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There are numerous types of orbital tumors, among which orbital ameloblastoma is a rare metastatic benign tumor that often originates in the jaw and later metastasizes to the orbit. The mystery of it lies in that, although it is classified as a benign tumor, it exhibits high recurrence and malignant potential with high invasiveness, posing a serious threat to ocular health and the quality of life of patients. The prognosis of orbital ameloblastoma is relatively poor, but there is still hope. With aggressive treatment and close follow-up observation, patients may still have the possibility of achieving a longer survival period and a better quality of life. The global incidence of ameloblastoma is 0.92 cases per million people per year. According to world literature reports, there are 32 cases of maxillary bone metastasis to the orbit and 4 cases of mandibular bone metastasis to the orbit. With more and more cases and related research being reported, it is necessary to comprehensively review the etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of orbital ameloblastoma, in order to enhance ophthalmologists' understanding and diagnostic and treatment skills of this disease, and ultimately improve patients' prognosis and quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ameloblastoma is a rare tumor arising from odontogenic cells that is benign, yet locally aggressive. Metastasizing ameloblastoma (METAM) is an ultra-rare ameloblastoma variant in which both primary and secondary tumors have histological features of benign ameloblastoma. This is a case report of a patient who presented with a jaw mass and subsequent lung metastases, later diagnosed as METAM. Initial treatments, including carboplatin, etoposide, and taxane-based chemotherapy, were ineffective. Molecular profiling revealed mutations including PIK3CA H1047R and BRAF V600E. The patient was enrolled in a tumor-agnostic trial and began treatment with copanlisib, a PI3K inhibitor, which resulted in a partial response and durable disease regression. After 76 cycles, she continues to tolerate therapy well with minimal adverse events. This case highlights the potential of targeted therapies such as copanlisib for treating METAM, providing a promising therapeutic option for patients with PIK3CA mutations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to investigate the potential roles of sex-determining region Y-related high mobility group-box 2 (Sox2) and Krüppel-like factor 4 (Klf4), two stem cell-related molecules, in odontogenic tissues. Immunohistochemical reactivity to Sox2 and Klf4 was examined in 10 dental follicle and 54 ameloblastoma specimens. The association between these molecules and clinical variables was analyzed in ameloblastoma cases. Dental follicles showed immunoreactivity to Sox2 and Klf4 predominantly in the dental lamina. In ameloblastomas, Sox2 and Klf4 expression was detected in 48 of the 54 cases, and was predominantly localized in neoplastic cells adjacent to the basement membrane. Sox2 showed substantially higher expression in dental follicles than in ameloblastomas. Granular cell ameloblastomas presented lower levels of Sox2 and Klf4 than acanthomatous ameloblastomas. Moreover, immunoreactivity of ameloblastomas to Sox2 and Klf4 was slightly higher in recurrent cases than in non-recurrent cases. The differential expression patterns of Sox2 and Klf4 in dental follicles and ameloblastomas indicate that these transcription factors may be involved in the regulation of odontogenic tissues. As these transcription factors are associated with cell proliferation and differentiation in the odontogenic epithelium, they may contribute to tumorigenesis or disease prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Methods Results Conclusion To meet their high energy needs, tumor cells undergo aberrant metabolic reprogramming. A tumor cell may expertly modify its metabolic pathways and the differential expression of the genes for metabolic enzymes. The physiological requirements of the host tissue and the tumor cell of origin mostly dictate metabolic adaptation. Ameloblastoma (AB) is a benign odontogenic tumor of epithelial origin. Due to its unrestricted growth potential, local aggressiveness, and high likelihood of recurrence, this condition poses a significant risk to the patient's health. This study aimed to characterize the metabolic heterogeneity at single‐cell resolution of AB.Single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) was performed on 17,284 cells from three AB donors. Bioinformatic analysis was used to examine differentially expressed genes, subtypes, and regulatory mechanisms when combined with odontogenic keratocyst scRNA‐seq data. Based on metabolic pathway gene sets, the metabolic landscape of AB tumor cells was examined.Using scRNA‐seq, we discovered that AB tumor cells had substantial heterogeneity. The biggest contributor to tumor cell metabolic characteristics is determined to be variation in mitochondrial programming and glycolysis. Surprisingly, hypoxia corresponds with both oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis activity in AB tumor cells at the single‐cell level.This study presents a computational framework for defining metabolism using single‐cell expression data and identifies oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis as critical components of metabolism for AB tumor cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Current standard of care for ameloblastoma (conventional/unicystic - mural type) usually mandates extensive bone resection that frequently necessitates immediate reconstruction with serious sequelae, especially among young patients. BRAF-mutated ameloblastomas can be targeted by BRAF inhibitors to markedly reduce their size, enabling conservative removal of residual tumor. We aimed to characterize the effect of post-treatment histomorphologic changes. Methods: Study included 14 patients, 11 mandibular and three maxillary tumors. Cases with very minimal residual tumor were defined as near-complete response, while those with mostly vital residual tumor as partial response. The epithelium component was scored for architectural and cellular changes, stroma - for fibrosis, inflammation and new bone formation, on a 3-tired score system: 0–no, 1–focal and 3–frequent changes. The mean scores of each parameter, total epithelium and total stroma were calculated and related to duration of treatment. Differences in the mean scores were investigated for mandibular tumors with near-complete response (n = 3) and partial response (n = 8). Results: There were no significant differences in mean epithelium or stroma scores between tumors with near-complete and those with partial response (2.22 ± 0.68 versus 2.08 ± 0.43, p = 0.55; 1.41 ± 1.04 versus 1.43 ± 0.44, p = 0.27), suggesting that ameloblastomas have potential to undergo complete response to targeted treatment. This is probably dependent upon tumor/patient/treatment-related factors. Response to treatment appears to be predictable with neoplastic epithelium being first, while the stromal response increases during treatment, the entire process expanding over weeks-to-months. Conclusion: Albeit preliminary, these are the first comprehensive histomorphologic findings on BRAF-treated ameloblastomas. Analyzing the suggested parameters in tumors with partial response, should highlight which tumor component has responded/failed to respond. This could serve as a basis for decision-taking toward subsequent steps in adjuvant treatment (e.g., follow-up, conservative surgery, modifications/changes in treatment regimen, combinations of approaches), with a prime aim of jaw preservation and minimal risk of sequelae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case report contributes to understanding the complexities of ameloblastoma recurrence despite meeting recommended guidelines and highlights the importance of long‐term follow‐up and tailored surgical approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ameloblastoma, One of the most Common and Frequently Encountered Odontogenic Epithelial Derived Tumours of the oral Cavity, are Reported to be Represented by Variable Number of Clinical, Radiological and Histological Types. Also, this Lesion has been Observed to be most Aggressive and has a Tendency to Recur in most Circumstances. The Histological Variants of Solid type of Ameloblastoma have also been Observed to Occur either in Isolation or in Combination with One or the Other Lesions. Hence, this case Report is One of those Combined Lesions Presenting with Little Clinical Presentation, but Histopathologically was Diagnosed to be Plexiform Ameloblastoma with Acanthomatous Changes. These Types of Lesions have been Scarcely Reported in Literature and should be Reported with Regular follow-up so as to not only Improve the Diagnostic Criteria, but also to Improve Surgical Outcomes, Making the Patients Prone to less Morbid Outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glandular odontogenic cysts(GOC) are among the rarest odontogenic cysts defined by the presence of glandular epithelium in the epithelial lining posing some diagnostic difficulties. GOC associated with ameloblastoma is extremely rare with only 5 cases reported. This report deals with this rare occurrence of GOC along with unicystic ameloblastoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adenoid ameloblastoma (AA) was recently recognised as a separate tumour type in the most recent World Health Organisation (WHO) classification of head and neck tumours. This decision has been considered controversial by several groups, who have described AA as a subtype of ameloblastoma, a hybrid odontogenic tumour or to fall within the spectrum of other recognised odontogenic tumours, including dentinogenic ghost cell tumour and adenomatoid odontogenic tumour. Here we review the reasons for the WHO decision to classify AA as a separate tumour type. We also critique molecular and histological findings from recent reports published since the WHO classification. While acknowledging that the classification of tumours is constantly evolving, the balance of current evidence suggests that AA should remain a distinct tumour type, and not a subtype of ameloblastoma, pending further molecular characterisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cherubism is a skeletal dysplasia limited to the maxilla and mandible, affecting children and adolescents. A 13-year-old male patient was referred to the Oxford University Hospitals Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, by his orthodontist, following an incidental finding of bilateral multilocular radiolucencies of the mandible. This led to multiple clinical, radiographic, histopathological, genetic and biochemical investigations involving various medical and dental specialities. The multidisciplinary approach led to the successful management of this patient. Even though cherubism is self-limiting, long-term radiographic and clinical surveillance is required. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Dentists should understand the clinico-radiographic presentation of cherubism and have an awareness of how the possible functional and aesthetic complications associated with the condition are managed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ameloblastoma, a common benign tumor found in the jaw bone, necessitates accurate localization and segmentation for effective diagnosis and treatment. However, the traditional manual segmentation method is plagued with inefficiencies and drawbacks. Hence, the implementation of an AI-based automatic segmentation approach is crucial to enhance clinical diagnosis and treatment procedures. Methods: We collected CT images from 79 patients diagnosed with ameloblastoma and employed a deep learning neural network model for training and testing purposes. Specifically, we utilized the Mask R-CNN neural network structure and implemented image preprocessing and enhancement techniques. During the testing phase, cross-validation methods were employed for evaluation, and the experimental results were verified using an external validation set. Finally, we obtained an additional dataset comprising 200 CT images of ameloblastoma from a different dental center to evaluate the model's generalization performance. Results: During extensive testing and evaluation, our model successfully demonstrated the capability to automatically segment ameloblastoma. The DICE index achieved an impressive value of 0.874. Moreover, when the IoU threshold ranged from 0.5 to 0.95, the model's AP was 0.741. For a specific IoU threshold of 0.5, the model achieved an AP of 0.914, and for another IoU threshold of 0.75, the AP was 0.826. Our validation using external data confirms the model's strong generalization performance. Conclusion: In this study, we successfully applied a neural network model based on deep learning that effectively performs automatic segmentation of ameloblastoma. The proposed method offers notable advantages in terms of efficiency, accuracy, and speed, rendering it a promising tool for clinical diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This research aimed to investigate the relative frequency of odontogenic tumours (OT) and selected odontogenic cysts in a single oral pathology center in New Zealand from 2008 to 2023. Methods: Histopathological records from the Oral Pathology Centre, University of Otago (2008–2023) were examined to identify OT. Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) and calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC), previously classified as OT were also included. Patient demographics, clinical details and histopathologic diagnoses were recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: Of the 34,225 biopsies over the 15-year period, 1.8% were identified as OTs, COC and OKCs and accounted for 47%, 1.5% and 51.5% respectively. The most prevalent OT types were odontoma (43.7%), ameloblastoma (27%) and cemento-ossifying fibroma (7.5%). Malignant OT, ameloblastic carcinoma, constituted 1.4% of OT. The average age at diagnosis for OKC, COC and OT patients were 48.2 ± 20.9, 33.7 ± 23.3 and 28.9 ± 19.3 years. Overall, male and mandibular site predilections were observed. Recurrence of OKC and ameloblastoma occurred in 15.2% and 13.7% of patients. The time for recurrence for OKC and Ameloblastoma were 61.7 ± 56.5 months and 122 ± 152 months respectively. Conclusion: The demographic features and range of OT, COC and OKC in New Zealand align with those of other western countries. The study also confirms need for long term follow up for patient with OKC and ameloblastoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This research aimed to investigate the concordance between clinical impressions and histopathologic diagnoses made by clinicians and artificial intelligence tools for odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) and Odontogenic tumours (OT) in a New Zealand population from 2008 to 2023. Methods: Histopathological records from the Oral Pathology Centre, University of Otago (2008–2023) were examined to identify OKCs and OT. Specimen referral details, histopathologic reports, and clinician differential diagnoses, as well as those provided by ORAD and Chat-GPT4, were documented. Data were analyzed using SPSS, and concordance between provisional and histopathologic diagnoses was ascertained. Results: Of the 34,225 biopsies, 302 and 321 samples were identified as OTs and OKCs. Concordance rates were 43.2% for clinicians, 45.6% for ORAD, and 41.4% for Chat-GPT4. Corresponding Kappa value against histological diagnosis were 0.23, 0.13 and 0.14. Surgeons achieved a higher concordance rate (47.7%) compared to non-surgeons (29.82%). Odds ratio of having concordant diagnosis using Chat-GPT4 and ORAD were between 1.4 and 2.8 (p < 0.05). ROC-AUC and PR-AUC were similar between the groups (Clinician 0.62/0.42, ORAD 0.58/0.28, Char-GPT4 0.63/0.37) for ameloblastoma and for OKC (Clinician 0.64/0.78, ORAD 0.66/0.77, Char-GPT4 0.60/0.71). Conclusion: Clinicians with surgical training achieved higher concordance rate when it comes to OT and OKC. Chat-GPT4 and Bayesian approach (ORAD) have shown potential in enhancing diagnostic capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to explore the regulatory mechanisms of Wnt signaling in the invasion and recurrence of ameloblastoma (AM) to provide a new theoretical basis for its treatment. Methods: Bulk RNA sequencing was employed to analyze samples from AM patients, and identify differentially expressed genes. Subsequently, bioinformatics methods such as Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), DESeq2, and KEGG enrichment analysis were utilized to construct gene co-expression networks and identify pathways associated with invasion and recurrence. Furthermore, in vitro experiments, including Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), Wound healing assays, Western blotting, and qPCR were conducted to validate the effects of Wnt signaling on AM biological functions and the expression of related genes and proteins. Results: Bioinformatics analysis revealed significant activation of the Wnt signaling pathway during AM invasion and recurrence, and differential gene analysis identified specific gene expression patterns associated with the Wnt signaling pathway. In vitro experiments further demonstrated that the standard Wnt/β-catenin pathway activator, Laduviglusib significantly activated Wnt signaling, leading to a marked increase in the mRNA and protein expression levels of TCF7, β-catenin, WNT2B, and LEF1, thereby enhancing the proliferation and migration capabilities of AM cells. Conclusion: This study reveals the critical role of aberrant Wnt signaling activation in AM proliferation and migration, identifying it as a key driver of AM invasion and recurrence. The findings provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying AM invasion and recurrence, laying the foundation for developing novel therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peripheral ameloblastoma (PA) is a rare benign tumor that can occur mostly in the mandibular gingiva of the premolar area, originating from the residual odontogenic epithelium. The patient is usually asymptomatic and the lesion can be an occasional finding during routine intraoral examination. Due to the lack of clinical and radiographic pathognomonic features, the diagnosis is based on histopathological analysis, associated with 3D computed tomography (CT) imaging. Here, we report the case of a middle-aged man showing an asymptomatic, sessile, normochromic papillomatous mass of the lingual alveolar mucosa, in correspondence of tooth 4.4, which was histologically diagnosed as peripheral ameloblastoma. After the complete excision of the lesion, there were no recurrence and no symptoms during the 3-year follow-up. The treatment of choice for PA is a conservative surgical excision, which usually results in a good prognosis, together with a long-term follow-up, necessary to intercept possible recurrence or, more rarely, malignant transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional ameloblastoma presents infiltrative behavior and its treatment ranges from enucleation combined with adjuvant therapies to marginal/segmental resection. The purpose of this study is to present a cohort of twenty-four patients with ameloblastoma treated in the same institution after marginal/segmental resection for the past 21 years. All cases had diagnosis confirmation by incisional biopsy. Patients with an unconfirmed diagnosis and missing follow-up information were excluded. Data were categorized into clinicopathological, surgical and recurrence aspects. Thirteen patients were females (54%). The mean age was 40.2 years. Mandible was the most affected site (91%). The mean length of the lesions was 4.10 cm (± 2.06) and the multilocular aspect was predominant (83%). Root resorption (37.5%), tooth displacement (45.8%) and cortical perforation (45.8%) were noticed. Histologically, most of the cases were follicular (n = 19,79%). Microscopic analysis showed positive margins in four cases. Patients were treated by marginal (n = 19) and segmental (n = 5) resections. Recurrence occurred in two cases (8.33%). Both primary and recurrent ameloblastomas were treated through marginal resections and no recurrence was observed during the past 9 and 5 years after the last intervention, respectively. The overall mean follow-up was 79.25 months and patients are still monitored over these years. Marginal/segmental resection of conventional ameloblastoma is associated with a low recurrence rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Head and neck cancers (HNCs) arise from anatomically adjacent sites and subsites, with varying etiological factors, diagnostic strategies, prognoses, and treatment approaches. While conventional squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common histology in the head and neck district, HNCs encompass a variety of rare histopathological entities, categorized into epithelial tumors such as salivary gland cancers, sinonasal tumors, neuroendocrine tumors, malignant odontogenic tumors, and SCC variants versus non-epithelial tumors including soft tissue sarcomas, mucosal melanomas, and hematological malignancies. Rare HNCs (R-HNCs) represent a diagnostic and clinical challenge, requiring histopathological expertise, the availability of peculiar molecular analysis, and the personalization of local and systemic treatments, all guided by a multidisciplinary tumor board. Here, we provide a comprehensive literature review on R-HNCs, emphasizing key histopathological and molecular characteristics that are crucial for guiding treatment decisions. An insight about the latest developments in systemic treatments is also reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amyloid-producing ameloblastomas (APAs) are a histological variant of ameloblastoma in which the neoplastic odontogenic epithelial cells are associated with the production of amyloid. This jaw-associated entity has been only rarely described in animals and purportedly does not exist in humans. This report is the first description of an APA in a primate. A 17-year-old, male, captive cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) had a slowly growing mass on the left rostral maxillary region that involved the bone. The mass was first seen in 2022 associated with the left maxillary canine tooth (203) and regrew after incomplete excision and extraction of the affected canine tooth. Additional excision was performed in 2024, at which time the mass was 3.8 cm in diameter, roughly spherical, tan and hard. Histologically, the mass was composed of packets, cords, anastomosing trabeculae and plexiform ribbons of odontogenic epithelial cells embedded in abundant fibrovascular stroma. Packets of epithelial cells surrounded an abundant, apical, congophilic amyloid matrix that was variably mineralized. Odontogenic epithelium was immunoreactive to cytokeratin AE1/AE3 and had no immunoreactivity for vimentin. These findings are diagnostic for APA. This is the first report of APA in any primate, human or non-human, raising the question of whether this entity can occur in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this article are to describe an unusual clinical and histopathologic presentation of an ameloblastoma affecting the right maxilla, maxillary sinus, and nasal cavity and to discuss the difficulty of establishing a clinical classification based on the most recent edition of Head and Neck Tumours in the WHO Classification of Tumours series (2022). A 74-year-old man presented with a 6 x 6-cm expansile, ulcerated mass on the right lateral palate. A clinical diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma was rendered. A biopsy was performed, and the specimen showed multiple histologic patterns of ameloblastoma Inconclusive of odontogenic or sinonasal origin. Cone beam computed tomographic Imaging demonstrated a well-defined unilocular mass In the right maxilla extending up to the nasal cavity. A surgical resection was performed and confirmed the diagnosis of maxillary ameloblastoma with extension Into the nasal cavity. This dilemma in delayed diagnosis led to a literature search for similar maxillary ameloblastoma cases with extension into vital structures. In 45 cases previously reported in the literature, the median age of patients with maxillary ameloblastoma was 50 years, and there was extensive Involvement of adjacent vital structures. The nasal cavity/sinonasal region (24/45), orbit/orbital floor (12/45), multiple fossae (5/45), and base of the skull (4/45) were the most common extensions of maxillary ameloblastoma. Fifteen patients had lesions with multiple extensions, and 1 patient showed lung metastasis. The most common histologic presentation was the follicular pattern, followed by the plexiform pattern or mixed follicular and plexiform patterns. Surgical interventions were performed on most patients, with the majority undergoing maxlllectomy. Differentiating primary sinonasal ameloblastoma from gnathic ameloblastoma with sinonasal extension is challenging, and this article discusses subtle radiographic criteria and symptoms that aid In the distinction of both types. The authors suggest that variants of maxillary ameloblastoma with extensive Involvement of the sinonasal region, orbit, or base of the skull be classified with a clinical diagnosis of maxillofacial ameloblastoma, regardless of the tumor origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides a summary of research studies on ameloblastoma, a benign odontogenic tumor that can cause bone destruction, paresthesia, and aesthetic deformity. The studies have explored the prevalence of the BRAF V600E mutation, which is frequently found in ameloblastomas and is associated with disordered cell growth. The mutation is present in various countries, with the highest incidence observed in the posterior region of the mandible. The studies also discuss the potential for therapies targeting the BRAF mutation to inhibit tumor progression. However, further research is needed to fully understand the impact of these findings on diagnosis, classification, and treatment of ameloblastoma. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract There are numerous types of orbital tumors, among which orbital ameloblastoma is a rare metastatic benign tumor that often originates in the jaw and later metastasizes to the orbit. The mystery of it lies in that, although it is classified as a benign tumor, it exhibits high recurrence and malignant potential with high invasiveness, posing a serious threat to ocular health and the quality of life of patients. The prognosis of orbital ameloblastoma is relatively poor, but there is still hope. With aggressive treatment and close follow-up observation, patients may still have the possibility of achieving a longer survival period and a better quality of life. The global incidence of ameloblastoma is 0.92 cases per million people per year. According to world literature reports, there are 32 cases of maxillary bone metastasis to the orbit and 4 cases of mandibular bone metastasis to the orbit. With more and more cases and related research being reported, it is necessary to comprehensively review the etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of orbital ameloblastoma, in order to enhance ophthalmologists' understanding and diagnostic and treatment skills of this disease, and ultimately improve patients' prognosis and quality of life.

Ameloblastic carcinoma is a rare, aggressive, malignant form of ameloblastoma with a low incidence rate, accounting for 0.3-3.5% of all odontogenic tumours of the jaws and has a poor prognosis. It exhibits a 5:1 mandibular predilection, with the lungs being the most common metastatic site. Clinically, these lesions behave more aggressively than conventional ameloblastomas. The most common sign is an asymptomatic swelling, with less frequent findings of pain, rapid growth, trismus and dysphonia. About 38% of cases may present without typical clinical symptoms or unique clinical presentations. The present case is a rare case report of 40-year-old male patient of ameloblastic carcinoma presenting with a unique clinical manifestation as osteomyelitis. Initially, the patient reported the presence of an unhealed extraction site, followed by gradual swelling with discharge and pain over the past 20 days. After the necessary diagnostic procedures, the case was diagnosed as ameloblastic carcinoma and referred to higher centres for treatment. The lack of typical clinical presentation makes the diagnosis of these cases difficult. To prevent morbidity and mortality associated with these aggressive cases, they must be diagnosed and treated as early as possible.

Background: Ameloblastoma is a neoplastic odontogenic tumor that has a local invasive characteristic. The current treatment for ameloblastoma requires a precise surgical resection and chemotherapy. It requires a different approach to diminish the therapy drawbacks. Curcumin, as one of the most common well-described compounds, remarkably has a potential antitumor agent. Method: Our findings and opinions are based on a comprehensive search through scientific resources and correspondingly relating all the keywords using the Boolean technique and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) term search to find the interest study. Review: By understanding curcumin and its target genes, curcumin itself can induce regulation of tumor suppression and oncogenic microRNA. MiR-9 has proven to be expressed for modulating the mutation genes causing tumorogenesis in ameloblastoma. Curcumin also upregulates miR-9, causing cytotoxic activity against cancers in many proven studies. Conclusion: The highly expressed miR-9 curcumin-mediated ameloblastoma inhibition will be the new insight and adjunct cancer therapy.

Abstract Objective This study aims to explore the regulatory mechanisms of Wnt signaling in the invasion and recurrence of ameloblastoma (AM) to provide a new theoretical basis for its treatment. Methods Bulk RNA sequencing was employed to analyze samples from AM patients, and identify differentially expressed genes. Subsequently, bioinformatics methods such as Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), DESeq2, and KEGG enrichment analysis were utilized to construct gene co-expression networks and identify pathways associated with invasion and recurrence. Furthermore, in vitro experiments, including Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), Wound healing assays, Western blotting, and qPCR were conducted to validate the effects of Wnt signaling on AM biological functions and the expression of related genes and proteins. Results Bioinformatics analysis revealed significant activation of the Wnt signaling pathway during AM invasion and recurrence, and differential gene analysis identified specific gene expression patterns associated with the Wnt signaling pathway. In vitro experiments further demonstrated that the standard Wnt/β-catenin pathway activator, Laduviglusib significantly activated Wnt signaling, leading to a marked increase in the mRNA and protein expression levels of TCF7, β-catenin, WNT2B, and LEF1, thereby enhancing the proliferation and migration capabilities of AM cells. Conclusion This study reveals the critical role of aberrant Wnt signaling activation in AM proliferation and migration, identifying it as a key driver of AM invasion and recurrence. The findings provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying AM invasion and recurrence, laying the foundation for developing novel therapeutic strategies.

Purpose: Ameloblastoma is a benign tumor originating from odontogenic epithelium with a global incidence of about 0.5 cases per million persons per year. The overall recurrence rate of ameloblastomas range from 55% -90%. In this retrospective study we have analyzed the factors associated with recurrence and recurrence free survival in ameloblastoma of the jaws. Methods: Retrospective chart review of 10 years was done from records directory. All demographic data, data on diagnostic modalities, clinical presentations, radiology, management and histology were taken into consideration. Kaplan Meir estimator was used to evaluate recurrence rate and Cox regression analysis (univariate and multivariate) was used to evaluate the odds ratio to find out the possible factors influencing risk of recurrence and influence recurrence free survival. ROC curve (Receiver Operating Characteristic) was used to find out the optimal cut off point for size of the lesion in predicting recurrence. A p value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant at 95% confidence interval. Results: A total of 75 patients had recurrence with a median follow up of 65 months. The overall 5 year RFS was 19.5%. Conventional ameloblastomas, cortical/ soft tissue invasion, conservative treatment and tumor size ≥ 4 cm were independent predictors of recurrence. Conclusion: Aggressive treatment is preferred for conventional ameloblastomas ≥ 4 cm with cortical/ soft tissue invasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Ameloblastoma and odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) are odontogenic tumors that develop from remnants of odontogenic epithelium. Both display locally invasive growth characteristics and high predilection for recurrence after surgical removal. Most ameloblastomas harbor BRAFV600E mutation while OKCs are associated with PATCH1 gene mutation but distinctive indicators of ameloblastoma growth characteristics relative to OKC are still unclear. The aim of this study was to assess hub genes that underlie ameloblastoma growth characteristics using bioinformatic analysis, ameloblastoma samples and mouse xenografts of human epithelial-derived ameloblastoma cells. Methods RNA expression profiles were extracted from GSE186489 gene expression dataset acquired from Gene Expression Ominibus (GEO) database. Galaxy and iDEP online analysis tools were used to identify differentially expressed genes that were further characterized by gene ontology (GO) and pathway analysis using ShineyGO. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed for significantly upregulated differentially expressed genes using online database STRING. The PPI network visualization was performed using Cytoscape and hub gene identification with cytoHubba. Top ten nodes were selected using maximum neighborhood component, degree and closeness algorithms and analysis of overlap was performed to confirm the hub genes. Epithelial-derived ameloblastoma cells from conventional ameloblastoma were transplanted into immunocompromised mice to recreate ameloblastoma in vivo based on the mouse xenograft model. The top 3 hub genes FN1, COL I and IGF-1 were validated by immunostaining and quantitative analysis of staining intensities to ameloblastoma, OKC samples and mouse ameloblastoma xenografts tissues. Results Seven hub genes were identified among which FN1, COL1A1/COL1A2 and IGF-1 are associated with extracellular matrix organization, collagen binding, cell adhesion and cell surface interaction. These were further validated by positive immunoreactivity within the stroma of ameloblastoma samples but both ameloblastoma xenograft and OKC displayed only FN1 and IGF-1 immunoreactivity while COL 1 was unreactive. The expression levels of both FN1 and IGF-1 were much lower in OKC relative to ameloblastoma. Conclusion This study further validates a differentially upregulated expression of matrix proteins FN1, COL I and IGF-1 in ameloblastoma relative to OKC. It suggests that differential stromal architecture and growth characteristics of ameloblastoma relative to OKC could be an interplay of differentially upregulated genes in ameloblastoma.

Abstract Background/Purpose This retrospective immunohistological pilot study aimed to investigate the influence of natural killer group 2, member D (NKG2D) ligand expression on ameloblastoma recurrence after surgical resection. It also aimed to elucidate additional clinical factors that could serve as predictors of ameloblastoma recurrence. Materials and methods This study included 96 patients who were histologically diagnosed with ameloblastoma after surgical resection. The expression of NKG2D ligands, including UL16-binding proteins (ULBPs) 1–3 and major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related molecule (MIC) A/B, was evaluated in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissues via immunohistochemistry assays. Furthermore, the patients’ electronic medical records were reviewed. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was conducted, and data were expressed as adjusted hazard ratios [HRs] with 95% confidence intervals [95% CIs]. Results Multivariate analysis revealed that recurrent tumors (ref.: primary; adjusted HR [95% CI]: 2.780 [1.136, 6.803], p = 0.025) and positive MICA/B expression (ref.: negative; adjusted HR [95% CI]: 0.223 [0.050, 0.989], p = 0.048) independently affected recurrence-free survival in ameloblastoma. Conclusion This study identified recurrent cases and loss of MICA/B expression as independent predictors of early ameloblastoma recurrence following surgical resection. The findings suggest that decreased MICA/B expression might undermine NKG2D-mediated tumor immunosurveillance, thereby influencing early recurrence.

Background and Aim: Unicystic ameloblastoma (UA) is a variant of ameloblastoma; although benign, it is believed to be a destructive tumor, is locally invasive, and presents a high rate of recurrence. The study aims to analyze the prevalence, features, treatment outcomes, and the relationship between the clinicopathological features and the recurrence of UA in 19-year follow-up data. Materials and Methods: The clinically diagnosed and histopathologically confirmed records of cases of UA from 2006 to 2024 (19 years) were retrieved from the archives. The patient’s age, gender, location, radiographic appearance, preoperative diagnosis, treatment recurrence, and follow-up data were obtained from the case summaries. Results: Thirty-seven cases were reviewed, and the prevalence of UA was most commonly seen in the younger age group; all the individuals included in this study showed the involvement of the mandible. Type 3 showed more frequency of recurrence compared with the other types. Age, sex, and histological type of UA were identified as risk factors for a higher recurrence rate (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The study found a significant link between UA recurrence risk and its histological subtype. Conservative management via enucleation and curettage, coupled with strict follow-up, is recommended due to observed delayed recurrence patterns.

ABSTRACT The acetylation of histones H2A on lysine 5 (H2AacK5) and H3 on lysine 27 (H3AcK27) modulate several cellular mechanisms through the p300 enzyme in pathological lesions; however, their role in odontogenic lesions has not been addressed. This study aims to evaluate the immunoexpression of p300, H2AacK5, and H3AcK27 in samples of ameloblastoma (AMB) (n = 30), odontogenic keratocyst (OK) (n = 15), adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT) (n = 10), odontogenic fibroma (OF) (n = 8), calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC) (n = 8), odontogenic myxoma (MIX) (n = 10), and ameloblastic fibroma (AF) (n = 06). The percentage of p300‐positive cells was higher in AOT and decreased in COC, OK, AMB, AF, OF, and MIX. H2AacK5‐positive cells were higher in AF and decreased in AOT, COC, OK, OF, AMB, and MIX, whereas H3acK27‐positive cells were higher in AOT and decreased in COC, OK, AF, OF, AMB, and MIX. The expression of these proteins was higher in nonaggressive lesions in comparison to aggressive lesions. There was a positive correlation between p300 and H2AacK5, and H3acK27 in AMB, MIX, and OF, whereas there was a positive correlation between p300 and H2AacK5 in AOT and COC. The histone acetylation may be involved in the biological behavior of these lesions, which could be used to improve their diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Histopathological similarities between craniopharyngioma (CP) and ameloblastoma (AB) have long been recognized, particularly the shared features of palisading columnar epithelium and stellate reticulum-like areas. This study aimed to investigate potential odontogenic differentiation in CP akin to AB using immunohistochemical odontogenic markers. Methods: We analyzed AMELX, ODAM, and CK19 expression in 44 cases (20 CP and 24 AB). Results: While AMELX and ODAM showed diffuse strong positive expression in both tumors with no significant statistical differences, CK19 expression was notably higher in CP. Conclusion: The markers AMELX and ODAM associated with odontogenic differentiation exhibited similar profiles in both tumors due to shared similar embryological origins. Notably, CK19, a biomarker of odontogenic epithelium, showed even higher expression, suggesting distinct pathways. These findings offer insights into tumor biology and may aid in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The most common odontogenic tumor is the solid ameloblastoma. This is concerning due to the progressive bone destruction in its intraosseous variant; this type of pathology often gets a delayed diagnosis due to the asymptomatic characteristic it has. Objective: The aim of the article is to propose a conservative treatment for multicystic ameloblastoma, reviewing the latest concepts, controversies, and treatment options described in the literature. Case Report: A patient arrives to our department with a diagnosis of unicystic ameloblastoma, so decompression and subsequent enucleation were decided as treatment. However, the new histopathological result was a multicystic ameloblastoma; with this result, we decided to continue with the initial treatment, which in fact had an adequate response. A 5‐month radiographic follow‐up was performed in which a decrease in size was evident and enucleation was decided. The postoperative results were favorable after a 2.5‐year follow‐up. Conclusion: The solid ameloblastoma may have a cystic component, in which there is the possibility of diagnostic errors when studying an incisional biopsy; for this reason, the definitive diagnosis should be established until complete enucleation of the lesion is performed. This characteristic in a solid ameloblastoma makes possible a positive response to decompression, making it easier to perform the enucleation subsequently, avoiding other aggressive treatments that can dramatically affect the patient's quality of life and also avoiding costly reconstruction bills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The current study aimed to investigate the use of surrogate immunohistochemical (IHC) markers of proliferation and stem cells to distinguish ameloblastoma (AB) from ameloblastic carcinoma (AC). Methods: The study assessed a total of 29 ACs, 6 ABs that transformed into ACs, and a control cohort of 20 ABs. The demographics and clinicopathologic details of the included cases of AC were recorded. The Ki-67 proliferation index was scored through automated methods with the QuPath open-source software platform. For SOX2, OCT4 and Glypican-3 IHC, each case was scored using a proportion of positivity score combined with an intensity score to produce a total score. Results: All cases of AC showed a relatively high median proliferation index of 41.7%, with statistically significant higher scores compared to ABs. ABs that transformed into ACs had similar median proliferation scores to the control cohort of ABs. Most cases of AC showed some degree of SOX2 expression, with 58.6% showing high expression. OCT4 expression was not seen in any case of AC. GPC-3 expression in ACs was limited, with high expression in 17.2% of ACs. Primary ACs showed higher median proliferation scores and degrees of SOX2 and GPC-3 expression than secondary cases. Regarding SOX2, OCT4 and GPC-3 IHC expression, no statistically significant differences existed between the cohort of ABs and ACs. Conclusion: Ki-67 IHC as a proliferation marker, particularly when assessed via automated methods, was helpful in distinguishing AC from AB cases. In contrast to other studies, surrogate IHC markers of embryonic stem cells, SOX2, OCT4 and GPC-3, were unreliable in distinguishing the two entities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indian subcontinent has the highest prevalence of orofacial cancer, according to WHO statistics. Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or combination therapies are commonly administered treatment modalities for the treatment of oral cancer. The degree of disability and complexity of prosthetic rehabilitation is usually influenced by the size and location of the defect. Ameloblastomas are anatomically benign but locally invasive odontogenic tumors most frequently located in the mandible. The surgical resection of the tumor with safety margins is the gold standard of care. Postsurgical defects generate significant morbidity that needs reconstruction and prosthodontic rehabilitation to restore oral functions. This case report describes the prosthetic rehabilitation of a 45-year-old male after the resection of a mandibular ameloblastoma. The lesion was excised by segmental mandibulectomy followed by reconstruction plate placement. Rehabilitation was achieved by direct metal laser-sintering (DMLS) printed preci-vertix attachment and cast partial denture (CPD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Odontogenic tumours, derived from the epithelial, ectomesenchymal, and/or mesenchymal elements of the tooth-forming apparatus, constitute a heterogeneous group of lesions that include both benign and malignant neoplasms with metastatic capabilities. Several signalling pathways are involved in odontogenesis, with three major pathways being the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK), Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), and Wnt signalling pathways. Understanding the biological behaviour of various odontogenic tumours is fundamentally important for determining the overall outcome. This review discusses the pathogenesis of various odontogenic tumours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Ameloblastoma (AM), a locally aggressive tumor with extensive growth capacity, causes significant damage to the jaw and affects facial appearance. Although the high prevalence of BRAF V600E mutation in AM is known, its specific impacts on patients with AM remain unclear. Thus, the present study investigated the role of BRAF V600E mutation, thereby focusing on its impact on AM invasion and growth. Materials and Methods: Immunohistochemical analysis was used to compare BRAF V600E, MMP2, MMP9, and Ki‐67 expressions in AM (n = 49), normal oral mucosa (NOM) (n = 10), and odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) (n = 15) tissues. AM was further classified according to the presence or absence of BRAF V600E. The relationship between BRAF V600E and invasion as well as growth was evaluated. In addition, correlation analysis was performed using immunohistochemistry and confirmed via double‐labeling immunofluorescence. Finally, comparative analyses using mass spectrometry, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence were performed to explore and identify underlying mechanisms. Results: AM exhibited a higher incidence of BRAF V600E mutation than NOM and OKC. BRAF V600E expression was positively correlated with the invasion‐associated proteins MMP2 and MMP9 and the growth‐related protein Ki‐67. Proteomic data revealed that BRAF V600E primarily activates the MAPK signaling pathway in AM, particularly driving the phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Conclusions: In summary, the findings suggested that the BRAF V600E mutation enhances the invasion and growth abilities of AM via the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Thus, targeting BRAF V600E or the MAPK/ERK pathway may be a potential AM therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the immunohistochemical expression of YAP and its correlation with markers involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis in benign epithelial odontogenic lesions. Study Design: The sample consisted of 95 cases of odontogenic lesions (25 dentigerous cysts, 30 non‐syndromic odontogenic keratocysts, 30 conventional ameloblastomas, and 10 unicystic ameloblastomas) and 10 dental follicles used as normal odontogenic tissue. The histological sections were submitted to immunohistochemistry with YAP, cyclin D1, Ki‐67, and Bcl‐2 antibodies. Immunoexpression was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using an adapted method. The collected data were analyzed descriptively and statistically (p ≤ 0.05). Results: The highest YAP expression was observed in odontogenic keratocysts, followed by unicystic ameloblastomas and conventional ameloblastomas, which exhibited moderate immunoreactivity predominantly in peripheral cells. Furthermore, significant differences in YAP immunoexpression were observed between the groups analyzed, with significant positive correlations between YAP and cyclin D1 in dentigerous cysts and unicystic ameloblastomas and between YAP and Ki‐67 in unicystic ameloblastomas (p < 0.05). However, there were no statistically significant correlations between YAP and Bcl‐2 immunoexpression in the groups studied. Conclusion: YAP may influence epithelial cell proliferation in odontogenic cysts and tumors, suggesting its possible participation in the progression of the odontogenic lesions studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ameloblastoma is a locally destructive benign odontogenic tumor. While the neoplastic cells of conventional ameloblastoma can infiltrate the connective tissue and bone, in unicystic ameloblastoma the epithelium is encapsulated. The mechanisms driving ameloblastoma's bone resorption remains unclear. Methods: RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) was performed in a discovery cohort of conventional ameloblastoma, and pathway enrichment analysis was carried out. mRNA levels of MMP13, a gene associated with bone resorption, were assessed using RT‐qPCR in a larger cohort of conventional ameloblastoma and in unicystic ameloblastoma. Zymogram gels and the immunoexpression profile of collagenase 3 (encoded by MMP13 gene) were evaluated as well. Results: Enriched pathways related to bone mineralization and upregulation of MMP13 were observed in ameloblastomas. Collagenolytic activity of collagenase 3 was detected in the tumor lysates. Collagenase 3 immunopositivity was observed in ameloblastomatous epithelium infiltrating the fibrous capsule of unicystic ameloblastoma. At the tumor–bone interface, collagenase 3 expression was detected in stromal cells, osteoblasts, and osteocytes. Conclusion: The results indicate a potential involvement of MMP13 in ameloblastoma‐related bone resorption and progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unicystic ameloblastoma is a distinct entity of ameloblastoma characterized by slow growth and locally aggressive behavior. This retrospective study aimed to assess the efficacy of different treatment modalities of unicystic ameloblastoma, focusing on clinico-radiological and histopathological features. Data from patients diagnosed with unicystic ameloblastoma were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were categorized into luminal and intraluminal (Group A) and mural (Group B) variants based on the Ackermann classification, which has a significant influence on their biological behavior, treatment approaches, and prognosis. Patients in Group A underwent enucleation with chemical cauterization, peripheral ostectomy, and iodoform packing, whereas those in Group B were treated with resection and reconstruction. Post-operatively, the patients were subjected to radiographic assessments via digital orthopantomogram at regular intervals. Because of the rarity of unicystic ameloblastoma, only 17 patients were included in the study (Group A: 9 patients; Group B: 8 patients), with a mean follow-up of 4.9 years (range: 1.4–11.8 years). The primary outcome measure was the absence of recurrence, which indicated treatment success. No patient in either group experienced recurrence within the follow-up period. This study provides evidence supporting the successful treatment of luminal and intraluminal variants of unicystic ameloblastoma in young individuals using a conservative approach. However, the more aggressive mural variant demonstrated favorable outcomes with radical treatment. These findings emphasize the importance of the Ackermann classification in guiding treatment decisions for unicystic ameloblastoma and contribute valuable insights into optimizing therapeutic strategies based on clinico-radiological and histopathological findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this multicentre study was to evaluate the efficacy of the 'dredging–marsupialization–curettage' (D–M–C) strategy in the treatment of conventional intraosseous ameloblastoma of the mandible. A total of 31 patients from three institutions, who had a pathological diagnosis of conventional ameloblastoma of the mandible, were treated with the D–M–C strategy. The surgical protocol comprised a dredging and marsupialization (D–M) step, with additional D–M steps as required. The patients then underwent curettage (C) once an obvious effect of the D–M step had been achieved during follow-up. Eight patients were followed up for ≥36 months but <60 months, while 23 were followed up for ≥60 months. Nineteen of the 23 patients followed up for ≥60 months were disease-free at the last follow-up, with no evidence of recurrence. The D–M step is effective for reducing the tumour size and preserving vital structures. The D–M–C surgical strategy may be a feasible treatment option for conventional ameloblastoma of the mandible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brief Background Odontogenic tumors of epithelial origin are common, and ameloblastoma is one of them. However, hybrid ameloblastoma' is infrequent and anomalous. Clinical, radiological, and histological characteristics of hybrid ameloblastoma can vary. Their biological composition remains controversial and they contain two or more distinct histological types. The patient, a 26-yearsold man, complained of pain for 15 days and painless swelling in the area around his lower right back teeth for two months when he first visited the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology. Diagnosed as Ameloblastoma with follicular and plexiform pattern, after clinical examination and biopsy. The lower right wisdom tooth was extracted as part of the enucleation procedure. The lesion area looked completely normal clinically after six months, with no signs of complications or recurrence. Conclusion Understanding this kind of ameloblastic variety whose histopathological presentation is varied-better is the goal, as it may present challenges for both diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Ameloblastoma is the second most frequent type of odontogenic tumors. They are thought to be formed by epithelium of ectodermal origin, Histopathologically, ameloblastoma has plexiform, follicular, acanthomatous, desmoplastic, granular cell, and basal cell subtypes. Adenoid ameloblastoma, also called dentinal adenoid ameloblastoma, is a rare odontogenic tumor. About 40 cases have been reported, with the highest incidence in the fourteenth year of life (age range:25-52 years), indicating a small female population and a similar population for ameloblastoma. The differential diagnosis includes odontogenic lesions such as calcifying odontogenic cyst, calcified epithelial odontogenic tumor, ameloblastoma and adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT). Histopathological results show that odontogenic epithelial tumors consist of nests, islands, cords, anastomotic chains and large areas of epithelium, ameloblast-like cells in the periphery, stellate reticulum-like cells in the space and cystic/microcystic patterns, acanthomatous changes and ductal patterns similar to AOT. Case: The aim of this report was to present a unique case of adenoid ameloblastoma affecting the right side of mandible in a 47 y.o woman which had a previous pathology diagnosis of adenoid cystic carcinoma for this lesion in her medical history. Conclusion: Such rare cases of adenoid ameloblastoma can pose challenges in the initial diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reconstruction of mandibular defects due to trauma or tumor resection is a significant challenge for surgeons, given the unique and variable shape of the mandible in terms of curvature, length, and height. Numerous techniques have been developed to achieve both aesthetic and functional outcomes. This case report presents a 28-year-old patient with mandibular irregularity following ameloblastoma dissection, which was reconstructed with non-vascularized bone grafts (NBGs) from the left iliac crest approximately 10 years ago. Prior to our procedure, virtual planning and 3D modeling were employed to accurately assess the bone defect. After debridement, a 5 cm defect was identified, and NBGs were harvested from the right iliac crest for reconstruction. NBGs are commonly used for small mandibular defects (<6 cm), non-continuity defects, and benign pathologies, and they can be performed in centers without microsurgical expertise. The use of virtual planning and 3D printing enables the surgical team to thoroughly study the case, anticipate potential issues, and improve precision, resulting in better outcomes and reduced operative time. NBGs, guided by virtual planning and 3D modeling, prove to be an effective technique in reducing surgical time and minimizing the risk of failure during the postoperative recovery period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]