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Extreme weather events, considered to be the most destructive natural hazards connected with rapid climate changes in the temperate zone of Europe, necessitate swift adjustments to the selection of ornamental plants for cultivation in multi-stress urbanized areas, public greeneries, and gardens. Moreover, given the rising average air temperature and prolonged growing season, as well as the delay and shortening of the dormancy period, plant phenology is subject to significant alternations. Herbaceous plants fulfill most elements of ecosystem service, e.g., they may enhance biodiversity in climate-warming conditions and create a favorable environment for trees in cities. In this work, we consider the advantages and disadvantages of the dissemination or introduction of annuals and perennials. We draw attention to species rarely or never known to have been cultivated in Europe, which currently occupy hotspots with the highest biodiversity value, including (i) the Mediterranean Basin, (ii) the Caucasus, (iii) Irano-Anatolian, (iv), and the mountains of Central Asia. We emphasize the importance of protecting threatened taxa through safe ex situ cultivation. Ornamentals should be characterized not only by aesthetic values but also by their ability to adapt to environmental changes. However, bearing in mind that horticulture is an important source of invasive alien species, further research assessing the ecological threats and advantages should be conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information on the locations of alien plant species in the places of their primary naturalization or from new localities in Primorsky krai (Far Eastern Federal District) is provided. For the first time, the data are presented on an alien species new to the alien flora of Primorsky krai and the Russian Far East—Lobelia inflata L. (Lobeliaceae), which is actively settling in the exposition areas of the arboretum of the Komarov Mountain Taiga Station of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Primorsky krai, Ussuriysky city district). Currently, Lobelia inflata is beginning to penetrate into the natural cenoses adjacent to the introduced areas of the arboretum. New locations of 12 alien species of vascular plants have been established, including invasive species included in the Black Book of Flora of the Far East (2021): Berteroa incana (L.) DC., Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) Druce, Impatiens parviflora DC., Lotus corniculatus L., Leontodon autumnalis L., Velarum officinale (L.) Reichenb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new alien species, Rudbeckia hirta and Oenothera glazioviana, were recorded for the first time in southeastern Kosovo along the banks of the Lepenci River. The localities, habitat types and population sizes of these species were studied. Twenty individuals of Rudbeckia hirta were found in a 50 m² area, indicating its early naturalisation. Oenothera glazioviana, Oenothera glazioviana, known for its high invasiveness, was recorded close to Rudbeckia hirta habitat. These findings suggest that the river acted as a pathway for the introduction of these alien species. Considering the invasive nature of Oenothera glazioviana, it threatens native biodiversity. This study highlights the importance of proactive monitoring and management strategies to reduce the impact of invasive species and protect natural habitats in Kosovo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a comparison of the neophyte flora in three cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Banja Luka, Mostar and Sarajevo, in order to assess the role of neophytes in the flora of cities located in different phytoclimatic regions. The results indicate low similarity of the neophyte flora in the investigated cities. A total of 123 neophytes have been recorded, only 27 (21.95%) of which are common for all three cities. The invasive component includes 58 taxa (47.15%), 20 (34.48%) of which are common for all three cities. The highest percentage of invasive plants was recorded in Banja Luka (58% of the neophyte flora of the city), followed by Mostar (55.55%) and Sarajevo (53.12%). A total of 43 families have been recorded, with Compositae being the richest (31 taxa), followed by Poaceae (9), Amaranthaceae and Solanaceae (7 taxa each). A comparison of the biological spectrum reveals that therophytes are represented best in all three cities: Banja Luka (27 taxa - 54%), Mostar (50 taxa - 55%), and Sarajevo (34 taxa, -53.12%). A study of the geographical origin shows dominance of the taxa originating from the Americas in all three cities (34 taxa - 68% in Banja Luka; 62 taxa - 68.89% in Mostar and 39 taxa - 60.94% in Sarajevo). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two exsiccata sampled at the end of the 19th century and wrongly identified as Pyrus torminalis or Sorbus torminalis in the herbarium of Francesco Tornabene at Catania belonged to a woody species never reported to occur in Sicily, Crataegus coccinea. This hawthorn, native to eastern north America, grew in two different sites located on the foothills of Mt. Etna. These records are of interest because they represent the first and only ones concerning the occurrence of this species outside botanic gardens in southern Europe. Never observed by the botanists who explored Sicily over the following 130 years, C. coccinea has probably experienced a short period of success as an ornamental plant cultivated in public and private gardens. The available information does not allow us to establish with certainty whether this species was fully naturalised in the Etnean territory in the past or not. C. coccinea should therefore be regarded as a dubious alien plant for Sicily. In the following decades, this hawthorn was unable to become established, probably because of the severe constraints of fully Mediterranean climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New data on the distribution of alien species in the south of Primorsky krai are presented. For the first time, Digitalis grandiflora Mill. is indicated in the composition of an alien flora—a species that has escaped from culture, currently occupying a significant area in the arboretum of the Gornotaezhnaya station of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Ussuriysk city district, Primorsky krai). This species is a new alien to the entire territory of the Far East. In an anthropogenically transformed territory, Digitalis grandiflora is an epecophyte according to the degree of naturalization. It was revealed that Pilosella floribunda (Wimm. et Grab.) Fr. is actively being introduced to the exposition areas of the arboretum of the Gornotaezhnaya station, forming extensive loci with a projective coverage of up to 70%. It has been established that a new alien species for the flora of the Ussurisky Reserve is Carduus acanthoides L., found at a considerable distance from previously found places of growth outside the protected area. The information on new habitats of other species of alien plants in the territory of Primorsky krai identified by us in the period from 2019 to 2023 is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent floristic surveys conducted in various regions of Morocco have revealed three new records of non-native vascular plants of the genus Solanum, namely, S. abutiloides Bitter & Lillo, S. bonariense L., and S. nitidibaccatum Bitter. The occurrence of these alien species in Morocco is documented here for the first time. For each species, information on its national habitat and distribution are given. More-over, the distinguishing morphological features of these three species are compared with the most similar species (including Moroccan Solanum species).

Extreme weather events, considered to be the most destructive natural hazards connected with rapid climate changes in the temperate zone of Europe, necessitate swift adjustments to the selection of ornamental plants for cultivation in multi-stress urbanized areas, public greeneries, and gardens. Moreover, given the rising average air temperature and prolonged growing season, as well as the delay and shortening of the dormancy period, plant phenology is subject to significant alternations. Herbaceous plants fulfill most elements of ecosystem service, e.g., they may enhance biodiversity in climate-warming conditions and create a favorable environment for trees in cities. In this work, we consider the advantages and disadvantages of the dissemination or introduction of annuals and perennials. We draw attention to species rarely or never known to have been cultivated in Europe, which currently occupy hotspots with the highest biodiversity value, including (i) the Mediterranean Basin, (ii) the Caucasus, (iii) Irano-Anatolian, (iv), and the mountains of Central Asia. We emphasize the importance of protecting threatened taxa through safe ex situ cultivation. Ornamentals should be characterized not only by aesthetic values but also by their ability to adapt to environmental changes. However, bearing in mind that horticulture is an important source of invasive alien species, further research assessing the ecological threats and advantages should be conducted.

Terminology for the invasion status of alien species has typically relied either on ecological- or policy- based criteria, with the former emphasising species' ability to overcome ecological barriers and the latter on species' impacts. There remains no universal consensus about definitions of invasion. Without an agreement on definitions, it is difficult to combine data that comes from a range of sources. In Australia, information on plant invasions is provided by a collection of independent jurisdictions. This has led to inconsistencies in terminology used to describe species invasion status at the national level, impeding efficient management. In this paper, we review and discuss the steps taken to harmonise the different terminologies used across Australia's states and territories. We identified mismatches in definitions and records of invasion status for vascular plant taxa across different jurisdictions and propose prioritisation procedures to tackle these mismatches and to integrate information into a harmonised workflow at the national scale. This integration has made possible the creation of a standardised dataset at the Australian national scale (the Alien Flora of Australia). In Australia, having an integrated workflow for referring to and monitoring alien flora will aid early warning and prevent species introduction, facilitate decision-making and aid biosecurity measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a preliminary checklist of the invasive alien plant species (IAPS) in eastern Kosovo. This list was compiled based on a literature review and field surveys in the period between 2020-2022. The list includes 20 plant taxa with information on taxonomic affiliation (Family), life form, native range and type of habitat(s) they invaded. Most species belong to Asteraceae family, followed by Fabaceae and Balsaminaceae. Therophytes are the predominant life form. There are two genera, each with two species: Erigeron L. (Erigeron annuus (L.) Desf., Erigeron canadensis L.) and Impatiens Riv. ex L. (Impatiens balfourii Hook.f. and Impatiens glandulifera Royle), while others are represented by only one species. The majority of IAPS in the eastern region of Kosovo are from North, Central and South America (65%), followed by Asia (30%) and with only one species from Africa (5%). The habitats most heavily colonized by IAPS are the areas along roads, waste places, riverbanks and cultivated areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, 10–15% of invasive plant species are recorded in alien floras of all inhabited regions of the world, and their proportion is constantly growing. A particular problem is naturalization of alien species in the regions with high levels of endemism and species diversity, such as the Altai Republic. We have been studying the alien flora of the Altai Republic since the beginning of the 21st century. The ranges of 67 invasive species belonging to 57 genera and 20 families have been identified. Most of the species have been known on the territory of the Altai Republic since the 20th century; ten species have penetrated here in the 21st century. The main method of penetration (vector) is accidental introduction. In all areas, at least singly, there are five species: Amaranthus retroflexus, Bunias orientalis, Matricaria discoidea, Melilotus officinalis, Tripleurospermum inodorum. The orographic and climatic features of the area predetermine a greater susceptibility to invasions for the northern regions and a lesser one for the southeastern regions. Eighteen species are distributed only in the northern regions. Almost all species are found Gorno-Altaisk, Maima district; the least number of species are found in Kosh-Agach district, which is characterized by the most severe climatic conditions. Thirty-five species are invasive in Siberia; 11 species are among the hundred most aggressive species in Russia. On the basis of our own long-term research, taking into account the analysis of available publications and stock materials (Herbarium of the Central Siberian Botanical Garden of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Gorno-Altaysk State University), as well as other available data (iNaturalist, GBIF), maps of the ranges of invasive plants of the Altai Republic were compiled. For each species, all known localities are given, indicating administrative regions, settlements, river valleys, etc.; the time of discovery is noted, and links to the source are indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to reveal the presence of Soleirolia soleirolii, evaluated as an alien species for the flora of Turkiye, and to document its first record in Bartın province. Furthermore, Soleirolia is proved as a new genus record for the country, which has significant implications for the region's biodiversity. The detailed morphological descriptions, identification keys, distribution map, and photos are provided for this species, which will be beneficial for future research in this area. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the distribution and morphology of this species and emphasize the need for further research on the biodiversity of this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities are often hotspots for biological invasions, showing much higher percentages of alien species than non-urbanized settings. The reasons are multiple and are mostly related to two main factors: their heterogeneous, highly disturbed habitats and their many gateways that allow alien species introduction (e.g., airports, roads, train stations, or gardens). In addition to being a sink of biological invasions, cities can also be a source of the spread of alien species into surrounding landscapes, which adds further complexity to this issue. Herein, we are presenting the results of a five-year survey of the alien flora of Montjuïc, the largest urban hill in Barcelona (Spain). In just about 3.4 km2, we recorded up to 247 alien plant taxa, a figure much higher than those of many other Mediterranean cities and which clearly points to the role of Montjuïc as a hotspot for alien plants. The comparison with the alien flora of its surrounding region (coastal Catalonia) suggests that the alien flora of Montjuïc would have become enriched through many immigration episodes from close geographic areas. The hill, however, would have also acted as a source of the spread of alien plants, and indeed, some species have not been detected yet beyond the confines of Montjuïc. This study aims to be a key tool to ensure early detection and also to develop appropriate management and/or eradication actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allochthonous plant species are considered among the main environmental issues worldwide, being especially accused in the Mediterranean basin. The present study aims to update Balearic Alien Flora and discuss its time and spatial variation and invasiveness. Information regarding allochthonous plant records of the Balearic Islands were gathered and analysed based on published checklists and online databases. For each species several general traits were assigned based on previous references to characterise the alien Balearic Flora. Records of allochthonous species between 1827 and 2023 indicate that Alien Balearic Flora is composed of 624 taxa recorded unevenly among islands, with lower records in smaller islands. Alien flora is mainly composed of therophytes and phanerophytes being held mainly in human related habitats. Introduction pathway is mainly ornamental, with over 50% of taxa entering through gardening and horticultural practices. Main biogeographical origins are American, Mediterranean, Euroasiatic and Cape origins. Invasive status of Balearic alien flora shows that 44% of all taxa can be regarded as casual, while 35% are naturalised, and 17% can be considered invasive, being the latter increased in smaller islands. Time variations trends starting mainly in the 70 s and predictive models show that alien species increase exponentially, being the most represented taxa from synanthropic habitats, introduced as ornamentals, lianas, phanerophytes and therophytes from Cactaceae, Asteraceae and Leguminosae families. The results of the present study can serve as a model to facilitate the scientifically informed decision making and management of plant invasions both in the Balearic Islands and other continental insular systems and Mediterranean regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alien species represent one of the causes of biodiversity loss, both in natural and anthropic environments. This study contributes to the assessment of alien species impact on Western Po Plain rice field cultivations, referring to different agricultural management practices and ecological traits. Flora and vegetation were studied (the latter through the phytosociological method), and α-biodiversity was estimated through Shannon and Simpson Indices. Results highlighted a significant floristic contingent depletion and increase in therophyte and alien components, compared to pre-existing studies (1950s); higher α-biodiversity levels in organic farms, compared to conventional farms, but also a higher invasive alien species percentage. The high deterioration of the territorial–landscape context appears to play a major role in shaping these patterns. Some of these alien species are particularly aggressive (e.g., Murdannia keisak), as confirmed by two experimental rice field plots which were left unharvested, continuously flooded, making it possible to assess the competitiveness between weed species. The detected weed vegetation is attributed to the Oryzo sativae-Echinochloetum cruris-galli association, already described for Southern Europe, with two different ecological and floristic variants. Future studies, by including other sites and framing their territorial–landscape context, may further complement this overview on the alien species distribution and behavior in rice fields, hence facilitating their strategic management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological relationships between supplementary feeding and baiting in situ and vegetation patterns were studied in the mostly forest landscape of the Western Carpathians. We aimed to test the role of wildlife management practices in alien plants spreading. Altogether 82 localities with diverse hunting facilities stretched throughout several mountain areas and hills from northern to southern Slovakia were examined. Presence of vascular plant species was recorded for each locality. In addition, we sampled 33 phytosociological relevés to cover main vegetation types using methods of Zürich-Montpelière approach. Altogether 208 taxa of vascular plants consisting of 144 native and 64 alien ones were found. Among aliens, 44 archaeophytes and 20 neophytes were recognized, including 8 invasive species (Amaranthus retroflexus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Bidens frondosa, Conyza canadensis, Echinochloa crus-galli, Galinsoga urticifolia, Helianthus tuberosus, and Stenactis annua). Different habitat conditions as well as intensity and frequency of disturbances result in high community heterogeneity. Six plant communities and one group of stands with weak phytosociological relations were identified. A canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was applied to explain the effect of hunting facilities, artificial feeds and elevation on species compositional pattern of vascular plants and neophyte species, while variation in percentage of aliens and neophytes was modeled using general linear model (GLM). The CCA revealed the significant role of bait site, elevation, coarse fodder (hay), grain feed and fleshy feed for species composition assemblages. The proportion of aliens decreased at higher elevations and increased with the occurrence of bait sites and with the use of grain feed and corn silage. The neophyte frequency was negatively associated with elevation and coarse fodder (hay), but positively associated with the presence of high shooting stand and crushed corn. Based on results concerning risk of alien and/or invasive plant species spreading, wildlife supplementary feeding, baiting and whatever fodder and crop decoy applications (except hay of local provenience) seem to be undesirable. Especially in natural ecosystems and strictly protected areas, consistent and controlled abidance of regulation has to be enforced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lysichiton americanus is a robust rhizomatous plant native to the Pacific part of North America. This species was introduced to Europe in Great Britain at the beginning of the 20th century and since then, due to its aesthetic value, it has been used as an ornamental plant in numerous European countries. Since then and after numerous introductions, established populations of this plant have been reported in 9 European countries. It was classified by the European Union as an invasive non-native plant species. The current study describes the first record of a wild-growing population of L. americanus in Poland. It was found in an overgrown former pond, neglected for about 50 years, near the rural park located in the Sudetes Mountains (south-west Poland). Apart from its distribution, its phytosociological affiliation and status in the Polish flora are also described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the herbaceous plant Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb., a species native to tropical regions, from Morocco. This is the first time that the genus and species are reported from Morocco and continental North Africa. We found this species to be naturalising in several localities in north-western Morocco. A morphological description, the geographic distribution, and notes on the ecology of this species are provided. We present for the first time photographs of P. tenellus from continental North Africa.

During field investigations in Morocco, two new alien species, Amaranthus spinosus (Amaranthaceae) and Cardamine occulta (Brassicaceae), were discovered as new to the country. Additionally, C. occulta seems to be the first record for continental Africa. The distribution and ecology of these species are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escape from cultivation of Ficus microcarpa (Moraceae, Magnoliopsida) in Algeria is here reported. Several localities where the species reproduces from seeds have been discovered recently in northeastern Algeria. A map of its current distribution in the study area is provided. The species colonizes mainly urban habitats (walls, balconies and sidewalks) but its propagation in the natural environment is being facilitated by birds that disseminate the seeds over long distances. Ficus microcarpa can be considered as in the process of naturalization in Algeria. An updated key to species of the genus Ficus in Algeria is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I report on the introduction, spread and current distribution of the Greek Fir (Abies cephalonica) (Pinaceae) in Austria. The species was introduced in Austria in the second half of the 19th century as an ornamental tree. Very locally, it has already been planted in forests for the first time likely in the late 19th century, while some more trial forestry plantations have only been established in the 1970s. Currently, 14 escaped occurrences of A. cephalonica are known, occurring in parks, gardens and forests. All escaped populations are found on the eastern rim of the Northern Calcareous Alps south of Vienna. Some of these escaped populations are large (up to at least 1000 young trees) and spreading. Inferring from the size of escaped plants and from the literature, spread at some sites must already have started in the mid-1970s at latest. Based on the data presented here, I conclude that A. cephalonica should be considered as locally established in Austria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lupinus gredensis is recorded as a new species for the adventive flora of Bulgaria. It was discovered in the Eastern Rhodope Mountains (Ivaylovgrad and Krumovgrad districts). The species grows in open dry grasslands and roadside ruderal vegetation, on siliceous and serpentine substrates. Its most distinctive feature is the change of the flower color, which is cream to off-white at first, and subsequently, in the ageing flowers of the same inflorescence, turning lilac to mauve. Lupinus gredensis is an endemic taxon restricted to the Iberian Peninsula. So far, it has been known as an alien species only in Greece. Revisiting the available records of L. hispanicus from Turkey has revealed that they also belong to L. gredensis. In Bulgaria, the earliest finding of L. gredensis, erroneously identified as L. luteus, dates back to 2003. The aim of the present article is to report L. gredensis as an addition to the Bulgarian alien flora and to provide data on the main distinguishing characters of the species and its distribution in Bulgaria and Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Himalaya – a global biodiversity hotspot – harbors diverse flora and fauna, but increasingly beset with multiple threats, including biological invasion by alien species. Here, we aimed to investigate the diversity, distribution, and drivers of alien flora in the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR), a region spread across 12 states/union territories in India. We developed a comprehensive checklist on alien flora of IHR based on review of 141 studies published during the years 1934 to 2022, and further disentangled the key environmental (average annual rainfall, total area, protected area, forest area, total plant richness) and socioeconomic (total population, traffic length) drivers that better explain regional alien and naturalized plant richness. We recorded 771 alien plant species, including 375 cultivated and 396 naturalized species. We found that the species native to Southern America and those with perennial life span and herbaceous growth form were most represented in the IHR. Similarly, the annual herbs native to Southern America had a higher probability to become naturalized in the IHR. Based on the species composition of the total alien and naturalized flora distributed across different parts of the IHR, we found evidence of distance decay of floristic similarity. The total alien plant richness was best explained by the average annual rainfall, while the naturalized plant richness was best predicted by total traffic length. Our results identify the key environmental (i.e., average annual rainfall) and socioeconomic (i.e., total traffic length) drivers that determine the diversity and distribution patterns of alien and naturalized plants in the IHR. Our findings have practical applications in developing a scientifically-informed management and policy framework to mitigate the impacts of plant invasions and to predict the potential future plant invaders in the Himalaya. Overall, the checklist of alien flora of the IHR represents a step forward in filling the knowledge gaps on biological invasions from the Himalaya – a globally data-deficient region.

Cities are often hotspots for biological invasions, showing much higher percentages of alien species than non-urbanized settings. The reasons are multiple and are mostly related to two main factors: their heterogeneous, highly disturbed habitats and their many gateways that allow alien species introduction (e.g., airports, roads, train stations, or gardens). In addition to being a sink of biological invasions, cities can also be a source of the spread of alien species into surrounding landscapes, which adds further complexity to this issue. Herein, we are presenting the results of a five-year survey of the alien flora of Montjuïc, the largest urban hill in Barcelona (Spain). In just about 3.4 km2, we recorded up to 247 alien plant taxa, a figure much higher than those of many other Mediterranean cities and which clearly points to the role of Montjuïc as a hotspot for alien plants. The comparison with the alien flora of its surrounding region (coastal Catalonia) suggests that the alien flora of Montjuïc would have become enriched through many immigration episodes from close geographic areas. The hill, however, would have also acted as a source of the spread of alien plants, and indeed, some species have not been detected yet beyond the confines of Montjuïc. This study aims to be a key tool to ensure early detection and also to develop appropriate management and/or eradication actions.

Alien species represent one of the causes of biodiversity loss, both in natural and anthropic environments. This study contributes to the assessment of alien species impact on Western Po Plain rice field cultivations, referring to different agricultural management practices and ecological traits. Flora and vegetation were studied (the latter through the phytosociological method), and α-biodiversity was estimated through Shannon and Simpson Indices. Results highlighted a significant floristic contingent depletion and increase in therophyte and alien components, compared to pre-existing studies (1950s); higher α-biodiversity levels in organic farms, compared to conventional farms, but also a higher invasive alien species percentage. The high deterioration of the territorial–landscape context appears to play a major role in shaping these patterns. Some of these alien species are particularly aggressive (e.g., Murdannia keisak), as confirmed by two experimental rice field plots which were left unharvested, continuously flooded, making it possible to assess the competitiveness between weed species. The detected weed vegetation is attributed to the Oryzo sativae-Echinochloetum cruris-galli association, already described for Southern Europe, with two different ecological and floristic variants. Future studies, by including other sites and framing their territorial–landscape context, may further complement this overview on the alien species distribution and behavior in rice fields, hence facilitating their strategic management.

Relative to other vascular plants, ferns have been overlooked with respect to the potential for nonnatives to spread into natural areas and potentially displace native species. An unusual site in the Piedmont of northeast Georgia was found to harbor two species of nonnative ferns that have clearly become naturalized. A third species at the site represents the appearance in a natural setting of another nonnative fern species whose cultivars and hybrids are being more widely planted as ornamentals. Examination of herbarium specimens from Georgia and the Southeastern United States clarified the status of some earlier records and some overlooked records, based on misidentifications or questionable status as naturalized. The species involved (Arachniodes simplicior, Polystichum polyblepharum, and Anisocampium niponicum (=Athyrium niponicum)) are all introductions from temperate regions in East Asia and probably represent escapes from cultivation via spores. The appearance of these species in natural communities raises questions about their potential to spread farther and to become pests by crowding out native flora. The invasive potential of these three species and five other species discussed in a previous paper is evaluated based on field observations as well as information about their status as an epiphyte or ground dweller, reproductive plasticity, ecological requirements, and popularity as horticultural ornamentals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results of floristic research conducted within the territory of the Batumi landfill (Adjara, Georgia) are presented. The total area of the site is about 20 hectares, of which 10 hectares are active and the remaining part was closed in the beginning of the 21st century. In the closed area, the processes of formation of stabilized plant communities and spontaneous vegetation successions are going on. As a result of the survey, we revealed 244 species of vascular plants belonging to 163 genera of 59 families. Among them, 86 species are considered native and 158 species are alien. Among the listed species, 94 are representatives of the ruderal flora and others are species characteristic for various other habitats.

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Sixteen new Asteraceae are added to the non-indigenous flora of Tunisia. Six of them (Dimorphotheca ecklonis, Gaillardia pulchella, Gazania linearis var. linearis, Guizotia abyssinica, Rudbeckia triloba and Tithonia diversifolia) are also new for the flora of North Africa. Chrysanthemum morifolium is here first reported for the Mediterranean Basin. Seven genera (Argyranthemum, Bidens, Dimorphotheca, Gaillardia, Guizotia, Rudbeckia and Tithonia) are recorded for the first time for the vascular flora of Tunisia. Most of these species escaped from gardens and pots and became casual along roadsides and/or disturbed areas after cypsela dispersion (except for Chrysanthemum morifolium). Some species, even though appearing to be well established locally and are potentially invasive at a worldwide level, still do not behave so in Tunisia. In addition to the floristic notes, the typification of the names Dimorphotheca ecklonis, Gorteria linearis and Mirasolia diversifolia are discussed.

Xanthium is a taxonomically intricate genus of the sunflower family (Asteraceae). In Italy, two species of Xanthium sect. Xanthium are present: the native X. strumarium and then introduced X. orientale. In this study, we assess changes in relative frequency of these two species in Italy based on herbarium records. Based on our analyses, we could observe a strong decline of the native X. strumarium in Italy, started approximately one hundred years ago. Since then, this species has become extremely rare and more effort should be spent to investigate its actual distribution range and potential extinction risk in Italy. This study also demonstrates the importance of herbaria to address questions regarding the dynamics in relative frequency and distribution of competing native and introduced species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proboscidea louisianica (Miller) Thell. (Martyniaceae) is newly reported for the flora of Tunisia and North Africa as a naturalised alien. Extensive field investigations in northern Tunisia allowed the discovery of three populations of P. louisianica (Miller) Thell. consisting of 18 individuals found at the edges of "Oued Béja" and at roadside within an irrigated land in Nabeul region, where plant specimens were in flowers and fruits. Moreover, further sites were recorded for another member of the family Martyniaceae (Ibicella lutea (Lindl.) Van Eselt.), already reported and known in Tunisia and Algeria within North Africa. Additional information for both species on their current distribution areas and their habits are provided. Details of their morphological and distinguishing features are illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The materials of the field research of synanthropic vegetation in the territory of the Kobuleti in the 2016–2020 years are provided. In particular, 134 taxa belonging to 49 families and 97 genera were revealed in the three different plant communities (Cryptomerietum japonicae, Eucalyptetum-viminali-globulo-cinerei, and Cinnamomo glanduliferae-Cryptomerietum japonicae) in the Kobuleti lowland. The community Cryptomerietum japonicae comprises 66 taxa, 33 of which are native, and 33 have an alien origin. Woody plants in Cryptomerietum japonicae are represented by 15 taxa. The community Eucalyptetum-viminali-globulo-cinerei comprises 91 taxa, 36 of which are native and 55 are alien. Woody plants in Eucalyptetum-viminali-globulo-cinerei are represented with 17 taxa, while the rest 74 taxa are herbaceous. In Cinnamomo glanduliferae-Cryptomerietum japonicae there are discovered 49 plant taxa, including 25 native and 24 aliens. In this community, 16 taxa are represented by woody plants and 33 taxa – by herbaceous ones. Therefore, in the investigated region, 60 taxa (44.77 %) were found to be native and 74 taxa (55.23 %) alien. Among aliens, 31 taxa have East Asian origin, 16 taxa are from the Mediterranean, 13 taxa originated from Europe, ten taxa originated from North American, and four – originated from Australia. Despite cuttings and artificial planting of alien representatives, some indigenous woody species (i.e., Corylus avellana, Frangula alnus, Vaccinium arctostaphylos, Smilax excelsa, Quercus hartwissiana, Carpinus caucasica, Castanea sativa, and Hedera colchica) still occur in this territory. Both native and alien taxa participate in the formation of the described landscape structure. Successional events have started in the Kolkheti Lowland in ancient times. It is a long-term process, which is still ongoing, as our observations confirmed it.

Ficus is the largest genus in the Moraceae family, with the syconium inflorescence as its characteristic. This genus has a wide distribution worldwide, and about 367 species were found in the Malesia region. There are 74 species have been recorded on Java, and seven species are known as introduced plants. Based on our recent observations in West Java, Central Java, Yogyakarta, and East Java, three newly recorded Ficus species were found, namely F. auriculata Lour., F. maclellandii King, and F. natalensis subsp. leprieurii (Miq.) C.C. Berg. The species were introduced to Java as an ornamental plant. Descriptions, photographs, and a brief discussion of the three newly recorded species are presented in this manuscript.

Aeolian sand dunes on the Broughton Island are heavily disturbed by nesting birds and invaded by Opuntia stricta (Prickly Pear). Biological control agents do not establish well on exposed coastal systems and thus herbicide treatment is currently the main control, but it is expensive in terms of resource allocation. Invasive species are generally considered by many to be controlled at all cost but in many situations, they are benign or even beneficial. We test if O. stricta causes significant change to the vegetation on aeolian sands on Broughton Island. 40100 m2 plots were placed randomly over areas of differing cover of O. stricta. Within these plots additional six subplots of 4 m2 were placed. All flora species were scored for cover. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed testing the effects of O. stricta on floristic composition and species density and turnover. Regression models showed a non-significant (r2 = 0.95; P = 0.0557) negative effect of O. stricta cover on species density at the 100 m2 plot size and at the 4 m2 scale (r2 = 0.013; P = 0.0858). Global comparison of species density between plots with and without O. stricta at the 4 m2 scale was non-significant. Homogenisation occurred (lowered beta diversity) across plots with O. stricta presence at the 4 m2 scale. More species had their average cover reduced by O. stricta presence than those that were benefited. The scale at which the investigation was undertaken (4 or 100 m2; species density and beta diversity) affected the magnitude and significance of O. stricta on the results obtained. The scale at which investigations are made was found to be of importance. Overall, although negative changes were noted in flora species diversity and homogenisation was apparent the negative impact may not be sufficient to justify the costs and resources needed to control the species which is unlikely to be eradicated from the site. Opuntia stricta was found to be associated with homogenisation within the dunal communities in which it commonly dominated. However, the magnitude of these effects on diversity and the inability to eradicate the species may not constitute effective use of labour, funds and time and the potential detrimental effects of long-term use of herbicides. There are limited resources available and such resources need more specific targeting to maximise the chances of reducing biodiversity loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five new alien taxa are here recorded from Tunisia. Reported taxa (Livistona chinensis, Phoenix canariensis, P. reclinata, P. theophrasti and Washingtonia robusta) belong to the subfamily Coryphoideae (Arecaceae). Updated nomenclature, brief descriptions, general and national distributions are provided for each species. Livistona chinensis and Phoenix theophrasti are here reported for the first time in North Africa. Identification keys are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the second edition of the checklist of alien and cryptogenic bryophytes (Bryophyta) in Austria. In total, four alien bryophyte species are reported, of which three are established, and for one it is unknown if it is casual or established. In addition, four cryptogenic species (i.e. species that are likely alien, but their biogeographic status is uncertain) are included, of which one is casual and one is extinct. In comparison with the first checklist of alien bryophyte species for Austria published in 2002, the number of alien or cryptogenic bryophytes has risen by four species. Most alien or cryptogenic bryophytes in Austria are native to continents of the Southern Hemisphere. Most invaded ecosytems in Austria are man-made habitats, fields, forests and mires. One species (Campylopus introflexus) is assumed to locally cause negative environmental impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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During systematic field research carried out in the wider Posavina region, Livanjsko polje, and the environs of Zavidovići (Bosnia and Herzegovina), the following four neophytes new for the flora of the country were recorded: Hypericum majus, Juncus dudleyi, Symphyotrichum lanceolatum and Sisyrinchium montanum. While the last two species have been previously recorded from the region (Symphyotrichum lanceolatum from Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Slovenia; Sisyrinchium montanum from Croatia), Hypericum majus and Juncus dudleyi are here registered as new for the neophyte flora of the Balkan Peninsula

The occurrence of Euphorbia hirta (Euphorbiaceae) is reported here for the first time in Morocco. It is a neophyte native to tropical and sub-tropical regions. Discriminating morphological characters, taxonomic note, photographic illustrations, as well as data on habitats and geographic distribution of the taxon in Morocco and worldwide are provided for easy identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyse biological pollution of the native flora of Volyn' Polissya in Ukraine by alien plant species. According to the research results, 364 alien plants belonging to 228 genera and 68 families were identified in the spontaneous flora of Volyn' Polissya. The spectrum of the most species-rich families of the alien fraction of the region's flora includes Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Solanaceae, Caryophyllaceae. As a result of the phytopollution, at least 16 families were included in the region's flora. Four species currently in a stage of expansion were identified (Reynoutria japonica, Impatiens parviflora, Echinocystis lobata, Bidens frondosa). By origin, the species of the alien fraction of the region's flora are dominated by the immigrants from the Mediterranean, Iranian-Turan and Atlantic-North American floristic regions. Over the past 30-50 years, at least 80 new species of alien plants have been introduced into the territory of Volyn' Polissya. Over the past 5-7 years, the speed of the spread and naturalisation rate of species such as Quercus rubra, Asclepias syriaca, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Prunus cerasifera, Hippophae rhamnoides, Oenothera biennis has increased. These species intensively invade the native plant communities. Phytopollution of Volyn' Polissya is promoted by the migration of alien species from agricultural lands and escaping from cultivation. This process is also facilitated by urbanisation and the development of transport infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Questions: The spread of alien plant species is one of the main threats to the biodiversity of different natural habitats, and coastal dune habitats are among the most affected. There is a considerable local and regional variation in the level of alien plant invasion on coastal dunes. We asked what are the patterns of invasion across European coastal dunes and how they depend on habitat types and coastal regions. Location: Atlantic, Baltic, Black Sea and Mediterranean coasts of Europe. Methods: We used vegetation‐plot records from shifting dunes and stable dune grasslands extracted from the European Vegetation Archive (EVA). We quantified richness, frequency and distribution of alien plant (neophyte) species across dune habitats and coastal regions. We also explored the donor habitats and invasion trajectories of these species. Results: In the flora of European coastal dunes, 7% of species were neophytes, for two‐thirds originating from outside of Europe and mostly naturalised and ruderal. Shifting and stable dunes were similar in neophyte species composition, but there were more individual occurrences of neophytes in shifting dunes. The neophyte flora composition differed considerably between the Atlantic, Baltic, Black Sea and Mediterranean regions. The highest number of neophyte species was observed on the Atlantic dunes, while the highest number of neophyte occurrences was on the Black Sea dunes. Most of the neophytes originated from North America and the Mediterranean‐Turanian region. Erigeron canadensis, Xanthium orientale, Oenothera biennis and Oenothera oakesiana were the most common neophytes. Conclusions: We provided a comprehensive assessment of alien plant invasions in the coastal dunes across Europe and highlighted that coastal dunes should be in the focus of European invasion management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The forest environment is considered to be more resistant to penetration by alien plant species than other terrestrial environments, which generally are significantly modified by humans. A major environmental threat to vegetation is posed by alien species that are capable of spontaneous expansion in natural or semi-natural communities, and above all in forests. This paper presents a naturalization scale of alien vascular plants in forests of Poland, based on knowledge of species classified as naturalized elements of the Polish flora. Using the research results and observations of other authors, as well as literature data, a list of 180 taxa of such plants was compiled. The classification uses the following categories: life form, systematic affiliation, and origin or status in the Polish flora. The analysis revealed that not all of the considered alien species showed an ability to penetrate forest communities and that only a few of them have developed stable populations in the best-preserved natural and semi-natural phytocoenoses. About 20% of the anthropophytes found in forest communities strongly affect the composition and structure of the forest phytocoenoses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I report on the distribution of Chinese ragwort (Sinacalia tangutica) (Asteraceae, Magnoliopsida) in Austria. The first occurrence of this species was recorded 50 years ago in the Ybbs-valley in the pre-Alps of western Lower Austria. Here, I summarize the current distribution of the study species at this locality, and I present two new records. The composition of the invaded vegetation was documented by four relevés. Sinacalia tangutica forms dense populations in wet tall herb vegetation and open riverine forests in humid submontane climate. Thus, given the substantial expansion in the last decades in the Ybbs-valley, I suggest that the future spread of Sinacalia tangutica should be monitored, and if necessary, management actions should be taken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the analysis of alien species in local floras of the Voronezh region Nature Reserve Fund. The Voronezh Region is located on the border of the forest-steppe and steppe zones. 16 Model Protected Areas (PAs), having a different conservation status and a various size, have been chosen for the analysis. The article attempts to assess: a) the degree of biological contamination of PAs that protect forest-steppe and steppe ecosystems; b) features of the alien fractions of the PAs' flora of various categories. The characteristics of PAs with respect to the possibilities and conditions for the invasion of alien species of vascular plants are given. The alien fraction of the PAs' flora comprises 262 taxa: 255 species, 5 hybrids, 1 subspecies and 1 variety, referring to 178 genera and 66 families. For the typological analysis, alien species were divided into groups in accordance with the time of the invasion, the way of invasion and the naturalisation level. The average proportion of invasive species in PAs floras is 11.1% (in different local floras it varies from 4.4% to 16.8%). When considering stable flora elements only (excluding ephemerophytes and colonophytes), then the PAs' local flora contamination ratio will make the average of 6.1% (from 3.5% to 8.9%). The largest number of alien species is noted in the floras of state reserves and state nature sanctuaries, regional PAs are characterised by a smaller proportion of alien plants. The analysis of the ways of alien species' invasion has shown that human activity on introduction of plants makes an important contribution to the replenishment of the alien flora in protected areas: 31.7% of alien species had left the cultivation area, 15% were deliberately planted in the PAs. Transformer plants are of the greatest coenotic significance, out of 19 such alien species 11 are xenophytes, the other 8 species are ergasiophytes. The conclusion is made about the necessity to move from the monitoring of alien species to practical work on managing the process of alien plant invasion in state reserves.

This paper presents the results of research on ephemerophytes of the alien portion of the flora of the Romensko-Poltavsky Geobotanical District (north-eastern Ukraine). It is a detailed study of this group of plants, conducted for the first time in the Ukraine. The checklist of alien vascular plants contains 345 species, of which 27 species are ephemerophytes (or 8%): Adonis aestivalis, A. annua, Papaver albiflorum, Urtica cannabina, Gypsophila perfoliata, Atriplex micrantha, Chenopodium × preissmannii, Ch. × thellungii, Rumex longifolius, Sisymbrium polymorphum, Euphorbia humifusa, Malus sylvestris, Onobrychis viciifolia, Astrodaucus orientalis, Datura tatula, Solanum schultesii, Lindernia procumbens, Melampyrum cristatum, Helianthus annuus, Petasites spurius, Xanthium ripicola × Xanthium albinum, Echinochloa tzvelevii, Panicum capillare, Panicum capillare L. subsp. barvipulvinatum, Phalaris canariensis, Setaria ×ambigua, Sorghum halepense. The basis of this work is original data of the author obtained during field studies, and a critical study of the literature, archival, cartographic materials and herbarium collections, and the use of classical methods of botanical classification. Complex research of this group of plants was conducted and as a result of these investigations the following characteristics were established: a predominance of kenophytes of Mediterranean origin in this group, species of arid areas, cosmopolitan species with a diffuse type of space structure, therophytes, herbaceous monocarpic plants, mesotrophes, heliophytes and xeromesophytes, with an insignificant degree of impact on native plant communities and with a limited distribution within the study region. The combination of these results indicates that ephemerophytes comprise a temporary, unstable component of the flora of this region of the Ukraine. The paper provides maps of the distribution of these 27 species.