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(1) Background: Restoring decayed teeth in young patients can be challenging. This calls for a simplification of the protocols through new biomaterials. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the marginal adaptation delivered by restorative materials applied on class II cavities by using a simplified protocol, before and after fatigue test, followed by the assessment of the internal adaptation. (2) Methods: Forty-eight human teeth were divided into six groups (n = 8). Dentinal fluid simulation was performed before restoring the class II cavities: Gr 1—adhesive (Clearfil Universal Bond Quick) and nanohybrid flowable composite (Clearfil Majesty ES Super Low Flow), Gr 2—adhesive (Clearfil Universal Bond Quick) and nanohybrid composite (Clearfil Majesty ES standard), Gr 3—bulk fill self-adhesive composite (Surefil One), Gr 4—bioactive powder-liquid filling material (Cention Forte), Gr 5—universal adhesive (Adhese Universal) and nanohybrid composite resin (Tetric Powerfill); and control group (CT)—high-viscosity glass ionomer (Equia Forte). Marginal adaptation was observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and compared before and after a fatigue test consisting of repeated thermal and mechanical cycles. The specimens were then cut mesio-distally, and internal adaptation was undertaken using SEM again. Repeated measures and one way ANOVA followed by a Fisher's LSD test and Fisher's LSD post hoc test were used in order to compare the statistically significant differences among groups. (3) Results: As for the marginal adaptation after loading, Cention Forte (58%) and Equia Forte HT (53%) were statistically equivalent and presented the highest results, followed by Clearfil Majesty ES Standard (32%) and Tetric Powerfill (27%), with Surefil One (8%) and Clearfil Majesty ES Flow Super Low (7%) showing the worst results. In terms of internal adaptation, Cention Forte (85%) and Clearfil Majesty ES Standard (74%) had the highest percentages of continuous margins. Tetric powerfill (56%) and Equia Forte HT (44%) showed statistically significantly lower results, followed by Clearfil Majesty ES Flow Super Low (33%) and eventually Surefil One (17%). (4) Conclusions: This in vitro study showed promising results for the marginal and internal adaptation of alkasite dual cured Cention Forte in the restoration of class II cavities. This material could be considered an interesting restorative alternative for the restoration of deciduous teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compare the performance of Cention-N® with direct restorative materials used at the daily practice (e.g., resin-based composites/RBC, glass ionomer cements/GIC, bioactive resins, silver amalgam) via a systematic review study. The review followed the PRISMA-NMA recommendations, and the protocol of the review was published at osf.io/ybde8. The search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Lilacs, and SciELO databases, as well as in the grey literature (Open Grey, Proquest, and Periódicos CAPES). Studies with an in vitro experimental design evaluating the characteristics and properties of Cention-N in comparison to other restorative materials were included. The risk of bias of included studies was assessed using the RoBDEMAT tool, and meta-analyses were conducted using Review Manager 5.4 and MetaInsight V3 tools. A total of 85 studies were included in the review, from which 79 were meta-analyzed. Several characteristics of direct restorative materials were analyzed, including physical (color change, degree of conversion, hardness, microleakage, polymerization rate, roughness, water solubility, water sorption), mechanical (bond strength to dentin, compressive strength, diametral tensile strength, flexural modulus, flexural strength, load-to-fracture, wear), and biological (alkalinizing effect, antibacterial activity, calcium and fluoride release) properties. Cention-N presented similar physico-mechanical properties compared to RBCs, but a stronger behavior than GICs. Despite the Alkasite nature of Cention-N, GICs may still demonstrate the greatest fluoride releasing ability from all direct restorative materials. This review confirmed the adequate behavior of Cention-N when compared to several other more traditionally used materials, confirming its applicability for the permanent restoration of decayed or fractured teeth. • Systematic review with meta-analysis that evaluates the physical-mechanical and biological properties of Cention-N. • Cention-N has superior properties to glass ionomer cement in terms of several properties. • Limitations of Cention-N are limited to color variety and manual manipulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lo largo del tiempo la industria odontológica ha avanzado lo suficiente para la creación de un sin números de materiales, unos mejores que otros con la finalidad de hacerle más fácil el trabajo al odontólogo clínico y así mismo mejores resultados para los pacientes. Es sumamente importante poder innovar materiales y conocer sus características para poder hacer uso de estos y así mismo favorecer a nuestros pacientes bajo nuevos protocolos. Objetivo: Describir el Alkasite como una opción altamente viable en el sector posterior. Método: Se hizo una investigación bibliográfica en las bases PubMed, Scielo, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Medigraphyc y Redalyc. Se seleccionaron artículos originales y de revisión producidos desde 2018, incluyendo libros y artículos bases de los artículos escogidos se publicaron en los últimos 10 años. Resultado de discusión: El Alkasite, con respecto a los materiales de uso actual es superior, presento menor porcentaje de microfiltración frente a ionómeros de vidrio, resinas compuestas y amalgama, así como mayor facilidad de manejo bajo incrementos mayores de 4mm.Conclusión: El Alkasite es una opción muy prometedora para el sector posterior al demostrar una menor rugosidad, microfiltración, menor afección por el denominado Factor “C” así mismo evidencio mayor dureza y resistencia al cizallamiento, en comparación con otros materiales restaurativos estudiados.

This study aimed to evaluate the micro-mechanical and macro-mechanical properties of self-cured and light-cured alkasite and to investigate how accelerated degradation in acidic, alkaline, and ethanol solutions affects the macro-mechanical properties of self-cured and light-cured alkasite. The specimens of the alkasite material (Cention Forte, Ivoclar Vivadent) were prepared according to the following three curing modes: (1) light-cured immediately, (2) light-cured after a 5-min delay, and (3) self-cured. Microhardness was tested before and after immersion in absolute ethanol to indirectly determine crosslink density, while flexural strength and flexural modulus were measured using a three-point bending test after accelerated aging in the following solutions: (1) lactic acid solution (pH = 4.0), (2) NaOH solution (pH = 13.0), (3) phosphate-buffered saline solution (pH = 7.4), and (4) 75% ethanol solution. The data were statistically analyzed using a two-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test. The results showed that the microhardness, flexural strength, and flexural modulus were significantly lower in self-cured specimens compared to light-cured specimens. A 5-min delay between the extrusion of the material from the capsule and light curing had no significant effect on any of the measured properties. A significant effect of the accelerated aging solutions on macro-mechanical properties was observed, with ethanol and alkaline solutions having a particularly detrimental effect. In conclusion, light curing was preferable to self-curing, as it resulted in significantly better micro- and macro-mechanical properties, while a 5-min delay between mixing the capsule and light curing had no negative effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this in vitro study was to assess the color stability of esthetic restorative materials after immersion in different pediatric drugs. Three different restorative materials namely composite resin, alkasite and high-viscosity glass ionomer cement(HVGIC) were used to prepare total 96 (32 from each) disc-shaped specimens(2mmx5mm). A spectrophotometer was used to record the color of each sample after sample preparation and 7 days following the staining technique. After 1-week period, ΔE ∗ values were calculated. The average color changes(ΔE) for all drugs/restorative materials ranged from 1.81 to 8.08. The most prominent alteration was found in Cough syrup-Alkasite(8.08 ± 2.62) and the least one was found in Cough syrup-HVGIC(1.81 ± 0.74) pairwise. The color change observed in Cough syrup-Alkasite group was statistically significantly higher than in Cough syrup-HVGIC (p < 0.05). Alkasite showed greater color alteration with all drugs compared to other materials and HVGIC showed better color stability with all drug formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To assess and compare the shear bond strength of alkasite restoration, as well as, to compare the shear bond strength between alkasite with and without bonding. Materials and methods: Twenty-five permanent maxillary premolars were used in which, with diamond disks, their buccal surfaces were flattened until a clear superficial dentinal surface could be seen. Samples were randomly assigned to five groups (n=5). Group 1: alkasite without adhesive, Group 2: alkasite with adhesive, Group 3: Nanohybrid composite, Group 4: Glass ionomer cement, and Group 5: Resin modified glass inomer cement. Following the recommendations of the manufacturers, cylinders of the five restorative materials were bonded to the buccal surfaces. Following 24 hours storage at 37°C. The evaluation of shear bond strength was employed by the use of the universal testing machine. Under a stereomicroscope (×20), the fracture mode was determined. Data were statistically analyzed using a nonparametric independent sample Kruskal-Wallis test at the confidence level of 95%. Result: There were statistical differences among groups and there was a significant difference between the alkasite with and without bonding. Conclusion: Alkasite with bonding showed a higher shear bond strength in comparison with GIC and resin-modified GIC, but still lower than that of nanohybrid composite Moreover, the shear bond strength of alkasite highly improved with the use of bonding.

Background This study investigates various surface treatment methods to assess shear bond strength between set Cention N (alkasite-based restorative material) and new alkasite based restorative material. Assessing different surface treatments provide insights in optimizing repair procedure that enables durability of the restoration, thus potentially benefitting clinical outcomes. Methods A total of 48 alkasite based restorative material blocks, measuring 4 mm in depth and 4 mm in diameter, were prepared. The samples were randomly divided into 8 groups (n = 6) according to the surface treatment done. Group I: Surface preparation by bur; Group II: Surface treatment by laser; Group III: Application of 2-step etch and rinse adhesive (Adper Single Bond 2 adhesive),Group IV: Application of single step self-etch adhesive (Scotchbond Universal adhesive); Group V: Bur preparation followed by application of 2-step etch and rinse adhesive; Group VI: Bur preparation followed by application of single step self-etch adhesive; Group VII: Laser preparation followed by application of 2-step etch and rinse adhesive; and Group VIII: Laser preparation followed by application of single step self-etch adhesive. Post-surface preparation, all the specimens were restored with newly mixed alkasite material. Repair bond strength measurements were assessed with universal testing machine. Shapiro-Wilk and Levene's tests were used to check normality and Homogeneity of variance. ANOVA with post-hoc Games-Howell test and two-way ANOVA with post-hoc Bonferroni test was performed to evaluate the influence of surface preparation on the repair bond strength. Results Using a 2-step etch and rinse adhesive resulted in a higher repair bond strength (26.05±2.12) compared to other surface treatments. In contrast, roughening of the surface with burs led to lowest repair bond strength (17.06±3.29) (P=0.02). Conclusion Application of 2-step etch and rinse adhesive to the existing alkasite based restorative material provides superior bonding with the newly added alkasite based restorative material.

Background This study investigates various surface treatment methods to assess shear bond strength between set Cention N (alkasite-based restorative material) and fresh alkasite based restorative material. Assessing different surface treatments provide insights in optimizing repair procedure that enables durability of the restoration, thus potentially benefitting clinical outcomes. Methods A total of 48 alkasite based restorative material blocks, measuring 4 mm in depth and 8 mm in diameter, were prepared. The samples were randomly divided into 8 groups (n = 6) according to the surface treatment done. Group I: Surface preparation by bur; Group II: Surface treatment by laser; Group III: Application of 2-step etch and rinse adhesive (Adper Single Bond 2 adhesive),Group IV: Application of single step self-etch adhesive (Scotchbond Universal adhesive); Group V: Bur preparation followed by application of 2-step etch and rinse adhesive; Group VI: Bur preparation followed by application of single step self-etch adhesive; Group VII: Laser preparation followed by application of 2-step etch and rinse adhesive; and Group VIII: Laser preparation followed by application of single step self-etch adhesive. Post-surface preparation, all the specimens were restored with freshly mixed alkasite material. All samples were then subjected to repair bond strength measurements using a universal testing machine. ANOVA with post-hoc Games-Howell test and two-way ANOVA with post-hoc Bonferroni test was performed to evaluate the influence of surface preparation on the repair bond strength. Results Among the various surface treatments, use of a 2-step etch and rinse adhesive resulted in a higher repair bond strength compared to other surface treatments, whereas roughening of the surface using burs resulted in the lowest repair bond strength (P=0.02). Conclusion Application of 2-step etch and rinse adhesive to the existing alkasite based restorative material provides superior bonding with the freshly added alkasite based restorative material.

Aims: To compare and evaluate marginal and internal adaptation and to assess the degree of conversion of alkasite restoration in relation with other restorative materials. Methods: on the buccal surface of 25 maxillary premolars a class V cavities were prepared. The teeth were randomly divided into five groups (n=5) that restored as: Group 1: alkasite without adhesive, Group 2: alkasite with adhesive, Group 3: Nanohybrid composite, Group 4: Glass ionomer cement, and Group 5: Resin modified glass ionomer cement. The teeth underwent 5000 cycles of thermocycling between 5° and 55°. Then, silver nitrate solution was infiltrated and Micro-Computed tomography analysis was performed using (LOTUS inVivo). For evaluating degree of conversion, 15 specimens in the form of a disc were prepared from Alkasite, nanohybrid composite and resin modified glass ionomer (n=5). All samples were analyzed using (FTIR) in an ATR Mode in three intervals (after 20 second. 24 hours and 7 days). The data had been analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis, Dune and Wilcoxon tests at a 0.05 significance level. Result: A significant difference in marginal and internal adaptation were observed among restorations (p < 0.05). Superior marginal and internal adaptation was obtained in this study for alkasite whether with or without bonded over nanohybrid composite. However, RMGIC and GIC show more adaptation values among other tested groups. Also degree of monomer conversion percentage varied among restorations at different intervals. Conclusion: alkasite restorations wither with or without bonding have higher marginal and internal adaptation in comparison with nanohybrid composite but lower than that of GIC and RMGIC. Also alkasite restoration showed higher degree of conversion when compared with nanohybride composite and RMGIC after 20 second and 24 hours of polymerization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background This study investigates various surface treatment methods to assess shear bond strength between set Cention N (alkasite-based restorative material) and new alkasite based restorative material. Assessing different surface treatments provide insights in optimizing repair procedure that enables durability of the restoration, thus potentially benefitting clinical outcomes. Methods A total of 48 alkasite based restorative material blocks, measuring 4 mm in depth and 4 mm in diameter, were prepared. The samples were randomly divided into 8 groups (n = 6) according to the surface treatment done. Group I: Surface preparation by bur; Group II: Surface treatment by laser; Group III: Application of 2-step etch and rinse adhesive (Adper Single Bond 2 adhesive),Group IV: Application of single step self-etch adhesive (Scotchbond Universal adhesive); Group V: Bur preparation followed by application of 2-step etch and rinse adhesive; Group VI: Bur preparation followed by application of single step self-etch adhesive; Group VII: Laser preparation followed by application of 2-step etch and rinse adhesive; and Group VIII: Laser preparation followed by application of single step self-etch adhesive. Post-surface preparation, all the specimens were restored with newly mixed alkasite material. Repair bond strength measurements were assessed with universal testing machine. Shapiro-Wilk and Levene's tests were used to check normality and Homogeneity of variance. ANOVA with post-hoc Games-Howell test and two-way ANOVA with post-hoc Bonferroni test was performed to evaluate the influence of surface preparation on the repair bond strength. Results Using a 2-step etch and rinse adhesive resulted in a higher repair bond strength (26.05±2.12) compared to other surface treatments. In contrast, roughening of the surface with burs led to lowest repair bond strength (17.06±3.29) (P=0.02). Conclusion Application of 2-step etch and rinse adhesive to the existing alkasite based restorative material provides superior bonding with the newly added alkasite based restorative material.

Abstract Objective: In this study, a comparative evaluation of the physicochemical properties of Cention N and other direct restorative materials was performed. Three restorative materials—a resin-modified glass ionomer (Fuji II LC), an alkasite-based resinous material (Cention N), and a resin composite (Tetric N Ceram)—were characterized in terms of degree of conversion, Knoop hardness number (KHN) ratio, flexural strength, elastic modulus, water sorption, water solubility, microshear bond strength to dentin, immediate microleakage, and radiopacity. Methodology: The microshear bond strength to dentin and microleakage of Cention N were evaluated with and without the application of an adhesive system (Tetric N Bond Universal). A one-way ANOVA test was used to analyze the data in terms of degree of conversion, KHN ratio, water sorption, water solubility, microshear bond strength to dentin, and radiopacity. A two-way ANOVA test (carried out considering the material type and ethanol aging as factors) was used to analyze the data in terms of flexural strength and elastic modulus. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to statistically analyze the data on microleakage. A significance level of α=0.05 was used for all tests. Results: Fuji II LC was found to have the highest degree of conversion, water sorption, and microleakage, as well as the lowest flexural strength. Cention N had the highest solubility; when used with an adhesive system, it achieved bond strength and microleakage similar to those of the Tetric N Ceram composite. Tetric N Ceram had the highest degree of conversion, KHN ratio, and radiopacity. Conclusion: The properties of Cention N validate its efficacy as an alternative direct restorative material when used in conjunction with an adhesive system.

The aim of this study was to compare the potential of standard ion-releasing materials to repair demineralized lesions with recently introduced alkasite and glass hybrid materials. Glass ionomer (GC Fuji TRIAGE), two glass hybrids (EQUIA Forte HT, Riva SC), calcium silicate cement (Biodentine) and an alkasite (Cention Forte) were tested. A total of 72 human third molars were used for sample preparation; on the dentine surface, a class-I cavity was prepared, and one half was covered with nail varnish. The teeth were subjected to a demineralization protocol, filled with the examined materials, and cut in half. The evaluation included a dentine microhardness assessment (n = 10) and SEM/EDS analysis (n = 2). The results were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 statistical software and compared using an analysis of variance and Scheffe post-hoc test. The statistical significance level was set to 0.05. Mean microhardness values (HV0.1) after 14 and 28 days were, respectively: EQUIA Forte HT (26.7 ± 1.45 and 37.74 ± 1.56), Riva Self Cure (19.66 ± 1.02 and 29.58 ± 1.18), Cention Forte (19.01 ± 1.24 and 27.93 ± 1.33), Biodentine (23.35 ± 1.23 and 29.92 ± 1.02), GC Fuji TRIAGE (25.94 ± 1.35 and 33.87 ± 5.57) and control group (15.57 ± 0.68 and 15.64 ± 0.82). The results were significantly different between most groups (p < 0.001). SEM/EDS revealed varying patterns, material deposits and distinct elemental variations. To conclude, all materials increased microhardness and affected the dentine surface appearance and chemical composition; EQUIA Forte HT demonstrated the most pronounced effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the ability of bioactive materials used to restore enamel and dentine specimens to prevent caries. Enamel (n = 50) and dentine (n = 50) specimens were obtained from bovine incisors, prepared, and randomly allocated to one of five groups according to the restorative treatment: alkasite without adhesive system; alkasite with adhesive system; high viscosity glass ionomer cement; resin composite; no restoration; negative control group. Specimens were restored, exposed to a thermal cycling aging protocol, sterilized, and exposed to a cariogenic challenge induced by Streptococcus mutans and then submitted to surface and subsurface microhardness tests and polarized light microscopy to verify the caries lesion development in enamel or dentine surrounding the restorative materials. Data were analyzed using one‐way ANOVA. In enamel and dentine, glass ionomer cement, alkasite without and with adhesive system presented a lower percentage surface microhardness loss than resin composite and negative control. Enamel subsurface microhardness presented no statistically significant differences between glass ionomer cement, alkasite without and with adhesive system. Glass ionomer cement also did not present statistically significant differences from resin composite and the negative control. In dentine, glass ionomer cement showed the highest subsurface microhardness values. In conclusion, bioactive restorative materials provide greater protection to enamel and dentine against surface caries development than resin composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The hypomineralized enamel has risk of failure in direct restoration, because enamel fractures of the margins of the cavity adjacent to the restoration frequently occur, may cause loss of marginal integrity, so using a material bioactive in molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) would prevent direct restorations to be replaced frequently. No publications were found that indicate the remineralization capacity of these dental materials when the dental piece presents enamel defects. Objective. To compare in vitro the remineralization between Alkasite and Giomer in hypomineralized teeth. Methodology. 69 extracted human teeth were studied. 60 exposed to artificial saliva and lactic acid to hypomineralize them, all with Black Class I cavity filled with Alkasite (Group A) and Giomer (Group B); control (Group C) 9 untreated teeth. All preserved in artificial saliva at 37 °C. Mineral density was measured with Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescense (QLF) on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey with p < 0.05 of significance. Results. A decrease in the Mean and SD was observed from the beginning (4.689±1.781) to day 28 (2.556 ± 0.9152) of Alkasite; of the Giomer the initial Mean (6.978 ± 3.588) on day 28 (2.767 ± 0.5407), in both groups with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.0001). The Alkasite group and the control were observed at 28 days with readings without significant statistical difference (p = 0.1253). Conclusions. Under in vitro conditions and with QLF, both materials increased the mineral density, so they can be considered as restorative materials in hypomineralized molars. Alkasite achieved similar levels of mineral density to the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to access and compare fracture resistance of tooth restored with Cention-N, Zirconomer and Filtek Z350 XT. Materials and Methods: Seventy five extracted maxillary premolar were divided into five groups; (Group I) Unprepared intact teeth, (Group II) Teeth with class II mesio-occluso-distal (MOD) cavity prepared and unrestored, (Group III) Teeth with class II MOD cavity prepared and restored with Zirconomer (Shofu Inc), (Group IV) Teeth with class II MOD cavity prepared and restored with Cention N, (Group V) Teeth with class II MOD cavity prepared and restored with Universal Composite Restorative Material (Filtek Z350 XT). Specimen was individually tested in a universal testing machine for facture resistance. Results: Filtek Z350 XT showed statistically significant fracture resistance as compared to Group II, Group III and Group IV (P<0.001). Cention-N showed better fracture resistance than Zirconomer but didn't vary statistically. Conclusion: All the test restorative material showed acceptable fracture resistance under load. Long term clinical evaluation is required to access their behavior intraorally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cention N is an alkasite restorative material, containing alkaline fillers. It is assumed that Cention N can neutralize an acidic pH by releasing fluoride, calcium, and hydroxyl ions. This study aimed to compare the antibacterial activity of Cention N with conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC) and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC).Methods: Twenty experimental specimens were prepared from each of the Fuji IX (GIC), Fuji II LC (RMGIC), and Cention N (alkasite) using a cylindrical-shaped mold. The specimens were placed in agar plates at 37°C and inoculated with S. mutans (ATCC 25175). After 48 hours, the diameter of growth inhibition zones was recorded for each group at different time intervals including 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test with a confidence level of 0.05.Results: Cention N exhibited significantly higher antimicrobial activity against S. mutans at 3, 6, 24, and 48 h as compared to Fuji IX and Fuji II LC (P

Context: Nowadays, dentists use tooth-colored materials extensively, but the bond strength of these materials with teeth is crucial to determine their long-span durability. As a result, the bond strength of these materials must be assessed. Aims: This study aimed to compare the push-out bond strength of alkasite restorative material and bulk-fill composite when used with a universal adhesive system. Settings and Design: In vitro study to determine the push-out bond strength with a universal testing machine. Subjects and Methods: Forty extracted mandibular molars were taken and their occlusal surface was wet grounded with silicon carbide paper so that a smooth dentin surface was obtained. Class I cavities were prepared with a template to standardize the size of the preparation. Teeth were divided into Group I and Group II of 20 teeth each. Alkasite restorative material was used in Group I, and nanohybrid bulk-fill composite was used in Group II. Restored samples were sliced into 2 mm thick sections and examined for push-out bond strength. Results: Push-out bond strength of Cention-N was 201.25 and the composite was 163.69, and the results were statistically significant (P = 0.017). Statistical Analysis Used: Unpaired t-test. Conclusions: It was concluded that alkasite material had more push-out bond strength than bulk-fill composite when used with a universal adhesive system.

Aim To evaluate the microleakage and dentin shear bond strength of two glass containing restorative materials, Zirconomer and Cention N, and to compare them with a conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC) (GC Fuji II). Materials and methods Zirconomer (Shofu) and GC Fuji II (GC Corp.) are self-curing GICs whereas Cention N (IvoclarVivadent) also offers a self-curing option as well as the option of light-curing using an adhesive. For evaluating microleakage, standardized class V cavities were prepared on the buccal surface of 30 premolars. The cavities were restored with one of the three restorative materials (n = 10) according to manufacturers’ instructions, Cention N being used with an adhesive (Te-EconomBond, IvoclarVivadent) and in the light-curing mode. After restoration and thermocycling, the microleakage assessment was made under a stereomicroscope at 40x magnification following immersing of the teeth in 0.5% methylene blue dye and buccolingual sectioning. For evaluating dentin shear bond strength, the occlusal surface of the 30 premolars was ground flat, and cylinders of the three restorative materials (n = 10) were bonded to the occlusal surface according to manufacturers’ instructions, Cention N being used with an adhesive (Te-EconomBond, IvoclarVivadent) and in the light-curing mode. Following 24-h storage at 100% humidity, the dentin shear bond strength was measured and the fracture mode was determined under a stereomicroscope at 10× magnification. Data were statistically analyzed using Mann–Whitney and Scheffé tests (p = .05). Results Cention N displayed significantly less microleakage than did Zirconomer and GC Fuji II at occlusal as well as the gingival margins. Dentin shear bond strength varied significantly between 5.15 and 9.89 MPa with Cention N showing the highest bond strength and GC Fuji II the lowest. Conclusion In this in vitro evaluation, Cention N consistently performed better than the conventional GIC (GC Fuji II) as well as Zirconomer.

Purpose: To evaluate and compare the clinical effectiveness of alkasite with nanofilled resin composite restorations for occlusal caries lesions in permanent molar teeth of children, at one-year follow-up. Methods: In this randomized controlled clinical trial with parallel design, 38 children aged 7–13 years with occlusal caries lesions on 59 first permanent molars were randomly allocated into two groups, Group 1: Filtek™ Z350XT (nanocomposite) and Group 2: Cention N® (alkasite resin composite). The restorations were evaluated at one year using the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria. Data were analyzed using Chi-square or Fisher's exact test. Results: All restorations had either Alpha or Bravo scores at one-year follow-up. In Group 1, all restorations scored Alpha, while one restoration each (3.6%) in Group 2 scored Bravo for fracture and marginal adaptation. All restorations in both groups scored Alpha for retention, secondary caries, and post-operative sensitivity. For anatomic form, all restorations in Group 1 scored Alpha, while three (10.7%) restorations in Group 2 had Bravo scores. For marginal discolouration, three restorations in both groups scored Bravo (11.5% and 10.7%, respectively). For surface roughness, one restoration (3.8%) in Group 1 and three restorations in Group 2 (10.7%) scored Bravo. The comparative results between the two groups for all the variables in the USPHS criteria were not statistically significantly different. Conclusions: The performances of the nanofilled composite and alkasite were clinically acceptable and comparable. Alkasite can be an alternative material for the restoration of occlusal caries lesions in permanent molars of children. Clinical trial registration: The clinical trial was registered at Clinical Trials Registry—India (CTRI Reg no: CTRI/2020/12/029830 Dated: 15/12/2020). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background It has been claimed that an alkasite restorative material can neutralize acids produced by cariogenic bacteria from released hydrogen ions and enable to remineralization via calcium and fluoride ions. However, there is no evidence to support this assertion. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate the effect of the alkasite restorative material on the pH of Streptococcus mutans biofilm and dentin hardness. Methods Streptococcus mutans biofilms were formed on Filtek™ Z350 (FZ, a resin composite) and Cention® N (CN, the alkasite restorative material) and their pH determined after 24 h. Hydroxide, fluoride, and calcium-ions released from the materials were determined at 6 h, 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. Dentin specimens were prepared from 14 human molars and divided into four quadrants. Quadrant 1 was a sound dentin control, quadrants 2–4 were chemically demineralized, and a cylinder of FZ and CN placed on the surfaces of quadrants 2 and 4, respectively. The microhardness of quadrants 1 and 3 were measured at depths of 20, 40, and 60 µm from the occlusal surface, and similarly of quadrants 2 and 4, after 30 days. Independent t-test, Mann–Whitney-U, and repeated-measure-ANOVA were used for data analysis. Results The pH of biofilm on CN (4.45) was significantly higher (p

Introduction: Cention N is an alkasite restorative material, containing alkaline fillers. It is assumed that Cention N can neutralize an acidic pH by releasing fluoride, calcium, and hydroxyl ions. This study aimed to compare the antibacterial activity of Cention N with conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC) and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC). Methods: Twenty experimental specimens were prepared from each of the Fuji IX (GIC), Fuji II LC (RMGIC), and Cention N (alkasite) using a cylindrical-shaped mold. The specimens were placed in agar plates at 37°C and inoculated with S. mutans (ATCC 25175). After 48 hours, the diameter of growth inhibition zones was recorded for each group at different time intervals including 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test with a confidence level of 0.05. Results: Cention N exhibited significantly higher antimicrobial activity against S. mutans at 3, 6, 24, and 48 h as compared to Fuji IX and Fuji II LC (P<0.05). Conclusions: Cention N could be considered as a suitable alternative for glass ionomers and resin-modified glass ionomers concerning its caries-preventive effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effects of radiotherapy on the mechanical, chemical, and surface properties of two recently introduced restorative dental materials (a glass hybrid and an alkasite), while two conventional restorative materials served as references. Material specimens of the experimental groups (irradiated) were compared to the specimens of the control groups that underwent the same preparation procedure but without irradiation. The experimental groups of restorative material specimens were irradiated with a total of 70 Gy over 35 days (2 Gy/day × 35 days), while the control groups received no treatment. The following properties were evaluated: surface microhardness (Vickers), surface roughness, color change, flexural strength, flexural modulus, material reliability, and infrared spectra. For the experimental groups, measurements were performed 24 h after specimen preparation, i.e., before radiotherapy and after the completion of the irradiation protocol. For the control groups, measurements were performed after the corresponding periods of no treatment. A statistically significant increase in microhardness (p = 0.001–0.004) and surface roughness (p = 0.013) was observed as a result of material aging/maturation in both the control and experimental groups. However, the only statistically significant difference between the control and experimental groups was observed in the discoloration of the conventional reference material (p < 0.001). In conclusion, no statistically significant negative effects of a therapeutic dose of radiotherapy on any of the tested properties of the alkasite and glass hybrid materials were observed, whereas only a minor negative effect of radiotherapy in terms of discoloration was found for a conventional resin composite that was used as a reference material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effect of pH and temperature on the ion (F− and Ca2+) release of a resin-based material containing alkaline fillers and a self-setting high-viscous glass ionomer cement. Disks were prepared according to manufacturers' instructions for both materials: the EF group (Equia Forte HT filling, GC) and the CN group (Cention N, Ivoclar). Specimens were immersed in 50 mL buffer solution with three different pHs (4.8, 6.8, and 8.8), and stored at 0°, 18°, 37°, and 44 °C. After 24 h, 7 d, and 28 d, cumulative F− and Ca2+ releases were analyzed by chromatography and mass spectrometry, and pH was measured. Both materials showed minimal changes in pH with final values after 28 d of 5.17 ± 0.56 for CN and 5.12 ± 0.24 for EF. In all experimental conditions, the percentages of ion release were higher for EF than for CF. In particular, both materials showed a significant difference in temperature in F− release. Regardless of the pH values, the highest Ca2+ ion release was after 28 days, with a significant difference in temperature for CN and EF. Within the limit of this study, the temperature storage influenced ion release and the high-viscous glass ionomer showed the maximum values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Nowadays, dentists use tooth-colored materials extensively, but the bond strength of these materials with teeth is crucial to determine their long-span durability. As a result, the bond strength of these materials must be assessed. Aims: This study aimed to compare the push-out bond strength of alkasite restorative material and bulk-fill composite when used with a universal adhesive system. Settings and Design: In vitro study to determine the push-out bond strength with a universal testing machine. Subjects and Methods: Forty extracted mandibular molars were taken and their occlusal surface was wet grounded with silicon carbide paper so that a smooth dentin surface was obtained. Class I cavities were prepared with a template to standardize the size of the preparation. Teeth were divided into Group I and Group II of 20 teeth each. Alkasite restorative material was used in Group I, and nanohybrid bulk-fill composite was used in Group II. Restored samples were sliced into 2 mm thick sections and examined for push-out bond strength. Results: Push-out bond strength of Cention-N was 201.25 and the composite was 163.69, and the results were statistically significant (P = 0.017). Statistical Analysis Used: Unpaired t-test. Conclusions: It was concluded that alkasite material had more push-out bond strength than bulk-fill composite when used with a universal adhesive system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of alkasite material on the pH of the environment when used as a restorative material in different cavity preparations and prepared as a single block in standard sizes. METHODS: Alkalizing potential of the alkasite material was evaluated by restoring extracted teeth with three different restorative materials and preparing edentulous blocks. For this purpose, 30 extracted premolar teeth and silicone molds of standard size (2x2x4 mm) were used. One of the study groups consisted of edentulous alkasite blocks of standard size and the other three groups (O, OM, MOD) were alkasite restorations of cavities of different sizes. The teeth were divided into three groups according to the type of cavity preparation. Restoration of cavities and preparation of the blocks were performed according to Cention N (Ivoclar Vivadent) manufacturer’s instructions. All restorations and blocks were immersed individually in distilled water at pH 4. pH measurements were obtained using a pH meter (Sartorius, France) at 10-min, 20-min, 30-min and 60-min timepoints following immersion. Measurements were repeated for all four groups at the end of 24 hours, 48 hours and 7 days. RESULTS: Alkalizing effect was observed in all groups. pH changes after 24 hours, 48 hours and 7 days showed a significant difference among the groups at the measurement timepoints (p

Objectives: An esthetic restoration with an unacceptable color is the main cause for replacement of anterior tooth restorations. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of repolishing on the color change of the new material group of alkasite after exposure to coffee solution. Materials and Methods: Alkasite material placed in Teflon molds with a diameter of 8 mm and a height of 2 mm was polymerized under the application of mylar strip and a total of 32 samples were obtained. The samples were randomly immersion into groups. Group R: Diamond grained polishing rubbers, Group D: Aluminum oxide discs are applied and the polishing process is completed. After the first color measurement was made, it was immersed in coffee and the measurement was repeated 1 week later. L was divided into two groups (n=8) and repolished with rubber (RR) and discs (RD). In the D group, re-polishing was done with rubber (DR) and disc (DD) and color measurements were repeated. Results were analyzed by using one-way ANOVA and Tukey test at 95% confidence interval. Results: The greatest color change (ΔE00) was in group R. At the end of seven days, similar color change values were found between the groups of R and D (p > 0.05). There is no difference between the RR and RD groups. Significantly less color change was observed in the DD group than in the RR and RD groups (p = .003, p = .042, respectively). Similarly, the DR group showed less color change than the RR group (p = .015). Conclusions: The color stability of the alkasite was affected by the polishing procedure. The repolishing process reduced the color change, but not at a clinically acceptable level.

Objective: Physical and mechanical properties of three different (Ketac Molar Easymix, Dyract XP, Cention N (CN)) restoratives with different ingredients were evaluated. Materials and methods: Four groups were obtained; Group 1: CN LightCure, Group 2: CN SelfCure, Group 3: Ketac Molar Easymix and Group 4: Dyract XP. Disk-shaped samples (n = 10) were prepared and evaluated for the surface roughness test using a profilometer. For the flexure strength test, 2 × 2 × 25 mm bar-shaped samples (n = 10) were prepared, and a three-point bending test was applied to the samples. After preparing cavities for microleakage tests, teeth were restored with restoratives, immersed in dye, and microleakage was assessed. For the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) test, ten sticks were obtained for each group and were stressed under tension. Results: According to surface roughness tests, CN SelfCure showed the lowest value (0.13 μm), while Ketac Molar Easymix showed the highest value (0.28 μm), and significant differences were found between the groups. In flexural strength tests, the highest values were seen in CN SelfCure (82.94 MPa), with statistically significant differences between the groups. When CN SelfCure was applied with an adhesive, the teeth showed statistically decreased leakage than other groups on the gingival side. Higher leakage values were seen on the gingival side than the occlusal side in most groups, and the SelfCure groups showed decreased leakage than the LightCure groups. According to µTBS tests, the highest value was obtained in CN SelfCure-Adhesive group, while the lowest was in CN LightCure-Non-adhesive group. When µTBS was evaluated regardless of adhesive use, the SelfCure groups showed higher µTBS values than the LightCure groups. As a result of the µTBS and microleakage test, the difference between the use of CN with and without adhesive, regardless of the polymerization type, was found to be significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Cention N showed better properties in SelfCure mode, compared to the rest materials tested, but further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to investigate the effect of different polymerization modes and the oral environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It has been claimed that an alkasite restorative material can neutralize acids produced by cariogenic bacteria from released hydrogen ions and enable to remineralization via calcium and fluoride ions. However, there is no evidence to support this assertion. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate the effect of the alkasite restorative material on the pH of Streptococcus mutans biofilm and dentin hardness. Methods: Streptococcus mutans biofilms were formed on Filtek™ Z350 (FZ, a resin composite) and Cention® N (CN, the alkasite restorative material) and their pH determined after 24 h. Hydroxide, fluoride, and calcium-ions released from the materials were determined at 6 h, 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. Dentin specimens were prepared from 14 human molars and divided into four quadrants. Quadrant 1 was a sound dentin control, quadrants 2–4 were chemically demineralized, and a cylinder of FZ and CN placed on the surfaces of quadrants 2 and 4, respectively. The microhardness of quadrants 1 and 3 were measured at depths of 20, 40, and 60 µm from the occlusal surface, and similarly of quadrants 2 and 4, after 30 days. Independent t-test, Mann–Whitney-U, and repeated-measure-ANOVA were used for data analysis. Results: The pH of biofilm on CN (4.45) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that on FZ (4.06). The quantity of all ions released from CN was significantly higher than from FZ. The hardness of demineralized dentin under CN was significantly higher than that of demineralized dentin at all depths, and higher than that of demineralized dentin under FZ at 20 and 40 µm. Conclusions: CN released hydroxide, fluoride, and calcium ions, which was associated with raising the biofilm pH and the hardness of demineralized dentin. All results indicated that CN had the potential to reduce the incidence of secondary caries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was a comparison of the micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) to dentin and microleakage of in vitro class V restorations of three different ion-releasing restorative materials under various pH conditions: giomer, a resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI), and a new alkasite material. A μTBS test was performed using a universal testing machine, immediately and after storage at different pH (4, 7, and 10) buffer solutions (n = 15) over 24 h, and the failure mode was analyzed. For microleakage analysis, class V restorations were performed on extracted premolars, which were sectioned and stored in pH 4-, 7-, and 10-buffered fluorescent 0.02% rhodamine B dye. The specimens were observed under a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and scored using the acquired images. There were no significant differences in the μTBS according to the type of material (p = 0.518). The giomer showed a decreased bond strength under the pH 4 condition compared with the immediately tested or pH 7-stored specimens (p ≤ 0.043). In the microleakage analysis, the class V restoration with giomer showed a higher microleakage than RMGI or alkasite (p = 0.001). For RMGI and alkasite, the specimens stored at pH 4 showed a significantly lower microleakage than those stored at pH 7 (p = 0.028). RMGI and alkasite can be adopted as restorative materials in generalized or localized low-pH conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to evaluate new commercially available ion-releasing restorative materials and compare them to established anti-cariogenic materials. Four materials were tested: alkasite Cention (Ivoclar Vivadent) in self-cure or light-cure mode, giomer Beautifil II (Shofu), conventional glass-ionomer Fuji IX (GC), and resin composite Tetric EvoCeram (Ivoclar Vivadent) as a control. Flexural strength, flexural modulus, and Weibull modulus were measured one day, three months, and after three months with accelerated aging in ethanol. Water sorption and solubility were evaluated for up to one year. Degree of conversion was measured during 120 min for self-cured and light-cured Cention. In this study, Beautifil II was the ion-releasing material with the highest flexural strength and modulus and with the best resistance to aging. Alkasite Cention showed superior mechanical properties to Fuji IX. Weibull analysis showed that the glass-ionomer had the least reliable distribution of mechanical properties with the highest water sorption. The solubility of self-cured alkasite exceeded the permissible values according to ISO 4049. Degree of conversion of light-cured Cention was higher than in self-cure mode. The use of alkasite Cention is recommended only in the light-cure mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the remineralization of artificial interproximal enamel caries (AIEC) adjacent to alkasite, high viscous glass ionomer cement (HVGIC), and resin composite in class II restorations. Materials and methods: Human enamel specimens were randomly assigned to 3 groups (n = 22): Filtek™ Z350, EQUIA Forte®, and Cention N®. The baseline hardness was determined using a Knoop microhardness assay. AIEC was formed in the specimens, and they were placed in contact with the proximal restorative materials then subjected to a 7-day pH cycling. Microhardness was determined post-artificial caries formation and post-pH cycling. The differences in the percentage of surface hardness recovery (%SHR) between the groups were compared using the Kruskal–Wallis test. The Dunn's test was used for between-group comparisons (p < 0.05). Specimen surface morphology was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the calcium, phosphorus, and fluoride contents were analyzed by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). ANOVA with the post hoc Tukey multiple comparison test was used to evaluate the differences between groups (p < 0.05). Results: The Cention N® %SHR was the highest, followed by EQUIA Forte®, and Filtek™ Z350. There was a significant difference in the %SHR between Cention N® and Filtek™ Z350 (p < 0.05). In contrast, there were no significant difference between Cention N® and EQUIA Forte®. Significantly increased enamel surface fluoride content was observed in the Cention N® compared with Filtek™ Z350 specimens (p < 0.05). The SEM image of the Cention N® specimens demonstrated the greatest mineral deposition. Conclusions: Cention N® markedly increased the surface hardness and fluoride content of adjacent AIEC compared with Filtek™ Z350 restorations. Clinical relevance: Cention N® is a promising alternative restorative material to remineralize initial enamel lesions in approximal adjacent surfaces, especially in high-risk caries patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acidic drinks are known to exert negative effects on the surface properties of dental restorative materials. However, the effect of increasingly popular green smoothie drinks has not been addressed so far. The present study investigated the effect of cyclic immersions (5 min daily over 30 days) in a green smoothie drink on the surface properties of contemporary dental restorative materials, including resin composites, an alkasite, and a glass hybrid. Vickers microhardness, profile roughness, and perceptible color change in the CIE L* a* b* color space were evaluated as clinically relevant properties of the material surface. After 30-day green smoothie immersion, microhardness values either decreased by 8–28% (for resin composites) or increased by up to 91% (for glass hybrid). The increase in profile roughness (Ra parameter) of smoothie-immersed specimens was 7–26 times higher compared to the control group. The perceptible color change (ΔE*) in the smoothie group was 3–8 times higher compared to the control group. Overall, this study demonstrated that daily exposure of dental restorations made from resin composites, alkasites, and glass hybrid materials to a green smoothie drink can significantly accelerate material degradation, which is reflected as surface softening, as well as higher roughness and higher perceptible color change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the microleakage and dentin shear bond strength of two glass containing restorative materials, Zirconomer and Cention N, and to compare them with a conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC) (GC Fuji II). Zirconomer (Shofu) and GC Fuji II (GC Corp.) are self-curing GICs whereas Cention N (IvoclarVivadent) also offers a self-curing option as well as the option of light-curing using an adhesive. For evaluating microleakage, standardized class V cavities were prepared on the buccal surface of 30 premolars. The cavities were restored with one of the three restorative materials (n = 10) according to manufacturers' instructions, Cention N being used with an adhesive (Te-EconomBond, IvoclarVivadent) and in the light-curing mode. After restoration and thermocycling, the microleakage assessment was made under a stereomicroscope at 40x magnification following immersing of the teeth in 0.5% methylene blue dye and buccolingual sectioning. For evaluating dentin shear bond strength, the occlusal surface of the 30 premolars was ground flat, and cylinders of the three restorative materials (n = 10) were bonded to the occlusal surface according to manufacturers' instructions, Cention N being used with an adhesive (Te-EconomBond, IvoclarVivadent) and in the light-curing mode. Following 24-h storage at 100% humidity, the dentin shear bond strength was measured and the fracture mode was determined under a stereomicroscope at 10× magnification. Data were statistically analyzed using Mann–Whitney and Scheffé tests (p =.05). Cention N displayed significantly less microleakage than did Zirconomer and GC Fuji II at occlusal as well as the gingival margins. Dentin shear bond strength varied significantly between 5.15 and 9.89 MPa with Cention N showing the highest bond strength and GC Fuji II the lowest. In this in vitro evaluation, Cention N consistently performed better than the conventional GIC (GC Fuji II) as well as Zirconomer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Tooth-colored restorative materials for the restoration of decayed posterior teeth continue to gain popularity both among dental practitioners and patients. These materials have undergone a number of improvements in recent years to enhance their physical properties and diversify their use as a restorative material relevant to clinical practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the fracture resistance of two such advanced restorative materials, namely EverX Posterior, a fiber-reinforced composite and Cention N, an alkasite material in a Class I Cavity. Materials and Methods: Forty intact, caries-free human maxillary premolar teeth extracted for orthodontic purposes were divided randomly into four groups of 10 teeth each. Group I were unprepared teeth (intact teeth); Group II were unrestored teeth with class I cavity; Group III were teeth restored with fiber-reinforced composite (EverX Posterior); and Group IV were teeth restored using alkasite material (Cention N). Fracture resistance was recorded for all samples using a universal testing machine. Results: Higher fracture resistance was recorded in intact teeth group followed by EverX Posterior, Cention N and unrestored teeth, respectively. The teeth restored with EverX Posterior showed higher mean fracture resistance to fractures than those restored with Cention N. Teeth restored with EverX Posterior showed no significant difference in mean fracture resistance from Intact teeth while restored teeth with Cention N and unrestored teeth did. Conclusion: Fracture resistance of EverX Posterior was comparable to that of the natural tooth and was higher as compared to Cention N. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Meandros Medical & Dental Journal is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study evaluated the effect of pH and temperature on the ion (F− and Ca2+) release of a resin-based material containing alkaline fillers and a self-setting high-viscous glass ionomer cement. Disks were prepared according to manufacturers’ instructions for both materials: the EF group (Equia Forte HT filling, GC) and the CN group (Cention N, Ivoclar). Specimens were immersed in 50 mL buffer solution with three different pHs (4.8, 6.8, and 8.8), and stored at 0°, 18°, 37°, and 44 °C. After 24 h, 7 d, and 28 d, cumulative F− and Ca2+ releases were analyzed by chromatography and mass spectrometry, and pH was measured. Both materials showed minimal changes in pH with final values after 28 d of 5.17 ± 0.56 for CN and 5.12 ± 0.24 for EF. In all experimental conditions, the percentages of ion release were higher for EF than for CF. In particular, both materials showed a significant difference in temperature in F− release. Regardless of the pH values, the highest Ca2+ ion release was after 28 days, with a significant difference in temperature for CN and EF. Within the limit of this study, the temperature storage influenced ion release and the high-viscous glass ionomer showed the maximum values.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the advancements in restorative materials, there are certain drawbacks, including microleakage resulting from insufficient wall adaptation. An effective seal at the tooth/restoration interface is crucial. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to investigate microleakage of different self-adhesive restorative materials. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Class-V cavities were prepared and divided into seven experimental groups with regards to applied material and pre-treatment procedures (n = 12). Cavities were restored with self-adhesive materials, such as hybrid glass ionomer (HGI) without pre-treatment (PT), HGI with PT, glass carbomer (GCP) without PT, GCP with PT, alkasite without adhesive resin (AR), alkasite with AR, nanohybrid composite resin with AR, and compared in terms of microleakage. Data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney U tests, with SPSS. RESULTS: Significant difference in microleakage was found among enamel and dentin (p < 0.05). Leakage values from enamel were obtained as follows: alkasite with AR = nanohybrid composite resin with AR < alkasite without AR < HGI with PT < HGI without PT = GCP with PT < GCP without PT, while leakage values obtained from dentin included alkasite with AR = nanohybrid composite resin with AR = alkasite without AR = HGI with PT < HGI without PT = GCP with PT < GCP without PT. CONCLUSIONS: Microleakage properties are material-dependent and may vary due to ingredients. Alkasite with AR could be an alternative to nanohybrid composite due to better sealing ability of both enamel and dentin, while alkasite without AR and HGI with PT are the preferred materials for dentin. GCP without PT showed the highest microleakage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Academia Mexicana de Odontología Pediátrica (2594-1798) is the property of Academia Mexicana de Odontologia Pediatrica, A. C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was a comparison of the micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) to dentin and microleakage of in vitro class V restorations of three different ion-releasing restorative materials under various pH conditions: giomer, a resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI), and a new alkasite material. A μTBS test was performed using a universal testing machine, immediately and after storage at different pH (4, 7, and 10) buffer solutions (n = 15) over 24 h, and the failure mode was analyzed. For microleakage analysis, class V restorations were performed on extracted premolars, which were sectioned and stored in pH 4-, 7-, and 10-buffered fluorescent 0.02% rhodamine B dye. The specimens were observed under a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and scored using the acquired images. There were no significant differences in the μTBS according to the type of material (p = 0.518). The giomer showed a decreased bond strength under the pH 4 condition compared with the immediately tested or pH 7-stored specimens (p ≤ 0.043). In the microleakage analysis, the class V restoration with giomer showed a higher microleakage than RMGI or alkasite (p = 0.001). For RMGI and alkasite, the specimens stored at pH 4 showed a significantly lower microleakage than those stored at pH 7 (p = 0.028). RMGI and alkasite can be adopted as restorative materials in generalized or localized low-pH conditions.

Background: This study investigates various surface treatment methods to assess shear bond strength between set Cention N (alkasite-based restorative material) and new alkasite based restorative material. Assessing different surface treatments provide insights in optimizing repair procedure that enables durability of the restoration, thus potentially benefitting clinical outcomes., Methods: A total of 48 alkasite based restorative material blocks, measuring 4 mm in depth and 4 mm in diameter, were prepared. The samples were randomly divided into 8 groups (n = 6) according to the surface treatment done. Group I: Surface preparation by bur; Group II: Surface treatment by laser; Group III: Application of 2-step etch and rinse adhesive (Adper Single Bond 2 adhesive),Group IV: Application of single step self-etch adhesive (Scotchbond Universal adhesive); Group V: Bur preparation followed by application of 2-step etch and rinse adhesive; Group VI: Bur preparation followed by application of single step self-etch adhesive; Group VII: Laser preparation followed by application of 2-step etch and rinse adhesive; and Group VIII: Laser preparation followed by application of single step self-etch adhesive. Post-surface preparation, all the specimens were restored with newly mixed alkasite material. Repair bond strength measurements were assessed with universal testing machine. Shapiro-Wilk and Levene's tests were used to check normality and Homogeneity of variance. ANOVA with post-hoc Games-Howell test and two-way ANOVA with post-hoc Bonferroni test was performed to evaluate the influence of surface preparation on the repair bond strength., Results: Using a 2-step etch and rinse adhesive resulted in a higher repair bond strength (26.05±2.12) compared to other surface treatments. In contrast, roughening of the surface with burs led to lowest repair bond strength (17.06±3.29) (P=0.02)., Conclusion: Application of 2-step etch and rinse adhesive to the existing alkasite based restorative material provides superior bonding with the newly added alkasite based restorative material., Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed., (Copyright: © 2024 Purayil TP et al.)

Cention N (CN; Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), advertised as an alkasite, is a bioactive bulk-fill resin-based composite (BF-RBC) with alkaline fillers. This study evaluated the resin-dentin micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) and cytotoxicity of CN. Methods: Flat dentin surfaces were obtained, bonded with a universal adhesive, and randomly distributed into two groups. CN (group I) and a flowable BF-RBC, namely, Tetric N-Flow Bulk Fill, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein (group II), were used. After thermocycling, bonded samples were sectioned into micro-beams for μTBS evaluation. Resin-based composite (RBC) discs with a thickness of 2 and 4 mm were tested on human gingival fibroblast cells (HGFCs). Cytotoxicity was assessed by cell viability and growth using AlamarBlue® (Biosource, Camarillo, CA, USA) over a seven-day period. Independent t-test was utilized to statistically analyze μTBS data, while one- and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post-hoc tests were utilized to analyze the cell viability data. Results: There was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) in the μTBS between the flowable BF-RBC and CN. For both materials, the HGFCs were viable, with constant growing over the seven-day period. Conclusion: CN provided a resin-dentin μTBS that was comparable to that provided by the flowable BF-RBC. Both materials showed acceptable cytotoxicity over the seven-day period at a thickness of both 2 and 4 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study evaluates depth of cure (hardness ratio) of a bulk-fill resin composite and an alkasite material in self cure and dual cure mode and compares and evaluates the Vicker’s hardness and depth of cure of a bulk-fill resin composite and an alkasite material in self cure and dual cure mode. Materials and Method: A dual-cure alkasite material and a bulk-fill composite resin were divided into three parts: Group A- bulk-fill resin composite, Group B- self-cured alkasite material and Group C- lightcured alkasite material. The samples were prepared in a stainless steel split mould of 6mm height and 4mm diameter. Vicker’s hardness testing was performed to evaluate depth of cure of 4mm at three levels of 0mm, 2mm and 4mm. Results: The statistics were analyzed using SPSS Software and One- way ANOVA and Post Hoc tests. The data obtained revealed that Cention N showed the greatest depth of cure in dual cure mode. Conclusion: Most dual cure restorative materials exhibit better strength post light-curing compared to only the self-cure mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate whether different types of experimental and commercial restorative dental materials can protect dentin against acid-induced softening. Experimental composites were prepared with a photocurable mixture of methacrylates and two types of bioactive glass (45S5 and a customized low-Na F-containing formulation). Human dentin samples were prepared from mid-coronal tooth slices and immersed in lactic acid solution (pH = 4.0) at 5 mm from set specimens of restorative material. After 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32 days, surface microhardness of dentin samples and pH of the immersion solution were measured, followed by replenishing of the immersion medium. Microstructural analysis was performed using scanning electron microscopy. The protective effect of restorative materials was determined as dentin microhardness remaining statistically similar to initial values for a certain number of acid additions. Scanning electron microscopy showed a gradual widening of dentinal tubules and proved less discriminatory than microhardness measurements. To produce a protective effect on dentin, 20 wt% of low-Na F-containing bioactive glass was needed, whereas 10 wt% of bioactive glass 45S5 was sufficient to protect dentin against acid-induced demineralization. The anti-demineralizing protective effect of experimental and commercial restoratives on dentin was of shorter duration than measured for enamel in a previous study using the same experimental approach.

Cention N (CN; Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), advertised as an alkasite, is a bioactive bulk-fill resin-based composite (BF-RBC) with alkaline fillers. This study evaluated the resin-dentin micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) and cytotoxicity of CN. Methods: Flat dentin surfaces were obtained, bonded with a universal adhesive, and randomly distributed into two groups. CN (group I) and a flowable BF-RBC, namely, Tetric N-Flow Bulk Fill, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein (group II), were used. After thermocycling, bonded samples were sectioned into micro-beams for μTBS evaluation. Resin-based composite (RBC) discs with a thickness of 2 and 4 mm were tested on human gingival fibroblast cells (HGFCs). Cytotoxicity was assessed by cell viability and growth using AlamarBlue® (Biosource, Camarillo, CA, USA) over a seven-day period. Independent t-test was utilized to statistically analyze μTBS data, while one- and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post-hoc tests were utilized to analyze the cell viability data. Results: There was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) in the μTBS between the flowable BF-RBC and CN. For both materials, the HGFCs were viable, with constant growing over the seven-day period. Conclusion: CN provided a resin-dentin μTBS that was comparable to that provided by the flowable BF-RBC. Both materials showed acceptable cytotoxicity over the seven-day period at a thickness of both 2 and 4 mm.

Aim: The aim of the present study is to compare the repair bond strengths (RBSs) of Cention-N (light-cure and self-cure modes), Equia Forte HT Fil and a nanohybrid resin composite., Materials and Methods: Equia Forte HT Fil (GC, Tokyo, Japan), Cention-N (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) and Filtek Z550 (3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA) were used in this study. Equia Forte HT Fil (EQF), Cention-N self-cure (CSC), Cention-N light-cure (CLC) and Filtek Z550 (Z550) groups were formed. A total of 40 samples were prepared; 10 samples in each group (n = 10). After the polymerization was completed according to the manufacturer's instructions, the samples were polished with OptiDisc (Kerr Corporation, Orange, USA) for 5 s each, from extra-course to extra-fine. After all samples were stored in 37°C water for 24 h, 10,000 cycles of brushing simulator and thermal cycles were applied to the samples. The samples were prepared in accordance with the selected repair protocol, and microshear bond strength (µSBS) test was performed. Fracture analysis on debonded surfaces was visualized by scanning electron microscopy. The conformity of the data to normal distribution was analyzed by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Multiple comparisons were performed using Dunn's test., Results:  Z550 showed significantly higher µSBS as compared to the other three groups. There is no difference between CSC, CLC and EQF., Conclusion: The use of Cention-N's self-cure or light-cure mode did not affect the RBS values. The RBS values of Cention-N and Equia Forte HT Fil materials are lower than those of the composite resin material., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Ozaslan et al.)