been the view that has guided the Antarctic Treaty System's evolution in the past six decades, and it should be the one that drives its future development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty sets the environmental principles that govern human activity in Antarctica. In addition to expressing the conviction of the signatory states about "the need to enhance the protection of the Antarctic environment and dependent and associated ecosystems" (Preamble), the Protocol makes explicit the commitment to protect "the intrinsic value of Antarctica, including its natural and aesthetic values" (Art. 3). This is presented as one of the "fundamental considerations in the planning and conduct of all activities in the Antarctic Treaty area" (Art. 3). In this article I focus on the axiological dimension of the Protocol, defend the importance of including the idea of intrinsic value in the document, and present what I consider to be a substantive challenge in the articulation of the concept of value in the Protocol, namely, the precise determination of what is intrinsically valuable in Antarctica. The paper closes with the outline of an answer to this issue, a matter which has been insufficiently studied by those interested in Antarctica and its environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Ambientes Isolados, Confinados e Extremos são laboratórios naturais para estudos sobre o comportamento e, a Antártica, uma das regiões do mundo mais desafiadoras à psicofisiologia e à manutenção da vida. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar os desafios e perspectivas da pesquisa e intervenção psicológica no ambiente antártico. O metodo deste estudo foi de tipo descritivo- exploratório e etnográfico com base em: (a) evidências da literatura acerca da pesquisa e intervenção psicológica na Antártica e (b) um estudo empírico, de natureza qualitativa, acerca da interação dos expedicionários (civis e militares) com o ambiente antártico, por meio de observações, entrevistas e acolhimentos, no início e ao final de uma missão de verão à Antártica. Os resultados indicaram que os principais desafios da pesquisa e intervenção na Antártica compreendem as limitações do setting e imprevisibilidade do contexto. Foi identificado que a exposição ao ambiente antártico influencia no surgimento de conflitos interpessoais, consumo de álcool, comportamentos de assédio e sentimentos negativos de afeto. Para concluira inserção de psicólogos na Antártica mostra-se um horizonte concreto de pesquisa e intervenção, tendo em vista as repercussões na saúde e no desempenho profissional de expedicionários.

Los clastos carbonatados de la Formación del Monte Wegener proporcionan evidencias sedimentológicas, diagenéticas y paleontológicas de la destrucción y resedimentación de un registro carbonatadoo cámbrico oculto/no conocido en aguas someras de la región de Coats Land en la Antártida. Este mosaico incompleto podría jugar un papel clave en las comparaciones y correlaciones bioestratigráficas entre el registro cámbrico de las Montañas Transantárticas, el bloque Ellsworth-Whitmore y la Península Antártica del continente antártico. Además, representa un registro clave en las futuras reconstrucciones paleobiogeográficas de Gondwana meridional basadas en asociaciones de arqueociatos.

Between 1992 and 2017, the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) lost ice equivalent to 7.6 ± 3.9 mm of sea level rise. AIS mass loss is mitigated by ice shelves that provide a buttress by regulating ice flow from tributary glaciers. However, ice‐shelf stability is threatened by meltwater ponding, which may initiate, or reactivate preexisting, fractures, currently poorly understood processes. Here, through ground penetrating radar (GPR) analysis over a buried lake in the grounding zone of an East Antarctic ice shelf, we present the first field observations of a lake drainage event in Antarctica via vertical fractures. Concurrent with the lake drainage event, we observe a decrease in surface elevation and an increase in Sentinel‐1 backscatter. Finally, we suggest that fractures that are initiated or reactivated by lake drainage events in a grounding zone will propagate with ice flow onto the ice shelf itself, where they may have implications for its stability. Plain Language Summary: The Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) is losing mass, thereby contributing to sea level rise. Ice shelves, which are thick floating layers of glacier ice extending from the glaciers on land, buttress much of the AIS and protect it from even more mass loss. The stability of these ice shelves is threatened by meltwater ponds that form during the summer and may cause ice shelves to break up. Here, we present field observations from Antarctica of a buried meltwater lake drainage via vertical fractures. To detect the drainage event, we use radar observations collected in the field, along with surface height changes and radar images from satellites, from both before and after the drainage event. Our study improves the understanding of meltwater processes on Antarctic ice shelves, and implications of those processes on ice‐shelf stability. Key Points: We present the first field observations of the rapid drainage of a buried lake via hydrofracture in AntarcticaLake‐bed fractures are detected from ground penetrating radar prior to drainage and suggest the lake may have been preconditioned to drainRemote sensing analysis of digital elevation model and Sentinel‐1 microwave image differences provide additional lake evolution information [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Avances en PsicologÍa Latinoamericana is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Arqueologia Pública is the property of Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Portal de Periodicos Eletronicos Cientificos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Following World War II, borders were being redrawn and there was a renewed geopolitical interest around the world in Antarctica as a strategic outpost. The writings of Miguel Serrano, an avowed Nazi, detailing his participation in the Chilean government's 1947 expedition to "confirm sovereignty" (Pinochet de la Barra 39) in Antarctica (particularly 1957's Quién llama en los hielos) helped lend the continent the symbolic significance that it continues to hold for many today. Serrano introduces the Antarctic landscape as an aestheticized metaphor for Chile's imagined racial purity and its pretensions at nationalist, geopolitical domination, while also figuring it as a source of mythologized, occult-based images and conspiracy theories. This essay engages with these aspects of Serrano's work on Antarctica, and then moves on to a series of subsequent cultural artifacts that demonstrate how Antarctic ice is also a motif through which some Chileans have critiqued the legacy of fascism. This essay thus contends that Serrano's work on Antarctica is a key, yet under-examined, piece of a Chilean archive of fascist (and anti-fascist) aesthetics, connecting white supremacist texts written after the War of the Pacific to the geopolitical obsessions of the Pinochet regime and the memory struggles of the postdictatorship period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes how the United Kingdom managed to establish a territorial claim in Antarctica and the Southern Seas, without having a solid historical and legal background to do it. Some of the factors to be considered are; the fragile international law of the time; implementation of imperialist policies previously applied in other regions of the globe; control of the whaling business; and disinterest of other actors involved in Antarctica. It is suggested that criticism from academic and legal spheres would have lead to the rectification of the British claim in 1917. The main research sources are specialized bibliography and press materials of the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Psicologia. Organizacoes e Trabalho is the property of Sociedade Brasileira de Psicologia Organizacional e do Trabalho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recent observations show that the rate at which the Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) is contributing to sea level rise is increasing. Increases in ice‐ocean heat exchange have the potential to induce substantial mass loss through the melting of its ice shelves. Lack of data and limitations in modeling, however, has made it challenging to quantify the importance of ocean‐induced changes in ice shelf thickness as a driver for ongoing mass loss. Here, we use a numerical ice sheet model in combination with satellite observations of ice shelf thinning from 1994 to 2017 to quantify instantaneous changes in ice flow across all AIS grounding lines, resulting from changes in ice shelf buttressing alone. Our process‐based predictions are in good agreement with observed spatial patterns of ice loss, providing support for the notion that a significant portion of the current ice loss of the AIS is ocean driven and caused by a reduction in ice shelf buttressing. Plain Language Summary: The Antarctic ice sheet is currently losing mass, but the causes for the mass loss remain unclear. It has been suggested that the reduction in the thickness of the floating ice shelves that surround the ice sheet, for example, due to ocean warming or changes in ocean circulation, may be responsible for some of the observed ice loss. However, this hypothesis has remained untested. Here, we use a state‐of‐the art numerical ice flow model to calculate the direct mass loss due to observed changes in ice shelves between 1994 and 2017. We find that the magnitude and spatial variability of modelled changes of inland ice are in good agreement with observations, suggesting that a substantial portion of the recent ice loss from the grounded Antarctic ice sheet has been driven by changes in its thinning ice shelves. The process we consider (ice shelf buttressing) relates to changes in forces within the ice alone and is therefore effectively instantaneous (i.e., only limited by the speed of stress transition within the ice). Besides providing a possible explanation for a large part of the ongoing mass loss, this finding also shows that we are not protected against the impact of the Antarctic ice sheet on global sea levels by a long response time. Key Points: First continent‐wide assessment of the impact of observed changes in ice‐shelf thickness on the mass loss of the grounded Antarctic ice sheetProcess‐based predictions of changes in ice flow are in good agreement with observed spatial patterns of ice lossChanges in ice‐shelf thickness are having a substantial and instantaneous impact on ongoing mass loss of the grounded Antarctic ice sheet [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Os Módulos Antárticos Emergenciais – MAE, instalados na Península Keller, desde 2013 têm servido à continuidade das atividades desenvolvidas no local após o incêndio de parte da brasileira Estação Antártica Comandante Ferraz. Tendo-se em vista as condições climáticas extremas e a necessidade de se obter conforto térmico com o menor gasto energético e impacto ao meio-ambiente, avaliou-se o desempenho do conjunto edificado, particularmente quanto à sua capacidade de manter a temperatura interna estável e dentro de uma faixa de aceitação conforme as normas aplicáveis, considerando-se também o isolamento proporcionado pela envoltória. Através de medições de temperatura, com o tratamento dos dados coletados e a análise dos resultados, verificou-se que não houve correlação entre a temperatura externa e a interna, sendo possível inferir que a envoltória garante o isolamento do ambiente interno, apesar de identificados alguns problemas de estanqueidade, e/ou que o sistema de aquecimento é capaz de compensar as diferenças de temperatura. É possível que os resfriamentos observados e as diferenças de temperatura entre horas seguidas tenham sido provocados pelo comportamento em uso, com perda de calor pela abertura de portas, por exemplo, principalmente no período de verão, em que há uma maior quantidade e movimentação de usuários.

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were analyzed in eighteen blubber samples biopsied from fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) during the feeding season near the Antarctic Peninsula in the summer of 2013. POP content (in ng g−1 lipid weight) ranged from 46.4 to 708 for polychlorinated biphenyls (∑PCBs), 6.77 to 123 for hexachlorobenzene (HCB), 10.1 to 489 for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and derivatives (∑DDTs), 5.38 to 52.8 for hexachlorocyclohexanes (∑HCH) and <0.40 to 2.54 for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (∑PBDEs). The presence of those compounds in Southern Ocean fin whales is related to long-range transport and their diet based mainly on euphausiids (krill). Their contents were much lower compared to the same species in other locations, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, presumably due to differences in trophic position and the proximity of POP sources and contamination of prey items. • Lower POP contents in fin whale from Southern Ocean compared with the same species in Northern Hemisphere; • Differences in POP contents are due differences in trophic position and proximity of the sources. • Presence of POPs in Southern Ocean are mainly related to their long-range transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Ice cores drilled at Vostok Station, Antarctica, and studied over the past 10 years by Russia, France, and the United States (Figure 1) are providing a wealth of information about past climate and environmental changes over more than a full glacial-interglacial cycle. The ice cores show that East Antarctica was colder and drier during glacial periods than during the Holocene and that large-scale atmospheric circulation was more vigorous during glacial times. They also support evidence from deep-sea sediment studies favoring orbital forcing of Pleistocene climate, reveal direct correlations of carbon dioxide and methane concentrations with temperature, and indicate how the accumulation of trace compounds have changed through time.

Las investigaciones arqueológicas desarrolladas en las últimas tres décadas en las Islas Shetland del Sur contribuyeron a conocer la significación histórica, la diversidad, localización y características específicas de los sitios loberos-balleneros del siglo XIX. Su conservación es un tema que se ha venido tratando en diversos contextos vinculados al patrimonio polar. Se propone que el turismo desarrollado en las Islas Shetland del Sur puede ser interpretado como oportunidad para visibilizar no sólo los restos arqueológicos, sino también las historias que ellos testimonian. El objeto de este trabajo fue analizar las formas y tendencias del desarrollo de la actividad turística en las islas en la última década y evaluar coincidencias actuales entre los puntos de desembarco utilizados y los lugares donde se ubican los antiguos emplazamientos loberos-balleneros del siglo XIX. Para esto se procesó la información provista por la Asociación Internacional de Operadores Turísticos Antárticos (IAATO) desde 2003. A partir de este diagnóstico se busca contribuir a la elaboración de futuras propuestas para visibilizar los sitios y su relevancia histórica y así articular la educación de los visitantes, las investigaciones arqueológicas y la creación de políticas hacia la conservación y valoración del patrimonio antártico.

A pesquisa científica brasileira na Antártica se dá desde 1982, com apoio logístico da Marinha Brasileira. Após uma permanência relativamente breve nos navios polares, busca-se discutir como os marinheiros percebem o tempo e sua passagem. Discutiu-se a percepção do tempo a partir de três vieses: atividades desempenhadas, movimentos de retenção e protensão da consciência e algumas festividades observadas. Percebeu-se que um desejo de que o tempo passe rapidamente e que as atividades, sejam de lazer ou de trabalho, proporcionam uma sensação de passagem rápida de tempo. A lembrança de casa se faz constante, sugerindo uma presença parcial dos marinheiros naquele espaço, onde outros locais e momentos são chamados a habitar a Antártica. Neste sentido, as festas poderão significar, para os marinheiros, uma forma de intensificação do presente.

To better understand the paleoenvironments of the lower-middle Santonian, dinocyst data were obtained from the Santa Marta Formation, Larsen Basin, James Ross Island, Antarctic Peninsula. This study provides the first available quantitative dinocyst data for the Santa Marta Formation, which should more clearly reflect detailed changes in paleoenvironments, as recorded by fluctuations in diversity and abundance. To record the Santonian dinocyst assemblages from the Larsen Basin, 30 samples from an outcrop of the Lachman Crags Member (LC section) were analyzed. These assemblages are dominated by peridiniacean dinocysts typical of the Isabelidinium flora. A lower-middle Santonian age was determined after the recognition of Odontochitina poriferaand Isabelidinium cretaceum zones. Cluster analysis based on quantitative data, yielded five dinocyst assemblages: Manumiella, Heterosphaeridium, Chlamydophorella, Isabelidinium and Odontochitina. Two Santonian blooms, Isabelidinium and Odontochitina,recognized in other regions were also recorded in the studied section. The stratigraphic distribution shows an alternation between the assemblages, distinguishing in the section six intervals. The high abundance of the Manumiella assemblage at the uppermost interval of the section represents the shallower setting, whereas the high abundance of Odontochitina at the middle part of the section represents the deepest setting.

Este trabalho analisa a variação sazonal da temperatura do ar à superfície (Tar) na Antártica, e sua relação com os modos de variabilidade climática El Niño-Oscilação Sul (ENOS) e Oscilação Antártica (OA). Os resultados indicam que para os 4 períodos sazonais as Tar nas estações localizadas no setor oriental da Antártica apresentaram significativas correlações negativas (nível de significância de 1% na maioria das estações) com a OA. Todavia o único período sazonal, em que o setor continental (Amundsen-Scott, Dome C) apresentou forte correlação negativa com a OA, foi durante o inverno (significativa a 1%). Correlações positivas foram encontradas (significâncias entre 1% e 5%) entre as Tar da Península Antártica e Shetland do Sul com a OA para os períodos de outono, inverno e primavera. Os resultados demonstram a influência que a OA exerce sobre a climatologia da Tar na Antártica. É importante notar um dipolo entre as regiões oriental da Antártica e da Península Antártica, no que concerne as influências da OA. O modo de variabilidade ENOS apresentou correlação negativa significativa com as três estações da Península Antártica somente durante a primavera, enquanto que para a estação Rothera, à oeste da Península, a correlação foi significativa também para o outono e inverno. A correlação entre ENOS e Tar foi positiva e significativa no setor do Mar de Ross durante a primavera, e com o setor oriental da Antártica durante o verão, com nível de significância chegando a 5%.

A consolidação do Sistema do Tratado Antártico (STA) fundamenta-se na legitimidade de seus atributos, mesmo quando estes não são considerados democráticos. Assim, com base nos debates sobre a viabilidade democrática em organizações internacionais e no papel dos atores externos epistêmicos em legitimar instituições de governança global, analisa-se a trajetória do STA e a problemática de seu déficit democrático, destacando as críticas à sua hierarquia interna e a seu exclusivismo externo. Conclui-se que o STA é bem-sucedido devido à necessidade de expertise para seu processo decisório e à legitimidade aferida por organismos científicos que orientam o caráter pacífico das atividades

Two psychrophilic bacterial samples were isolated from King George Island soil, in Antarctica. The phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA (rrs) gene led to the correlation with the closest related isolates as Sporosarcina aquimarina (99%) and Algoriphagus antarcticus(99%), with query coverage of 99% and 98%, respectively.The spent culture media from both isolates displayed proteolytic activities detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis containing gelatin as protein substrate. Under the employed conditions, S. aquimarina showed a 55 kDa protease with the best activity detected at pH 7.0 and at 27°C. A. antarcticusalso showed a single extracellular protease, however its molecular mass was around 90kDa and its best activity was detected at pH 9.0 and at 37°C. The proteases from both isolates were inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline and EDTA, two metalloprotease inhibitors. This is the first record of protease detection in both species, and our results may contribute to broaden the basic knowledge of proteases from the Antarctica environment and may help prospecting future biotechnological applications of these enzymes.

The energy budget of Antarctic stenothermic and/or stenohaline ectotherms is modulated by variations of temperature and salinity. The joint effects of these latter on polar organisms have been but little studied. Data on this subject are of great importance for an understanding of the energy demand of Antarctic animals such as amphipods, especially when considering their ecological importance and the possible impacts of global changes. Experiments were carried out at the Brazilian Antarctic Station "Comandante Ferraz" under controlled conditions. Specimens of Bovallia gigantea were collected in Admiralty Bay and acclimated to temperatures of 0ºC; 2.5ºC and 5ºC and to salinities of 35, 30 and 25. Thirty measurements were taken for each of the nine possible combinations of the three temperatures and the three salinities. Metabolic rates were assessed based on oxygen consumption and total ammonia nitrogenous excretion in sealed respirometers. At 0ºC and 2.5ºC, the metabolic rates of the animals that were acclimated to salinities of 30 or 35 were similar, indicating a possible mechanism of metabolic independence of temperature. However, the metabolic rates were always higher at 5.0ºC. The effects of temperature on oxygen consumption and on ammonia excretion rates were intensified by lower salinities. Individuals of B gigantea have a temperature-independent metabolic rate within a narrow temperature window that can be modified in accordance with salinity.

This article is the result of a research project that explored Chilean students' perceptions of the Antarctic continent through drawings. Over two hundred works made by eight grade's students were collected. Children participating in the research were students of public, subsidized, and private schools in Antofagasta, San Felipe, Valparaíso and Punta Arenas. The analysis of the drawings revealed that, in spite of Chile considers itself an "Antarctic nation," the students of the country did not have specific knowledge about the natural and anthropogenic dimensions of Antarctica. This conclusion applies to all the students participating in the research, regardless of their gender, socioeconomic conditions, and the geographic locations of their schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Independence, Bernardo O'Higgins has developed an interesting thought relating to the potentials of Chilean territory. The referred captain general was educated in Lima and London and his knowledge enabled him to understand the potential of Chile as a Southern State that rules the southern section of Pacific Ocean and that reaches the last corners of the American continent. By this article, we seek to analyze the thought of the abovementioned liberator through primary, secondary and tertiary sources that allow for understanding the significance of his thinking on the development of a pre- geopolitics in which the role of Chile could be relevant in the domain of the southern space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) in the marine boundary layer (MBL), and dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) in surface seawater of the Southern Ocean were measured in the austral summer from December 13, 2014 to February 1, 2015. GEM concentrations in the MBL ranged from 0.4 to 1.9 ng m − 3 (mean ± standard deviation: 0.9 ± 0.2 ng m − 3 ), whereas DGM concentrations in surface seawater ranged from 7.0 to 75.9 pg L − 1 (mean ± standard deviation: 23.7 ± 13.2 pg L − 1 ). The occasionally observed low GEM in the MBL suggested either the occurrence of atmospheric mercury depletion in summer, or the transport of GEM-depleted air from the Antarctic Plateau. Elevated GEM concentrations in the MBL and DGM concentrations in surface seawater were consistently observed in the ice-covered region of the Ross Sea implying the influence of the sea ice environment. Diminishing sea ice could cause more mercury evasion from the ocean to the air. Using the thin film gas exchange model, the air-sea fluxes of gaseous mercury in non-ice-covered area during the study period were estimated to range from 0.0 to 6.5 ng m − 2 h − 1 with a mean value of 1.5 ± 1.8 ng m − 2 h − 1 , revealing GEM (re-)emission from the East Southern Ocean in summer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avaliar alterações nas concentrações de elementos-traço na neve da Antártica durante os últimos anos é de grande interesse para determinar em que medida as regiões mais remotas do nosso planeta estão sendo afetadas por emissões globais. Os elementos-traço estudados nesse trabalho foram determinados em um testemunho de firn da Antártica usando espectrometria de massas por plasma indutivamente acoplado. As concentrações obtidas para Al, As, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Pb, S, Sr e Ti são controladas pelas variações climáticas sazonais (verão/inverno), pela distância de transporte e pelas fontes naturais e antrópicas desses aerossóis. Contribuições naturais de solo, oriundas principalmente da região de Patriot Hills, são importantes fontes para alumínio, ferro, manganês e titânio. Os aerossóis marinhos, provenientes do gelo marinho e transportados pelas massas de ar, são fontes importantes de sódio, magnésio, estrôncio e enxofre. Lítio e cálcio apresentaram aportes consideráveis tanto de poeira continental como de aerossóis marinhos. Emissões vulcânicas foram consideradas fontes significativas de arsênio, bismuto, cádmio, cobalto, cromo e chumbo, com sua contribuição variando desde 10% (chumbo) até 85% (bismuto). Os fluxos de deposição natural de chumbo, cromo, bismuto e arsênio representaram apenas uma pequena fração do total depositado na neve. Para esses elementos, as atividades antrópicas ligadas à mineração e à queima de combustíveis fósseis no Hemisfério Sul possivelmente constituem o principal fator responsável por sua mobilização e transporte.