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StExCell, a novel sulfur-free and chlorine-free biorefinery concept, based on mild steam explosion followed by mild caustic extraction, oxygen delignification and bleaching, is introduced to produce dissolving pulp for textile application. Steam explosion of Betula pendula at 210 °C for 7 isothermal min (equivalent to a P-factor of ca. 1,250), combined with a total-chlorine-free purification sequence resulted in a fully bleached pulp with only 3.6 % xylan, a slightly wider cellulose molar mass distribution and a higher pulp yield, while consuming only about half of the chemicals, in reference to a prehydrolysis-kraft process. The chemical recovery and valorization of the extracted wood component were not covered by the scope of this work but speculated to be simpler than in a kraft process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work has focused on oxygen’s role in the delignification process within the context of pulp production. We have investigated the role of oxygen in a complex set of chemical reactions taking place during this process, including both oxidative and non-oxidative reactions. This study explores the impact of pH changes during the oxygen delignification process and the characteristics of the resulting pulps. Additionally, this research examines the effect of oxygen, by comparing conventional oxygen delignification with trials using air and nitrogen. Industrial softwood kraft pulps with a kappa number of 35 were subjected to delignification for 20–120 min under alkaline conditions. The resulting pulps were assessed for kappa number, intrinsic viscosity, fiber charge, and ISO brightness. An important observation from this research is the reduction in lignin molecular weight upon exposure to oxygen and air, suggesting depolymerization reactions facilitated by oxygen species, whereas nitrogen exposure results in less pronounced changes. This finding underscores the impact of oxygen in altering lignin structure, thus informing the selectivity and effectiveness of the delignification process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of alkaline extraction on the behavior of rare earth elements in coal ashes were investigated in the present study. Independent variables are the concentration of extractant and particle size of coal ashes. Sodium hydroxide was used as an extractant, and the molarity of the solvents varied from 1.0 to 7.0 M. The coal ashes used here were fly and bottom ashes. Fly and bottom ashes were classified into four samples by particle size, with each categorized at both 45 and 300 µm. The particle size distribution and crystalline characteristics of coal ashes, leaching, and the contents of rare earth elements in coal ashes after alkaline extraction were investigated, and the effects of independent variables on the content of rare earth elements in coal ashes were discussed. The test results showed that the dissolution of amorphous phase in coal ashes mainly occurred when the molarity was not more than 3 M, while dissolution and precipitation such as geopolymerization and the formation of zeolite occurred simultaneously when the molarity was more than 5 M. The dissolution and formation of precipitates such as geopolymer in the present study affected the variation of the rare earth element contents in the ashes. Besides, the ashes being smaller in size was more favorable for an increase in the rare earth elements in coal ashes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By analyzing the influencing factors of alkaline extraction of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) from Rosa roxburghii pomace produced in the old Yellow River channel of Kaifeng, the optimization parameters of Rosa roxburghii pomace SDF extraction process were obtained. On the basis of a single factor experiment affecting the extraction rate of SDF from Rosa roxburghii pomace, a three factor three-level response surface experiment was conducted by selecting liquid to material ratio, extraction temperature, and alkaline concentration. The optimal extraction conditions were obtained as follows: liquid to material ratio (mL: g) of 30: 1, extraction temperature of 77 ℃, and alkaline concentration of 9.7 g/L. The SDF extraction validation experiment of Rosa roxburghii pomace was conducted under these conditions, and the average actual extraction rate was measured to be 16.843%, which is basically consistent with the predicted value, indicating that the optimized parameters are reliable. The water holding capacity of SDF obtained from Rosa roxburghii pomace is (13.41±0.09) g/g, oil holding capacity is (4.72±0.17) g/g, and expansion capacity is (11.95±0.05) mL/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the separation of lignin from a mild alkaline sugarcane bagasse extract was studied, and the impacts of different parameters on the filtration performance were evaluated. The tested parameters included transmembrane pressure (0.5–3.0 bar), shear rates (2831–22,696 s−1), temperature (20 and 40 °C), membrane molecular weight cut-off (5 and 10 kDa), and membrane material (polyethersulfone and polysulfone). During the filtration process, the permeate flux and all the main components of the extract were analyzed, including lignins (acid insoluble lignin and acid soluble lignin), sugars (xylose, arabinose, glucose, and galactose), total phenolic compounds, and phenolic acids (p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, vanillin, and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde). It was proved that the tested conditions had a great impact on the permeate flux and molecule retention rate. Increasing the temperature from 20 to 40 °C resulted in a much higher permeate flux for the 5 kDa PES membrane, and the impact of shear rate was greater at 40 °C for this membrane. Although the 5 kDa PES membrane could retain slightly more large molecules, i.e., acid-insoluble lignin and xylose, the 10 kDa membrane afforded greater phenolic acid removal capacity, leading to higher purity. For the 10 kDa PS membrane, the polarization layer began to form at TMP below 0.5 bar. This membrane had a lower retention rate for all molecules than the 10 kDa PES membrane.

Abstract Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is a cancer affecting skin and internal organs for which the Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a necessary cause. Previous work has pursued KS diagnosis by quantifying KSHV DNA in skin biopsies using a point-of-care (POC) device which performs quantitative loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). These previous studies revealed that extracting DNA from patient biopsies was the rate limiting step in an otherwise rapid process. In this study, a simplified, POC-compatible alkaline DNA extraction, ColdSHOT, was optimized for 0.75 mm human skin punch biopsies. The optimized ColdSHOT extraction consistently produced 40,000+ copies of DNA per 5 µl reaction from 3 mg samples—a yield comparable to standard spin column extractions—within 1 h without significant equipment. The DNA yield was estimated sufficient for KSHV detection from KS-positive patient biopsies, and the LAMP assay was not affected by non-target tissue in the unpurified samples. Furthermore, the yields achieved via ColdSHOT were robust to sample storage in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or Tris-EDTA (TE) buffer prior to DNA extraction, and the DNA sample was stable after extraction. The results presented in this study indicate that the ColdSHOT DNA extraction could be implemented to simplify and accelerate the LAMP-based diagnosis of Kaposi’s sarcoma using submillimeter biopsy samples.

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a cancer affecting skin and internal organs for which the Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a necessary cause. Previous work has pursued KS diagnosis by quantifying KSHV DNA in skin biopsies using a point-of-care (POC) device which performs quantitative loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). These previous studies revealed that extracting DNA from patient biopsies was the rate limiting step in an otherwise rapid process. In this study, a simplified, POC-compatible alkaline DNA extraction, ColdSHOT, was optimized for 0.75 mm human skin punch biopsies. The optimized ColdSHOT extraction consistently produced 40,000+ copies of DNA per 5 µl reaction from 3 mg samples—a yield comparable to standard spin column extractions—within 1 h without significant equipment. The DNA yield was estimated sufficient for KSHV detection from KS-positive patient biopsies, and the LAMP assay was not affected by non-target tissue in the unpurified samples. Furthermore, the yields achieved via ColdSHOT were robust to sample storage in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or Tris-EDTA (TE) buffer prior to DNA extraction, and the DNA sample was stable after extraction. The results presented in this study indicate that the ColdSHOT DNA extraction could be implemented to simplify and accelerate the LAMP-based diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma using submillimeter biopsy samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high alkaline pH was previously demonstrated to enhance the extraction yield of brewer's spent grains (BSG) proteins. The effects of extraction pH beyond the extraction yield, however, has not been investigated before. The present work examined the effects of extraction pH (pH 8–12) on BSG proteins' (1) amino acid compositions, (2) secondary structures, (3) thermal stability, and (4) functionalities (i.e., water/oil holding capacity, emulsifying, and foaming properties). The ideal extraction temperature (60 °C) and BSG-to-solvent ratio (1:20 w/v) for maximizing the extraction yield were first determined to set the conditions for the pH effect study. The results showed that a higher extraction pH led to more balanced compositions between hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acids and higher proportions of random coils structures indicating increased protein unfolding. This led to superior emulsifying properties of the extracted proteins with more than twofold improvement between pH 8 and a pH larger than 10. The extraction pH, nevertheless, had minimal impact on the water/oil holding capacity, foaming properties, and thermal denaturation propensity of the proteins. The present work demonstrated that a high alkaline pH at pH 11–12 was indeed ideal for both maximizing the extraction yield (37–46 wt.%) and proteins' functionalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study deals with an examination of strategies for the sequential treatment of corn stalks (CSs) in an integrated manner aiming to obtain papermaking fibers and to recover both lignin and hemicelluloses (HCs). Several pathways of valorization were experimentally trialed, focusing on getting information from mass balance analysis in an attempt to reveal the potential outcomes in terms of pulp yield, chemical composition, and papermaking properties such as tensile and burst strength. The raw lignin amounts and purity as well as separated hemicelluloses were also characterized. In this work, pulp yields in the range of 44–50% were obtained from CSs, while lignin and hemicelluloses yielded maximum values of 10 g/100 g of CS and 6.2 g/100 g of CS, respectively. Other findings of mass balance analysis evidenced that besides the papermaking pulp, the lignin and HCs also have interesting output values. The recovered lignin yield values were shown to be less than 50% in general, meaning that even if 67 to 90% of it is removed from CSs, only about half is recovered. The removal rates of hemicelluloses were found to be in the range of approx. 30 to 60%. About 15 to 25% of the original HCs could be recovered, and polysaccharides-based products with 67 to 75% xylan content could be obtained. Some key opinions were developed regarding how the mass balance could turn as a result of the chosen CS valorization set-up. The determined antioxidant activity showed that both lignin and hemicelluloses had interesting values for IC50. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the separation of lignin from a mild alkaline sugarcane bagasse extract was studied, and the impacts of different parameters on the filtration performance were evaluated. The tested parameters included transmembrane pressure (0.5–3.0 bar), shear rates (2831–22,696 s−1), temperature (20 and 40 °C), membrane molecular weight cut-off (5 and 10 kDa), and membrane material (polyethersulfone and polysulfone). During the filtration process, the permeate flux and all the main components of the extract were analyzed, including lignins (acid insoluble lignin and acid soluble lignin), sugars (xylose, arabinose, glucose, and galactose), total phenolic compounds, and phenolic acids (p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, vanillin, and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde). It was proved that the tested conditions had a great impact on the permeate flux and molecule retention rate. Increasing the temperature from 20 to 40 °C resulted in a much higher permeate flux for the 5 kDa PES membrane, and the impact of shear rate was greater at 40 °C for this membrane. Although the 5 kDa PES membrane could retain slightly more large molecules, i.e., acid-insoluble lignin and xylose, the 10 kDa membrane afforded greater phenolic acid removal capacity, leading to higher purity. For the 10 kDa PS membrane, the polarization layer began to form at TMP below 0.5 bar. This membrane had a lower retention rate for all molecules than the 10 kDa PES membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The valorization of bioeconomy by-products holds immense significance in achieving sustainability goals and fostering resource efficiency, not only to reduce the amount of waste generated but also to significantly decrease the carbon footprint associated with several industrial fields, by promoting circular economy. The wine industry is not only one of the major contributors for world’s economy but also a great producer of by-products, with no valorization process associated. Grape stalks are a great source of chemical molecules, as polyphenols, that can be applied in the production of bio-adhesives. In the present work, grape stalk particles were used as raw material to obtain a highly rich extract with bonding properties through solid/liquid extraction. Different extraction agents were tested (water, NaOH, and Na2CO3) at varied concentrations (0.1%, 0.5%, and 1.0%, respectively). Additionally, extracts were chemically characterized, and the bonding capacity was also evaluated. Using NaOH 1.0%, an extraction efficiency of 8.9% and a total content of polyphenols of 1.4% were achieved. Moreover, all extracts presented an interesting bonding capacity (>1.0 MPa) by hot-press at 120°C for 120 s. The composite panel produced using grape stalk adhesive and vine strain particles fulfills the requirements for type P1 particleboards in terms of internal bond strength, reaching 0.66 MPa. The mechanical and wettability properties of composite material allow foreseeing a promising application in the food packaging industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Dietary fiber may undergo desirable and undesirable modifications in structure and composition under different extraction conditions, and demonstrate different yields and physicochemical properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different alkaline extraction conditions on the recovery yield and various physicochemical properties of dietary fiber from Cat Chu mango peel. Material and methods. Different sodium hydroxide concentrations (0.5-2%, w/v), extraction temperatures (30-50°C), extraction times (30-120 min), and solvent/material ratios (10-25 mL/g) were used to recover dietary fiber from Cat Chu mango peel. Its water solubility capacity, water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, emulsifying capacity, and emulsification stability were also assessed. Results. Harsher exposure to alkaline solvents increased the recovery yield of dietary fiber to a certain extent; however, its physicochemical properties diminished significantly. The mild extraction condition of 1% alkaline and a solvent/material ratio of 20 mL/g at 30°C for 30 min recover dietary fiber with acceptable physicochemical properties, especially with respect to emulsification stability. Conclusion. This study provides a fundamental understanding of changes in the yield and physicochemical properties of dietary fiber from mango peel under a wide range of alkaline extraction conditions. To gain more profound insights, it is essential to conduct component analysis and structural characterization of alkaline-extracted mango peel dietary fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate the functional properties of dietary fibre extracted by different extraction techniques from the defatted seeds of yellow passion fruit (DPFS) and valorize this by-product of the passion fruit juice industry as food ingredient. Materials and Methods: In order to extract dietary fibre (DF) from DPFS, the ultrasound-alkali extraction method (1% NaOH, ultrasonic probe with extraction time: 10–30 min, solid–liquid ratio: 5–20 g/100 mL, and power: 100–300 W) was contrasted with the conventional alkali extraction method (1% NaOH at 50 °C for 30 min) and distilled water-based ultrasonication extraction method. The characterization and physicochemical and functional qualities of the extracted dietary fibre were investigated. The functional properties including glucose absorption activity, amylase inhibitory activity, and cytotoxicity assay were also evaluated. Utilizing response surface methodology approach, the settings for dietary fibre extraction employing ultrasonic and alkaline solutions were optimised. Results: The alkaline extraction yielded 52.8% DF, and ultrasonication for 90 min yielded 50.4% whereas the alkaline-ultrasonic method yielded 61.35% at the optimized condition. Ultrasonication treatment enhanced the functional quality of DF by increasing the water-holding (2.2–2.9 g/g), oil-holding (3.4–4.1 g/g), and swelling capacities (7.5–15.7 mL/g) and decreasing the cation exchange capacity (54.3–53.2 (meq/kg). Glucose adsorption capacity (9.5–18.3 mmol glucose/g fibre), α-amylase activity, and emulsion capacity (38.9–50.1%) were improved significantly by ultrasound. Cytotoxicity study revealed that toxicity increased during ultrasonication, but within the acceptable limit. Conclusion: The findings demonstrated that DPFS waste has a high potential for use in food processing as a functional food ingredient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arthrospira maxima is a microalga that has been collected in Lake Texcoco in the Valley of Mexico since pre-Hispanic times and has been a traditional food source due to its high biomass production and protein content (50–60 %), making it promising for protein extraction. In this context, a protein isolate was obtained from powdered biomass of Arthrospira maxima (PbAm) by alkaline solubilization (pH 11) and isoelectric precipitation (pH 4.2). Arthrospira maxima protein isolate (AmPI) presented higher protein content (82.58 %) and total amino acids compared to PbAm. Functional properties of AmPI were evaluated in comparison with PbAm and soy protein isolate (SPI). Protein extraction resulted in a significant increase in protein solubility (PS) and foaming capacity (FC) of up to 87.78 % and 238.10 %, respectively. Emulsifying capacity (EC) of AmPI was superior to that of PbAm and SPI in pH range 5–7. Inclusion of AmPI as a partial substitute for SPI in the formulation of meat sausages was evaluated by implementing four treatments: T1 (15 % AmPI, 85 % SPI), T2 (10 % AmPI, 90 % SPI), T3 (5 % AmPI, 95 % SPI) and T4 (0 % AmPI, 100 % SPI). Although the texture attributes remained unchanged, a significant reduction in color parameters was observed as the concentration of AmPI increased. An inclusion of 15 % AmPI significantly enhanced the nutritional quality of meat sausages. Results highlight the excellent properties of AmPI, confirming Arthrospira maxima as a promising protein source in the food industry.

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Summary: Traditional solvent‐based approaches for the separation of protein from plant sources are widely used, although they can lead to low protein yield and protein degradation. In this study, protein isolation was conducted by alkaline extraction (AE) and isoelectric precipitation, and the effect of high‐pressure homogenisation (HPH) (0 MPa [control], 50, 100, and 150 MPa) at two different stages during extraction was assessed, namely high pressure homogenisation followed by alkaline extraction (HPH + AE) or alkaline extraction followed by high pressure homogenisation (AE + HPH). Although the control procedure resulted in a protein yield of 45.99 ± 0.72%, the highest protein yield was determined by AE + 100 MPa HPH (61.92 ± 1.06%). Solubility, foaming capacity, emulsification index, hue angle, and denaturation enthalpy of the isolated protein increased after HPH treatments compared to control. Generally, the high‐pressure treatment during protein isolation increased pumpkin seed press cake's protein yield and enhanced the isolates' techno‐functional properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of two different extraction methods (alkaline extraction isoelectric precipitation––AEIP and salt extraction dialysis––SE) on the production of protein isolates from four different pulse types grown in Canada (yellow pea-YP, green lentil-GL, chickpea-CH and navy bean-NB) were studied for their physicochemical, functional, and nutritional properties. The extraction method and type of pulse had an effect on protein and extraction yields. The method used for extraction had an influence on the surface properties as well as the functionality of the isolated proteins. SE-produced isolates presented higher solubility, foaming capacity and emulsion activity than those prepared through AEIP. Protein quality results showed that higher in-vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) and in-vitro protein digestibility corrected amino-acid scores (IV-PDCAAS) were achieved for proteins obtained through AEIP than those prepared for SE samples. The current study contributes to a better understanding of the effects of extraction methods on the resulting protein characteristics and properties of different pulses grown in Canada, which can impact their suitability for different product applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design experiments having three levels of each processing parameter i.e.,α-amylase concentration (0.25–0.75%), extraction time (30–180 min), and temperature (30–60 °C) were conducted to investigate the effect of enzymatic pre-treatment on protein content and extracted yield from broken rice, an industrial by-product. Enzymatically pre-treated broken rice under optimal conditions (0.72% α-amylase concentration, 141 min extraction time, and 43°C of temperature) were subjected to microwave treatment followed by varying degrees (3%, 6%, 9%, and 12%) of enzymatic hydrolysis. The study revealed that the strongest free radical scavenging activity (72.35 ± 4.31 and 93.47 ± 1.25 μmol Trolox equivalent/g), highest magnitude of zeta potential (−24.95 ± 0.64 mV), and lowest mean particle size (446 ± 6.43 nm) were observed at MDH 12%. The FTIR analysis of MDH 12% (1650.08 cm−1) indicated a shift from random coil to β -turn, resulting unfolding of the rice protein structure and increased protein solubility. However, with an increase in DH, a negative effect on the foaming and emulsification properties of rice protein was observed. This study revealed that microwave-assisted enzymatic treatment with a 12% degree of hydrolysis can improve the functional properties of extracted protein and meet the demand for rice protein applications in different food formulations. [Display omitted] • Pre-treatment with α-amylase increased the protein content of broken rice flour. • Molecular structure of rice proteins and peptides was modified by microwave energy. • MDH 12% exhibited enhanced structural and functional properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The valorization of bioeconomy by-products holds immense significance in achieving sustainability goals and fostering resource efficiency, not only to reduce the amount of waste generated but also to significantly decrease the carbon footprint associated with several industrial fields, by promoting circular economy. The wine industry is not only one of the major contributors for world’s economy but also a great producer of by-products, with no valorization process associated. Grape stalks are a great source of chemical molecules, as polyphenols, that can be applied in the production of bio-adhesives. In the present work, grape stalk particles were used as raw material to obtain a highly rich extract with bonding properties through solid/liquid extraction. Different extraction agents were tested (water, NaOH, and Na2CO3) at varied concentrations (0.1%, 0.5%, and 1.0%, respectively). Additionally, extracts were chemically characterized, and the bonding capacity was also evaluated. Using NaOH 1.0%, an extraction efficiency of 8.9% and a total content of polyphenols of 1.4% were achieved. Moreover, all extracts presented an interesting bonding capacity (>1.0 MPa) by hot-press at 120°C for 120 s. The composite panel produced using grape stalk adhesive and vine strain particles fulfills the requirements for type P1 particleboards in terms of internal bond strength, reaching 0.66 MPa. The mechanical and wettability properties of composite material allow foreseeing a promising application in the food packaging industry.

为了提高芝麻蛋白的纯度，以脱脂芝麻粕为原料，采用超声波辅助碱提法耦合碱性纤维素酶和碱性果胶酶酶解技术制备芝麻蛋白。以芝麻蛋白纯度为指标，通过单因素实验对芝麻蛋白的提取工艺条件进行了优化。结果表明，芝麻蛋白制备的最优工艺条件为匀浆处理时间15 min、碱溶时间1.0 h、酶用量0.1%、酶处理超声功率密度0.5 W/cm2、酶解时间2.0 h，在此条件下芝麻蛋白提取率为74.8%，纯度为89.8%，与未耦合酶法提取的芝麻蛋白纯度（75.6%）相比提高了14.2百分点。综上，超声波辅助碱提法耦合酶法可以获得高纯度的芝麻蛋白。To increase the purity of sesame protein, the extraction process of sesame protein from defatted sesame meal using ultrasound-assisted alkaline extraction coupled with enzyme hydrolysis with alkaline cellulase and alkaline pectinase was investigated. The purity of sesame protein was used as an index, and the extraction process conditions of sesame protein were optimized by single factor experiment. The results showed that the optimal process conditions for the sesame protein extraction were as follows: homogenization time 15 min, alkaline extraction time 1.0 h, enzyme dosage 0.1%, ultrasonic power density 0.5 W/cm2 for enzyme treatment, enzyme hydrolysis time 2.0 h. Under the optimal conditions, the extraction rate of sesame protein reached 74.8%, and the purity was 89.8%, which increased by 14.2 percentage points than the purity of sesame protein (75.6%) extracted by ultrasound-assisted alkaline extraction. In conclusion, high purity sesame protein can be obtained by the method of ultrasound-assisted alkaline extraction coupled with enzymatic method.

[Display omitted] • Recovery of humic acids from manure compost and municipal mixed waste compost. • Optimization of alkaline extraction conditions by response surface methodology. • Both humic acids show similar physico-chemical characteristics. • Concentrations of heavy metals below the regulatory limits. • Removal of emerging concern contaminants due to the recovery process. The recovery of humic acids from low-quality compost obtained in municipal solid waste treatment plants provides opportunities for its valorization. This study compares the recovery and properties of the humic acids obtained from municipal mixed waste compost (MMWC) and manure compost. The effects of temperature, time, and KOH concentration on the ratio of humic acids in the extracted liquid and the content of organic carbon of the precipitates were investigated by response surface methodology. Optimal conditions were 30 °C and 24 h for both composts, with a KOH concentration of 0.53 M for MMWC and 0.25 M for manure compost. The manure compost provided a liquid extract richer in humic acids than MMWC (76.6 % vs. 33.7 %), but the precipitates presented similar organic carbon contents (38.1 % vs. 42.4 %). Regarding composition, both humic acids presented higher organic carbon and nitrogen contents than the composts used as feedstock. The extraction and further precipitation of humic acids reduced the concentration of heavy metals. Humic acids from manure compost have a slightly higher average molecular weight (2650 Da) than those from MMWC (1980 Da), while both present similar C/N ratios and degree of aromaticity. Most contaminants of emerging concern present in the original composts were not detected in the humic acids. Thus, it was demonstrated that MMWC constitutes an attractive source of humic acids with properties similar to those obtained from a high-quality compost and, therefore, with potential economic value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alkaline extraction of soluble fiber from coconut pulp using different concentrations of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was investigated. Extraction by NaOH solution for 2 h at 2 M and 55 °C released a significant amount of soluble fiber from the pulp. The soluble fiber was then recovered by single-step and sequential precipitations with different ethanol concentrations. Single-step precipitation with high ethanol concentration was effective because it produced a higher yield within a shorter time using less solvent and energy than the sequential method. Extraction under the selected condition, followed by filtration, centrifugation, and single-step precipitation using 75% ethanol, resulted in a soluble fiber product and two residue by-products with yields of 26.6%, 40.4%, and 10.6%, respectively. For the soluble fiber, the relative amount of oligosaccharide or saccharide species smaller than DP 15 was 45.5%, while the rest (54.5%) were polysaccharides with DPs from 15 to 312. The fiber was composed mainly of mannose (66.4%), followed by arabinose (15.9%), galactose/xylose (8.6%), glucose (5.7%), and 3.5% unknown. The soluble fiber was readily soluble in water, while residue #1, which remained after filtration, formed a cloudy white soft gel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crickets are known to be a promising alternative protein source. However, a negative consumer bias and an off-flavor have become obstacles to the use of these insects in the food industry. In this study, we extracted the protein from commercial cricket powder by employing alkaline extraction–acid precipitation and including ammonium sulfate. The physicochemical and functional properties of the proteins were determined. It was found that, upon including 60% ammonium sulfate, the cricket protein isolate (CPI) had the highest protein content (~94%, w/w). The circular dichroism results indicated that a higher amount of ammonium sulfate drastically changed the secondary structure of the CPI by decreasing its α-helix content and enhancing its surface hydrophobicity. The lowest solubility of CPI was observed at pH 5. The CPI also showed better foaming properties and oil-holding capacity (OHC) compared with the cricket powder. In conclusion, adding ammonium sulfate affected the physicochemical and functional properties of the CPI, allowing it to be used as an alternative protein in protein-enriched foods and beverages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to prepare powder from silver carp fish bone applying alkaline method and investigate its nutritional, sensory, and microbial characteristics. In this research, calcium carbonate was used as a control. The amounts of protein (18.51%), fat (5.11%), moisture (5.58%) and ash (70.82%) were determined in the fish bone powder. The efficiency of powder preparation was determined to be 66.98%. Unlike fish bone powder, the mineral elements silicon, aluminum, barium, and chromium were not observed in the control sample. Phosphorus in bone powder (81580 mg/kg) was more than the control (310 mg/kg) (P

The arabinoxylan was extracted from the vinegar residues by alkaline extraction. Single-factor experiments were carried out on the concentration of NaOH (containing 0.88% H2O2), extraction temperature, solid-liquid ratio, and extraction time, and the four parameter levels with the highest extraction rate of arabinoxylan were found. On this basis, the response surface method was used to optimize. The monosaccharide composition and molecular weight of the optimized polysaccharides were analyzed and their effects on the quality of steamed bread were studied. The results showed that the optimal experimental conditions for alkaline extraction of arabinoxylan were as follows: NaOH (containing 0.88% H2O2) concentration 0.92 mol/L, extraction temperature 75 ℃, solid-liquid ratio 1:35 g/mL, extraction time 1.5 h, the yield of arabinoxylan was 8.75%. The main monosaccharides extracted by this experiment were as follow: Arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid with ration of 38.9%, 1.32%, 2.37%, 55.84%, 0.66%, 0.91%. The dispersion coefficient of the arabinoxylan extracted by this method was 2.45, average molecular weight was 245997, indicating arabinoxylan was a homogeneous polysaccharide. Additional, adding an appropriate amount of vinegar AX to the flour could reduce the hardness and viscosity of the steamed bread, improve the texture characteristics of the steamed bread, and improve the quality of the steamed bread. The arabinoxylan obtained in this study had good functional characteristics, which also provided data and theoretical support for the utilization of vinegar residues.

This research takes a “waste to wealth” approach, generating useful products from solid tannery waste. It focuses on the production of gelatine from solid waste calcareous hide trimmings, which pollute the environment due to their high levels of lime, sulphide, fat, and protein. The lime trim contains the majority of the collagen so gelatine can be extracted from the cuttings using alkalis such as potassium hydroxide. Gelatine was extracted from waste using an alkaline and hydrothermal treatment method with potassium hydroxide. The most important factors in extracting gelatine from waste were found to be time, concentration, and temperature, with values of (1, 2, 3) h, (0.5, 0.75, 1) M, and (60, 70, 80) °C, respectively. The optimum conditions were 70 °C, 2 hours, and 0.75 M, as determined by optimization using Design-Expert software, and the optimum protein content was 87.25% using the Kjeldahl method for protein content analysis. After extraction, the gelatine has a viscosity of 240 cp, a gel strength of 245 g, a pH of 7.2, and a moisture content of 12.11%. This research can be fully utilized to reduce the cost of waste disposal and waste containers in the solid waste of leather tanneries while possibly generating additional revenue.

Sugarcane bagasse (SCB), a by-product of the sugar industry, is composed mainly of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, and can be used to replace petrochemical polymers in various applications. In this work, SCB was treated under mild alkaline conditions with 1.5% NaOH (m:v) and a solid:liquid ratio of 1:20 (m:v) at 60 °C, during 6 h. A 10 kDa polysulfone hollow fiber membrane was used for the purification of the extract in different filtration modes, namely concentration and diafiltration, and a combination of both modes. Permeate fluxes and rejection rates were evaluated at different transmembrane pressure (TMP) at the shear rate of 10,187 s–1, at 40 °C. In concentration mode, increasing the volume reduction factor up to 6.1 led to a significant increase in the retention rates of acid-soluble lignin (ASL) and xylan, and a decrease in inorganic salt content in the retentate. In diafiltration mode, after 2.9 diavolumes, the acid-insoluble lignin (AIL) and xylan rejection rates drastically increased, as did the rejection rates of ash.

The use of low-cost, renewable or waste resources to create engineered silica particles is a valuable example of sustainability. Rice husks are renewable resources that can be used to create modified silica particles as well as biofuels. The remote and contemporary synthesis methods for producing tailored silica particles from rice husks are described in this review. The first portion of the review gives a brief background of the raw material for the silica synthesis – rice husk. The second part discusses the various procedures for the extraction of silica from rice husks, ranging from physical (thermal) method, chemical methods to other methods such as hydrothermal and carbonation methods. The third part covers a range of possible and researched applications for the engineered silica. Finally, the review discusses the challenges that must be addressed before this process can be commercialized.

Canola (Brassica napus L.) meal represents a prominent alternative plant-based source for protein isolation. This work aimed to investigate the combined effect of extraction and purification methods for the production of canola protein isolates (CPIs). CPIs were characterized in terms of process yield, protein recovery, basic composition, amino acid profile, in vitro protein digestibility, techno-functional properties, structural properties, and molecular features. The results showed that the Alk-Uf method enhanced yield (16.23 %) and protein recovery (34.88 %). Meanwhile, the Et-Alk-Uf method exhibited the highest crude protein (89.71 %) and free amino nitrogen (4.34 mg g protein−1) contents. Furthermore, protein digestibility (95.5 %) and protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (1.0) were improved using the Et-Alk-Ac method. Conversely, the amino acid composition, secondary structure, and electrophoretic profiles were generally similar for all CPIs. The Alk-Uf and Et-Alk-Uf methods produced isolates with the highest water solubility (∼39.18 %), water absorption capacity (∼3.86 g water g protein−1), oil absorption capacity (∼2.77 g oil g protein−1), and foaming capacity (∼505.26 %). Finally, the foaming stability (93.75 %) and foaming density (34.38 %) were increased when employing the Alk-Ac method. These findings suggest that, in general, the Alk-Uf and Et-Alk-Uf methods can be used to obtain CPIs with high added value for use in food formulations.

Dietary fiber (DF) from pineapple pomace (PP) was extracted using alkaline and combined alkaline and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods. The FTIR was used to identify the functional groups present in the extracted dietary fiber of pineapple pomace. Physicochemical properties of alkaline extracted dietary fiber (AEDF) and combined alkaline and ultrasound-assisted extracted dietary fiber (UAEDF) were compared. The optimization of extraction conditions of ultrasound-assisted extracted dietary fiber using Central Composite Design of Response Surface Methodology was done. The highest yield obtained by ultrasound-assisted extracted dietary fiber was 69% under the optimal conditions of solute: solvent, amplitude and time of 1:39.88 g/mL, 20.23% and 27.23 min, respectively. Ultrasound-assisted extracted dietary fiber evinced fibrous structure, crystallinity, better thermal stability, water and oil holding capacity compared to alkaline extracted dietary fiber. The extracted dietary fiber was incorporated in semolina and soyflour blends to develop protein-fiber enriched pasta. The texture, color and sensory attributes of the developed pasta were studied, and the sensory analysis was carried out by hedonic scale and the results revealed that the pasta sample containing 5% soy flour and 3% dietary fiber was found to be the best in terms of its attributes.

A bioaccumulation study in red (Palmaria palmata) and green (Ulva sp.) seaweed has been carried out after exposure to different concentrations of citrate-coated titanium dioxide nanoparticles (5 and 25 nm) for 28 days. The concentration of total titanium and the number and size of accumulated nanoparticles in the seaweeds has been determined throughout the study by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and single particle-ICP-MS (SP-ICP-MS), respectively. Ammonia was used as a reaction gas to minimize the effect of the interferences in the 48Ti determination by ICP-MS. Titanium concentrations measured in Ulva sp. were higher than those found in Palmaria palmata for the same exposure conditions. The maximum concentration of titanium (61.96 ± 15.49 μg g−1) was found in Ulva sp. after 28 days of exposure to 1.0 mg L−1 of 5 nm TiO2NPs. The concentration and sizes of TiO2NPs determined by SP-ICP-MS in alkaline seaweed extracts were similar for both seaweeds exposed to 5 and 25 nm TiO2NPs, which indicates that probably the element is accumulated in Ulva sp. mainly as ionic titanium or nanoparticles smaller than the limit of detection in size (27 nm). The implementation of TiO2NPs in Ulva sp. was confirmed by electron microscopy (TEM/STEM) in combination with energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDX). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing world population, the food need of humanity is increasing proportionally. Agricultural wastes constitute an important potential for the global economy as they contain components that are less preferred to be consumed as food due to their low bioavailability due to their indigestion in the human body or due to their sensory properties, but that may be beneficial to human health such as antioxidant substances and antimicrobial agents. The benefits of using these wastes in terms of economy and reducing environmental pollution are obvious. Tomato, which is one of the most used agricultural products in our country and the world, is processed by removing its skins in the processing of many products. Tomato skins cause serious environmental problems and economic losses unless they are valorized. In this regard, this study aims to optimize the extraction efficiency, the antioxidant capacity, and total phenolic content of the tomato peel extract according to the independent variables of temperature and time, while the alkaline extraction process applied to tomato skins is cheap and industrially applicable. Using response surface methodology, the highest extraction yield (28.77 g/100 g dry extract), total phenolic content (3819.32 mg GAE/100 g dry extract), and total antioxidant capacity (2737.82 µmoL Trolox/100 g dry extract) were obtained under extraction conditions at 100°C for 5.26 h. According to LC-MS/MS results, tomato skins treated with alkali contain various phenolic acids and some flavonoids. The phenolic component found in the highest amount in the tomato peel extract was determined as p-coumaric acid (429.99 ± 38.53 mg/100 g dry extract). Other important phenolic components are ferulic acid (12.44 ± 2.06); 4-hydroxy benzoic acid (7.13 ± 1.01) and vanillin (2.47 ± 0.22) mg/100 g dry extract.

Sugarcane processing produces a significant amount of byproducts in the form of straw and bagasse, which are rich in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. This work aims to provide a valorization approach to sugarcane straw by optimizing a two-step alkaline extraction of arabinoxylans by a response surface methodology to evaluate a potential industrial-scale production. Sugarcane straws were delignified using an alkaline–sulfite pretreatment, followed by alkaline extraction and precipitation of arabinoxylan, a two-step process optimized using a response surface methodology. A KOH concentration of (2.93–17.1%) and temperature (18.8–61.2 °C) were chosen as independent variables, and the arabinoxylan yield (%) as a response variable. The model application shows that KOH concentration, temperature, and the interaction between both independent variables are significant in extracting arabinoxylans from straw. The best-performing condition was further characterized by FTIR, DSC, and chemical and molecular weight evaluation. The straws arabinoxylans presented high purities levels, ca. 69.93%, and an average molecular weight of 231 kDa. The overall estimated production cost of arabinoxylan from straw was 0.239 €/g arabinoxylan. This work demonstrates a two-step alkaline extraction of the arabinoxylans method, as well as their chemical characterization and economic viability analysis, that can be used as a model for industrial scale-up production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to prepare powder from silver carp fish bone applying alkaline method and investigate its nutritional, sensory, and microbial characteristics. In this research, calcium carbonate was used as a control. The amounts of protein (18.51%), fat (5.11%), moisture (5.58%) and ash (70.82%) were determined in the fish bone powder. The efficiency of powder preparation was determined to be 66.98%. Unlike fish bone powder, the mineral elements silicon, aluminum, barium, and chromium were not observed in the control sample. Phosphorus in bone powder (81580 mg/kg) was more than the control (310 mg/kg) (P<0.05). However, calcium in the experimental treatment was lower (325000 mg/kg) compared to the control (388000 mg/kg) (P<0.05). In terms of overall acceptance and color no significant difference was observed between experimental and control treatments (P<0.05). Among saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively, palmitic acid (22.73%), elaidic acid (43.74%) and linoleic acid (7.35%) had the highest amounts in bone powder. Also, the total amount of essential amino acids including threonine, valine, lysine, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, and phenylalanine was 218.29%. The no microorganisms such as fungi, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella in the treatments were observed. Since bone powder can be produced in large quantities from different types of fish and is rich in nutritional compounds, it is suggested to the food industry for enriching food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarcane bagasse (SCB), a by-product of the sugar industry, is composed mainly of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, and can be used to replace petrochemical polymers in various applications. In this work, SCB was treated under mild alkaline conditions with 1.5% NaOH (m:v) and a solid:liquid ratio of 1:20 (m:v) at 60 °C, during 6 h. A 10 kDa polysulfone hollow fiber membrane was used for the purification of the extract in different filtration modes, namely concentration and diafiltration, and a combination of both modes. Permeate fluxes and rejection rates were evaluated at different transmembrane pressure (TMP) at the shear rate of 10,187 s–1, at 40 °C. In concentration mode, increasing the volume reduction factor up to 6.1 led to a significant increase in the retention rates of acid-soluble lignin (ASL) and xylan, and a decrease in inorganic salt content in the retentate. In diafiltration mode, after 2.9 diavolumes, the acid-insoluble lignin (AIL) and xylan rejection rates drastically increased, as did the rejection rates of ash. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, brewer spent grain (BSG) proteins were obtained by one-stage alkaline extraction and the influence of extraction pH and temperature on protein extraction yield, physicochemical, functional, and rheological characteristics were assessed. Under the optimized conditions (pH 11, 60 °C and solid/solvent ratio of 1/17 g/mL), up to 87% of the proteins were extracted. Mild alkaline (pH 8) extraction resulted in extracts with higher protein content (> 40%) that were more soluble and with better emulsifying properties compared to extraction at extreme alkaline conditions (pH 11 and 12). Increasing the extraction pH to 11 or the temperature to 80 °C resulted in BSG protein concentrates (BSGBSG PCs) with lower protein content 630% protein) (p < 0.05) and slightly less soluble. However, the BSG-PCs obtained under more severe conditions presented the largest increases in G' and G" during the temperature sweep test, indicating that the changes caused by the process could have improved the gelling properties of these proteins. Food PC is a promising plant protein that could be used as an alternative for the development of different food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study aims to optimize the extraction conditions to obtain the highest yield, to characterize tomato peel extract (TPE) under optimized conditions, and also to determine the effect of ambient oxygen on the properties of TPE. Optimisation were performed at three temperatures (60 °C, 80 °C, 100 °C) and three periods (2, 4, 6 h) by the response surface methodology. The properties of the extract under atmospheric and oxygen-free conditions (AC, OFC) were analysed to determine whether the characteristics of both extracts changed depending on the presence of oxygen; moreover, the morphological, chemical, thermal, biochemical, and antimicrobial properties were analysed. The maximum yield was 31.3% at 100 °C/6 h. A quadratic model was used to create the best fit. Both TPE samples exhibited similar morphological structure, similar weight losses at three stages of TGA curve, similar band assignments in FTIR spectra. GC-MS analysis showed that both samples mainly consisted of cutin in abundance of 70.45% and 68.14% for AC and OFC, respectively. OFC had higher total phenolic content possibly depending on the absence of oxygen. AC and OFC extracts exhibited substantial antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, C. albicans, and A. brasiliensis with a MIC value of 100 μg TPE/ mL.

The main purpose of this project was the eco-valorisation of the tomato plant residues. The chemical product design method was used to select the best idea based on 4 steps: needs, ideas, selection, and manufacturing. Liquid xylitol is here proposed for the valorisation of tomato plant residues, which is an alternative sweetener with a lower glycemic index that can be produced from the hemicellulose found in leaves and stems. Its production would require an alkaline extraction with sodium hydroxide, enzymatic hydrolyses using endo-1,4-β-xylanase, and yeast fermentation with Candida tropicalis. Liquid sweetener with 72% xylitol and other components (D-glucose, D-mannose, D-galactose, L-arabinose, and lignin), commercialised as NITS - Natural Incredible Tomato Sweetener, could be sold for 2.25 €·L-1 for companies and the same price per bottle of 500 mL for individual consumption.

Tropical Triumfetta cordifolia (TC) fibre extracted from the equatorial region of Cameroon has been characterized as a potential fibre for textiles. An investigation of extraction parameters to soften this fibre is crucial to use it as a biobased material in the spinning process. To obtain textile quality fibres, 34 sodium hydroxide extraction tests were carried out to study the effect of extraction conditions on its characteristics. Thus, three levels of concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 wt%), temperatures (80, 100 and 120 °C) and durations (120, 180 and 240min) were used for extraction by cooking, and at room temperature, durations of 120, 150 or 180 min with three concentrations (2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 wt%) were considered. Only 6 combinations produced fibres that were clear and soft to the touch, without defects (corrugations, stuck fibres) and without residual bark epidermis at the macroscopic scale. For these fibres, the dissolution of non-cellulosic substances, morphological, physical, thermal and mechanical properties depended on the austerity of the alkaline retting. Under mild conditions, the SEM surfaces of the fibres showed large residues of the middle lamella, which made the lignin content (10 wt%) and hydrophilic function higher. Under medium conditions, the fibre surfaces were clean and slightly wrinkled (at 80 °C; 120min). Under severe conditions, heterogeneous transverse shrinkage and wrinkling were observed and accompanied by cellulose degradation (39 wt%) with a significant reduction in tenacity at 16cN/tex. The medium extraction conditions were considered more effective, and their fibres showed cellulose content up to 49 wt%, density up to 1.39 g cm−3, “Fickian” moisture absorption kinetics with saturation up to 11 wt%, thermal stability up to 237 °C, Young's modulus up to 3.7 GPa, tensile strength up to 113 MPa and tenacity up to 40cN/tex. These new results were compared with lignocellulosic textile fibres in the literature, showing similarity with banana, sisal and jute fibres.

Hemicellulose plays a versatile role in plant cell wall by linking cellulose and lignin or impeding lignin removal from sustainable cellulosic fibers. Herein, hemicellulose fractions (glucuronoxylans) of Eucalyptus pulp cooked to various cooking degree were extracted by potassium hydroxide solution and purified with ethanol. The glucuronoxylans are divided into water-insoluble (GXI) and -soluble (GXS) fractions. The release or degradation behavior of glycosylated side-chain of hemicellulose in alkaline cooking was explored according to the separate discussion of GXI and GXS, and take consideration of the effect of extraction temperature on polysaccharide degradation. The GXI is constructed of basically straight xylan chain with high linearity, and GXS contains multi-branches xylan chain. The harsher cooking conditions (corresponding to H factors 317, 586 and 904) and alkaline-extraction temperature significantly influenced the composition and structure, leading more glycosyl side chains removal. More content glucuronic acid (6.04–11.26%) in GXS, which may relate to high branch on xylans and great solubility, while less of glucuronic acid (MeGlcA, 2.28–5.48%) in GXI was accounting for the poor solubility. The glycosyl analyses of the two fractions extracted from different pulp showed that the hexenuronic acid (HexA) converted from MeGlcA in GXI was retained during cooking, while that in GXS was easier to be removed in pulping process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Biowastes have emerged as a promising source for the production of value-added products, reducing the burden on landfills and promoting the concept of a circular economy. Chicken feathers, constituting a significant fraction of the poultry industry's waste stream, possess a robust protein structure composed mainly of keratin. Keratin is a biopolymer with unique properties, including high nitrogen content and slow degradation, making it an attractive candidate for various applications in agriculture and other fields. One of the main problems is the development of more eco-friendly methods for the efficient extraction of this biopolymer. The aim of this study was to compare the yield of keratin extraction from chicken feathers by three methods, alkaline, acidic and subcritical water and to characterize the keratin obtained by the most eco-friendly method, i.e., subcritical water. The subcritical water extraction is a promising alternative to the alkaline and acidic extractions, if proper optimization is carried out. We show that SDS-PAGE electrophoresis combined with FTIR analysis can offer valuable Information in this respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental context: Seaweed is a good natural dietary source of iodine and some types of seaweed are rich in iodine. Iodine has a diverse chemistry in seaweeds and may exist as different chemical species; however, the occurrence and identity of the individual species are still not fully elucidated. Hence, development of sensitive and selective iodine speciation methods for studies of iodine chemistry and biotransformation in seaweeds are needed. Rationale: Iodine is an essential element required for human health and metabolism. Seafood and especially seaweed can accumulate iodine to high amounts. Iodine may exist in different chemical forms (species) in seaweeds. Methodology: The present study describes the development and optimisation of a method for iodine speciation analysis in seaweed based on high performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS). The extraction procedure was conducted in two steps, pancreatic enzymatic extraction followed by alkaline extraction with tetramethylammonium hydroxide for optimum extraction efficiency without compromising species integrity. Results and discussion: Total iodine and iodine species were determined in a range of brown (6 samples), red (6 samples) and green (3 samples) seaweeds. A large variation in the total iodine content of the different seaweeds was observed (33–5611 µg g–1 dry weight) with the highest levels encountered in brown seaweed. Iodine speciation analysis revealed differences in the speciation profile of the different types of seaweed. In all seaweeds iodide was the predominant species, and minor contents of MIT (monoiodotyrosine) and DIT (diiodotyrosine) were found in most seaweeds. Furthermore, peaks originating from six unknown iodine-containing species were observed in the chromatograms, especially in red and green seaweeds, while less abundant in brown seaweeds. The speciation method presented here will be valuable in future studies on iodine speciation in seaweed and an important tool for the investigation of iodine speciation and biotransformation in marine algae. Environmental context. Seaweed is a good natural dietary source of iodine, and some types of seaweed are rich in iodine. Iodine has a diverse chemistry in seaweeds and may exist as different chemical species; however, the occurrence and identity of the individual species are still not fully elucidated. Hence, development of sensitive and selective iodine speciation methods for studies of iodine chemistry and biotransformation in seaweeds are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemicellulose was extracted from corncob and further modified by acetylation. Ultrasonic-assisted alkali method was employed for the extraction, in which sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and elemental iodine (I2) were used as co-catalyst for the acetylation of hemicellulose, respectively. Corncob hemicellulose and its acetylated products were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The yield and extraction rate of corncob hemicellulose were 33.7% and 81.0%, and the hemicellulose content reached 85.3wt%. The acetylation of corncob hemicellulose gave 84.6% yield and 1.27 degree of substitution (DS), respectively. The separation of hemicellulose from corncob using alkali method was effectively shortened by ultrasonic assistance, and the yield and extraction rate of corncob hemicellulose were improved. Concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and elemental iodine (I2) were effective co-catalyst for the acetylation of corncob hemicellulose. The results of IR and NMR showed that hemicelluloses were acetylated successfully, and TGA revealed that the thermal stability of the acetylated hemicellulose was improved. Moreover, the DS value of the acetylated product was moderate. Therefore, the acetylated product is expected to be used to prepare biodegradable materials for food packaging.

Bamboo leaf polysaccharide is an active polysaccharide. Alkali-extracted bamboo leaf polysaccharide conjugates have been demonstrated to exhibit emulsification properties. However, the disparity in emulsification between aqueous and alkali-extracted bamboo leaf polysaccharide conjugates remains unclear. In this study, we extracted two bamboo leaf polysaccharide conjugates using aqueous and alkaline extraction, termed BLPC-W and BLPC-A, respectively. The physicochemical characterization revealed significant differences in monosaccharide and amino acid composition, molecular weight, and microstructure between BLPC-W and BLPC-A (p <0.05). Moreover, BLPC-A demonstrated a more pronounced ability to reduce interfacial tension between oil and water. Oil-in-water emulsions were produced using BLPC-W, BLPC-A, and medium chain triglycerides (MCT) at varying concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 %wt). At 2.0 wt%, both BLPC-W and BLPC-A emulsions exhibited the smallest average particle size (d 3,2) of 0.528 μm and 0.304 μm, respectively. Additionally, BLPC-W/WP and BLPC-A/WP emulsions were prepared by incorporating whey protein (WP) at a 3:1 mass ratio with BLPC-W or BLPC-A. After ten days of storage at 25 °C, the average particle size (d 3,2) of BLPC-W, BLPC-A, BLPC-W/WP, and BLPC-A/WP emulsions increased from 0.528 μm to 1.212 μm, 0.304 μm to 0.535 μm, 0.417 μm to 0.534 μm, and 0.213–0.324 μm, respectively. The zeta potentials of BLPC-W, BLPC-A, BLPC-W/WP, and BLPC-A/WP emulsions remained stable around −31 mV, −34 mV, −33 mV, and −36 mV, respectively. Furthermore BLPC-A exhibited superior emulsifying properties compared to BLPC-W, and the addition of WP enhanced the emulsification ability of both BLPC-W and BLPC-A. These findings offer valuable insights into the potential applications of bamboo leaf polysaccharide conjugates in emulsification processes. • Water-extracted (BLPC-W) and alkali-extracted (BLPC-A) polysaccharides conjugates, were prepared from bamboo leaves and physicochemical characterized. • BLPC-W and BLPC-A were prepared from bamboo leaves and physicochemical characterized. • BLPC-W and BLPC-A can stabilize nanoemulsions. • The properties and mechanism of BLPC-W and BLPC-A stabilized emulsions were studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brewer's spent grain (BSG) is a low-cost protein-rich residue and a valuable source of plant proteins. Extraction conditions and parameters can influence the composition and functionality of the resultant BSG protein concentrates. In this study, alkaline extraction at room temperature and 50 °C was investigated to explore the alterations induced by moderate heating in the composition, fatty acid and amino acid profiles, emulsion stability, and foaming properties of BSG protein concentrates. The protein content of the sample extracted at 50 °C decreased by 6%. An increase of 29.4% in the carbohydrate content and 2.5% in the lipid content was observed due to extraction at 50 °C. Hydrophobic amino acid content and saturated/unsaturated fatty acid ratio decreased by 20.9% and 4.8% respectively, in the protein concentrate extracted at 50 °C. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gel electrophoresis showed some degree of protein structural modification and aggregation in the sample extracted at 50 °C. Although the heat-induced compositional alterations in the protein concentrate were not in favour of functionality, its emulsion stability and foaming capacity were significantly improved. These findings demonstrate that the heat-induced improvements in the surface hydrophobicity and conformational flexibility of proteins play a dominant role in the functionality of BSG protein concentrates. It can provide insights into modulating the performance of these valuable side-stream proteins for various food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics products. [Display omitted] • Proteins were extracted from brewers' spent grain (BSG) by alkaline method. • Extracted proteins at either room temperature or 50 °C were compared. • Extraction at 50 °C decreased protein content and increased unsaturated lipids. • Emulsion stability and foaming capacity enhanced by extraction at 50 °C. • Extraction at 50 °C weakened foam stability of the BSG proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An investigation was carried out to optimize the extraction process of dietary fiber from Phyllanthus emblica Linn. pomace, and the physicochemical properties and in vitro adsorption capacity of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. pomace, total dietary fiber (TDF), insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), and soluble dietary fiber (SDF) were investigated. The results showed that the optimal extraction process using alkali method was: Concentration of NaOH 8 g/L, material-to-liquid ratio of 1:35 (g:mL), treatment at 70 °C for 40 min, and the yield of IDF and SDF were 61.72%±0.04% and 17.57%±0.03%, respectively. Phyllanthus emblica Linn. pomace and its dietary fiber both had good hydration properties and oil-holding capacity. TDF had the lowest water holding and the highest swelling capacity significantly different from Phyllanthus emblica Linn. pomace, SDF and IDF (P