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Rat is a significant laboratory animal that is used especially in pharmacology, experimantal surgery, onkology and in reproduction and nutrition experiments. Therefore, it is very important to know the dosage of anestetics even for longer an more demanding operations. This bachelor thesis deals mainly with optimimization of anesthetic doses for demanding procedures and comparison of effects of individual anestecics on rat physiology. In the experiment, rats were divided into five experimental groups. The first group was given a combination of ketamine and xylazine totaling 3 times, where the first dose was for ketamine 100 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg for xylazine; the second and third doses were dosedfor ketamine 50 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg for xylazine. The second group was also administered 3 times with propofol, medetomidine and nalbuphine, where the first dose was for propofol 100 mg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg for medetomidine and 10 mg/kg for nalbufine; the subsequent anesthetic dosing was 50 % of the initiation dose. The third group was given a combination of propofol, medetomidine and nalbuphine again 3 times, where the first dose was 100 mg/kg for propofol, 0.1 mg/kg for medetomidine and 10 mg/kg for nalbuphine; the subsequent anesthetic dosing was 25 % of the initiation dose. The fourth group was given a combination of ketamine and xylazine only once, where ketamine was 100 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg for xylazine. The last fifth group was given a combination of medetomidine and nalbuphine only once, where the dosage was 100 mg/kg for propofol, 0.1 mg/kg for medetomidine and 10 mg/kg for nalbufine. After inhalation of isoflurane, the rats were given intraperitoneal anesthetics. The results show that the experimental groups used, long-term anesthesia (3 doses of anesthetics) was most, beneficial for rats using a combination of propofol (100 mg/kg), medetomidine (0.1 mg/kg) and nalbuphine (0.1 mg/kg) kg), where the subsequent doses were 25 % of the initial dose. Furthermore, we found that ketamine and xylazine anesthesia is insufficient for long-term surgery. The prolongation of the surgical phase of anesthesia by repeated administration of a reduced dose of anesthetics is possible, but this anesthesia is characterized by a more frequent occurrence of complications and therefore generally not recommended.

The study was carried out between January 2012 and January 2014 at the Department of Noncommunicable Diseases in Veterinary Academy of Lithuania University of Health and Sciences. The title of work presented in this summary is “The variation of physiological parameters in dogs during general anesthesia“. The aim of the study is to evaluate how general anesthesia influences physiological parameters in dogs using different anesthesia protocols. The research topic is relevant to veterinary in general because more and more dogs every day experience general anesthesia due to increased demand for surgical treatment and diagnosis. The object of the study were dogs (♀, ♂, Canis lupus familiaris) that had been under general anesthesia at the time of the study (n=30). Observation that was made on the effects of general anesthesia involved using six different protocols. The result were drawn after statistical analysis. Physiological parameters that were evaluated in dogs during general anesthesia were body temperature, number of inspiration, heart rate per minute, visible mucous membrane discoloration, capillary filling time, the lower jaw and eye reflexes, saturation, the required amount of oxygen and concentration of sevoflurane that was used during general anastehsia. The examination of anesthesia protocols and data comparing them with each other it became clear that the soreness similar operations in 2 and 5 groups were variation of physiological parameters was slight. As well as the 2 and 5 groups of animals during anesthesia needed less sevoflurane. The most common complications using different groups of mixed anestetics are hypothermia, bradycardia, tachycardia and the surpession of the breathing system. Statistical data analysis was rated by IBM SPSS Statistics 20 ir Microsoft Office Excel 2007. The volume of work is 48 pages, 9 tables, 9 pictures. Total count of used literature sources – 40.

På uppdrag av Naturvårdsverket har IVL under 2006/2007 utfört en screening av läkemedel. I denna screening ingick såväl mätningar inom ett nationellt program som analys av prover som samlats in regionalt via länsstyrelserna. Målsättningen med screeningen var att bestämma förekomst av utvalda läkemedelssubstanser i olika matriser i den svenska miljön, att identifiera viktiga transportvägar samt att få en uppfattning om pågående emissioner till den svenska miljön. Läkemedel sprids framförallt via användning på sjukhus eller i hemmen samt från dess upplagring som avfall på deponier. Screeningen fokuserade därmed på reningsverk och deponier. Betydelsen av diffus spridning i urban miljö undersöktes ytterligare via provtagning av vatten, sediment och biota i centrala Stockholm. Bakgrundsnivåer av ämnena bestämdes i vatten och sedimentprover från lokaler där den humana påverkan ansågs vara marginell. För att få en uppfattning om detekterade koncentrationer kommer ifrån hushållsanvändning via avloppsströmmar analyserades även koffein, en vanligt förekommande substans i vatten från reningsverk.... På uppdrag av Naturvårdsverket har IVL under 2006/2007 utfört en screening av läkemedel. I denna screening ingick såväl mätningar inom ett nationellt program som analys av prover som samlats in regionalt via länsstyrelserna. Målsättningen med screeningen var att bestämma förekomst av utvalda läkemedelssubstanser i olika matriser i den svenska miljön, att identifiera viktiga transportvägar samt att få en uppfattning om pågående emissioner till den svenska miljön. Läkemedel sprids framförallt via användning på sjukhus eller i hemmen samt från dess upplagring som avfall på deponier. Screeningen fokuserade därmed på reningsverk och deponier. Betydelsen av diffus spridning i urban miljö undersöktes ytterligare via provtagning av vatten, sediment och biota i centrala Stockholm. Bakgrundsnivåer av ämnena bestämdes i vatten och sedimentprover från lokaler där den humana påverkan ansågs vara marginell. För att få en uppfattning om detekterade koncentrationer kommer ifrån hushållsanvändning via avloppsströmmar analyserades även koffein, en vanligt förekommande substans i vatten från reningsverk....

Summary Objective Tonsillectomy in children may be performed on a day-case basis. To achieve quality anesthesia and successful, fast recovery with minimal morbidity without the use of volatile anesthetic, the choice of drug combination has to be centered on one rapid- and short-acting hypnotic, opioid and non-depolarizing muscle relaxant. The aim of our study was to determine the optimal pediatric induction dose of propofol that by means of alfentanil and reduced-dose rocuronium allows the highest percentage of excellent intubating conditions. Methods One hundred and eleven children were randomized in three equal groups and included in prospective, double blind study. Anesthesia was induced with 2.0 (Group A), 2.5 (Group B) or 3.0 mg kg −1 (Group C) of propofol proceeded by alfentanil (0.02 mg kg −1 ). Muscle relaxation was achieved with reduced-dose rocuronium (1.5× ED 95 ) (0.45 mg kg −1 ). The intubating conditions were assessed using the four-point scoring system based on the difficulty of laryngoscopy, presence of vocal cord movement and the intensity of coughing. Neuromuscular transmission was monitored by means of acceleromyography with supramaximal train-of-four stimulation of the ulnar nerve by the frequency of 1 Hz. Results Adequate intubating conditions were achieved in high percentages in all study groups (A = 94%, B = 95%, C = 98%) ( P = 0.352). Significant higher differences of excellent and good intubating conditions, attributed to quality of laryngoscopy, movement of the vocal cords and intensity of coughing were observed in Group C (excellent = 94%, good = 4%) (B = excellent 80%, good = 18% and A = excellent 47%, good = 47%) ( P = 0.0001). MAP decrease of 12% from the baseline occurred immediately only after 3.0 mg kg −1 induction dose of propofol (80 ± 7 mmHg; A = 92 ± 6, B = 88 ± 9) ( P = 0.005). Conclusions Induction dose of 2.5 mg kg −1 of propofol preceded by 0.02 mg kg −1 of alfentanil in addition to reduced-dose rocuronium (0.45 mg kg −1 ) is the optimal pediatric induction dose of propofol for improving the most excellent intubating conditions without significant hemodynamic changes.

As an assignment from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, IVL has during 2006/2007performed a "Screening Study" of pharmaceuticals. The overall objectives of the screening were todetermine the concentrations of the selected substances in a variety of media in the Swedishenvironment, to highlight important transport pathways, and to assess the possibility of currentemissions in Sweden.Pharmaceuticals are frequently spread by domestic use and the screening programme was thusfocused on sewage treatment plants and landfills. The importance of diffusive spreading of thepharmaceuticals in an urban area was further investigated in the Stockholm area where water,sediment and biota samples were collected. Environmental background levels in water andsediment were determined in samples from three background lakes where the influence fromhuman activities was considered minor. The number of samples are listed in the table below.SurfaceWater Sediment SewageWaterLeachateWater Sludge Biota TotalRegional 9 - 42 2 19 - 72National 9 9 12 3 14 9 56Total 18 9 54 5 33 9 128All pharmaceuticals included in this screening study purposely affect the human nervous system,having the ATC-main code ‘N’. In 2006 the Swedish consumption of drugs of this therapeutic usewas 825 million Defined Daily Doses corresponding to a net cost of 6 104 million SEK. Thecentral nervous system (CNS) represents the largest part of the nervous system, including the brainand the spinal cord. Together with the peripheral nervous system, it has a fundamental role in thecontrol of behaviour. The basic pattern of the CNS is highly conserved throughout the differentspecies of vertebrates and during evolution.Pharmaceuticals included in this screening study were; analgetics (fentanyl, dextropropoxyphene),anestetics (propofol), dopaminergic agonists (bromokriptine), neuroleptics (thioridazine),dibenzoxazepines (clozapine), benzodiazepines (flunitrazepam, diazepam and oxazepam), antipsychotics (risperidone), sedatives (zolpidem) and selective serotonine re-uptake inhibitors, SSRIs(sertraline, fluoxetine,citalopram and paroxetine).Oxazepam was the most frequently detected substance in water as well as the substance beingfound in the highest concentrations in sewage water samples. Furthermore, it was the onlysubstance being detected in surface water samples. This can not entirely be explained by its salesvolume (640 kg). Another factor that has to be considered is the tendency for otherbenzodiazepines to metabolise into this substance. Oxazepam has a rather low log Kow of 2.2 butwas nevertheless also detected STP sludge.Risperidone is sold in minor quantities in Sweden (8-20 kg) but is still detected in both influent andeffluent waters. However, despite having a log Kow of 3.49, risperidone was still not detected insludge. Among the three substances with the highest sales volumes, sertraline, dextropropoxypheneand citalopram, only citalopram could be detected in the sewage water samples. None of the Results from the Swedish screening 2006 IVL report B1751Subreport 4: Pharmaceuticals2substances were detected in surface water. Thus, no clear correlation between sales volumes andconcentrations in sewage water was identified in this study.Factors such as degradation and the tendency to adsorb to sludge seem to influence the fate of thesubstances but no clear correlation between lipofilicity and the tendency to end up in sewageeffluent can be drawn from these results. Factors such as the adsorption to solid matter; chelation,ionic interaction and chemisorption must also be considered to get a better understanding of thepartioning behaviour of pharmaceuticals.Considering both aqueous and solid matrices citralopram is the most frequently encounteredpharmaceutical. Sertraline was however found in the highest concentrations in sludge and also hasone of the highest log Kow (5.29) among the pharmaceuticals in this study. Citalopram, with a logKow of 3.74, was also frequently found in sludge while dextropropoxyphene, with a log Kow of4.18, was only detected once in sludge and then in a concentration close to the detection limit.Citalopram was detected in several sediment samples while sertraline was only detected in onesediment sample.Among the metabolites, zoplicone-n-oxide (metabolite of zopiclone), 7-aminoflunitrazepam(metabolite of flunitrazepam) and nordiazepam (metabolite of diazepam) were detected in watersamples. Norfentanyl (metabolite of fentanyl) was detected in sludge.Caffeine was introduced to the sampling scheme as an indicator for human influence. Caffeine wassubsequently found in all environmental water samples where pharmaceuticals were detected. In thebackground lake Lilla Öresjön, where no pharmaceutical residues were expected to be found, thesubstance flunitrazepam along with caffeine was detected indicating a release of sewage water fromhouses not affiliated to any municipal sewage treatment plant.Another marker for anthropogenic sources applicable when investigating pharmaceuticals ishydroxyl ibuprofen (metabolite of ibuprofen). Hydroxy ibuprofen was detected in all STP influentwater samples and was also frequently encountered in the effluent water samples. Both caffeineand hydroxy ibuprofen concentrations in influent water showed a slight correlation with thecorresponding citalopram- and oxazepam concentrations.