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Abstract:Alogliptin is an oral hypoglycemic agent selective inhibitor of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) enzyme. Inhibition of DPP-4 increases the levels of the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) by preventing their degradation(Andukuriet al., 2009).The main goal is to study the predicted and experimental properties of ADMEs, compare them, examine predicted targets, and understand the use of SwissADME in designing other drug molecules. (Joshi et al., 2022)SwissADME, an online tool for ADME prediction, was used together with Swiss Target Prediction to understand drug targets. In addition, we obtained experimental data from the available scientific literature. Molecular docking studies against human dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) were also conducted.We found similarities between the predicted and experimental data; however, some errors depended on the test conditions. The results are interpreted in the first half of the article. We describe the predicted ADME properties of Alogliptin, and based on the results, we can conclude that these tools can be used to predict other drug molecules similarly. It can also reconfigure and manufacture several different formulations of the drug based on predictive data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Guidelines for switching to triple combination therapy directly after monotherapy failure are limited. This study investigated the efficacy, long-term sustainability, and safety of either mono or dual add-on therapy using alogliptin and pioglitazone for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who did not achieve their target glycemic range with metformin monotherapy. Methods The Practical Evidence of Antidiabetic Combination Therapy in Korea (PEAK) was a multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial. A total of 214 participants were randomized to receive alogliptin+pioglitazone (Alo+Pio group, n=70), alogliptin (Alo group, n=75), or pioglitazone (Pio group, n=69). The primary outcome was the difference in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels between the three groups at baseline to 24 weeks. For durability, the achievement of HbA1c levels

Background: In 2016, the FDA issued a warning for saxagliptin and alogliptin regarding an increased risk of heart failure (HF), potentially limiting the use of effective medications in type 2 diabetes. Current data and guideline recommendations regarding HF risk are conflicting, especially with alogliptin. In March 2019, the Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center made a formulary change from saxagliptin to alogliptin, creating an opportunity to evaluate a large number of patients receiving alogliptin. Objective: To evaluate the risk of HF with alogliptin use in type 2 diabetes patients. Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients prescribed alogliptin was performed. The primary outcome was the composite number of HF hospital admissions and ED visits. Secondary outcomes included exacerbation rates among established HF patients, incidence of new-onset HF, incidence of alogliptin discontinuation due to HF, comparison of HF exacerbations between saxagliptin and alogliptin in patients with prior saxagliptin use, and evaluation of concomitant cardiotoxic medications. Results: 455 patients were included. A composite of 28 hospital admissions and ED visits occurred for a HF exacerbation. Fourteen patients (26.4%) of 53 patients with established HF had an exacerbation, whereas 5 patients (1.2%) of 402 patients with no history of HF had an exacerbation. Eight patients (2%) developed new-onset HF. Alogliptin was discontinued in 4 patients (0.9%) due to HF. No statistically significant difference in HF exacerbations was found between patients on alogliptin who previously received saxagliptin (4.8% vs 4.2%, P = 0.726). Conclusions: Alogliptin may increase the risk of HF exacerbation in patients with established HF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pioglitazone belongs to the class of antidiabetic medications and has various pleiotropic effects. The evidence base for this medication, based on the results of randomized clinical trials, demonstrates convincing cardio- and cerebroprotective efficacy of pioglitazone, comparable to innovative glucose-lowering drugs from the classes of GLP-1 agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors. Currently, in Russia, a fixed combination of pioglitazone and alogliptin is available. However, it should be noted that there has been a recent lack of GLP-1 agonists on the domestic pharmaceutical market, which raises questions about the choice of further tactics for patients who have been taking them until recently.This clinical case presents an example of the transformation of glucose-lowering therapy from a combined treatment regimen with semaglutide and metformin to the combined use of a fixed combination of alogliptin and pioglitazone with empagliflozin. Against the background of therapy change, a stable and pronounced glucose-lowering effect was obtained and confirmed after six months, comparable to GLP-1 receptor agonists without the effect of escape and hypoglycemia. No edema or weight gain was observed, and no other adverse events were detected, which allowed continuing the chosen glucose-lowering therapy. Strategic perspectives of the prescribed therapy were determined — reducing cardio- and cerebrovascular risk and improving the patient’s prognosis.

Human hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) lowers α-cell glucagon and increases β-cell insulin. GLP-1 is digested by dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP-4) enzyme; hence, the inhibition of DPP-4 enzyme prevents the digestion of GLP-1 and reduces the occurrence of type 2 diabetes condition. Present study developed a database consists of 1837 molecules structurally similar to selected query compounds applying PubChem screening and was further screened for drug-likeness and ADME/T behaviour using SwissADME tool. Total of six compounds, i.e. Toddalolactone, Ulopterol, 1-O-methyl 4-O-(2-oxo-1H-quinolin-4-yl) butanedioate, [2-oxo-3-(3-oxobutyl)-1H-quinolin-4-yl] acetate, N-(2,5-Dioxo-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyrano[3,2-c]quinolin-3-yl)acetamide, (2S)-2-amino-2-phenyl-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-6,8-dihydro-5H-[1,2,4] triazolo [4,3-a]1yrazine-7-yl] ethanone cleared screening and were tested for DPP-4 enzyme inhibitory activity comparing Alogliptin as standard drug applying AutoDock in silico approach (Argus Lab, Discovery Studio and PyMol). All the six compounds displayed RMSD values less than 2A0, and binding energies of − 8.5139 kcal/mol, − 9.438 kcal/mol, − 9.4783 kcal/mol, − 8.898 kcal/mol, − 9.022 kcal/mol, and − 7.604 kcal/mol, respectively. Study testified that Toddalolactone isolated from the plant Toddalia asiatica (− 8.5139 kcal/mol) confers 03 hydrogen bonds, 03 Pi-Pi stack bonds and RMSD values of 0.281 A0, phytocompound Ulopterol (− 9.438 kcal/mol) isolated from the plant Coleonema album, interacted with 04 amino acids of DPP-4 enzyme active site conferring stable hydrogen (02) and Pi-Pi bonds (02) with RMSD value 0.78 A0, represents increased DPP-4 enzyme inhibitory activity in comparison with standard drug Alogliptin binding energy of − 7.34 kcal/mol with only 02 interactive bonds. It is evidenced from the study that a higher number of bonds indicates the stability of the complex formed with increased enzyme inhibitory activity; hence, the phytocompound Toddalolactone derived from the plant Toddalia asiatica and Ulopterol from Coleonema album as a potential lead molecule shall be tested further resulting in in vitro and in vivo procedures in order to develop novel drugs in the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The worldwide incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a chronic metabolic disorder, is increasing rapidly. A newer category of oral hypoglycemic medications called dipeptidyl peptidases-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors has come into existence for the management of T2DM. DPP-4 inhibitors, i.e., linagliptin, saxagliptin, and sitagliptin, belong to BCS class III, while alogliptin belongs to BCS class I. These drugs have high aqueous solubility and, therefore, short elimination half-life which necessitates the need for multiple daily dosing. Furthermore, the unrestrained drug release from conventional tablets can cause elevation in systemic drug concentrations which might instigate gastrointestinal side effects. The poor membrane permeability of BCS class III drugs also results in their poor oral bioavailability. Therefore, clinical compliance and therapeutic efficacy of DPP-4 inhibitors can be enhanced by nanotechnology-based techniques. This research paper has described various risk factors and pathophysiology of T2DM and also explained about the mode of action of DPP-4 inhibitors. The main objectives and rationale of this review include the exploration of preclinical pharmacological investigations and the summarization of developed nanoformulations of DPP-4 inhibitors researched in previous decades. The nanoformulations which has been synthesized for DPP-4 inhibitors in the past few decades for the management of T2DM include polymeric nanoparticle, solid lipid nanoparticle, transferosomes, niosomes, mucoadhesive nanoparticle, and self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alogliptin (ALG) benzoate is an oral hypoglycemic drug that works as a DPP-4 inhibitor to prevent incretin degradation. Forced stability studies use high temperatures to decompose drugs and estimate their behavior at low temperatures. We aimed to evaluate the thermal stability of ALG using two techniques: isothermal thermogravimetry (TGA) and degradation in an oven followed by liquid chromatography (LC-PDA) analysis. ALG was subjected to 150, 155, 160, 165, and 170 °C up to 10% of mass loss in isothermal TGA. In the oven, the drug was submitted to 130, 140, 150, 155, 160, and 170 °C. Kinetic parameters were calculated with the Arrhenius model. ALG followed zero-order kinetics, in which the degradation rate did not depend on reagent concentration. Activation energy ranged from 31.0 to 35.9 kcal mol-1. The degraded drug was less toxic in a cytotoxicity assay in CRIB cells than the undegraded drug. The TGA method is faster and more practical than the oven followed by LC-PDA, and the data present a correlation. Here we described the kinetic parameters of ALG degradation, improving the knowledge about the drug and assisting in developing new formulations from the drug.

Abstract A novel, sensitive, and green micellar UPLC method was proposed and validated for the simultaneous determination of four hypoglycemic agents used in type II diabetes mellitus treatment namely, pioglitazone, alogliptin, glimepiride, and vildagliptin. The developed UPLC method was successfully applied for quantitative analysis of these drugs in bulk, in pharmaceutical formulations, and in spiked human plasma. Chromatographic separation was carried out on a Kinetex® 1.7 μm XB-C18 100 Å (50 × 2.1 mm) column, using a degassed and filtered mixture of (0.1 M SDS- 0.3% triethyl amine- 0.1% phosphoric acid (pH 6)) and n-propanol (85:15 v/v), at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The experimental conditions of the suggested method were well investigated and optimized. The newly developed micellar UPLC method is capable of determining different dosage forms at the same time with the same solvents, saving time and effort. The method was found to be efficiently applicable in spiked human plasma and could be extended to study the pharmacokinetics of the cited drugs in real human plasma samples. The greenness of the developed method was evaluated by applying the Eco-scale scoring tool, which verified the excellent greenness of the analytical method.

A novel, sensitive, and green micellar UPLC method was proposed and validated for the simultaneous determination of four hypoglycemic agents used in type II diabetes mellitus treatment namely, pioglitazone, alogliptin, glimepiride, and vildagliptin. The developed UPLC method was successfully applied for quantitative analysis of these drugs in bulk, in pharmaceutical formulations, and in spiked human plasma. Chromatographic separation was carried out on a Kinetex® 1.7 μm XB-C18 100 Å (50 × 2.1 mm) column, using a degassed and filtered mixture of (0.1 M SDS- 0.3% triethyl amine- 0.1% phosphoric acid (pH 6)) and n-propanol (85:15 v/v), at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The experimental conditions of the suggested method were well investigated and optimized. The newly developed micellar UPLC method is capable of determining different dosage forms at the same time with the same solvents, saving time and effort. The method was found to be efficiently applicable in spiked human plasma and could be extended to study the pharmacokinetics of the cited drugs in real human plasma samples. The greenness of the developed method was evaluated by applying the Eco-scale scoring tool, which verified the excellent greenness of the analytical method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The purpose of this study is to investigate the regulation of adipose tissue insulin resistance with DPP-4 inhibitors in treatment-naive subjects with T2DM and to examine its relation to other diabetic parameters. Subjects and methods: A total of 147 subjects were treated with alogliptin 12.5–25 mg/day (n = 55), sitagliptin 25–50 mg/day (n = 49), or teneligliptin 10–20 mg/day (n = 43) monotherapy for 3 months. Changes in adipo-IR, a mathematical model used to evaluate adipose tissue insulin resistance, and various diabetic parameters were analyzed in this prospective, non-randomized observational study. Results: Among these three drugs, only alogliptin significantly reduced adipo-IR (−25.9%, p < 0.004) and some lipid parameters, such as LDL-C, T-C/HDL-C, log(TG)/HDL-C, non-HDL-C/HDL-C, and LDL-C/HDL-C. Subjects in the alogliptin group were divided into two groups with distinct changes in adipo-IR. Group A had a significant decrease in adipo-IR (−56.5%, p < 0.00001, n = 28), whereas group B had an insignificant increase (19.1%, p = 0.055, n = 27). Significant reductions in FBG or HbA1c were observed in groups A and B, respectively. Group A also showed significant reductions in HOMA-R, T-C/HDL-C, TG, log(TG)/HDL-C, non-HDL-C/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, and FFA, as well as increases in QUICKI or HDL-C. In contrast, group B showed significant reductions in QUICKI or LDL-C, and increases in HOMA-R, insulin, HOMA-B, C-peptide, or CPR-index. Conclusions: In contrast to other tested DPP-4 inhibitors, alogliptin demonstrated the ability to down-regulate insulin resistance in adipose tissue, as well as certain atherogenic lipids. This study provides the initial evidence of a DPP-4 inhibitor's potential to regulate adipose tissue insulin resistance. Furthermore, adipo-IR is associated with non-LDL-C lipid parameters instead of glycemic control in those receiving alogliptin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background : Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors are commonly used agents to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although generally well tolerated, stomatitis has been previously reported as an adverse event with sitagliptin and linagliptin. Stomatitis with alogliptin has not been reported in post-marketing data to date. Objective : To report a case of suspected drug-induced stomatitis in a patient who received alogliptin for T2DM which resolved upon discontinuation of the offending agent. Summary : A 60-year-old male with T2DM began treatment with a DPP-4 inhibitor, alogliptin. After 4 doses of alogliptin, the patient reported inflammation and irritation along the lateral borders of his tongue, along with open fissures and oral ulcerations on the dorsal surface of the mucosa. He was subsequently diagnosed with stomatitis. Patient discontinued alogliptin and reported improvement in symptoms within 48 hours. Lesions re-epithelialized within 4 weeks after cessation of alogliptin. The Naranjo Algorithm was used to assess causality. The total score was 7, which when interpreted, implicates alogliptin as a "probable" cause of the reaction. Conclusion : A causality assessment determined alogliptin was a "probable" cause of stomatitis experienced by this patient. This adverse effect has not been reported with alogliptin to the authors' knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The choice of an optimal oral hypoglycemic agent in the initial treatment periods for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients remains difficult and deliberate. We compared the efficacy and safety of glimepiride (GLIM), alogliptin (ALO), and alogliptin-pioglitazone (ALO-PIO) in poorly controlled T2DM patients with drug-naïve or metformin failure. Methods In this three-arm, multicenter, open-label, randomized, controlled trial, poorly controlled T2DM patients were randomized to receive GLIM (n=35), ALO (n=31), or ALO-PIO (n=33) therapy for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was change in the mean glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels at week 24 from baseline. Secondary endpoints were changes in HbA1c level at week 12 from baseline, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels, lipid profiles at weeks 12 and 24, and parameters of glycemic variability, assessed by continuous glucose monitoring for 24 weeks. Results At weeks 12 and 24, the ALO-PIO group showed significant reduction in HbA1c levels compared to the ALO group (–0.96%±0.17% vs. –0.37%±0.17% at week 12; –1.13%±0.19% vs. –0.18%±0.2% at week 24). The ALO-PIO therapy caused greater reduction in FPG levels and significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels at weeks 12 and 24 than the ALO therapy. Compared to low-dose GLIM therapy, ALO-PIO therapy showed greater improvement in glycemic variability. The adverse events were similar among the three arms. Conclusion ALO-PIO combination therapy during the early period exerts better glycemic control than ALO monotherapy and excellency in glycemic variability than low-dose sulfonylurea therapy in uncontrolled, drug-naïve or metformin failed T2DM patients.

A 57-year-old Japanese man with type 2 diabetes presented with bilateral pitting edema and pain of the hands and feet two months after being initiated on a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, alogliptin. Laboratory tests showed elevated levels of C-reactive protein, matrix metalloproteinase-3 and vascular endothelial growth factor, and a negative rheumatoid factor. The computed tomography scan showed swelling in the dominant right wrist joint, and joint ultrasonography showed synovial swelling. He was diagnosed with remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis and pitting edema (RS3PE) syndrome. Alogliptin was discontinued and prednisolone was initiated, thereafter, his symptoms quickly improved. As for his glycemic control, his hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) went from an initial 9.1% to 8.3% once alogliptin was initiated. However, after being diagnosed with RS3PE syndrome, his treatment was changed from alogliptin to metformin, and his HbA1c remained between 6% and 7%. The diagnosis of RS3PE syndrome should be considered if pitting edema and arthralgia in the extremities are observed after initiating patients with type 2 diabetes on DPP-4 inhibitors.

The purpose of this investigation is the supportive functions of L-carnitine when co-administered with the DDP-4 inhibitor member and the nephroprotective impact of alogliptin in nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin in male Wistar rats. A total number of 25 male Albino rats weighed 130.0±5.7 g, and divided into five equal groups, G1: (Control negative), G2: (Control positive, has nephrotoxicity), G3: (Treated group with L-carnitine), G4: (Treated with Alogliptin) and G5: (Treated with alogliptin and L-carnitine). The biochemical results of serum total proteins, albumin, urea, uric acid, and creatinine were significantly changed (P ≤ 0.05) among different groups while serum globulin was not significant, and the mean values of these parameters showed significant variations in G5 than G3 and G4. The following measures were made in order to identify the oxidative/antioxidant cascades: glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT);, concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD) and these parameters were showed significant changes (P ≤ 0.05) among different groups and the mean value showed the significant of G5 than G3 and G4. The results of the histological and immunohistochemical analyses point to a possible function for alogliptin and L-carnitine in preventing renal tissue destruction in rat models of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. According to the improvement of various biochemical indicators and oxidative state as well as the restoration of the renal structural integrity and function, treatment with alogliptin or L-carnitine protects the kidney through their antioxidant action. Better results than each medicine alone is seen when the two are combined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a type of microvascular complication that arises from diabetes mellitus and leads to further health issues. Most importantly, the prevalence of DN is steadily rising in developed countries. This research explored the therapeutic benefits of alogliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitor, on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DN and its underlying mechanisms in rats., Main Methods: Ten rats were allocated to group 1, served as the normal group; and received saline. To develop diabetes, thirty rats were administered a single intraperitoneal dose of STZ (45 mg/kg). STZ-induced diabetic rats were randomly assigned to three groups: group 2 diabetic control; was given saline, groups 3 and 4 received alogliptin (10 mg/kg) and (20 mg/kg), respectively. The treatment began 8 weeks after diabetes onset and continued for four weeks. Histopathological alterations in the kidney were detected. Serum was collected to measure blood glucose levels (BGL), renal function, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Tissue samples were collected to detect changes in oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and the mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways in addition to apoptotic and autophagy changes., Key Findings: Alogliptin reduced STZ-induced histological changes in the kidney as well as OS, and inflammation. Alogliptin also ameliorated the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathways, enhanced autophagy, and reduced apoptosis., Significance: These results demonstrate that alogliptin ameliorates inflammation and OS and consequently modulates the AMPK/mTOR axis along with targeting autophagy and apoptosis, leading to the alleviation of DN., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Alogliptin is an oral hypoglycemic agent selective inhibitor of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) enzyme. Inhibition of DPP-4 increases the levels of the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) by preventing their degradation(Andukuriet al., 2009).The main goal is to study the predicted and experimental properties of ADMEs, compare them, examine predicted targets, and understand the use of SwissADME in designing other drug molecules. (Joshi et al., 2022)SwissADME, an online tool for ADME prediction, was used together with Swiss Target Prediction to understand drug targets. In addition, we obtained experimental data from the available scientific literature. Molecular docking studies against human dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) were also conducted.We found similarities between the predicted and experimental data; however, some errors depended on the test conditions. The results are interpreted in the first half of the article. We describe the predicted ADME properties of Alogliptin, and based on the results, we can conclude that these tools can be used to predict other drug molecules similarly. It can also reconfigure and manufacture several different formulations of the drug based on predictive data.

Objective: To investigate the effects of Alogliptin in chemical-induced post-menopausal osteoporosis., Methodology: The binding affinity of alogliptin with osteogenic proteins was analysed in silico. The effect of alogliptin on osteogenic proteins and mineralization of osteoblastic cells was evaluated in UMR-106 cells. Further, in vivo anti-osteoporotic activity of alogliptin was evaluated in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Various bone turnover markers were assayed in serum. This followed the analysis of microarchitecture of bone, histology, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of bone tissue., Results: Docking scores showed that alogliptin has binding affinity for bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP), osteocalcin, and bone morphogenic protein (BMP-2). Alogliptin also enhanced mineralization of osteoblast cells, evidenced with increased ALP, osteocalcin, and BMP-2. Animal studies revealed significant elevation of bone formation markers, bone ALP, osteocalcin and BMP-2, and decreased bone resorption markers, receptor activator of NF-κβ (RANKL), cathepsin K (CTSK), tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAcP5b) in VCD-induced post-menopausal osteoporosis. Micro computed tomography (μCT) analysis and histology of femur bone and lumbar vertebrae demonstrated decrease in trabecular separation and improved bone density. IHC of femur showed reduced DPP4 enzyme., Conclusions: Alogliptin increased mineralization in osteoblast cells. It had beneficial effects also altered bone turnover markers, repaired the trabecular microstructure, improved bone mineral density, and exhibited bone forming capacity targeting DPP-4 enzyme in postmenopausal osteoporosis., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

The aim of the study was to design injectable long-acting poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)-based in situ gel implants (ISGI) loaded with the anti-diabetic alogliptin. Providing sustained therapeutic exposures and improving the pharmacological responses of alogliptin were targeted for achieving reduced dosing frequency and enhanced treatment outputs. In the preliminary study, physicochemical characteristics of different solvents utilized in ISGI preparation were studied to select a proper solvent possessing satisfactory solubilization capacity, viscosity, water miscibility, and affinity to PLGA. Further, an optimization technique using a 23 factorial design was followed. The blood glucose levels of diabetic rats after a single injection with the optimized formulation were compared with those who received daily oral alogliptin. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), as highly water-miscible and low viscous solvents, demonstrated their effectiveness in successful ISGI preparation and controlling the burst alogliptin release. The impact of increasing lactide concentration and PLGA amount on reducing the burst and cumulative alogliptin release was represented. The optimized formulation comprising 312.5 mg of PLGA (65:35) and DMSO manifested a remarkable decrease in the rats' blood glucose levels throughout the study period in comparison to that of oral alogliptin solution. Meanwhile, long-acting alogliptin-loaded ISGI systems demonstrated their feasibility for treating type 2 diabetes with frequent dosage reduction and patient compliance enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To explore the effect of Acai berry on the pharmacokinetics of Atorvastatin (ATR), Alogliptin (ALO) and Empagliflozin (EMPA) in SD rats. Method Thirty-six rats were divided into six groups (n = 6). First three groups were treated with Acai berry (PO; 250 mg/kg); fourth, fifth and sixth groups received sodium CMC (vehicle) for 10 days and on eleventh day, first and fourth groups were administered with ATR (PO; 10 mg/kg); second and fifth groups with ALO (PO; 25 mg/kg) and third and sixth groups received EMPA (PO; 25 mg/kg). Key findings Co-intake of ATR with Acai berry resulted in slight decrease in C max from 41.78 to 34.65 ng/ml and AUC from 227.66 to 136.31 (µg/ml) *h, while there was an increase in the C max from 43.43 to 68.71 ng/ml and AUC from 117.6 to 207.1 (µg/ml) *h in ALO treated groups and C max from 173.99 to 250.1 ng/ml and AUC from 400.37 to 518.35 (µg/ml) *h in the EMPA-treated groups. Conclusion There was a significant change in the AUC0-t and C max of ATR, ALO and EMPA after co-administration with Acai berry. Further studies are recommended to confirm the clinical significance of these interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]