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Key points: It has been suggested that leucine is primarily responsible for the increase in muscle protein synthesis after protein ingestion because leucine uniquely activates the mTOR‐p70S6K signalling cascade. We compared the effects of ingesting protein or an amount of leucine equal to that in the protein during a hyperinsulinaemic‐euglycaemic clamp (to eliminate potential confounding as a result of differences in the insulinogenic effect of protein and leucine ingestion) on muscle anabolic signalling and protein turnover in 28 women. We found that protein, but not leucine, ingestion increased muscle p‐mTORSer2448 and p‐p70S6KThr389, although only protein, and not leucine, ingestion decreased muscle p‐eIF2αSer51 and increased muscle protein synthesis. Abstract: It has been suggested that leucine is primarily responsible for the increase in muscle protein synthesis (MPS) after protein ingestion because leucine uniquely activates the mTOR‐p70S6K signalling cascade. We tested this hypothesis by measuring muscle p‐mTORSer2448, p‐p70S6KThr389 and p‐eIF2αSer51, as well as protein turnover (by stable isotope labelled amino acid tracer infusion in conjunction with leg arteriovenous blood and muscle tissue sampling), in 28 women who consumed either 0.45 g protein kg−1 fat‐free mass (containing 0.0513 g leucine kg−1 fat‐free mass) or a control drink (n = 14) or 0.0513 g leucine kg−1 fat‐free mass or a control drink (n = 14) during a hyperinsulinaemic‐euglycaemic clamp procedure (HECP). Compared to basal conditions, the HECP alone (without protein or leucine ingestion) suppressed muscle protein breakdown by ∼20% and increased p‐mTORSer2448 and p‐p70S6KThr389 by >50% (all P < 0.05) but had no effect on p‐eIF2αSer51 and MPS. Both protein and leucine ingestion further increased p‐mTORSer2448 and p‐p70S6KThr389, although only protein, and not leucine, ingestion decreased (by ∼35%) p‐eIF2αSer51 and increased (by ∼100%) MPS (all P < 0.05). Accordingly, leg net protein balance changed from negative (loss) during basal conditions to equilibrium during the HECP alone and the HECP with concomitant leucine ingestion and to positive (gain) during the HECP with concomitant protein ingestion. These results provide new insights into the regulation of MPS by demonstrating that leucine and mTOR signalling alone are not responsible for the muscle anabolic effect of protein ingestion during physiological hyperinsulinaemia, most probably because they fail to signal to eIF2α to initiate translation and/or additional amino acids are needed to sustain translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The phosphorylation of p70S6 Kinase (p70S6K) is an important step in the initiation of protein translation. p70S6K phosphorylation is enhanced with graded intakes of whey protein after resistance exercise. Soy protein ingestion results in lower muscle protein synthesis after exercise compared with whey; however, the underlying mechanisms responsible for this difference have not been reported. Findings: 13 older men (60–75) completed an acute bout of lower body resistance exercise and ingested 30 g of soy protein or carbohydrate. Muscle biopsies were obtained in the rested and fasted state and 2 and 4 hours post exercise. Phosphorylation status of p70S6K was measured with western blot. Results were compared with previously reported data from the ingestion of 30 g of whey protein or placebo. p70S6K phosphorylation was increased 2, but not 4 hours post exercise with soy protein ingestion. p70S6K phosphorylation was not increased post exercise with carbohydrate ingestion. Conclusions: Ingesting 30 g of either whey or soy protein resulted in equivalent p70S6K phosphorylation at 2 hours post exercise, however, unlike whey, soy protein failed to promote prolonged phosphorylation of p70S6K to 4 hours post-exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate hypertrophic signalling after a single bout of low-load resistance exercise with and without blood flow restriction (BFR). Methods: Seven subjects performed unilateral knee extensions at 30 % of their one repetition maximum. The subjects performed five sets to failure with BFR on one leg, and then repeated the same amount of work with the other leg without BFR. Biopsies were obtained from m. vastus lateralis before and 1, 24 and 48 h after exercise. Results: At 1-h post-exercise, phosphorylation of p70S6K Thr389 and p38MAPK Thr180/Tyr182 was elevated in the BFR leg, but not in the free-flow leg. Phospho-p70S6K Thr389 was elevated three- to fourfold in both legs at 24-h post-exercise, but back to baseline at 48 h. The number of visible satellite cells (SCs) per muscle fibre was increased for all post-exercise time points and in both legs (33–53 %). The proportion of SCs with cytoplasmic extensions was elevated at 1-h post in the BFR leg and the number of SCs positive for myogenin and/or MyoD was increased at 1- and 24-h post-exercise for both legs combined. Conclusion: Acute low-load resistance exercise with BFR resulted in early (1 h) and late (24 h) enhancement of phospho-p70S6K Thr389, an early response of p38MAPK, and an increased number of SCs per muscle fibre. Enhanced phospho-p70S6K Thr389 at 24-h post-exercise and increases in SC numbers were seen also in the free-flow leg. Implications of these findings for the hypertrophic effects of fatiguing low-load resistance exercise with and without BFR are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential amino acids (EAA) activate anabolic signalling through mechanisms, which are unclear in detail but include increased signalling through the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Of all the EAA, the branched chain amino acid (BCAA) leucine has been suggested as the most potent in stimulating protein synthesis, although there have been no studies investigating the effects of each EAA on anabolic signalling pathways. We therefore undertook a systematic analysis of the effect of each EAA on mTORC1 signalling in C2C12 myotubes whereby cells were serum (4 h) and amino acid (1 h) starved before stimulation with 2 mM of each amino acid. Immunoblotting was used to detect phosphorylated forms of protein kinase B (Akt)/mTORC1 signalling enzymes. The phosphorylation of Akt was unchanged by incubation with EAA. Phosphorylation of mTOR and 4E binding protein-1 (4EBP1) were increased 1.67 ± 0.1-fold and 2.5 ± 0.1-fold, respectively, in response to leucine stimulation but not in response to any other EAA. The phosphorylation of ribosomal s6 kinase (p70S6K1) was increased by stimulation with all EAA with the exceptions of isoleucine and valine. However, the increase with leucine was significantly greater, 5.9 ± 0.3-fold compared to 1.6–2.0-fold for the non-BCAA EAA. This pattern of activation was identical in ribosomal protein s6 (RPS6) with the additional effect of leucine being 3.8 ± 0.3-fold versus 1.5–2.0-fold. Phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation/elongation factors eIF2α and eEF2 were unaffected by EAA. We conclude that leucine is unique amongst the amino acids in its capacity to stimulate both mTOR and 4EBP1 phosphorylation and to enhance p70S6K1 signalling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex-1 (mTORC-1) is a key nutrient and contraction-sensitive protein that regulates a pathway leading to skeletal muscle growth. Utilizing a multiplex assay, we aimed to examine the phosphorylation status of key mTORC-1-related signalling molecules in response to protein feeding and resistance exercise. Eight healthy men (age, 22.5 ± 3.1 years; mass, 80 ± 9 kg; 1-repetition maximum leg extension, 87 ± 5 kg) performed 4 sets of unilateral leg extensions until volitional failure. Immediately following the final set, all participants consumed a protein-enriched beverage. A single skeletal muscle biopsy was obtained from the vastus lateralis before (Pre) with further bilateral biopsies at 1 h (1 h exercised legs (FEDEX) and 1 h nonexercised legs (FED)) and 3 h (3 h FEDEX and 3 h FED) after drink ingestion. Phosphorylated Akt Ser473 was significantly elevated from Pre at 1 h FEDEX. Phosphorylated p70S6K1 Thr412 was significantly increased above Pre at 1 h FEDEX and 1 h FED and was still significantly elevated at 3 h FEDEX but not 3 h FED. Phosphorylated rpS6 Ser235/236 was also significantly increased above Pre at 1 h FEDEX and 1 h FED with 1 h FEDEX greater than 1 h FED. Our data highlight the utility of a multiplex assay to assess anabolic signalling molecules in response to protein feeding and resistance exercise in humans. Importantly, these changes are comparable with those as previously reported using standard immunoblotting and protein activity assays.