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Roman concrete is one of the most fascinating materials ever invented by humankind. Understanding the historical context and details of the production of ancient Roman concrete (ARC) is necessary to comprehend its nature. Recently, the interest in researching ARC has grown considerably, leading to several projects to describe its production. Remarkable properties were attributed to ARC, with durability emerging as one of the most relevant but also the most misunderstood. The reasons for the durability of Roman structures are still under investigation, and various hypotheses have linked its durability to the microstructure, or its chemical and mineralogical composition. In this literature review, historical facts contextualize ARC and detail the specific materials and methods used for production. It also becomes clear that the chemical, mineralogical, and mechanical characterization of ARC has begun to link research from different disciplines, providing an overview of this material, and exploring some of the unexplained facts that could potentially improve today's concrete technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the results of the authors' research conducted on primary sources of Roman law, with the aim to examine and evaluate the legal framework of the beginnings of diplomatic norms in the civilisation of Ancient Rome. This article discusses the historical and legal aspects of regulation of ambassador's status, legal practices regarding ambassadors of special task fetiales and procedure for declaration of war and the role of fetiales in concluding international agreements. The authors have conducted the research and analysis of the information contained in the so-called Justinian's codifications, also known as 'Corpus Iuris Civilis', specifically the 'Codex Iustinianus' (Code of Justinian, 534 AD) and 'Digesta seu Pandectae' (Digest or Pandects, 533 AD), as well as in the 'Gaius Institutiones' (Institutes of Gaius, c. 161 AD) and in the opus 'Ab Urbe Condita' (From the Foundation of the City, c. 27–9 BC) of Roman historian Titus Livius (64/59 AD–12/17 AD). The research employs the inductive, deductive and comparative methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, Roman sumptuary laws have been actively studied in classical studies, which are traditionally associated with the theory of “decline of morals”: according to this theory, the crisis of the Roman state was caused by the process of decomposition of traditional norms and values under the influence of foreign morals, luxury and wealth. In this context, the relevance of the undertaken research is obvious. The author sets himself the goal of studying in detail the internally contradictory essence of such a phenomenon as Roman sumptuary laws. In particular, he draws attention to the conventional nature of the term “sumptuary laws” used in Russian-language literature, which does not accurately convey the meaning of the Latin phrase leges sumptuariae. The study draws on a range of Latin texts and other sources, as well as an extensive research literature. As a result, the author comes to the following conclusions: firstly, if the word luxus was associated with phenomena introduced into the life of the Roman civil community by the Hellenistic civilization and resulting from the military activity of Rome in the south of Italy and beyond, then the term sumptus was associated with the original Roman ideas about moderation and frugality, which must be considered, first of all, in the context of the life of the familia and its economic activities. Secondly, if the term luxus reflected the concept of luxury as such, then the use of the word sumptus was associated with housekeeping in general and with the concept of expenses in particular.

The proposal of this article is to present a bibliographic review of the debates which permeated the XX Century and reverberate to this day in the Social and Economic History of Antiquity. Having as a starting point the compounded debates and controversies of this subject, we intend to demonstrate the different positions involved in this discussion. We also intend to show the marxist authors' contributions to the area, according to our theoretical and methodological affiliation to the Dialectical Historical Materialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today we call the political activity of those who covet or exercise power political consulting. What was this activity called in ancient times? Who were the people who did it? What was their education and what did their work consist in? We have tried to answer all these questions, without claiming to have covered all existing sources, in this article. However, in order to portray the political activity of people in the inner circle of decision-making in ancient Rome and Greece, we have turned to articles that have studied this phenomenon, as well as to selected historical sources from the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Palíndromo is the property of Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Punto Género is the property of Revista Punto Genero and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Social Sciences / Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Afyon Kocatepe University (AKU) Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Roman New Comedy, each role is a caricature informed by societal expectations: the passive matrona, the grouchy uir, the abused but patient young uxor, the egotistical adulescens, and the self-serving meretrix. Hecyra stands out among Terence’s plays because it is unclear whether he is reinforcing or deconstructing these familiar stereotypes. Most scholars focus on the role of women, who are more involved in this play than any other by Terence. They seem to drive the plot forward and have more information than the men, but at the same time, they might be said to placate their husbands and sacrifice for their children. This begs the question, “Are the women in Hecyra acting unusually?” This paper will examine the expectations of women in New Comedy in relation to scenes where women in Hecyra might be said to be contradicting their prescribed roles. This discussion will prove that the wives are not acting in unexpected ways. Although they are active characters, they behave as is proper for mothers and wives. The question then becomes, “Why do the Hecyra women appear to be acting unusually to us?” To answer this, it will be necessary to look critically at the ways in which the women interact with the Hecyra men. As a result, it will become clear that it is not the women, but Pamphilus, the adulescens, himself who is defying gender expectations.

It has been highlighted many times how difficult it is to draw a boundary between gift and bribe, and how the same transfer can be interpreted in different ways according to the position of the observer and the narrative frame into which it is inserted. This also applied of course to Ancient Rome; in both the Republic and Principate lawgivers tried to define the limits of acceptable transfers and thus also to identify what we might call 'corruption'. Yet, such definitions remained to a large extent blurred, and what was constructed was mostly a 'code of conduct', allowing Roman politicians to perform their own 'honesty' in public duty – while being aware at all times that their involvement in different kinds of transfer might be used by their opponents against them and presented as a case of 'corrupt' behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific study is devoted to the consideration of the legislation process as a form of legal proceedings in the law of ancient Rome. It is noted that in the modern national legal literature, scientific research related to ancient Roman law, as a rule, deals with the problems of substantive law, both civil and family law, and the institutions of procedural law are considered to a much lesser extent. Currently, research on this issue is relevant, since certain institutions and categories of the national legal system are based on the structure of Roman law, its principles, and were developed under its influence. It is emphasised that the legislative form, which was used in private cases in the first half of the Republic, can be considered the first historically developed form of procedure in Roman justice. The procedure was called legislative because it was based, in contrast to the old forms of private self-reprisal, exclusively on the law. It required the parties to act per legis actiones, i.e. without resorting to violence, in a lawful manner, on legal grounds, in a lawful manner. Compliance with the legislative form of legal proceedings guaranteed the legality and formality of the claimant’s (plaintiff’s) claims and the absence of elements of analogy in the claim and provided for the occurrence of only the consequences specified in the law. The specific features of the legislation process (staggered nature; formality, ritual and ritualism; certain passivity of the authorities) are investigated; its varieties (betting process; “laying on of hands” process; sacrifice process; “appointment of a judge” process; “conditional” process) and stages (establishment of the plaintiff’s right and legal qualification; consideration of the case on the merits) are analysed. The great importance of the legislation form for the further development of the legal process is due to the fact that the legislation form divided the legal action into the filing of a claim, which provided for its formal recognition by the judicial authorities, and the actual legal proceedings, which had no regulation until a certain period. The author examines the peculiarities of Roman legal proceedings and concludes that the legislation process was a rather complex procedure which in its content was similar to the customary.

Oath-taking during Roman Antiquity constitutes a telling example of how words and material matter interplay and relate to one another. Ancient Latin literature provides a myriad of representations of oaths sworn, both fictive and supposedly historical, which allude to contemporary notions of materiality. In this study, a selection of personal oaths (oaths sworn between individuals, as opposed to large-scale official ones) from Roman literature are explored in terms of materiality and agency. The chosen oath examples are all phrased using a ‘material language’ and their oath formulae include what is here termed as objectifying wordings, that is the reference to abstract things through material matter. The present article aims to demonstrate that Roman authors sometimes chose to (have their characters) swear by material matter – instead of something abstract and intangible – in order to better express what is actually sworn by or what is actually put up as deposit in the portrayed oath: in other words, how they could utilize contemporary notions of materiality as literary tools for the formulation of personal oaths.

ABSTRACT The methodological rigor and acting according to words make Professor Franco Gnoli an example to follow. The scientific vision that can be obtained from his works of the Roman public and criminal law, which he studied in an era where was instead prevalent the interest in private law, paved the way for a broad revisitation of Mommsen’s theoretical approaches. This perspective was and still is highly fruitful because it highlighted the unity of the legal phenomenon in the thought of the Roman jurists. His memory is alive in all the students he trained through his rigorous and passionate lessons in Roman Law and who then followed his footsteps in the Academia.

This paper explores historical evidence of restrictive eating, as well as binging and purging in the ancient world from 3100 BC to around 476 AD in order to draw comparisons with contemporary restrictive and binge eating disorders — namely, anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. It aims to analyze the causes of disordered eating over time with regard to societal norms and attitudes, examining the ways in which these disorders diverge between the ancient and modern worlds. Principally, this paper asserts that differences in the significance of body image on a societal level account for distinctions in the motivations of disordered eating within the ancient and modern worlds. There are, however, key parallels to behaviors that women exhibit with regard to disordered eating that can be attributed to the continuity of patriarchal structures between these two time periods.

In the first part of the study, after having presented the general features of the Ciceronian corpus of letters, their basic characteristics and formal features, the author analysed the concept of friendship in the epistles on the one hand and Cicero’s relationship with Atticus (the addressee of half of his letters and his most enduring and closest friend) on the other. In the second part of the study, he focuses on the family ties that emerge from Cicero’s letters: first, Cicero’s relationship with his wife, Terentia, and his children, Tullia and Marcus, is analysed, followed by the emergence of grief over the death of his daughter Tullia and the role of friends as consulatori in the period of mourning, which at the same time completes the Roman concept of officia amicitiae outlined in the previous part.

В данной статье рассматривается роль эпохи (период правления императора Адриана, 117-138 гг.) культурного и политического упадка Древнего Рима в поэме Ц. Норвида «Quidam». С точки зрения литературоведческого анализа художественного текста изучено восприятие автором исторического периода в контексте произведения. Актуальность данного исследования обусловлена, в первую очередь, недостаточным количеством исследований на данную тему в русскоязычной филологической науке, а во-вторых, связана непосредственно с важной ролью исторического контекста для рецепции художественного текста польского писателя. Цель статьи заключается в выявлении особенностей интерпретации древнеримской темы в произведении Ц. Норвида и анализе значения исторического времени и пространства в поэме «Quidam». Практическая значимость статьи заключается в возможности использования данного материала при изучении зарубежной литературы в целом и польской литературы 19 века в частности.

With his Sententiae, diuisiones, colores rhetorum et oratorum, published around 30 CE, Seneca the Elder, father of the Stoic philosopher Seneca, produced an anthology of excerpts from declamations (forensic or deliberative mock speeches) by 116 different declaimers (teachers, students and non-professional practitioners) who lived during the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius. By citing these declaimers, Seneca intended to offer an informed and critical view of their qualities and shortcomings, and to memorialize the emerging literary genre of declamation. But his text also lends itself to a more social reading. By mining the Sententiae, diuisiones, colores for mentions of direct contact between declaimers, and by applying the methodology of network analysis, it becomes possible to read the anthology as a depiction of a structured intellectual milieu. The aim of this article is to identify and reconstruct a set of social relationships within the declamatory world described in the anthology, using mentions of criticism (where one declaimer comments on the performance of another) as markers of relationships. After explaining the goals and biases of Seneca and their impact on his depiction of the declamatory milieu, this article expounds a method for: 1) identifying concrete links between declaimers with a reasonable degree of certainty; 2) building a set of usable data based on these findings; and 3) assessing the significance of the expected results given the incompleteness of the anthology. It then reconstructs and plots this particular declamatory network, identifying its central figures and mapping its main relational structures.

Ancient Rome stands out as a great civilization throughout history, but its practices regarding hygiene in daily life were quite different from today's standards. In the Roman Empire, although people valued cleanliness and hygiene, they had difficulty maintaining a lifestyle that met today's sanitation standards. Ancient Rome's engineering achievements included systems such as aqueducts, pipes, canals, and cisterns that enabled the efficient transport of water. Thanks to these systems, an important public service was provided by delivering water from fountains to baths, toilets and villas. Baths were not only places of cleaning, but also places of entertainment, learning and socialization in line with the values of the society. People from all walks of life, regardless of nobles or slaves, benefited from the bath services and it was considered one of the important visits of the day. Latrinas were also among the important structures for both public toilets and public health in Rome. These structures were indispensable places of Rome. Ancient Roman society frequently used natural materials, especially olive oil and sand, to ensure their personal hygiene. Hygiene habits during this period, when examined from a historical and cultural perspective, reveal unique and interesting aspects of the lifestyle of Ancient Rome. In our study, in the light of ancient sources, how a Roman citizen maintained his personal hygiene in daily life and what services and structures he used were examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Review of Historical Sciences / Przegląd Nauk Historycznych is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Compositiones Medicamentorum by Scribonius Largus, dating from the 1st century, is one of the most important sources of the history of medicine. The recipes contained therein were used in European medicine until the end of the 17th century. The aim of this article is to present [translated from Latin] the methods of treating headache, epilepsy and diseases of the eyes and ears according to this ancient Roman physician. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Collectanea Philologica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Romanitas: Revista de Estudos Greco-Latinas is the property of Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In ancient times, rodents were a major problem causing economic losses and an epidemiological threat due to the bacteria and parasites they carried. Ancient authors primarily mentioned field mice and house mice, which ate the grain, contaminated the land and food intended for humans and animals, and caused damage within the house and farm buildings. Most of the advice preserved from those times was on how to exterminate rodents, with only few texts providing recommendations on how to protect farm buildings and grain from mice. Ancient poison formulas primarily relied on poisonous plants and were usually served in cake form or added to food. There are some differences within the recommended poisons. More toxic substances were used in the farmyard and outbuildings than in the houses, which probably has to do with the risk that these poisons, due to their composition, posed to people and especially children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the explicit and implicit depiction of domestic violence and coercive control in a range of texts from different genres, all dealing with agriculture: a farmer's attack on his wife after a rustic festival in a Tibullan elegy, the Elder Cato's instructions to his overseer on how to control his wife coercively in De agricultura , and the portrayal—and suppression—of anthropomorphized domestic violence against nature in Virgil's Georgics and Columella's De re rustica 10. These texts throw different lights on the realities and ideologies of domestic abuse and environmental exploitation in ancient Rome, as well as their transhistorical and transcultural continuities. By examining them through a range of ecofeminist lenses, we can see how the nature–woman connection can both give a voice to the victims and contribute to their subjugation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social relations of hiring (leasing) property arise almost simultaneously with ownership of such property, which is why the history of lease relations goes back to ancient times. At the beginning, it is worth noting that within the framework of this study of the development of lease relations, the time period from the first mentions of the history of land use relations to the end of the Soviet era on Ukrainian lands will be analyzed. It is clear that before beginning the study of the historical development of the legal relationship of land lease, it is necessary to establish the etymology of the word "lease". The term "rent" comes from the Latin word "arenda", translated from the Latin language "orendo" means "rent, hire". This position is expressed by Y. Serebryakova in her work "Lease contract of state and communal real estate". The same opinion regarding the history of the origin of the word "rent" was expressed in the work of V. Musienko "Civil and legal aspects of the contract of lease of state and communal property". V. Musienko notes that translated from the Latin language it means "hire". The legal basis of land lease originates from Roman civil (agrarian) law. Thus, according to the Agrarian Law of 111 BC. large areas of land were leased to rich tenants for a fairly large rent, which had to be paid in a timely manner. This institution became especially widespread as a special form of hereditary lease called emphytheusis. Emphytheusis was understood as a real, complete, alienable and hereditary right to own and use someone else's land and its fruits for rent with the obligation to cultivate and not deteriorate it. N. Ilkiv considers the history of the emergence of emphyteussis as a special form of hereditary lease, starting from the time of Ancient Rome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract - The transcription of Eugen Huber’s notes on Karl Georg Bruns’ ‘Pandekten’ course held in 1870 in Berlin constitutes a meritorious work that makes a previously unpublished source available: it is an important testimony not only of the romanistic training of Huber, the father of the Swiss Civil Code, but also of the teaching role of Bruns, from whose lectures emerges the awareness of Roman law as a common basis for European legal culture.

Abstract - Some texts by Alfenus Varo and Titius Aristo speak of an actio negatoria granted in cases where the servitude relationship appears difficult to configure: since the formula ‘ius non esse ’ is also used by Alfenus in place of reivindicatio, it appears extremely likely are not hypotheses of edictal actions but of formulas dating back to the procedure of the agere per sponsionem.

Abstract - The paper deals with aequitas and its relationship to ius from the perspective of the declaimers of Seneca the father’s anthology of controversiae, a scholastic practice in many ways connected to the world of jurists, which also teaches to apply rhetorical status theory, in turn of great importance for the development of jurisprudence. In them, aequitas, which appears in the divisio between quaestiones iuris and quaestiones aequitatis or tractationes, adapts the ius, general and abstract, produced by the lex to the individual concrete case without opposing it.

Abstract - From 23 to 25 June 2022, the eighth edition of the ‘Laboratorio Romanistico Gardesano’, organised by the Universities of Milan, Rome 'Sapienza', Trento and Verona, was held in Gargnano (BS). The first part of the event was dedicated to the ‘Moot court competition’, a competitive trial simulation in Roman law aimed at first-year law students. In the second part, the doctoral seminar took place in which many young scholars had the opportunity to present and discuss their research results with a specialist audience.

Abstract - In ancient Rome, the phenomenon of infants fed by hired nurses could be dated back as early as the late republic. The practice became even more widespread during the imperial age, owing to the updating social customs and the medical culture of that time. Although it is widely believed in the literature that the age of the Antonines there was an attempt to curb this tendency, by reverting back to encouraging mothers to assume the role of feeding the infants, there is no specific legislative intervention to attest. However, my research points out that the testimony of Gellius, who reports on Favorinus, a strenuous defender of traditional maternal care for infants, and some other sources from the 2nd century seem to give actual confirmation of the great topicality of this subject at that historical moment.

Abstract - The theme of the lex Voconia is illustrated by the author in an innovative way with respect to the previous bibliography on the subject, focusing on the rationale of the lex of wanting to affect the juridical-social position of women. It is illustrated how the provision was often evaded – also through recourse to historical sources – and how, despite the validity of the law, there were Roman marriages in possession of large assets. The problem of female succession thus presents itself as a starting point for reflection on the juridical status of women.

Abstract - It is known that the hostile attitude of Marcus Aurelius towards Christianity has even an autograph attestation in a famous fragment of Marc. Aur. Τὰ εἰς ἑαυτόν 11.3, based on this testimony the princeps philosophus, on the one hand reproached the Christians for their lack of reasonableness, on the other the obstinate theatricality with which they faced martyrdom. At the end of an analysis aimed at retracing the testimonies of the acts of the Martyrs, apologists and historians and writers, it was decided to 'drop' the individual episodes attributable to the twenty years of the Aurelian principality in the broader context of administrative and legislative reforms of the princeps . What emerged was the absence of an ad hoc regulatory provision and more generally a hostile attitude of administrators and officials, which also reflected a hostility of the ‘intellighenzia’ of the time. In essence, more elements, local – such as the gladiator shows – and global, such as the plague and religious and normative conservatism, as well as the administrative reorganization, contributed, perhaps beyond an ill-concealed antipathy of the princeps, conservative both in the legislative and in the religious one, to create unfavorable conditions for Christians, during the Aurelian age.

Abstract - The interpretatio Gai Institutionum Augustodunensis is – despite the large lacunae in the manuscript that made it known in 1897 – an exceptionally important document. This scholastic commentary – written at the end of the 4th or on the threshold of the 5th century A.D. – allows us to perceive how the law of the age of the principate still represented the centre of gravity of scholastic education in Late Antiquity. What we hear again, in the Interpretatio of Autun, is precisely the vox magistra celebrated by Justinian in the constitutio Omnem 1. This writing was probably composed in the Galliae, perhaps within the Menianae scholae of Autun.

Abstract - The work examines the involvement in entrepreneurial activity, especially maritime, of alieni iuris and females. In the context of the broad theme relating to the relationships between man, land and sea (on which some preliminary reflections are carried out), the various roles relating to the administration of the ship (exercitor and magister navis) and the possibility of their entrustment to people other than pater familias are briefly reconstructed. A comparison follows between the text contained in D. 14.1.1.16, relating to the actio exercitoria, and the analogous affirmation reported in D. 14.3.7.1 on the actio institoria, from which the irrelevance results of sex and of subjection to potestas, on one side of the exercitor, on the other of the institor. In the light of these sources, the intermediation of filii familias, slaves, women sui iuris and in power, as well as subjects of minor age, is taken into consideration, with a distinction between impuberes and adulescentes.

Abstract - This report retraces the central passages of the conference Classical Jurists of Jewish Origin in German Legal Science in the Nineteenth and First Half of the Twentieth Century, organized by Fulvio Cortese and Luca Nogler of the University of Trent, two days of work in which the figure of Hugo Sinzheimer (1875-1945) and the jurists presented in the work, Jüdische Klassiker der Deutschen Rechtswissenschaft of 1938, were discussed. Scholars of public law, Roman law, labor law, as well as philosophy of law, morality and politics were confronted with the personalities and works of a selection of the jurists included in Sinzheimer's work.

Abstract - Starting from the 1950s, the reaction to the interpolation critique, on the one hand, allowed the abandonment of an extremism that had led to excesses and apriorisms, and on the other, led to an anti-interpolationist extremism and to a consequent superficiality in the study of the sources, approached in a sectorial and uncritical manner, rejecting any possibility of their alteration. Illustrative of such illogical genuinism are the attempts to save two texts, namely D. 8.5.10. pr.-1 and D. 39.3.1.23, which, despite appearing to raise insurmountable problems both as regards the terminology and therefore the conceptualisations used by them, and especially the legal regulation of iura in re aliena implied by them, are considered classical. Urgent then is the need to revise this tendency, aspiring to a «critical neo-interpolationism», centred on the historical study of the text and on the identification of its possible various drafts - focusing on the specific reasons that led the late antique jurist or the Justinian commissioner to that specific type of intervention on the classical text - with the consequent return of the sources to their intrinsic diachrony.

Abstract - The article aims to illustrate the topic of Consultatio veteris cuiusdam iurisconsulti based on the latest studies, briefly considering its various aspects (bibliography, discovery of the manuscript, its edition, formal and content aspects, nature of the work). The approach is particularly problematic, aimed at pointing out the doubts and perplexities that persist and require new solutions or hypotheses. In particular, the emphasis is placed on the possibility of a more concrete use for the particular study of the sources that appear in it (individual norms of the Gregorian, the Hermogenian, the Theodosian, the Pauli Sententiae) and their development in the Late Antiquity centuries, thanks to the specific comparison with the tradition in common use.

Abstract The contribution focuses on the publication of Diocletian’s edict on prices in Egypt. A scrap of papyrus, from Oxyrhynchus, PSI. XVII 1685 recto, preserves the initial part of a text that the editor Marco Stroppa has recognized as the draft of a publication edict of a strategos, datable between 293 and 305. The PSI. XVII 1685 recto’s review suggests it is the draft of the publication edict of Diocletian’s tariff: it would be an important testimony, which adds to the law’s publication in Phrygia, by Tiberius Fulvius Asticus. Precisely this edict of the praeses provinciae allows to integrate the surviving lines of PSI. XVII 1685 recto, and to reconstruct the entire text.

The institution of slavery was characteristic of all the civilizations from Mediterranean basin in ancient times. However, slavery had its widest application in the Roman state, for which it was of immense importance, since slaves were seen as the driving force of Roman social and economic system. Slaves (servus, puer) were treated as “speaking tools” (instrumentum vocale). The position of the individual in the Roman state was regulated in detail, and there were three special positions: status civitatis (Roman citizen or foreigner), status familiae (elder of the family or its member under the rule of pater familias) and status libertatis (slave or free man). Slaves had a special legal status in Roman law at the time. Unlike animals and things over which power was referred to as domicium, this was about power over man, so the term domicia potestas was used. In the initial stages of the development of state and the law, they were viewed exclusively as property, without any personal, property or other rights. Thus the puer could not be a party to the proceedings, and his union with the slave girl was treated as a de facto union (contubernium), not as a valid marriage. He could only improve the position of his master, and if the servus would cause some damage to a third party, the master was not obliged to eliminate it, but according to Aquilius law of damage from 287 AD there was a possibility of handing over the slave to the injured party according to the principles of noxal liability. An individual could find himself in the status of a slave in three ways: by falling into captivity in war, by being born to a slave mother (vernae) or by losing his freedom as a form of sanction. In addition to private and royal, there were also so-called public slaves (servi publici). Their owner was not a private person, but a wider social community, and power over them was officially exercised by the Roman people (populus Romanus), civilian authorities in municipalities or colonies in Italy and its provinces. Servi publici were most often employed by magistrates or priests, and they also worked as guardians of various Roman buildings: basilicas, temples, archives and libraries. Roman law also knew of other forms of subordination that were not a form of slavery but states similar to it. The first aspect referred to persons in mancipio who were handed over by the pater famillias through mancipation to another elder as labor or to avoid tortious liability. The second case concerned addictus. Under the old civil law (ius civile) the addictus was a debtor in a certain obligatory relationship where, in case of non-payment of his obligation, he would be assigned to the creditor. The creditor had to keep him in the so-called creditor’s imprisonment for 60 days, until a guarantor appeared or the debt was repaid. If this did not happen, the debtor could be killed or sold as a slave. Persons redeemed from captivity (redempti ab hostibus) could be held captive by the redeemer until the ransom is paid either in money or by the work of the redeemed person. During the period of the empire, the duration of captivity of this kind could last for a maximum of 5 years. Gai Institutiones also classified auctoratus in these states. These included men, women and minor children who undertook to work for a person for a certain period of time (iudicati). Liberation from slavery was done through a special legal procedure (manumissio). In the early epochs of the ius civile, it was of an extremely formal nature, and with later praetorian activity this formalism was abandoned and replaced by new, more efficient legal means.

Purpose: The main purpose of the article is to establish whether the ancient Romans used double-entry bookkeeping. The secondary aim is to present a wide range of accounting vocabulary used by the Romans, which was later used by Venetian merchants and Luca Pacioli in the 1494 treatise on double-entry bookkeeping and which is still in use today.Methodology/approach: The paper uses a deductive inference method based on an anal-ysis of the economic, legal, and historiographical literature on the accounting vocabulary used in the state and private finances of the Romans. Findings: Although the terminology presented in the article suggests that the Romans had a highly developed accounting system using the principle of double entry, this was not the case. No material evidence of this has been found in accounting documents, such as single accounting records, repeated counter entries or balance sheets. Historians of ac-counting and banking rely on the analysis of secondary historical sources, such as legal literature that documents the course of trials in which account books were the main evidence. One trial that was fully described in the literature was between the partners Fannius and Roscius, in which Cicero was the defender of Roscius. The article demonstrates that Ciceroʼs defense speech does not prove the existence of double-accounting in Rome. Reflecting on the reasons for the absence of double-entry bookkeeping, the author pre-sents de Ste. Croix's arguments, the most important of which was the Roman numerical notation system (I, V, X, L, C, M) did not ’force’ bookkeeping entries into columns. This was only done by the Arabic numeral notation system, which quickly translated into the opposite double notation.Research limitations: The lack of surviving documents and a need to rely on legal litera-ture.Originality/value: The article proves that the double notation – the debit/credit convention – cannot be ascribed to ancient Rome. However, the article informs the reader about the richness of the accounting and financial terminology of Rome at the turn of the era.

The article considers Dinner by V. S. Filimonov (1837) as a literary and gastronomic poem. The dishes mentioned by the poet are not only of practical use, they are incorporated into the system of literary relationships, and become a source of intertextual connections and allusions. V. S. Filimonov’s characters taste not only and not so much the dishes and drinks served; they rather taste life itself: over dinner they satisfy their hunger of long-expected meetings with true friends, have polemic conversations, relish literary novelties. The research focuses on the food culture of Ancient Rome. The poem Dinner follows the forming system of images of the Russian Italiana of the 1840s, but its thematic peculiarity allows S. V. Filimonov to show the power, the eternity of Rome from another point of view – the everyday one. Five categories, recreating the picture of the gastronomic life of the great empire, have been singled out: popular phrases and Latin expressions; culinary dishes; names and events; elements of everyday life and customs; quotes from the works of Roman authors. The object of research in this article is the first category: popular phrases and Latin expressions. A transformation of the expressions “edimus ut vivamus”, “non vivimus ut edamus”, “sub rosā”, “in vino veritas” can be traced. A probable source of the Latin expression “nubes exculenta“ for V. S. Filimonov is assumed to be the treatise of a French political leader J. A. Brillat-Savarin. By studying the culinary encyclopedia, dictionaries and cookbooks of the 18–21st centuries, an attempt is made to identify the dishes included in the notion of “nubes exculenta“ (edible clouds). The poem Dinner is compared to the original texts of the Roman authors – Natural History by Pliny the Elder, On Nature, On the Blessed Life by Seneca. The Latin sources have been translated by the author of the article.