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Aminoglikozidni antibiotik gentamicin sulfat v okolju predstavlja vedno večji problem, saj ga je nemogoče v celoti odstraniti iz odpadnih vod. Gentamicin sulfat je najbolj uporabljen antibiotik v skupini aminoglikozidnih antibiotikov in se uporablja za zdravljenje gram-negativnih okužb, izoliran pa je iz bakterije Micromonospora purpurea. Napredni oksidacijski procesi so najučinkovitejše nove metode, ki se uporabljajo za čiščenje in dezinfekcijo odpadnih vod, predvsem farmacevtskih ter za čiščenje biološko strupenih ali nerazgradljivih snovi. Osredotočili smo se na ozonacijo, saj velja za eno najuspešnejših metod čiščenja. V diplomski nalogi smo pod izbranimi pogoji ozonirali raztopino GS in učinkovitost procesa spremljali z določanjem kemijske potrebe po kisiku in koncentracije celotnega organskega ogljika. The aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin sulfate is an increasing problem in the environment, as it is impossible to completely remove it in wastewater. Gentamicin sulfate is the best antibiotic in the group of aminoglycoside antibiotics and is used to treat gram-negative infection and it’s isolated from bacteria Micromonospora purpurea. Advanced oxidation processes are the most effective new methods used for treatment and disinfection of wastewater, especially pharmaceuticals and for cleaning biologically toxic or non-degradable materials. We focused on ozonation, as it is considered one of the most successful treatment methods. In a degree thesis, we ozonated the GS solution under selected conditions and monitored the effectiveness of the process by determining chemical oxygen demand and concentration of total organic carbon.

Aminoglikozidni (AG) antibiotiki so antibiotiki širokega spektra, zgrajeni iz derivatov ciklitola ter modificiranih sladkorjev. Uporabni so za zdravljenje okužb s po Gramu negativnimi bakterijami. Prav tako AG antibiotiki predstavljajo potencial za zdravljenje genskih bolezni. Problemi njihove uporabe pa so nefrotoksičnost, ototoksičnost ter bakterijska odpornost. Zaradi tega se jih redko uporablja v klinični praksi. AG antibiotiki se vežejo na 16S rRNA in povzročijo napačno branje mRNA in inhibicijo translokacije. Izjema glede na mehanizem delovanja ter zgradbo je apramicin. Zadnje raziskave so pokazale, da je apramicin manj ototoksičen v primerjavi z ostalimi AG antibiotiki. Zaradi pojava odpornosti na AG antibiotike ter nižje učinkovitosti proti mikrobom iz skupine ESKAPE ponovno raste interes za razvoj AG antibiotikov nove generacije. V tem diplomskem delu smo naredili pregled razvoja AG antibiotikov, njihove biosinteze, s poudarkom na streptomicinu, gentamicinu ter apramicinu, mehanizma delovanja ter bakterijske odpornosti na AG antibiotike. Prav tako smo predstavili novosti v razvoju klinično uporabnih AG antibiotikov. Aminoglycoside (AG) antibiotics are potent broad-spectrum antibiotics, made up of cyclitol derivatives and modified sugars. They are used to treat infections with Gram-negative bacteria. AG antibiotics also have potential to be used for the treatment of genetic diseases. However, the problems with their usage are nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity and bacterial resistance. For that reason, they are rarely used in clinic. AG antibiotics bind to 16S rRNA and cause mRNA misreading and inhibition of translocation. When considering mode of action and structure, apramycin differs when compared to other AG antibiotics. Recent studies also revealed that apramycin has lower ototoxic activity compared to other AG antibiotics. Due to the increasing occurrence of resistance to AGs and thus reduced effectiveness against pathogens from the ESKAPE panel there is rising interest in the development of novel AG antibiotics. In this diploma work, we have reviwed development of AG antibiotics, their biosynthesis, with particular emphasis on streptomycin, gentamycin and apramycin. We have also presented mechanism of action and resistance to AG antibiotics and recent advancement in the development of clinically useful aminoglycoside antibiotics.