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This study investigates the age and growth rates of juvenile Diplodus vulgaris in the Çanakkale Strait, utilizing Alizarin Red S (ARS) marking to analyze otoliths for daily growth increments. The research aimed to validate the daily deposition of growth rings in otoliths as a reliable method for age determination in young fish. A total of 65 specimens were subjected to ARS immersion at varying concentrations to identify the optimal marking conditions that would not adversely affect the survival rates of the juveniles. Post-treatment, the fish were released into controlled environments and monitored over a period to assess the incorporation and visibility of ARS marks in the otoliths. The results demonstrated a clear correlation between fish size and age, with a consistent daily growth rate that supports the hypothesis of daily increment formation in otoliths. The mortality rate associated with ARS treatment was within acceptable limits, confirming the method's viability for non-lethal age and growth studies. This research not only underscores the effectiveness of ARS marking in studying juvenile fish growth patterns but also contributes to a better understanding of the life history of D. vulgaris in the Çanakkale Strait, offering valuable insights for fisheries management and conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, sodium bentonite (Bn) was used for removal of alizarin red S (ARS) from aqueous solution using batch technique. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize sodium bentonite. Different parameters that would affect ARS dye removal such as initial pH, contact time, initial ARS dye concentration, bentonite dose, and temperature were explored. The realized data from kinetic studies demonstrated the high fitness of pseudosecond-order kinetic model for better interpretation of the experimental data. The adsorption isotherms studies showed that Freundlich isotherm had a high correlation coefficient among the studied isotherm models. Thermodynamic studies proposed that ARS adsorption onto Bn was spontaneous in nature at the lower temperatures and exothermic.

The novel composite LaCoO 3 /MoS 2 hybrid nanostructure was synthesized via a combination of sol-gel, hydrothermal, and ultrasonication methods. Alizarin Red S (ARS) and Rhodamine B (RhB) were employed as a model pollutant, to assess the photodegradation efficiency of synthesized catalysts. The effect of MoS 2 (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%) on LaCoO 3 (LCO) and its photocatalytic performance was studied. The properties of synthesized catalysts were assessed using various material characterization techniques. The photocatalytic dye degradation of ARS and RhB was investigated under visible light. Among the synthesized catalyst LM-5% composite (LaCoO 3 with 5% MoS 2) is determined to be the best photocatalyst as it degrades 96 % (ARS) and 90 % (RhB) in 40 min and 80 min, respectively. The photocatalyst is stable even after multiple runs and exhibits negligible loss in degradation efficiency during the cyclic test. Trapping experiments reveal the significance of superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals against the photodegradation of ARS and RhB. The kinetics of photodegradation of ARS and RhB by LM-5% is found to be 5.70 × 10−2 and 2.25 × 10−2 min−1, respectively. Herein, we demonstrated a catalyst possessing excellent photodegradation activity which may ignite the possibilities of using efficient photocatalysts for environmental remediation. [Display omitted] • A novel composite LaCoO3/MoS2 nanostructure was synthesized via sol-gel and hydrothermal with ultrasonication route. • The effect of MoS2 (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%) on LaCoO3 (LCO) and its photocatalytic performance was studied. • Alizarin Red S (ARS) and Rhodamine B (RhB), exhibiting maximum degradation of about 96% ARS and 90% RhB in 40 min and 80 min respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenyl/amine end-capped tetraaniline (TANI) was synthesized by chemical polymerization using ferric perchloride (FeCl3) as the oxidant in HCl aqueous solution. And the TANI in emeraldine base state (TANI-EB) was obtained by dedoping the as-prepared TANI in the mixture solution of ammonium hydroxide and acetone. BET surface area (SBET) and zeta potential analysis were used for the adsorption characterization of TANI-EB. The as-prepared TANI-EB was employed as the model compound of PANI to study the adsorption performance of the aniline polymers for organic dye (Alizarin Red S, ARS). In the adsorption study, the effects of pH, doses of adsorbent, and temperature on adsorption kinetics were investigated. The impact of salt ion (NaNO3) concentration on the adsorption performance were also explored. Langmuir isotherm was found to be the most appropriate to describe ARS removal from water by TANI-EB adsorption. The adsorption capacity can be up to 236 mg/g and the equilibrium can reach within 30 min. Thermodynamic parameters, such as delta enthalpy (ΔH), entropy (ΔS), and free energy (ΔG), were also evaluated. Finally, the electrostatic effect and π-π interaction between ARS and the as-prepared TANI-EB in the adsorption process were investigated by UV-Vis spectrum and Fourier transform-infrared spectrum (FT-IR). It illustrates that the adsorption behavior of dye on PANI can be better understood by using TANI as the model compound of PANI. And TANI in EB phase can be as an adsorbent to remove dye from aqueous solution.Phenyl/amine end-capped tetraaniline in emeraldine base state (TANI-EB) was employed as the model compound to adsorb alizarin red S (ARS). ARS was adsorbed onto TANI-EB by the electrostatic effect and π-π interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textile wastewater is characterized by high toxicity, complex structure, and resistance to biodegradation. Therefore, advanced oxidation technologies have received extensive attention. However, it is usually difficult to achieve a desired degradation effect using a single technology. The combination of various advanced oxidation technologies is an important way to achieve efficient degradation of organic wastewater. The present investigation was focused on ultrasound enhanced electrochemical oxidation (US-EO) of typical anthracene Alizarin Red S dye on a boron doped diamond anode. Our work indicates that ultrasonic oxidation technology which is mainly based on cavitation, can produce strongly oxidizing active substances such as OH, HO 2 , O, and H 2 O 2 , that accelerate the destruction of the dye molecular structure and achieve dye decolorization and mineralization. The effects on cavitation and decomposition of ARS by the parameters that affect degradation, including solution temperature, initial pH, and electrolytes, were examined. Results show that low temperature was more conducive to ultrasonic cavitation in the US-EO process; the degradation efficiency rate of EO was higher than that of US-EO when the solution temperature was above 45 °C. Ultrasonic cavitation was significantly more efficient in acid than in alkaline conditions. Almost 100% color removal and 86.07% COD removal was achieved for 100 mg L −1 ARS concentration with a 0.05 M Na 2 SO 4 electrolyte, temperature of 30 °C and pH of 4.97 after 3 h. GC-MS analysis showed that the intermediate products of ARS in the US-EO process were phthalic anhydride, PEAs and bisphenol A, which is eventually mineralized to CO 2 and H 2 O. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, sodium bentonite (Bn) was used for removal of alizarin red S (ARS) from aqueous solution using batch technique. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize sodium bentonite. Different parameters that would affect ARS dye removal such as initial pH, contact time, initial ARS dye concentration, bentonite dose, and temperature were explored. The realized data from kinetic studies demonstrated the high fitness of pseudosecond- order kinetic model for better interpretation of the experimental data. The adsorption isotherms studies showed that Freundlich isotherm had a high correlation coefficient among the studied isotherm models. Thermodynamic studies proposed that ARS adsorption onto Bn was spontaneous in nature at the lower temperatures and exothermic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcein (CAL) and alizarin red S (ARS) at concentrations of 50-200 and 150-300 mg/l, respectively, were used for immersion marking juvenile grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus. With the exception of non-lateral line scales from the 150 mg/l ARS treatment and lateral line scales from the 150, 200 mg/l ARS treatments, immersion for 24 h produced detectable marks in sagittae, lateral line and non-lateral line scales, and fin rays (dorsal, pectoral, ventral, anal, and caudal) at 100 days post-marking. Detectable fluorescent marks in sagittae were readily observed at concentrations of 150-200 mg/l CAL or 200-300 mg/l ARS. Marks were poorly visible in all non-lateral line and lateral line scales from ARS-treated groups. Fluorescent marks were readily detected in non-lateral line and lateral line scales at 150-200 mg/l CAL, and in fin rays at 100-200 mg/l CAL or 150-300 mg/l ARS. In particular, optimal marks were observed at comparatively high concentrations investigated in sagittae (300 mg/l ARS) and fin rays (100-200 mg/l CAL or 250-300 mg/l ARS). There was no significant difference on the survival or growth of marked fish compared to controls throughout the experiment ( P > 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with gold submicron particles (AuSPs), characterized by a mean diameter of about 0.15–0.20 μm has been developed. Herein, the complexation reaction of Ca 2+ with alizarin red S (ARS), in 0.1 M KOH, has been followed by electrochemical methods using the modified electrode which is able to catalyze the electro-reduction of ARS. When the stoichiometry ratio of Ca 2+ and ARS is 1:2, a new reduction peak at a higher negative potential of −0.975 V appeared, and the peak of ARS at −0.815 V disappeared. The peak current of ARS in alkaline solution is proportional to the concentration of Ca 2+ in the range 6.0×10 −7 –1.2×10 −4 M with a limit of detection (LOD) of 5.1×10 −7 M. Furthermore, the complex site of Ca 2+ with ARS was analysized by the experimental UV–vis and infrared spectrums and those calculated electronic and vibrational spectroscopies with density functional theory (DFT). The good accordance between theoretical and experimental data confirms that chelation of calcium ion preferentially occurs at the deprotonated catechol site. Then, we implemented an electrochemical assay for the investigation of Ca 2+ in preparations of isolated rat heart mitochondria, which demonstrates the submicron particles modified electrode is a simple and rapid sensor for determining the Ca 2+ in the biological samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] A series of BSA–boronic acid (BA) conjugates were synthesized as lectin mimetics. [•] The BSA–BA conjugates immobilized onto silica beads show sugar binding capacity. [•] The BSA–BA conjugates showed pH-depended sugar binding specificity in SPR assay. [•] The BSA–BA conjugates can be used as lectin mimetics for glycomics applications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Black rockfish Sebastes schlegelii juveniles (30-40 mm total length) were immersed in a range of calcein (CAL) solutions at concentrations ranging from 50 to 250 mg/L and alizarin red S (ARS) solutions at concentrations ranging from 100 to 500 mg/L in filtered seawater (salinity 30) for 24 h. Fluorescent marks were detected in otoliths (sagittae, asteriscus), scales, fin rays (dorsal, pectoral, ventral, anal, and caudal fin rays), and fin spines (dorsal, ventral, and anal fin spines) after a 60-d growth experiment. With the exception of 50-100 mg/L CAL, acceptable marks were produced in the otoliths and fin spines by all concentrations of CAL and ARS. In particular, marks were clearly visible under normal light in the sagittae, asteriscus, and fin spines of fish immersed in 200-500 mg/L, 300-500 mg/L, and 200-500 mg/L ARS, respectively. Scales and fin rays had acceptable marks at much higher concentrations (≥50 mg/L CAL, ≥300 mg/L ARS for scales and ≥50 mg/L CAL, ≥200 mg/L ARS for fin rays). The mark quality was highest (i.e., acceptable marks were observed in all sampled structures after immersion marking) in fish immersed in 150-250 mg/L CAL or 300-500 mg/L ARS. In addition, there was no significant difference in survival and growth of marked fish compared with controls 60 d post-marking ( P >0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess a multi-lineage differentiation capacity that makes them important players in the field of regenerative medicine. MSC populations derived from different tissues or donors have been shown to exhibit variable gene expression patterns. Further, it is widely acknowledged that MSC isolates are heterogeneous mixtures of cells at different developmental stages. However, the heterogeneity of expression of lineage regulators has not been linked to differentiation potential of different MSC populations towards mesenchymal lineages. Here, we analyzed variation of expression of differentiation markers across whole population and between single differentiating cells of multipotent stromal cell populations derived from adipose tissue (AdMSCs) and skin (FBs) of seven donors. The results of the analyses show that all cell populations exhibit similar differentiation potential towards adipocyte, osteoblast and chondrocyte lineages despite tissue type- and donor-specific variations of expression of differentiation-associated genes. Further, we detected variable expression of lineage regulators in individual differentiating cells. Together, our data indicate that single cells of stromal cell populations could use distinct molecular mechanisms to reach a common cell fate. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Gaucher disease (GD) is caused by mutations in the GBA gene that confer a deficient level of activity of glucocerebrosidase (GCase). This deficiency leads to accumulation of the glycolipid glucocerebroside in the lysosomes of cells of monocyte/macrophage system. Type I GD is the mildest form and is characterized by the absence of neuronopathic affection. Bone compromise in Gaucher disease patients is the most disabling aspect of the disease. However, pathophysiological aspects of skeletal alterations are still poorly understood. The homeostasis of bone tissue is maintained by the balanced processes of bone resorption by osteoclasts and formation by osteoblasts. We decided to test whether bone resorption and/or bone formation could be altered by the use of a chemical in vitro murine model of Gaucher disease. We used two sources of cells from monocyte/macrophages lineage isolated from normal mice, splenocytes (S) and peritoneal macrophages (PM), and were exposed to CBE, the inhibitor of GCase (S-CBE and PM-CBE, respectively). Addition of both conditioned media (CM) from S-CBE and PM-CBE induced the differentiation of osteoclasts precursors from bone marrow to mature and functional osteoclasts. TNF-α could be one of the factors responsible for this effect. On the other hand, addition of CM to an osteoblast cell culture resulted in a reduction in expression of alkaline phosphatase and mineralization process. In conclusion, these results suggest implication of changes in both bone formation and bone resorption and are consistent with the idea that both sides of the homeostatic balance are affected in GD. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Although Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been implicated in the regulation of stem cell functions, their role in osteogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) has not been reported. We found that ASCs express a restricted subset of TLRs, including TLR1–TLR5, and that TLR agonists such as Pam3CSK4 (TLR1/2 agonist), polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (TLR3 agonist), lipopolysaccharide (TLR4 agonist), and flagellin (TLR5 agonist), but not R848 (TLR7/8 agonist), consistently induced osteogenic differentiation in murine-derived ASCs, which coincided with the TLR expression pattern of ASCs. Cytokine expression profiles induced by TLR agonists and results from subsequent functional assays indicated that interleukin-6 (IL-6) together with soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) enhanced osteogenic differentiation of ASCs by activating STAT3. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated STAT3-silencing blunted osteogenesis and the expression of osteogenic markers, whereas STAT3 overexpression resulted in an increase in osteogenesis. Consistently, STAT3 inhibitor treatment reduced osteogenesis, STAT3 phosphorylation, and expression of osteogenic markers including osterix. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays indicated that STAT3 binding to the STAT3-binding sites on the osterix promoter increased during IL-6-stimulated osteogenesis. Our results thus establish TLRs as novel regulators of ASCs which signal through IL-6/STAT3 pathway and induce osterix expression as a part of the osteogenesis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Degradation of ARS was monitored quickly by UV–vis and EEM fluorescence spectrum. [•] A convenient and quick method using EEM was developed to determine the pollutants. [•] Degradation pathway of ARS was proposed according to the detected intermediates. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: Although microcalcifications of hydroxyapatite can be found in both benign and malignant osteotropic tumors, they are mostly seen in proliferative lesions, including carcinoma. The aim of this present study is to develop a molecular imaging contrast agent for selective identification of hydroxyapatite calcification in human osteotropic tumor tissues ex vivo and in human osteosarcoma cells in vitro. Methods: A bioinspired biomarker, hydroxyapatite binding peptide (HABP), was designed to mimic natural protein osteocalcin property in vivo. A fluorescein isothiocyanate dye conjugated HABP (HABP-19) was utilized to characterize hydroxyapatite on human osteotropic tumor tissue sections ex vivo and to selectively image hydroxyapatite calcifications in human osteosarcoma cells in vitro. Results: Using a HABP-19 molecular imaging probe, we have shown that it is possible to selectively image hydroxyapatite calcifications in osteotropic cancers ex vivo and in human SaOS-2 osteosarcoma cells in vitro. Conclusion: Hydroxyapatite calcifications were selectively detected in osteotropic tissues ex vivo and in the early stage of the calcification process of SaOS-2 human osteosarcoma in vitro using our HABP-19 molecular imaging probe. This new target-selective molecular imaging probe makes it possible to study the earliest events associated with hydroxyapatite deposition in various osteotropic cancers at the cellular and molecular levels. General significance: It potentially could be used to diagnose and treat osteotropic cancer or to anchor therapeutic agents directing the local distribution of desired therapy at calcified sites. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Biologically and chemically modified nanoparticles are gaining much attention as a new tool in cancer detection and treatment. Herein, we demonstrate that an alizarin red S (ARS) dye coating on TiO2 nanoparticles enables visible light activation of the nanoparticles leading to degradation of neighboring biological structures through localized production of reactive oxygen species. Successful coating of nanoparticles with dye is demonstrated through sedimentation, spectrophotometry, and gel electrophoresis techniques. Using gel electrophoresis, we demonstrate that visible light activation of dye-TiO2 nanoparticles leads to degradation of plasmid DNA in vitro. Alterations in integrity and distribution of nuclear membrane associated proteins were detected via fluorescence confocal microscopy in HeLa cells exposed to perinuclear localized ARS-TiO2 nanoparticles that were photoactivated with visible light. This study expands upon previous studies that indicated dye coatings on TiO2 nanoparticles can serve to enhance imaging, by clearly showing that dye coatings on TiO2 nanoparticles can also enhance the photoreactivity of TiO2 nanoparticles by allowing visible light activation. The findings of our study suggest a therapeutic application of dye-coated TiO2 nanoparticles in cancer research; however, at the same time they may reveal limitations on the use of dye assisted visualization of TiO2 nanoparticles in live-cell imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photocatalytic degradation in aqueous medium of the Alizarin Red S (ARS) dye using UV blacklight irradiation (λ = 365 nm) over sol-gel nickel-titania doped photocatalyst (0.5-6 wt% Ni) was investigated. The doped semiconductors were characterized by XRD, nitrogen physisorption and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. High specific surface areas (90 m/g) and small crystallite sizes, which varied with the Ni content, were obtained. No evidence concerning the formation of NiO was observed by XRD, which suggested the deposition of small NiO composites onto the TiO surface. A shift to the visible region of the Eg band gap was obtained by increasing the nickel content in the semiconductors. The substitution of some Ti by Ni cations during the preparation of the photocatalysts was proposed. It was found that the synthesis of the catalysts with 0.5, 1.5, 3 and 6 wt% of Ni resulted in semiconductors that were more active than P25 commercial titania in the photodegradation of ARS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The reversible complex formation between two phenylboronic acid bearing copolymers and the catechol dye Alizarin Red S (ARS) was studied by dialysis experiments coupled with UV–visible spectroscopy. The first copolymer based on N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) is thermosensitive, whereas the second one based on N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAM) is not. The investigation resulted in the quantitative determination of the host–guest binding constants at two different temperatures at pH7.4 in phosphate buffer. Above the phase transition temperature Tp of the thermosensitive copolymer, the binding constant decreases by a factor of 6, twice more than in the case of the non-thermosensitive copolymer. This behaviour is related to the coil-to-globule transition of NIPAM-based copolymer, which above Tp expels the dye marker. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Alizarin red S from 200 to 400mg/l and alizarin complexone from 50 to 300mg/l were used to mark Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Immersion for 24h produced detectable marks in sagittae, ctenoid, cycloid scales, fin rays (dorsal, anal, pectoral, caudal and ventral fin rays) and parts of dissected asteriscus after 60 days in culture. All treatment concentrations had good marks on otoliths. Violet marks were visible under normal light after marking with 200–400mg/l ARS and 300mg/l AC. Scales and fin rays showed acceptable fluorescent marks at higher concentrations (400mg/l ARS, 300mg/l AC and 250–400mg/l ARS, 300mg/l AC, respectively). The best results were obtained after marking with ARS at 400mg/l and AC at 300mg/l. There was no significant difference on survival and growth of marked fish relative to controls throughout experiment (P >0.05). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A quantitative analysis has been carried out to determine the concentration of Zr4+ ion in aqueous solution by using alizarin red S (ARS) as reagent to form ARS-Zr complex. ARS-Zr complex gives a maximum absorption peak at wavelength of 520 nm with pH 2.5. The repeatability study at two different Zr4+ ion concentrations of 10 mg/l and 200 mg/l was found to give RSD values of 1.16% and 0.55%, respectively. The study of interfering ions was carried out with K+, Na+, Ca2+, Pb2+, Al3+ and Fe3+ ions with Zr4+ ion: interfering ions at mole ratio of 1:1, 1:10 and 1:100. The study showed a significant interfering effect at the ratio of 1:100 for all the ions except K+ and Na+ ions. Characterization of ARS-Zr complex gives a dynamic Zr4+ concentration range of 5-35 mg/l. However, the use of artificial neural network (ANN) was able to extend the dynamic concentration range of Zr4+ to a larger range of 5-200 mg/l with optimized ANN parameters of 14 hidden neurons, 20 epochs, and training rate of 0.001. The sum square error (SSE) was found to have a value of 0.33 with an average error of 0.38. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]