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Copyright of Revista Cientifica de la Facultade de Veterinaria is the property of Universidad del Zulia, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hydatid cyst is an infection of animal origin caused by the Echinococcus granulosus parasite and most commonly affecting the liver and lungs. Hydatid cysts localized in the heart are very rare, accounting for approximately 0.5-2% of all hydatid cysts. The disease can be asymptomatic or even lead to sudden death. Therefore, early surgical treatment is recommended even in asymptomatic patients. Our case of a cardiac hydatid cyst, which was discovered while an 18-yearold patient without any chronic disease was being examined for chest pain, was presented with images, where the cyst contents suddenly emptied into the pericardium, starting with tachycardia and hypotension and then progressing to tamponade. During the follow-up of the case, it was evaluated that extending albendazole treatment to 6 months contributed to the prevention of recurrence of the cyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RETRACTED ARTICLEStudy objective – the effectiveness of clinical-based schemes of Albendazole anti-relapse chemotherapy. We studied the long-term results of surgical treatment of 709 patients with various forms of liver echinococcosis. Depending on the scheme of preventive treatment, the patients were divided into four groups. The fifth (control) group consisted of patients who did not receive anti-relapse chemotherapy with Albendazole. The recurrence frequency was evaluated by the survey 3–3,5 years after surgery. We found that Albendazole preventive treatment significantly reduces the relapse rate within 3–3,5 years after surgery. In the control group, relapse occurred in 42 cases (8,1%) (χ2 =10,6; р=0,0012), compared to 2 relapse cases in the study groups (1,1%). Aparasitic and antiparasitic regimes are necessary but not sufficient to prevent recurrence. The isolated relapse cases in various Albendazole preventive treatment schemes demonstrated no clear advantage of any scheme.

Introduction: Neurocysticercosis is a disease with high neurological morbidity, where subarachnoid subtype is a severe form. Secondary vasculitis is rare, but it can cause a stroke. The diagnosis is made by serology with enzyme-linked immunotransfer blot (ELIB) and tomography or resonance images with 3D sequence. Treatment is mainly medical. Case of report: A 28-year-ol male with headache, expression aphasia and dysarthria. The images show a left frontal stroke, as well as a non-viable left temporal cyst and another viable left sylvian lesion, with positive ELIB. He was treated with clinical improvement. At 8 months, imaging control was performed due to new stroke. We saw reduction in size of the lesions, but still positive ELIB, so medical treatment was restarted with slow improvement of symptoms. Conclusion: Subarachnoid neurocysticercosis is a complex pathology, which requires multidisciplinary treatment, mainly medical, with difficult adherence to it due to its prolonged duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous larva migrans is a parasitosis caused by the larvae Ancylostoma brasiliense and Ancylostoma caninum. It is acquired in warm tropical or subtropical countries. In Guatemala, the reported cases date from the 1950 and 1960 decades, coming from coastal areas where the disease is endemic. Dogs and cats are the ultimate hosts. Humans are affected by having direct contact with the feces of hosts. The larvae penetrate the skin after contact with the infected soil and after an incubation period of two weeks, they can cause a characteristic rash. CLINICAL CASE: A 23-year-old male patient, originally from Israel, who was walking without wearing shoes on the beaches of Guatemala, presented a lesion located on the left sole consisting of a serpiginous and erythematous path, clinically compatible with cutaneous larva migrans. The diagnosis was clinical and had a successful therapeutic response with ivermectin and albendazole orally. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical history of travel to endemic areas and walking without footwear are factors to consider to diagnose cutaneous larva migrans. The treatment with ivermectin and albendazole are two well-tolerated drugs with an adequate therapeutic response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La neurocisticercosis es una enfermedad parasitaria que ocurre por la infección del estado larvario de la Taenia solium en el sistema nervioso central (SNC). Es una de las patologías más encontradas en los servicios neuroquirúrgicos de los países latinoamericanos. La neurocisticercosis es la causa de convulsión más frecuente en esta región del mundo. Esta enfermedad se clasifica en distintos síndromes dependiendo de su localización y clínica: en neurocisticercosis parenquimatosa, ventricular, espinal y ocular. La sintomatología también es variada siendo las convulsiones su manifestación más frecuente seguida de cefaleas, déficit neurológico focal, demencia y psicosis. Debido al polimorfismo clínico de la enfermedad, no es posible que un único esquema de tratamiento sea eficaz en todos los casos, por lo tanto, su caracterización, en lo que respecta a la viabilidad y localización de los parásitos, es fundamental para planificar el tratamiento adecuado. Este es un articulo de revisión sobre la neurocisticercosis con enfoque desde el punto de vista neurológico y neuroquirúrgico, en el diagnostico y el manejo de esta enfermedad.

Intra-abdominal rupture is a severe and rare complication of a hydatid cyst. This case report is aimed to present the diagnosis and treatment algorithm for spontaneous intra-abdominal rupture of liver hydatid cyst. A 46-year-old lady was followed up in the gastroenterology service with a cholangitis diagnosis. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was applied to the patient. The patient's abdominal pain and vital signs worsened on the first day after ERCP. After the patient was hemodynamically stabilized, intravenous contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) was performed. On CT, there was a 130 mm diameter air-containing hydatid cyst in the liver dome accompanied by intraperitoneal free air. Liver hydatid cyst perforation was considered in the patient, and the patient was taken for an emergency laparotomy. Cystotomy and unroofing were performed with cholecystectomy. Control thorax CT was performed on the patient due to low saturation (90% under nasal oxygen support) on the sixth day of followup. Due to pleural effusion in the right hemithorax on the CT scan, thoracentesis was performed on the patient, and 500 cc of seropurulent fluid was aspirated. On the 14th postoperative day, the patient was discharged without any problem and was prescribed 10 mg/kg/day of albendazole. No pathology was detected on the control CT in the first-month follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria is the property of Thieme Medical Publishing Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La Estrongiloidiasis es producida por el Strongyloides stercoralis; un helminto intestinal que se encuentra ampliamente distribuido en las áreas tropicales y subtropicales, las manifestaciones clínicas son variadas, a continuación, se presenta el caso de un paciente con la infección por el parasito y con manifestaciones pleurales, digestivas y hematológicas. El caso fue confirmado mediante endoscopia de vías digestivas altas. El paciente recibió tratamiento con derivados de los benzimidazoles (Albendazol) por la difícil accesibilidad a el medicamento Ivermectina producto de la pandemia actual por SARS COV 2 en nuestro país.

Copyright of Der Internist is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Currently, albendazole is one of the most commonly used drugs because of its affordability. The objective was to evaluate the histopathology of Fasciola hepatica specimens. For this, the efficacy test was performed on sheep treated with albendazole at the dose recommended for F. hepatica, in which the helminths recovered at necropsy were counted and separated for histology. Spermatogenic cells from parasites recovered from treated and control sheep were examined by microscopy. The fecal egg-count reduction test revealed 97.06% efficacy of albendazole in the treatment of F. hepatica. Changes in testicular tubule cells started 48 hours after treatment and became evident within 72 hours, at which point it became difficult to identify cell types. Primary and secondary spermatogonia became increasingly rare and intercellular vacuolization was more evident. Signs of apoptosis, with pycnotic nuclei and evidence of keriorrexia were observed at all times. Cell debris was identified 96 hours after treatment. The results indicated that parasitic spermatogenesis was severely affected by albendazole and demonstrated the importance of the use of histopathology for the diagnosis of therapeutic efficacy in field strains.

Aim: Although hydatid cyst is an infective disease, its primary treatment is still surgery. At this point, the surgical technique and the scolicidal substance used are important to increase the success rate of the treatment. There is not enough information in the literature to determine the most effective scolicidal substance. Therefore, each clinic can use different agents. In this study, we aimed to find out which of the agents that can be used in the surgical treatment of hydatid cy sts is more ef fective. Materials and Methods: In this study, cyst fluid obtained from patients who were operated on for liver hydatid cyst or treated percutaneously with USG in Gaziantep Un iversity Medical Faculty was used. We investigated the effectiveness of the cyst fluid obtained from patients in a sterile manner and scolicidal agents in an in vitro environment in relation to time. In the effectiveness evaluation, a comparison was made based on the viability of scoleks. Results: We found that all of the agents used in our study were successful at the 20th minute, but the earliest and most ef fective response was obtained with praziquantel. Conclusion: Besides that the obtained findings show the success of praziquantel in killing E. granulosus, they support the studies that suggest its place in medical treatment. Further studies with efficacy-side effect analysis should be conducted to determine the ideal scolicidal substance to be used during both medical and surgical treatment of E. granulosus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Pediatric Emergency & Intensive Care Medicine / Çocuk Acil ve Voğun Bakım Dergisi is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: The low frequency of cases and deaths from the SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 virus in some countries of Africa has called our attention about the unusual behavior of this disease. The ivermectin is considered a drug of choice for various parasitic and viral diseases and shown to have in vitro effects against SARS-CoV-2. Aims: Our study aimed to describe SARS-CoV2 infection and death rates in African countries that participated in an intensive Ivermectin mass campaign carried out to control onchocerciasis and compare them with those of countries that did not participate. Methods: Data from 19 countries that participated in the World Health Organization (WHO) sponsored African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC), from 1995 until 2015, were compared with thirty-five (Non-APOC), countries that were not included. Information was obtained from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/database. Generalized Poisson regression models were used to obtain estimates of the effect of APOC status on cumulative SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality rates. Results: After controlling for different factors, including the Human Development Index (HDI), APOC countries (vs. non-APOC), show 28% lower mortality (0.72; 95% CI: 0.67-0.78) and 8% lower rate of infection (0.92; 95% CI: 0.91-0.93) due to COVID-19. Conclusion: The incidence in mortality rates and number of cases is significantly lower among the APOC countries compared to non-APOC countries. That a mass public health preventive campaign against COVID-19 may have taken place, inadvertently, in some African countries with massive community ivermectin use is an attractive hypothesis. Additional studies are needed to confirm it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the results of total pericystectomy in hepatic hydatid disease. Material and Method: The data of patients who underwent total pericystectomy between 1999-2019 was evaluated. Results: Of 308 patients treated as in-patients, 32 (17 females-15 males) were found to have had total pericystectomy. Median age was 44 (range:17-73) years. Indications were: easily accessible anatomic location (20), albendazole toxicity (4), unresponsiveness to albendazol treatment (4), tumor suspicion (2), pregnancy (1) and nonadherence to albendazole use (1). Median cyst diameter was 75 mm (42-100), median cyst number was 1 (1-8). Fourteen patients had more than one cyst. Total pericystectomy alone was performed in 23 patients, while additional cysts were treated in a further 9. Of the 23 pericystectomy only patients, 18 received closed and 5 open pericystectomy. Median 36 minutes (12-78) Pringle clamping was performed in 10 patients. Median hospital stay was 6 days (1-60). Low output (<150 cc/day) bile fistula was seen in 3 patients, intraabdominal infection in 2 patients and superficial infection in 2 patients. No recurrence was observed during a median follow-up of 62 months (14-236) in 20 pericystectomy only patients. Conclusion: Pericystectomy can be performed with low morbidity and mortality in an experienced center. Recurrence risk is reduced in comparison with conservative surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivou-se verificar a existência de resistência anti-helmíntica a ivermectina e albendazol em nematoides gastrintestinais de ovinos em propriedades dos municípios de Janaúba e Nova Porteirinha. O experimento foi conduzido em 4 propriedades e foram utilizados 88 animais. Nas fazendas (A e B), testou-se o anti-helmíntico ivermectina e nas fazendas (C e D), ivermectina e albendazol. A redução na contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (RCOF) foi determinada utilizando fórmula específica, indicando resistência com índice menor a 95%. Houve resistência dos nematoides gastrintestinais ao albendazol nas duas propriedades em que foi testado e a ivermectina em três das quatro propriedades. Na fazenda C, a ivermectina apresentou-se eficácia de 97%. O nematoide de maior prevalência foi o Haemonchus contortus.

Se evaluó el efecto que produce la administración oral de extractos hidroalcohólicos de Prosopis flexuosa y Prosopis alpataco sobre la motilidad gástrica en un canino. Este estudio preliminar se llevó a cabo con el objeto de determinar si estos extractos, de igual manera que en ratones, retrasan el vaciado gástrico. Estos ensayos tuvieron como finalidad evaluar nuevos compuestos que puedan formularse con antiparasitarios como el albendazol, para favorecer la absorción aumentando el tiempo que permanecen en el estómago en contacto con pH ácido. Los resultados de estos ensayos determinaron que Prosopis flexuosa no produce variaciones en el tiempo de vaciado gástrico, aumentando la motilidad intestinal. La dosis de extracto hidroalcohólico de Ruta chalepensisempleada en estos ensayos resultó tóxica produciendo aumento de la motilidad gastrointestinal y vómitos. Se concluye que deberán realizarse nuevos estudios utilizando dosis menores para determinar el potencial de estos extractos DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.19137/cienvet2013-1518

Copyright of INSPILIP. Revista Ecuatoriana de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovacion en Salud Pública is the property of Instituto Nacional de Investigacion en Salud Publica (INSPI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Croatian Journal of Infection / Infektoloski Glasnik is the property of Croatian Society for Infectious Diseases and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The widespread prevalence of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections has an important impact on livestock affecting of meat, milk, traction and manure in tropical and sub-tropical areas. The present study was aimed to monitor the efficacy of commonly available anthelmintic drugs at publicly owned sheep farms. The sheep naturally infected with nematodes were selected, aged between 10 to 18 months, for field efficacy trial. Selected sheep were divided into five groups (15 animals each group) based on their equal egg per gram (EPG) and body weight. Group-I served as control (untreated), while Group-II was treated with albendazole at the recommended rate of 8.8 mL/100 kg of body weight by oral drench, Group-III was treated with levamisole at the rate of 4.4 mL per 100 kg body weight, Group-IV was treated with ivermectin, 200 µg of ivermectin per kilogram of body weight and Group-V was treated with mixture of levamisole and ivermectin at the rate of 10 mg/kg by injecting subcutaneous, respectively. The results revealed that the highest efficacy rate (88.25%) was observed in sheep treated with mixture of levamisole and ivermectin, followed by ivermectin (86.43%), levamisole (81.32%), and albendazole (51.11%), respectively. The data has indicated that nematodes (Haemonchus contortus as the predominant species followed by Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Trichostrongylus axei and Oesophagostomum columbianum) might have developed resistance against the major anthelmintic drugs, encountered throughout this trial. Overall results showed that anthelmintic resistance resulted because non-judicial use anthelmintic drugs without considering the epidemiological knowledge related to occurrence of commonly nematode parasites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antecedentes: El glioblastoma (GB) es el tumor cerebral más agresivo y letal en adultos. Se trata con resección quirúrgica y radioterapia con quimioterapia (temozolomida); no obstante, la supervivencia es de aproximadamente 15 meses, por lo que se requieren explorar alternativas más eficaces. Previamente, se reporto la actividad anticancerígena del albendazol (ALB), de su metabolito activo, sulfóxido de albendazol (SOALB) y de melatonina (MLT), a través de distintos mecanismos de acción. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar si la combinación de MLT con ALB o SOALB tiene un efecto citotóxico sinérgico sobre células de glioma. Métodos: Se utilizaron células de glioma de rata C6 y RG2 y de humano U87. Se prepararon curvas de concentración-respuesta en el rango de 0.16 a 1.25 µM para ALB, de 2 a 64 µM para SOALB y de 0.18 a 6 mM para MLT. Se calcularon los valores de Dosis media (Dm) a partir de los cuales se diseñaron las combinaciones en diluciones seriadas. La citotoxicidad se evaluó por medio del ensayo de MTT y la interacción farmacológica se determinó por el método de Chou-Talalay. Los mecanismos de muerte celular, apoptosis, necrosis, (anexina V y 7-AAD) y autofagia (LC3 y AVOS), se evaluaron por citometría de flujo e inmunofluorescencia y la proliferacion celular con tinción con cristal violeta. Núm. de registro del protocolo: 150/16. Resultados: En todas las líneas celulares los fármacos exhibieron actividad citotóxica de manera dependiente de la concentración. Los valores de Dm en las líneas C6, RG2 y U87, para ALB fueron 0,6 µM, 0,6 µM y 0,9 µM; para ALBSO, 20 µM, 26 µM y 36 µM; y para MLT, 1 mM, 0,9 mM y 0,9 mM, respectivamente. La mayoría de las combinaciones produjeron un efecto citotóxico sinérgico (IC<1) (Figura 1a). Los tratamientos combinados indujeron la muerte celular, principalmente por apoptosis y autofagia en las tres líneas celulares (Figura 1b y 1c). El ALB y el SOALB inhibieron la proliferación celular, tanto combinados con MLT, como de forma independiente. (Figura 1d). Conclusiones: Los efectos sinérgicos de la combinacion MLT con ALB o SOALB sobre las células podrían deberse a que los diferentes mecanismos de acción de las moléculas se complementan. Los resultados indican que las combinaciones podrían ser una estrategia potencial para tratamiento del GB, considerando que estos compuestos son menos tóxicos y costosos. Es necesario continuar con la evaluaciones moleculares relacionadas a los mecanismos de accion involucrados, asi como realizar la evaluacion en un modelo in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo: Determinar el efecto citotóxico in vitro de la combinación de Albendazol y Temozolomida en células C6 de glioma. Antecedentes: El Glioblastoma es el tumor cerebral más maligno y letal en el humano. La supervivencia de los pacientes diagnosticados es menor a 2 años. El tratamiento estándar incluye cirugía, radioterapia, quimioterapia con temozolomida (TMZ) o una combinación de estos. Sin embargo, la eficacia de estos tratamientos es limitada, por lo que es necesario encontrar alternativas terapéuticas más eficaces. Recientemente se ha encontrado que el albendazol (ALB) presenta potencial como agente anticancerígeno, por lo que en este trabajo se reporta el efecto de la combinación de ALB con TMZ sobre células C6 de glioma. Métodos: Para los experimentos se utilizaron placas de cultivo de 96 pozos y se sembraron 3,000 células en cada pozo, se le adicionaron medio de cultivo conteniendo ALB (0.08 a 0.8 µM), TMZ (30 a 2000 µM) o ALB+TMZ (0.08-0.2 µM para ALB y 30-128 µM para TMZ). Las células se incubaron por 72 horas a 37°C y 5% de CO2, posteriormente se evaluó la viabilidad celular con la técnica de MTT. Para cada tratamiento (fármacos solos o la combinación), se construyó la curva concentración-respuesta. La IC50 para cada fármaco se calculó usando regresión Profit. Se construyó la superficie de interacción sinérgica (SIS) para identificar las combinaciones que presentaron sinergismo. Los valores de citotoxicidad de las combinaciones se compararon con el valor de la suma teórica de obtenida con cada fármaco, usando una prueba de ANOVA seguida de una t-student (p<0.05). Protocolo No. 150/16. Resultados: Los valores de IC50 obtenidos fueron de 0.6 µM (0.55-.68) para ALB y de 1213 µM (1125-1315) para TMZ. ALB exhibió actividad citotóxica más potente que TMZ. La SIS característica de la combinación ALB+TMZ mostro un efecto de sinergismo en dos de las nueve combinaciones evaluadas. Las combinaciones con mayor sinergismo fueron ALB 0.13 µM + TMZ 30 µM la cual mostró un incremento del efecto teórico de suma de 2 veces y ALB 0.32 µM + TMZ 30 µM la cual mostro un incremento de 1.5 veces sobre el efecto aditivo. En ambas combinaciones el efecto fue estadísticamente significativo (p<0.001). Conclusiones: El albendazol podría ayudar a potenciar el efecto de temozolomida, además de reducir los efectos secundarios causados por TMZ al disminuir su dosis. Se requieren estudios en otras líneas celulares para comprobar la utilidad terapéutica de esta combinación. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo: Desarrollar y evaluar dos formulaciones parenterales que incrementen la biodisponibilidad de albendazol. Antecedentes: El albendazol (ABZ) es el fármaco de elección para tratamiento de neurocisticercosis. Se ha demostrado que inhibe la polimerización de la tubulina, lo que provoca la degeneración de los microtúbulos y la muerte del parásito. Un factor limitante para su uso es su baja solubilidad, lo que genera una gran variabilidad interindividual en las concentraciones plasmáticas. Aunque la vía oral es la más común por su comodidad, la vía parenteral se presenta como una alternativa viable para alcanzar las concentraciones plasmáticas deseadas. Métodos: El estudio se llevó a cabo con el apoyo del proyecto UNAM-DGAPA-PAPIIT IN206122. Se desarrollaron dos formulaciones parenterales utilizando dos enfoques: la síntesis de un profármaco fosfonooximetilado y una nueva formulación empleando cosolventes. Después de sintetizar el profármaco de ABZ, se evaluó su solubilidad e hidrólisis con fosfatasa alcalina. Para la formulación con cosolventes se seleccionó una mezcla de etanol-dimetilacetamida-polietilenglicol 400, y se determinó su estabilidad y actividad hemolítica. El estudio de farmacocinética se llevó a cabo en conejos Nueva Zelanda, a los cuales se les administraron ambas formulaciones por vía intravenosa a dosis de 15 mg de ABZ. El profármaco se administró por vía intramuscular a la misma dosis. Como producto de referencia se utilizó una suspensión de ABZ por vía oral a dosis de 32 mg. No. de registro en el INNN: 95/20. No. de aprobación del protocolo: FQ/CICUAL/435/21. Resultados: La solubilidad del ABZ aumentó en 20000 y 6000 veces con las formulaciones de profármaco y cosolventes, respectivamente. El profármaco se hidrolizó rápidamente, con una vida media de 8.72 ± 0.23 min. La formulación con cosolventes no ocasionó hemólisis y fue estable por al menos 12 meses a temperatura ambiente. En el estudio farmacocinético, se encontró que ambas formulaciones parenterales mostraron mayores concentraciones plasmáticas de ABZ durante las primeras 2 h en comparación con la vía oral. La biodisponibilidad absoluta del ABZ oral fue del 15.5%, mientras que para el profármaco por vía intramuscular fue del 102.6%. Conclusiones: La administración parenteral de ABZ permitió una mayor exposición al albendazol. La formulación con cosolventes podría ser una buena opción para el tratamiento tomando en cuenta su facilidad de preparación y su buen comportamiento farmacocinético. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Albendazole is used to treat helminth infections and usually has minimal or no side effects. A transient increase in liver enzymes is common following its use, but little evidence of albendazole-induced liver damage has been reported in the literature. This study presents a patient who developed acute hepatitis following self-medication with albendazole. The patient also had a history of similar episodes in the past after using the drug. After a thorough investigation and exclusion of all other causes of the patient's clinical condition, the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method of the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences scale yielded a score of 10 points, indicating a high probability of albendazole-induced liver damage. In conclusion, expediting the process of combating helminths is ideal, but quality monitoring is required to avoid adverse reactions such as drug-induced hepatitis. Moreover, self-medication with any drug should always be discouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are 3 therapeutic modalities to treat cystic echinococcosis: chemotherapy, surgery (classic or laparoscopic), PAIR technique (puncture, aspiration, injection, and re-aspiration), with the latter two being performed with or without chemotherapy. We present the case of of a 17-year-old female, with a 6-month-old caesarean section in her medical history, diagnosed, by another medical facility, with a hepatic hydatid cyst, who presents with pain in the right hypochondrium, nausea and vomiting. The ultrasound examination revealed a cystic mass in the fifth hepatic segment, on the visceral surface, which compresses the right branch of portal vein and the gall bladder. It was decided to perform a Lagrot cystectomy under general anesthesia with orotracheal intubation. The pacient received albendazole postoperatively, knowing that the patient will continue breastfeeding, because this treatment can be safely administered due to the reduced concentration of the active metabolite in breast milk.

The anthelmintic resistance in small ruminants is a common problem and concern worldwide. The aim of this study was to verify anthelmintic treatment efficacy in naturally infected sheep. This study was conducted on nine herds that used the same anthelmintic management for over a year. In each farm, the animals were divided into two groups: untreated control group (n = 5) and treated (n = 10) according to the number of eggs per gram of feces (EPG). The treatment effect was checked based on EPG results and larval culture performed before treatment and 10 days after treatment. Significant differences were not observed (P> 0.05) on EPG results between untreated and treated groups. The coproculture showed that the animals were infected primarily byHaemonchus spp., Trichostrongylus spp.,Teladorsagia spp., Cooperia spp. andOesophagostomum spp. In all farms, anthelmintic resistance by genera Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus was found, but this resistance varied greatly between farms.Haemonchus spp. showed resistance to closantel, levamisole, and albendazole. Trichostrongylus spp. was shown to be resistant to closantel, levamisole, and albendazole. The drugs tested showed to be efficient against the genera Teladorsagia,Cooperia, and Oesophagostomum. Based on these results, we conclude that the anthelmintic resistance to the tested drugs is a problem present in the farms evaluated.

Objective: Hydatid disease (HD) is a parasitic infestation that most commonly caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. Peritoneal echinococcosis (13%) is usually secondary and primary peritoneal HD is very rare and only sporadic cases have been reported Methods: The demographic data, imaging findings, indirect hemaglutination test (IHAT) levels, surgical approaches, pathological findings, complications and outcomes were analysed. Results: The localization of the hydatid cyst are spleen, as an intraabdominal cys, right adrenal gland, mesentery of the transvers colon, omentum and left tuba, as a pelvic cys, right tuba, and uterus. The surgical procedures includes splenectomy, total cystectomy, partial cystectomy and omentoplasty, total cystectomy and omentectomy, and right adrenalectomy. Conclusion: Isolated primary peritoneal cyst without the presence of cysts in the other intraabdominal organs is very rare and has been reported about 2% of all abdominal HD. The differential diagnosis of primary peritoneal echinococcosis also includes soft tissue tumors, intraperitoneal abscess, cystic lymphangioma, embryonal cyst, ovarian neoplasms, teratoma, and other cystic and necrotic solid tumors. The management of extrahepatic HD is based on the size and location of the cysts and the health status of the patient. The goal of the surgery is removal of the cyst without any spillage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Novel complexes of two different solid forms of Albendazol and β-cyclodextrin were investigated in an attempt to obtain promising candidates for the preparation of alternative matrices used in pharmaceutical oral formulations. The interaction between each form of Albendazol and β-cyclodextrin was studied in solution and solid state, in order to investigate their effect on the solubility and dissolution rate of Albendazol solid forms. The solid supramolecular systems were characterized using a variety of techniques including natural-abundance 13 C cross-polarization magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results obtained showed the highest increment of solubility and dissolution rate, in simulated gastric fluid, for the Albendazole II:β-cyclodextrin systems. Thus, these new complexes constitute an interesting alternative for improving the oral bioavailability of Albendazol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivos. Determinar la eficacia en dosis única del albendazol sobre las infecciones por helmintos transmitidos por el suelo (HTS) en escolares de una comunidad de la ciudad de Iquitos en Perú. Materiales y métodos. Dentro del contexto de un ensayo controlado aleatorizado realizado en una comunidad periurbana de escasos recursos, situada en Iquitos, en la Amazonía de Perú, se obtuvieron muestras de heces de escolares del quinto grado de primaria en 18 escuelas y se analizó la prevalencia y la intensidad de HTS. Un total de 1193 escolares fueron desparasitados con albendazol en dosis única (400 mg). De los 909 escolares que fueron encontrados positivos con al menos una infección por HTS, una muestra aleatoria de 385 fue seguida dos semanas más tarde, cuando se recolectó y analizó una segunda muestra de heces. Resultados. La eficacia del albendazol fue satisfactoria para las infecciones por Ascaris lumbricoides con una tasa de reducción de huevos (TRH) de 99,8%; IC 95: 99,3-100 y por anquilostomideos con una TRH de 93,6%, IC 95%: 88,2-96,6 y por Trichuris trichiura con una TRH de 72,7%, IC 95: 58,5-79,1. Conclusiones. Estos resultados son indicativos de niveles satisfactorios de eficacia y son congruentes con datos publicados sobre la eficacia del albendazol y directivas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Futuras investigaciones deben centrarse en mejorar la eficacia de las estrategias de tratamiento para la infección por Trichuris trichiura.

Cysticercosis is one of the most common parasitic diseases of the nervous system in humans, and constitutes a major public health problem for most of the developing world. The clinical manifestations of neurocysticercosis (NCC) largely depend on the the host immune response against the parasite. NCC diagnosis is based upon neuroimaging studies (computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging) and antibody/antigen detection in the serum and the cerebrospinal fluid. Anticysticercal therapy has been marked by an intense controversy. Randomized controlled trials evaluating the clinical benefit of treatment have yield conflicting data with some studies indicating a benefit and others failing to show a difference. Prevention strategies must rely on multiple approaches, tailoring each to the special features of the particular endemic area.

The aim of this study was to characterize three batches of albendazole by pharmacopeial and complementary analytical techniques in order to establish more detailed specifications for the development of pharmaceutical forms. The ABZ01, ABZ02, and ABZ03 batches had melting points of 208 ºC, 208 ºC, and 209 ºC, respectively. X-ray diffraction revealed that all three batches showed crystalline behavior and the absence of polymorphism. Scanning electron microscopy showed that all the samples were crystals of different sizes with a strong tendency to aggregate. The samples were insoluble in water (5.07, 4.27, and 4.52 mg mL-1, respectively) and very slightly soluble in 0.1 M HCl (55.10, 56.90, and 61.70 mg mL-1, respectively) and additionally showed purities within the range specified by the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia 5th edition (F. Bras. V; 98% to 102%). The pharmacopeial assay method was not reproducible and some changes were necessary. The method was validated and showed to be selective, specific, linear, robust, precise, and accurate. From this characterization, we concluded that pharmacopeial techniques alone are not able to detect subtle differences in active pharmaceutical ingredients; therefore, the use of other complementary techniques is required to ensure strict quality control in the pharmaceutical industry.O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar três lotes de albendazol com técnicas analíticas farmacopéicas e complementares a fim de estabelecer especificações mais detalhadas para o desenvolvimento de formas farmacêuticas. Os lotes ABZ01, ABZ02 e ABZ03 apresentaram fusão em 208 ºC, 208 ºC e 209 ºC. Foi possível evidenciar, por difração de raios X, que os três lotes apresentaram comportamento cristalino e ausência de polimorfismo. Através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura verificou-se que todas as amostras apresentaram cristais com diferentes tamanhos e forte tendência de agregação. As amostras foram insolúveis em água (5,07; 4,27 e 4,52 µg mL-1) e muito pouco solúveis em HCl 0,1M (55,10; 56,90 e 61,70 µg mL-1) e, ainda, apresentaram pureza dentro da faixa especificada pela F.Bras.V (98% a 102%). O método farmacopéico de doseamento não foi reprodutível, e algumas mudanças foram necessárias. O método foi validado e demonstrou ser seletivo, específico, linear, robusto, preciso e exato. A partir dessa caracterização, pode-se concluir que apenas técnicas farmacopéicas não são capazes de detectar diferenças sutis entre os ingredientes farmacêuticos ativos, necessitando, portanto, de uso de outras técnicas complementares para garantir um rígido controle de qualidade na indústria farmacêutica.

A resistência anti-helmíntica é um dos principais entraves para o controle da verminose em ruminantes e a presença de nematódeos multiresistentes pode inviabilizar a atividade em uma determinada área. Neste trabalho o objetivo foi avaliar a eficácia anti-helmíntica do levamisol e do albendazol em rebanhos ovinos do norte de Minas Gerais. O teste foi realizado em dez propriedades, onde foram selecionados três grupos de 12 borregos cada. Dois desses grupos foram tratados respectivamente com levamisol (5 mg/kg pc) ou albendazol (10 mg/kg pc) e o terceiro grupo não foi tratado. Fezes foram coletadas antes do tratamento e no sétimo dia após, para a realização do teste de redução de ovos por grama de fezes. Foi realizado o cultivo de larvas provenientes dos grupos avaliados para a identificação dos principais gêneros de nematódeos gastrintestinais antes e após os tratamentos. Para todos os rebanhos avaliados no norte de Minas Gerais, o levamisol apresentou eficácia anti-helmíntica elevada, variando de 90% a 100%. Apenas para um rebanho o albendazol seria efetivo e para seis propriedades as eficácias dessa droga foram inferiores a 80%, sendo considerada insuficientemente ativa. Após as coproculturas foram identificadas, em maior ocorrência, larvas dos gêneros Haemonchus e Trichostrongylus. O gênero Haemonchus foi o mais prevalente mesmo após o tratamento dos ovinos. Ressalta-se neste estudo a importância do teste de eficácia in vivo para a escolha das bases anti-helmínticas nas propriedades, pois foi observado que o perfil de susceptibilidade variou entre os diferentes rebanhos.

Objetivos: Determinar las diluciones y concentraciones optimas de una prueba de ELISA para detectar anticuerpos IgE, así como su sensibilidad, espécificidad y valor predictivo en pacientes con equinococosis quistica. Analizar si los niveles de anticuerpos IgE especificos se correlacionan con la respuesta al tratamiento médico con albendazol en un periodo mayor a un año de finalizado el tratamiento. Diseño: Estudio cuasiexperimental con grupo control. Institución: Instituto de Medicina Tropical Daniel A. Carrión, Facultad de Medicina, UNMSM, Lima, Perú. Material de estudio: Prueba de ELISA para anticuerpo IgE. Intervenciones: Estandarizacion de la prueba de ELISA para anticuerpo IgE y diseño preexperimento con preprueba y posprueba en un solo grupo, para evaluar su valor en el diagnóstico y seguimiento postratamiento de pacientes con quiste hidatidico hepatico tratados con albendazol. Para la estandarizacion de la prueba de ELISA, se utilizó suero de cinco pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de equinococosis quistica, y la sensibilidad y especificidad de la prueba se usó suero de 30 pacientes aparentemente sanos. Para determinar las reacciones cruzadas, se utilizó 16 muestras de suero de pacientes con otras helmintiasis (ascariasis, strongiloidiasis, toxocariosis, trichuriasis, himenolepiasis, cisticercosis y teniasis). Para el diagnóstico y seguimiento postratamiento de equinocococosis quística, se utilizó el suero de 17 pacientes. Principales medidas de resultados: Sensibilidad y especificidad de prueba estandarizada de ELISA para detectar anticuerpos IgE. Resultados: La prueba estandarizada de ELISA para detectar anticuerpos IgE tuvo una sensibilidad de 95,6% y una especificidad de 100%. En los pacientes con quiste hidatídico hepático considerados curados, uniformemente disminuyeron los niveles de anticuerpo tipo IgE hasta la negativización. Se obtuvo elevación de los niveles de IgE en los pacientes que presentaron recurrencia de la enfermedad quística hepática. Conclusiones: En el presente estudio se encontró un excelente nivel de sensibilidad y especificidad de la prueba de ELISA para anticuerpos IgE de equinococosis quística. La curación de los quistes coincidió con una dismuinución progresiva de los niveles de IgE, que pudo llegar a la negativización después de un año postratamiento y fue de gran utilidad para detectar la recurrencia. La persistencia de niveles elevados de IgE en pacientes tratados médicamente fue indicativo de no haber respuesta al tratamiento. Siendo no muy grande el tamaño de la muestra de nuestro estudio, es necesario continuar con la investigación para confirmar estos resultados.

La neurocisticercosis (NCC) es la parasitosis humana más frecuente del sistema nervioso central y es causada por las larvas del céstodo Taenia solium. La NCC es endémica en prácticamente todos los paises en vías de desarrollo. En general se presenta como formas intraparenquimales asociadas con convulsiones o formas extraparenquimales asociadas con hipertensión endocraneana. La sospecha clínica y epidemiológica es importante pero el diagnóstico se realiza primariamente por imágenes y se confirma con serología. La tomografía axial computarizada y la resonancia magnética son las pruebas imagenológicas usadas. Como prueba confirmatoria se usa el diagnóstico inmunológico a través de western blot, que actualmente se pude realizar en el Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas tanto en suero como en líquido cefalorraquídeo. El tratamiento involucra medidas sintomáticas (control de convulsiones o hipertensión endocraneana según sea el caso) y tratamiento antiparasitario (albendazol o praziquantel). El tratamiento antiparasitario debe hacerse bajo condiciones de hospitalización y en hospitales de tercer nivel.Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the most common parasitic disease of the central nervous system and is caused by larvae of the tapeworn Taenia solium. NCC is endemic in almost all developing countries. It presents as intraparenchymal forms associated with seizures or as extraparenchymal forms associated with intracranial hypertension. The clinical and epidemiological suspicion are important but the diagnosis is made primarily by images and confirmed by serology. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging tests are used. Inmunodiagnosis by Western Blot, which is currently perform in the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas in serum and cerebrospinal fluid serves as confirmatory test. Treatment involves symptomatic measures (control of seizures or intracranial hypertension) and anticysticercal medications (albendazole and praziquantel). Anticysticercal treatment should be used under hospital conditions because of secondary effects.