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3. Growing cotton in China.

Author

Lu, Zhao-zhi, primary, Li, Xue-yue, additional, Zhang, Wang-feng, additional, Zheng, Ju-yun, additional, Liang, Fei, additional, Yang, De-song, additional, Tian, Jing-shan, additional, Gao, Gui-zhen, additional, Wang, June-duo, additional, and Ali, Abid, additional

Published
2022
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4. Influence of annealing temperature on microstructural evolution and tensile behavior of Ti−6Al−4V alloy manufactured by multi-directional forging

Author

LIU, Shi-shuang, CAI, Jian-ming, ZHOU, Yi, CAO, Jing-xia, ZHANG, Wang-feng, DAI, Sheng-long, HUANG, Xu, and CAO, Chun-xiao

Abstract

A range of annealing treatments were implemented to regulate the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti−6Al−4V forging. The results show that both the as-forged and as-annealed microstructures exhibit a bimodal structure composed of equiaxed primary αphase (αp) and transformed βphase (βt). With the increase of annealing temperature, the secondary α(αs) phase precipitates from the βphase. There is no obvious texture and the crystal orientation is uniformly distributed. Meanwhile, strength initially increases and then decreases, whereas ductility remains largely unaffected. The alloy annealed at 860 °C has an excellent combination of strength and ductility, due to the larger content of the fine αsphase. All fracture surfaces contain massive dimples, which is a typical ductile fracture feature. The characteristics of microcracks, microvoids, and kinked αp/αl(equiaxed αpand lamellar αphase) phases are found near the fracture.

Published
2024
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5. Ethephon ripening affects boll weight and fiber quality of machine-harvested cotton.

Author

LIU Tao-Fen, LUO Dan, ZHANG Qi-Peng, SUN Yuan-Yuan, LI Pei-Song, TIAN Jing-Shan, ZHANG Wang-Feng, XIANG Dao, ZHANG Ya-Li, YANG Ming-Feng, and GOU Ling

Abstract

The use of ethephon can achieve early and concentrated the machine-harvested cotton boll opening. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of the boll-period shortening on the boll weight, fiber quality, and relationship, when the ethephon was sprayed at different stages of the boll development with a selection of 18 materials. The results showed that when the period of cotton was 47--69 days, spraying ethephon at the age of boll was 40.5--49.7 days, which could advance boll opening by 3.5--5.7 days. It took 64.1--69.7 days for fiber to fully mature under ethephon, while it took 54.8--60.5 days for cotton seed. When boll was opened 1.5--6.2 days earlier, the probability of boll weight and fiber quality decreasing was up to 58.0%--76.5%. To achieve an early opening of the boll, ethephon can be applied at the boll age of 34.8--44.1 days, when the boll weight (< 0.26 g) and fiber quality damage (length reduction < 0.28 mm and fiber strength < 0.30 cN tex--1) at the top of cotton plant are reduced by 5% and 1%, respectively. In addition, the boll period was shortened in some materials, but the boll weight, fiber length, and strength were increased, with the 9.5%--23.5% probability. Therefore, the reasonable use of ethephon in some cotton varieties can shorten the boll period and improve the boll weight and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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13. Photoprotection of Cotton in the Field

Author

Zhang, Ya-li, primary, Yi, Xiao-ping, additional, Zhang, Wang-feng, additional, Chow, Wah Soon, additional, Hu, Yuan-yuan, additional, Zhang, Chao, additional, and Zhan, Dong-xia, additional

Published
2016
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14. A Changing Light Environment Induces Significant Lateral CO 2 Diffusion within Maize Leaves.

Author

Wu, Han-Yu, Zou, Qing-Qing, Ji, Wen-Tao, Wang, Ying-Wei, Zhang, Wang-Feng, and Jiang, Chuang-Dao

Subjects
COTTON, CORN, CARBON dioxide, SORGHUM, PHOTOSYNTHETIC rates, CUCUMBERS, PARTIAL pressure
Abstract

A leaf structure with high porosity is beneficial for lateral CO2 diffusion inside the leaves. However, the leaf structure of maize is compact, and it has long been considered that lateral CO2 diffusion is restricted. Moreover, lateral CO2 diffusion is closely related to CO2 pressure differences (ΔCO2). Therefore, we speculated that enlarging the ΔCO2 between the adjacent regions inside maize leaves may result in lateral diffusion when the diffusion resistance is kept constant. Thus, the leaf structure and gas exchange of maize (C4), cotton (C3), and other species were explored. The results showed that maize and sorghum leaves had a lower mesophyll porosity than cotton and cucumber leaves. Similar to cotton, the local photosynthetic induction resulted in an increase in the ΔCO2 between the local illuminated and the adjacent unilluminated regions, which significantly reduced the respiration rate of the adjacent unilluminated region. Further analysis showed that when the adjacent region in the maize leaves was maintained under a steady high light, the photosynthesis induction in the local regions not only gradually reduced the ΔCO2 between them but also progressively increased the steady photosynthetic rate in the adjacent region. Under field conditions, the ΔCO2, respiration, and photosynthetic rate of the adjacent region were also markedly changed by fluctuating light in local regions in the maize leaves. Consequently, we proposed that enlarging the ΔCO2 between the adjacent regions inside the maize leaves results in the lateral CO2 diffusion and supports photosynthesis in adjacent regions to a certain extent under fluctuating light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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24. Local weak light induces the improvement of photosynthesis in adjacent illuminated leaves in maize seedlings.

Author

Wu, Han‐Yu, Tang, Hai‐Kun, Liu, Li‐An, Shi, Lei, Zhang, Wang‐Feng, and Jiang, Chuang‐Dao

Subjects
PHOTOSYNTHESIS, PHOTOSYNTHETIC rates, LEAF growth, CHLOROPHYLL spectra, CORN
Abstract

To copy with highly heterogeneous light environment, plants can regulate photosynthesis locally and systemically, thus, maximizing the photosynthesis of individual plants. Therefore, we speculated that local weak light may induce the improvement of photosynthesis in adjacent illuminated leaves in plants. In order to test this hypothesis, maize seedlings were partially shaded, and gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence and biochemical analysis were carefully assessed. It was shown that local shading exacerbated the declines in the photosynthetic rates, chlorophyll contents, electron transport and carbon assimilation‐related enzyme activities in shaded leaves as plants growth progressed. While, the decreases of these parameters in adjacent illuminated leaves of shaded plants were considerably alleviated compared to the corresponding leaves of control plants. Obviously, the photosynthesis in adjacent illuminated leaves in shaded plants was improved by local shading, and the improvement in adjacent lower leaves was larger than that in adjacent upper ones. As growth progressed, local shading induced higher abscisic acid contents in shaded leaves, but it alleviated the increase in the abscisic acid contents in adjacent leaves in shaded plants. Moreover, the difference in sugar content between shaded leaves and adjacent illuminated ones was gradually increased. Consequently, local weak light suppressed the photosynthesis in shaded leaves, while it markedly improved the photosynthesis of adjacent illuminated ones. Sugar gradient between shaded leaves and adjacent illuminated ones might play a key role in photosynthetic regulation of adjacent illuminated leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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25. Responses of photorespiration and thermal dissipation in PSII to soil water in cotton bracts

Author

Zhang Peng-Peng, Zhan Dong-Xia, Zhang YaLi, Luo HongHai, Zhang Chao, and and Zhang Wang-Feng

Subjects
Bract, Photoinhibition, Ecology, Anthesis, Agronomy, Photosystem II, Photorespiration, Plant Science, Drip irrigation, Biology, Photosynthesis, Chlorophyll fluorescence, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

Aims Photorespiration and non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence in photosystem II (PSII) were studied in bracts and leaves of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) plants, in order to investigate the photoprotective mechanisms and drought tolerance in cotton bracts under field conditions of water-saving drip irrigations. Methods Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of PSII were analyzed in bracts and leaves of cotton plants after anthesis. The study was conducted with two treatments comprising normal drip irrigation (5 228.5 m 3 ·hm -2 ) and water-saving drip irrigation (3 874.1 m 3 ·hm -2 ) under field conditions. Important findings The actual photochemical efficiency of PSII (ΦPSII) decreased in both bracts and leaves of cotton plants after anthesis under water-saving drip irrigation, but the magnitude of decrease was less in bracts than in leaves. Results showed the bracts experienced less severe photoinhibition than leaves. The rate of net pho- tosynthesis (Pn), ΦPSII, net photorespiration (Pr), photochemical quenching (qP), and non-photochemical quench- ing (NPQ) decreased in the leaves of cotton plants under water-saving drip irrigation, but no significant difference was observed in the bracts. With decreasing water supply, the Pr/Pn in bracts was much higher than that in leaves and water deficit had no significant effect on the Pr/Pn in bracts. The results of chlorophyll fluorescence parame- ters showed that the quantum yield of regulated energy dissipation (Y(NPQ)) was higher in bracts than in leaves under high irradiance and temperature conditions, and that the thermal dissipation in bracts was not susceptible to water deficit, thus protecting the photosynthetic apparatus against photodamage. Overall, both photorespiration and energy dissipation in bracts were found to alleviate photoinhibition and played important roles in protecting

Published
2014

40. Internal control, audit risk and audit pricing: Empirical evidences from China's listed companies

Author

Zhang Wang-feng

Subjects
Finance, Control environment, Internal audit, Joint audit, business.industry, education, Audit evidence, Chief audit executive, Information technology audit, Accounting, Business, Audit plan, Audit risk
Abstract

Internal control level directly affects the quality of financial report of a firm and CPA's audit input and risk. Do CPAs take such a relation into account when they decide the level of audit fees charged to firms? In this paper, the author conducts an empirical study on the relationship between the internal control quality, audit risk and audit fees, using a sample of 1395 companies listed on Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchange in China. The results show that CPAs issue more non-standard unqualified opinions to the companies with higher control risk, and there is a statistically significant correlation between the audit fees of companies and their internal control quality. Furthermore, by analyzing the incremental model, the author finds that CPAs adjust the level of audit fees accordingly when the internal control quality of companies' changes.

Published
2013

45. The relative contribution of non-foliar organs of cotton to yield and related physiological characteristics under water deficit

Author

Hu, Yuan-Yuan, Zhang, Ya-Li, Yi, Xiao-ping, Zhan, Dong-xia, Luo, Hong-Hai, Chow, Wah S (Fred), Zhang, Wang-Feng, Hu, Yuan-Yuan, Zhang, Ya-Li, Yi, Xiao-ping, Zhan, Dong-xia, Luo, Hong-Hai, Chow, Wah S (Fred), and Zhang, Wang-Feng

Abstract

Water deficit is one of the most important causes of decreased yield in cultivated plants. Non-foliar green organs in cotton play an important role in yield formation at the late growth stage. Although better photosynthetic performance was observed in a non-foliar organ (bract) compared with leaves under water deficit. However, the physiological response of each organ in cotton to water deficit has not been comprehensively studied in relation to the water status and photosynthesis characteristics. We studied the maintenance of water status of each organ in cotton by measuring their relative water content, proline content and stomatal characteristics. Water deficit significantly decreased the surface area of each organ, but to a lesser extent in non-foliar organs. Our results showed that the relative contribution of biomass accumulation of non-foliar organs increased under water deficit. Non-foliar organs (bracts and capsule wall) showed less ontogenetic decrease in O2 evolution capacity and in RuBPC activity (per dry weight) as well as better antioxidant systems than leaves at various days after anthesis. We conclude that the photosynthesis from non-foliar organs is important for increasing cotton yield especially under water deficit conditions.

Published
2014

50. Two distinct strategies of cotton and soybean differing in leaf movement to perform photosynthesis under drought in the field

Author

Chow, Wah Soon, Zhang, Ya-Li, Hu, Yuan-Yuan, Luo, Hong-Hai, Zhang, Wang-Feng, Chow, Wah Soon, Zhang, Ya-Li, Hu, Yuan-Yuan, Luo, Hong-Hai, and Zhang, Wang-Feng

Abstract

This paper reports an experimental test of the hypothesis that cotton and soybean differing in leaf movement have distinct strategies to perform photosynthesis under drought. Cotton and soybean were exposed to two water regimes: drought stressed and well watered. Drought-stressed cotton and soybean had lower maximum CO2 assimilation rates than well-watered (control) plants. Drought reduced the light saturation point and photorespiration of both species – especially in soybean. Area-based leaf nitrogen decreased in drought-stressed soybean but increased in drought-stressed cotton. Drought decreased PSII quantum yield (FPSII) in soybean leaves, but increased FPSII in cotton leaves. Drought induced an increase in light absorbed by the PSII antennae that is dissipated thermally via DpH- and xanthophylls-regulated processes in soybean leaves, but a decrease in cotton leaves. Soybean leaves appeared to have greater cyclic electron flow (CEF) around PSI than cotton leaves and drought further increased CEF in soybean leaves. In contrast, CEF slightly decreased in cotton under drought. These results suggest that the difference in leaf movement between cotton and soybean leaves gives rise to different strategies to perform photosynthesis and to contrasting photoprotective mechanisms for utilisation or dissipation of excess light energy. We suggest that soybean preferentially uses light-regulated non-photochemical energy dissipation, which may have been enhanced by the higher CEF in drought-stressed leaves. In contrast, cotton appears to rely on enhanced electron transport flux for light energy utilisation under drought, for example, in enhanced nitrogen assimilation.

Published
2011

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